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Chávez-Guevara IA, Amaro-Gahete FJ, Ramos-Jiménez A, Brun JF. Toward Exercise Guidelines for Optimizing Fat Oxidation During Exercise in Obesity: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression. Sports Med 2023; 53:2399-2416. [PMID: 37584843 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-023-01897-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exercise training performed at maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) is an efficient non-pharmacological approach for the management of obesity and its related cardio-metabolic disorders. OBJECTIVES Therefore, this work aimed to provide exercise intensity guidelines and training volume recommendations for maximizing fat oxidation in patients with obesity. METHODS A systematic review of original articles published in English, Spanish or French languages was carried out in EBSCOhost, PubMed and Scopus by strictly following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) statement. Those studies that analyzed maximal fat oxidation (MFO) and FATmax in patients with obesity (body fat > 25% for men; > 35% for women) by calculating substrate oxidation rates through indirect calorimetry during a graded exercise test with short-duration stages (< 10 min) were selected for quantitative analysis. The accuracy of relative oxygen uptake (% peak oxygen uptake [%[Formula: see text]O2peak]) and relative heart rate (% peak heart rate [%HRpeak]) for establishing FATmax reference values was investigated by analyzing their intra-individual and inter-study variation. Moreover, cluster analysis and meta-regression were used for determining the influence of biological factors and methodological procedures on MFO and FATmax. RESULTS Sixty-four manuscripts were selected from 146 records; 23 studies only recruited men (n = 465), 14 studies only evaluated women (n = 575), and 27 studies included individuals from both sexes (n = 6434). The majority of the evaluated subjects were middle-aged adults (aged 40-60 y; 84%) with a poor cardiorespiratory fitness (≤ 43 mL·kg-1·min-1; 81%), and the reported MFO ranged from 0.27 to 0.33 g·min-1. The relative heart rate at FATmax (coefficient of variation [CV]: 8.8%) showed a lower intra-individual variation compared with relative oxygen uptake (CV: 17.2%). Furthermore, blood lactate levels at FATmax ranged from 1.3 to 2.7 mmol·L-1 while the speed and power output at FATmax fluctuated from 4 to 5.1 km·h-1 and 42.8-60.2 watts, respectively. Age, body mass index, cardiorespiratory fitness, FATmax, the type of ergometer and the stoichiometric equation used to calculate the MFO independently explained MFO values (R2 = 0.85; p < 0.01). The MFO in adolescents was superior in comparison with MFO observed in young and middle-aged adults. On the other hand, the MFO was higher during treadmill walking in comparison with stationary cycling. Body fat and MFO alone determined 29% of the variation in FATmax (p < 0.01), noting that individuals with body fat > 35% showed a heart rate of 61-66% HRpeak while individuals with < 35% body fat showed a heart rate between 57 and 64% HRpeak. Neither biological sex nor the analytical procedure for computing the fat oxidation kinetics were associated with MFO and FATmax. CONCLUSION Relative heart rate rather than relative oxygen uptake should be used for establishing FATmax reference values in patients with obesity. A heart rate of 61-66% HRpeak should be recommended to patients with > 35% body fat while a heart rate of 57-64% HRpeak should be recommended to patients with body fat < 35%. Moreover, training volume must be higher in adults to achieve a similar fat oxidation compared with adolescents whereas exercising on a treadmill requires a lower training volume to achieve significant fat oxidation in comparison with stationary cycling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isaac A Chávez-Guevara
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
- Department of Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico.
| | - Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, EFFECTS-262 Research Group, University of Granada, 18016, Granada, Spain
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical and Sports Education, Faculty of Sports Science, University of Granada, 18011, Granada, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Fisiopatología de la Obesidad y Nutrición (CIBERobn), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Arnulfo Ramos-Jiménez
- Department of Chemical Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico
- Department of Health Sciences, Biomedical Sciences Institute, Autonomous University of Ciudad Juarez, 32310, Chihuahua, Mexico
| | - Jean Frederic Brun
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, Hôpital Lapeyronie CHRU Montpellier, PHYMEDEXP, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Youxiang C, Lin Z, Zekai C, Weijun X. Resting and exercise metabolic characteristics in obese children with insulin resistance. Front Physiol 2022; 13:1049560. [DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.1049560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to explore the characteristics of resting energy expenditure (REE) and lipid metabolism during incremental load exercise in obese children and adolescents with insulin resistance (IR) to provide evidence for exercise intervention in obese children and adolescents with IR.Method: From July 2019 to August 2021, 195 obese children and adolescents aged 13–17 were recruited through a summer camp. The participants were divided into IR (n = 67) and no-IR (without insulin resistance, n = 128) groups and underwent morphology, blood indicators, body composition, and resting energy consumption gas metabolism tests. Thirty participants each were randomly selected from the IR and no-IR groups to carry out the incremental treadmill test.Results: Significant metabolic differences in resting and exercise duration were found between the IR and no-IR groups. In the resting state, the resting metabolic equivalents (4.33 ± 0.94 ml/min/kg vs. 3.91 ± 0.73 ml/min/kg, p = 0.001) and REE (2464.03 ± 462.29 kcal/d vs. 2143.88 ± 380.07 kcal/d, p < 0.001) in the IR group were significantly higher than in the no-IR group. During exercise, the absolute maximal fat oxidation (0.33 ± 0.07 g/min vs. 0.36 ± 0.09 g/min, p = 0.002) in the IR group was significantly lower than in the no-IR group; maximal fat oxidation intensity (130.9 ± 8.9 bpm vs. 139.9 ± 7.4 bpm, p = 0.040) was significantly lower in the IR group.Conclusion: Significant resting and exercise metabolic differences were found between obese IR and no-IR children and adolescents. Obese IR children and adolescents have higher REE and lower maximal fat oxidation intensity than obese no-IR children and adolescents.
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Azócar-Gallardo J, Ramirez-Campillo R, Afonso J, Sá M, Granacher U, González-Rojas L, Ojeda-Aravena A, García-García JM. Overweight and Obese Adult Patients Show Larger Benefits from Concurrent Training Compared with Pharmacological Metformin Treatment on Insulin Resistance and Fat Oxidation. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14331. [PMID: 36361210 PMCID: PMC9655487 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Metformin, a drug widely used to treat insulin resistance, and training that combines aerobic and strength exercise modalities (i.e., concurrent training) may improve insulin sensitivity. However, there is a paucity of clinical trials investigating the effects of concurrent training, particularly on insulin resistance and fat oxidation in overweight and obese patients. Furthermore, only a few studies have compared the effects of concurrent training with metformin treatment. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the effects of a 12-week concurrent training program versus pharmaceutical treatment with metformin on maximum fat oxidation, glucose metabolism, and insulin resistance in overweight or obese adult patients. Male and female patients with insulin resistance were allocated by convenience to a concurrent training group (n = 7 (2 males); age = 32.9 ± 8.3 years; body mass index = 30 ± 4.0 kg·m-2) or a metformin group (n = 7 (2 males); age = 34.4 ± 14.0 years; body mass index = 34.4 ± 6.0 kg·m-2). Before and after the interventions, all participants were assessed for total body mass, body mass index, fat mass, fat-free mass, maximum oxygen consumption, maximal fat oxidization during exercise, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance through the homeostatic model assessment (HOMA-IR). Due to non-normal distribution of the variable maximal fat oxidation, the Mann-Whitney U test was applied and revealed better maximal fat oxidization (Δ = 308%) in the exercise compared with the metformin group (Δ = -30.3%; p = 0.035). All other outcome variables were normally distributed, and significant group-by-time interactions were found for HOMA-IR (p < 0.001, Δ = -84.5%), fasting insulin (p < 0.001, Δ = -84.6%), and increased maximum oxygen consumption (p = 0.046, Δ = 12.3%) in favor of the exercise group. Similar changes were found in both groups for the remaining dependent variables. Concurrent training seems to be more effective compared with pharmaceutical metformin treatment to improve insulin resistance and fat oxidation in overweight and obese adult patients with insulin resistance. The rather small sample size calls for more research in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Azócar-Gallardo
- Programa de Investigación en Deporte, Sociedad y Buen Vivir (DSBv), Universidad de Los Lagos, Osorno 5290000, Chile
- Departamento de Ciencias de la Actividad Física, Universidad de Los Lagos, Puerto Montt 5480000, Chile
- Facultad de Ciencias del Deporte, Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha (UCLM), 45071 Toledo, Spain
| | - Rodrigo Ramirez-Campillo
- Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences Institute, School of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
| | - José Afonso
- Centre for Research, Education, Innovation and Intervention in Sport (CIFI2D), Faculty of Sport, University of Porto, 4200-450 Porto, Portugal
| | - Mário Sá
- Faculdade de Motricidade Humana, Universidade de Lisboa, 1495-751 Lisboa, Portugal
| | - Urs Granacher
- Department of Sport and Sport Science, Exercise and Human Movement Science, University of Freiburg, 79102 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Luis González-Rojas
- Centro Tratamiento de la Obesidad, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7550000, Chile
| | - Alex Ojeda-Aravena
- IRyS Group, Physical Education School, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Valparaíso, Valparaíso 2581967, Chile
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Guirado T, Bourdier P, Pereira B, Le Roux E, Bergouignan A, Birat A, Isacco L, Thivel D, Duclos M, Metz L. Metabolic profile in women differs between high versus low energy spenders during a low intensity exercise on a cycle-desk. Sci Rep 2022; 12:9928. [PMID: 35705612 PMCID: PMC9200836 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-14002-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Active-desks are emerging strategies aiming at reducing sedentary time while working. A large inter-individual variability in energy expenditure (EE) profile has been identified and has to be explored to better optimize and individualize those strategies. Thus the present study aimed at comparing the metabolic and physical profile of individuals characterized as high spenders (H-Spenders) versus low spenders (L-Spenders) based on EE during a cycle-desk low intensity exercise. 28 healthy women working in administrative positions were enrolled. Anthropometric, body composition and fasting metabolic profile parameters were assessed. EE was determined by indirect calorimetry, at rest and during a 30-min cycle-desk use. Participants were categorized as H-Spenders and L-Spenders using the median of the difference between EE at rest and during the 30-min exercise. H-Spenders had higher mean EE (p < 0.001) and carbohydrate oxidation (p = 0.009) during exercise. H-Spenders displayed higher values for fasting plasma insulin (p = 0.002) and HOMA-IR (p = 0.002) and lower values for HDL-cholesterol (p = 0.014) than L-Spenders. The percentage of body fat mass was significantly higher in H-Spenders (p = 0.034). Individuals expending more energy during a low intensity cycling exercise presented a less healthy metabolic profile compared with L-Spenders. Future studies will have to explore whether the chronic use of cycle-desks during work time can improve energy profile regarding metabolic parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terry Guirado
- EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), BP 80026, UE3533, Clermont Auvergne University, 63170, Aubiere CEDEX, France. .,Auvergne Research Center for Human Nutrition (CRNH), 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France. .,Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, G. Montpied Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France. .,INRA, UMR 1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - Pierre Bourdier
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, Biostatistics Unit (DRCI), Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Elisa Le Roux
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France
| | - Audrey Bergouignan
- Université de Strasbourg, CNRS, IPHC, UMR 7178, 67000, Strasbourg, France.,Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes, Anschutz Health and Wellness Center, University of Colorado, Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Anthony Birat
- EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), BP 80026, UE3533, Clermont Auvergne University, 63170, Aubiere CEDEX, France.,Auvergne Research Center for Human Nutrition (CRNH), 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Laurie Isacco
- EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), BP 80026, UE3533, Clermont Auvergne University, 63170, Aubiere CEDEX, France.,Auvergne Research Center for Human Nutrition (CRNH), 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - David Thivel
- EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), BP 80026, UE3533, Clermont Auvergne University, 63170, Aubiere CEDEX, France.,Auvergne Research Center for Human Nutrition (CRNH), 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Martine Duclos
- Auvergne Research Center for Human Nutrition (CRNH), 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital, G. Montpied Hospital, Clermont-Ferrand, France.,INRA, UMR 1019, Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Lore Metz
- EA 3533, Laboratory of the Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise Under Physiological and Pathological Conditions (AME2P), BP 80026, UE3533, Clermont Auvergne University, 63170, Aubiere CEDEX, France.,Auvergne Research Center for Human Nutrition (CRNH), 63000, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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5
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Endurance training minimizing carbohydrate oxidation by targeting the optimal level of fat/carbohydrate oxidation ratio (OLORFOX)? Sci Sports 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2022.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Beyond the Calorie Paradigm: Taking into Account in Practice the Balance of Fat and Carbohydrate Oxidation during Exercise? Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14081605. [PMID: 35458167 PMCID: PMC9027421 DOI: 10.3390/nu14081605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2022] [Revised: 04/07/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent literature shows that exercise is not simply a way to generate a calorie deficit as an add-on to restrictive diets but exerts powerful additional biological effects via its impact on mitochondrial function, the release of chemical messengers induced by muscular activity, and its ability to reverse epigenetic alterations. This review aims to summarize the current literature dealing with the hypothesis that some of these effects of exercise unexplained by an energy deficit are related to the balance of substrates used as fuel by the exercising muscle. This balance of substrates can be measured with reliable techniques, which provide information about metabolic disturbances associated with sedentarity and obesity, as well as adaptations of fuel metabolism in trained individuals. The exercise intensity that elicits maximal oxidation of lipids, termed LIPOXmax, FATOXmax, or FATmax, provides a marker of the mitochondrial ability to oxidize fatty acids and predicts how much fat will be oxidized over 45–60 min of low- to moderate-intensity training performed at the corresponding intensity. LIPOXmax is a reproducible parameter that can be modified by many physiological and lifestyle influences (exercise, diet, gender, age, hormones such as catecholamines, and the growth hormone-Insulin-like growth factor I axis). Individuals told to select an exercise intensity to maintain for 45 min or more spontaneously select a level close to this intensity. There is increasing evidence that training targeted at this level is efficient for reducing fat mass, sparing muscle mass, increasing the ability to oxidize lipids during exercise, lowering blood pressure and low-grade inflammation, improving insulin secretion and insulin sensitivity, reducing blood glucose and HbA1c in type 2 diabetes, and decreasing the circulating cholesterol level. Training protocols based on this concept are easy to implement and accept in very sedentary patients and have shown an unexpected efficacy over the long term. They also represent a useful add-on to bariatric surgery in order to maintain and improve its weight-lowering effect. Additional studies are required to confirm and more precisely analyze the determinants of LIPOXmax and the long-term effects of training at this level on body composition, metabolism, and health.
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Bughin F, Bui G, Ayoub B, Blervaque L, Saey D, Avignon A, Brun JF, Molinari N, Pomies P, Mercier J, Gouzi F, Hayot M. Impact of a Mobile Telerehabilitation Solution on Metabolic Health Outcomes and Rehabilitation Adherence in Patients With Obesity: Randomized Controlled Trial. JMIR Mhealth Uhealth 2021; 9:e28242. [PMID: 34874887 PMCID: PMC8691412 DOI: 10.2196/28242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is a major public health issue. Combining exercise training, nutrition, and therapeutic education in metabolic rehabilitation (MR) is recommended for obesity management. However, evidence from randomized controlled studies is lacking. In addition, MR is associated with poor patient adherence. Mobile health devices improve access to MR components. Objective The aim of this study is to compare the changes in body composition, anthropometric parameters, exercise capacity, and quality of life (QOL) within 12 weeks of patients in the telerehabilitation (TR) program to those of usual care patients with obesity. Methods This was a parallel-design randomized controlled study. In total, 50 patients with obesity (BMI>30 kg/m²) were included in a TR group (TRG) or a usual care group (UCG) for 12 weeks. Patients underwent biometric impedance analyses, metabolic exercise tests, actimetry, and QOL and satisfaction questionnaires. The primary outcome was the change in fat mass at 12 weeks from baseline. Secondary outcomes were changes in body weight, metabolic parameters, exercise capacity, QOL, patients’ adhesion, and satisfaction. Results A total of 49 patients completed the study. No significant group × time interaction was found for fat mass (TRG: mean 1.7 kg, SD 2.6 kg; UCG: mean 1.2 kg, SD 2.4 kg; P=.48). Compared with the UCG, TRG patients tended to significantly improve their waist to hip ratios (TRG: −0.01 kg, SD 0.04; UCG: +0.01 kg, SD 0.06; P=.07) and improved QOL physical impact (TRG: +21.8, SD 43.6; UCG: −1.2, SD 15.4; P=.005). Significant time effects were observed for body composition, 6-minute walk test distance, exercise metabolism, sedentary time, and QOL. Adherence (95%) and satisfaction in the TRG were good. Conclusions In adults with obesity, the TR program was not superior to usual care for improving body composition. However, TR was able to deliver full multidisciplinary rehabilitation to patients with obesity and improve some health outcomes. Given the patients’ adherence and satisfaction, pragmatic programs should consider mobile health devices to improve access to MR. Further studies are warranted to further establish the benefits that TR has over usual care. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov NCT03396666; http://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT03396666
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Affiliation(s)
- François Bughin
- PhyMedExp, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Gaspard Bui
- PhyMedExp, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Bronia Ayoub
- PhyMedExp, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Leo Blervaque
- PhyMedExp, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Didier Saey
- Centre de Recherche, Institut Universitaire de Cardiologie et de Pneumologie de Québec, Université Laval, Québec, QC, Canada
| | - Antoine Avignon
- Institut Desbrest de Santé Publique, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Montpellier, France.,Endocrinologie-Diabétologie-Nutrition, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Jean Frédéric Brun
- PhyMedExp, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Nicolas Molinari
- Institut Montpelliérain Alexander Grothendieck, University of Montpellier, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Montpellier, France.,Department of Medical Statistics and Epidemiology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pascal Pomies
- PhyMedExp, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Jacques Mercier
- PhyMedExp, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Fares Gouzi
- PhyMedExp, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Montpellier, France
| | - Maurice Hayot
- PhyMedExp, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Montpellier, University of Montpellier, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Montpellier, France
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Guedjati M, Silini S. Effets d’un réentraînement dans la zone du LIPOXmax sur la composition corporelle de femmes obèses d’âge périménopausique. Sci Sports 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2020.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Özdemir Ç, Günaştı Ö, Özgünen KT, Kılcı A, Korkmaz Eryılmaz S, Kurdak S. Farklı aerobik kapasiteye sahip kişilerde yağ oksidasyon devamlılığının takibi. CUKUROVA MEDICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.17826/cumj.578040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Péronnet F, Haman F. Low capacity to oxidize fat and body weight. Obes Rev 2019; 20:1367-1383. [PMID: 31353786 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12910] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2018] [Revised: 06/09/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
For a given positive energy balance, a low capacity to oxidize fat could contribute to weight gain (low fat oxidation hypothesis). This hypothesis is based on the arguments that for a given stable diet and food quotient (FQ), the respiratory quotient (RQ) is higher in obesity prone (OP) than in obesity resistant individuals (OR) and that a high RQ predicts higher future weight gain. A review of 42 studies shows that there is no convincing experimental support to these arguments and thus for the low fat oxidation hypothesis. A power analysis also shows that this hypothesis might be impossible to experimentally confirm because very large numbers of subjects would be needed to reject the null hypotheses that the 24-h RQ is not different in OP and OR or that future weight gain is not different in individuals with a low and high 24-h RQ at baseline. A re-examination of the significance of the 24-hour and fasting RQ also shows that the assumption underlying the low fat oxidation hypothesis that a high RQ reflects a low capacity to oxidize fat is not valid: For a stable diet, the 24-h RQ entirely depends on FQ and energy balance, and the fasting RQ mainly depends on the FQ and energy balance and on the size of glycogen stores.
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Affiliation(s)
- François Péronnet
- École de kinésiologie et des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté de Médecine, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - François Haman
- École des sciences de l'activité physique, Faculté des sciences de la santé, Université d'Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
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11
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Özdemir Ç, Özgünen K, Günaştı Ö, Eryılmaz SK, Kılcı A, Kurdak SS. Changes in substrate utilization rates during 40 min of walking within the Fatmax range. Physiol Int 2019; 106:294-304. [PMID: 31560234 DOI: 10.1556/2060.106.2019.28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate changes in fat oxidation rate during 40 min of continuous exercise and identify the intensity at the highest fat oxidation rate (Fatmax). METHODS A total of 14 sedentary males with age, body height, weight, and BMI averages of 29.3 ± 0.7 years, 178.3 ± 1.7 cm, 81.1 ± 3.9 kg, and 25.4 ± 0.9 kg/m2, respectively, were included in the study. Fatmax was determined using an indirect calorimeter with an incremental treadmill walking test at least after 12 h of fasting. On a separate day, at least after 12 h of fasting, the participants walked for 40 min within their predetermined individual Fatmax heart rate and speed ranges. RESULTS The initial fat oxidation rate was not sustained within the first 16 min of exercise and was reduced; however, carbohydrate oxidation reached a stable level after nearly 10 min. CONCLUSIONS In sedentary individuals, during low-intensity physical activity, fat oxidation rates may not be sustainable as expected from Fatmax testing. Therefore, when exercise is prescribed, one should consider that the fat oxidation rate might decrease in sedentary overweight individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ç Özdemir
- Department of Physiology, Division of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - K Özgünen
- Department of Physiology, Division of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - Ö Günaştı
- Department of Physiology, Division of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - S K Eryılmaz
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - A Kılcı
- Department of Physical Education and Sports, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
| | - S S Kurdak
- Department of Physiology, Division of Sports Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Çukurova University, Adana, Turkey
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Marinari G, Espitalier-Rivière C, Fédou C, Romain AJ, Raynaud de Mauverger E, Brun JF. Activité physique, obésité et cancer du sein : quelles conclusions pratiques ? Sci Sports 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2019.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Amaro-Gahete FJ, Sanchez-Delgado G, Helge JW, Ruiz JR. Optimizing Maximal Fat Oxidation Assessment by a Treadmill-Based Graded Exercise Protocol: When Should the Test End? Front Physiol 2019; 10:909. [PMID: 31396095 PMCID: PMC6664289 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the exercise intensity eliciting MFO (Fatmax) are considered important factors related to metabolic health and performance. Numerous MFO and Fatmax data collection and analysis approaches have been applied, which may have influenced their estimation during an incremental graded exercise protocol. Despite the heterogeneity of protocols used, all studies consistently stopped the MFO and Fatmax test when the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) was 1.0. It remains unknown however whether reaching a RER of 1.0 is required to have an accurate, reliable, and valid measure of MFO and Fatmax. We aimed to investigate the RER at which MFO and Fatmax occurred in sedentary and trained healthy adults. A total of 166 sedentary adults aged between 18 and 65 years participated in the study. MFO and Fatmax were calculated by an incremental graded exercise protocol before and after two exercise-based interventions. Our findings suggest that a graded exercise protocol aiming to determine MFO and Fatmax could end when a RER = 0.93 is reached in sedentary healthy adults, and when a RER = 0.90 is reached in trained adults independently of sex, age, body weight status, or the Fatmax data analysis approach. In conclusion, we suggest reducing the RER from 1.0 to 0.95 to be sure that MFO is reached in outliers. This methodological consideration has important clinical implications, since it would allow to apply smaller workload increments and/or to extend the stage duration to attain the steady state, without increasing the test duration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262 Research Group, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health Through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Rochette E, Bourdier P, Pereira B, Doré E, Birat A, Ratel S, Echaubard S, Duché P, Merlin E. TNF blockade contributes to restore lipid oxidation during exercise in children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis. Pediatr Rheumatol Online J 2019; 17:47. [PMID: 31331342 PMCID: PMC6647146 DOI: 10.1186/s12969-019-0354-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Children with juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) have impaired physical abilities. TNF-α plays a crucial role in this pathogenesis, but it is also involved in the use of lipids and muscle health. Objective of this study was to explore substrate oxidation and impact of TNF blockade on energy metabolism in children with JIA as compared to healthy children. METHODS Fifteen non-TNF-blockaded and 15 TNF-blockaded children with JIA and 15 healthy controls were matched by sex, age, and Tanner stage. Participants completed a submaximal incremental exercise test on ergocycle to determine fat and carbohydrate oxidation rates by indirect calorimetry. RESULTS The maximal fat oxidation rate during exercise was lower in JIA children untreated by TNF blockade (134.3 ± 45.2 mg.min- 1) when compared to the controls (225.3 ± 92.9 mg.min- 1, p = 0.007); but was higher in JIA children under TNF blockade (163.2 ± 59.0 mg.min- 1, p = 0.31) when compared to JIA children untreated by TNF blockade. At the same relative exercise intensities, there was no difference in carbohydrate oxidation rate between three groups. CONCLUSIONS Lipid metabolism during exercise was found to be impaired in children with JIA. However, TNF treatment seems to improve the fat oxidation rate in this population. TRIAL REGISTRATION In ClinicalTrials.gov, reference number NCT02977416 , registered on 30 November 2016.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Rochette
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pédiatrie, Hôpital Estaing, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, CIC 1405, Unité CRECHE, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques en conditions Physiologiques et Physiopathologiques (AME2P), EA 3533 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CRNH-Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Pédiatrie, CHU Estaing, 1, place Lucie et Raymond Aubrac, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pierre Bourdier
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques en conditions Physiologiques et Physiopathologiques (AME2P), EA 3533 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Bruno Pereira
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Délégation de la Recherche Clinique et Innovations, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Eric Doré
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques en conditions Physiologiques et Physiopathologiques (AME2P), EA 3533 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CRNH-Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Anthony Birat
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques en conditions Physiologiques et Physiopathologiques (AME2P), EA 3533 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Sébastien Ratel
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques en conditions Physiologiques et Physiopathologiques (AME2P), EA 3533 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Stéphane Echaubard
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pédiatrie, Hôpital Estaing, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, CIC 1405, Unité CRECHE, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
| | - Pascale Duché
- Université Clermont Auvergne, Laboratoire des Adaptations Métaboliques en conditions Physiologiques et Physiopathologiques (AME2P), EA 3533 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- CRNH-Auvergne, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université de Toulon, Laboratoire IAPS, F-83041 Toulon, France
| | - Etienne Merlin
- CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Pédiatrie, Hôpital Estaing, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INSERM, CIC 1405, Unité CRECHE, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
- Université Clermont Auvergne, INRA, UMR 1019 UNH, ECREIN, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Amaro-Gahete FJ, Sanchez-Delgado G, Jurado-Fasoli L, De-la-O A, Castillo MJ, Helge JW, Ruiz JR. Assessment of maximal fat oxidation during exercise: A systematic review. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:910-921. [PMID: 30929281 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Maximal fat oxidation during exercise (MFO) and the exercise intensity eliciting MFO (Fatmax ) are considered biological markers of metabolic health and performance. A wide range of studies have been performed to increase our knowledge about their regulation by exercise and/or nutritional intervention. However, numerous data collection and analysis approaches have been applied, which may have affected the MFO and Fatmax estimation. We aimed to systematically review the available studies describing and/or comparing different data collection and analysis approach factors that could affect MFO and Fatmax estimation in healthy individuals and patients. Two independent researchers performed the search. We included all original studies in which MFO and/or Fatmax were estimated by indirect calorimetry through an incremental graded exercise protocol published from 2002 to 2019. This systematic review provides key information about the factors that could affect MFO and Fatmax estimation: ergometer type, metabolic cart used, warm-up duration and intensity, stage duration and intensities imposed in the graded exercise protocol, time interval selected for data analysis, stoichiometric equation selected to estimate fat oxidation, data analysis approach, time of the day when the test was performed, fasting time/previous meal before the test, and testing days for MFO/Fatmax and maximal oxygen uptake assessment. We suggest that researchers measuring MFO and Fatmax should take into account these key methodological issues that can considerably affect the accuracy, validity, and reliability of the measurement. Likewise, when comparing different studies, it is important to check whether the above-mentioned key methodological issues are similar in such studies to avoid ambiguous and unacceptable comparisons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco J Amaro-Gahete
- EFFECTS-262, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain.,PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Guillermo Sanchez-Delgado
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Lucas Jurado-Fasoli
- EFFECTS-262, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Alejandro De-la-O
- EFFECTS-262, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Manuel J Castillo
- EFFECTS-262, Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
| | - Jørn W Helge
- Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jonatan R Ruiz
- PROmoting FITness and Health through Physical Activity Research Group (PROFITH), Department of Physical Education and Sports, Faculty of Sport Sciences, University of Granada, Granada, Spain
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Chrzanowski-Smith OJ, Edinburgh RM, Betts JA, Stokes KA, Gonzalez JT. Evaluation of a graded exercise test to determine peak fat oxidation in individuals with low cardiorespiratory fitness. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2018; 43:1288-1297. [DOI: 10.1139/apnm-2018-0098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The maximal capacity to utilise fat (peak fat oxidation, PFO) may have implications for health and ultra-endurance performance and is commonly determined by incremental exercise tests employing 3-min stages. However, 3-min stages may be insufficient to attain steady-state gas kinetics, compromising test validity. We assessed whether 4-min stages produce steady-state gas exchange and reliable PFO estimates in adults with peak oxygen consumption < 40 mL·kg−1·min−1. Fifteen participants (9 females) completed a graded test to determine PFO and the intensity at which this occurred (FATMAX). Three short continuous exercise sessions (SCE) were then completed in a randomised order, involving completion of the graded test to the stage (i) preceding, (ii) equal to (SCEequal), or (iii) after the stage at which PFO was previously attained, whereupon participants then continued to cycle for 10 min at that respective intensity. Expired gases were sampled at minutes 3–4, 5–6, 7–8, and 9–10. Individual data showed steady-state gas exchange was achieved within 4 min during SCEequal. Mean fat oxidation rates were not different across time within SCEequal nor compared with the graded test at FATMAX (both p > 0.05). However, the graded test displayed poor surrogate validity (SCEequal, minutes 3–4 vs. 5–6, 7–8, and 9–10) and day-to-day reliability (minutes 3–4, SCEequal vs. graded test) to determine PFO, as evident by correlations (range: 0.47–0.83) and typical errors and 95% limits of agreement (ranges: 0.03–0.05 and ±0.09–0.15 g·min−1, respectively). In conclusion, intraindividual variation in PFO is substantial despite 4-min stages establishing steady-state gas exchange in individuals with low fitness. Individual assessment of PFO may require multiple assessments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver J. Chrzanowski-Smith
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Robert M. Edinburgh
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - James A. Betts
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Keith A. Stokes
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Javier T. Gonzalez
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
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The effects of Montmorency tart cherry juice supplementation and FATMAX exercise on fat oxidation rates and cardio-metabolic markers in healthy humans. Eur J Appl Physiol 2018; 118:2523-2539. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-018-3978-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Marinari G, Espitalier-Rivière C, Fédou C, Romain AJ, Brun JF. Balance des substrats à l’exercice déterminée par calorimétrie d’effort chez des patientes entreprenant un réentraînement après traitement d’un cancer mammaire. Sci Sports 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2017.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Effectiveness of a Functional Rehabilitation Program After Bariatric Surgery: a Pilot Study. Obes Surg 2018; 28:2321-2326. [PMID: 29484608 DOI: 10.1007/s11695-018-3154-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Beyond obesity-related comorbidities, overweight patients have a high risk of developing osteoarticular pathologies. Moreover, weight loss following bariatric surgery induces a decrease in fat mass but also in muscle mass, thus affecting the physical capacities of these patients. Functional rehabilitation is a solution to correct these imbalances. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of a functional rehabilitation program after bariatric surgery. METHODS Twenty-three patients with severe obesity (BMI = 37.9 ± 5.7 kg/m2; 41.1 ± 12.9 years) participated in a functional rehabilitation protocol, 2 months after sleeve gastrectomy. Rehabilitation program consisted of 20 sessions of 1h30 (two sessions per week), based on endurance training, muscle strengthening, and proprioception work. An initial and final assessment included bioelectrical impedance measurements, questionnaires, and physical function tests. RESULTS All impedance parameters were significantly improved in 20 sessions: % excess weight loss (%EWL) from 27.6 ± 9.1 to 51.1 ± 13.4% and % fat-free mass from 52.7 ± 5.6 to 57.6 ± 6.7%. Waist and hip circumferences were significantly reduced in 20 sessions: from 107.4 ± 13.7 to 94.5 ± 12.6 cm and from 120.5 ± 12.4 to 108.7 ± 11.7 cm, respectively (p < 0.001). Physical function tests were significantly improved between the 1st and the 20th sessions (p < 0.001). The cycloergometer stress test progressed from 77.7 ± 24.1 to 93.6 ± 27.2 W, and the sit-to-stand test from 20 ± 5.2 to 24.8 ± 7.6 flexions in 30 s. The Quality Of Life, Obesity and Dietetics (QOLOD) scale increased by 12.6%. CONCLUSIONS The functional rehabilitation protocol of 20 sessions significantly improved patients' body composition, functional tests, and quality of life. The standardization of tests and sessions allowed to objectively assess progress.
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Isacco L, Thivel D, Duclos M, Aucouturier J, Boisseau N. Discussion of “Body Fat Has No Effect on the Maximal Fat Oxidation Rate in Young Normal and Overweight Women”. J Strength Cond Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Guiraudou M, Romain AJ, Mawunu M, Bedjih K, Fédou C, Brun JF. Effets chroniques de l’exercice ciblé au niveau d’oxydation maximale des lipides (LIPOXmax) sur le comportement alimentaire de sujets obèses sédentaires. Sci Sports 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2015.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Brun JF, Varlet-Marie E, Raynaud de Mauverger E, Fedou C, Pollatz M. Hemorheologic effects of low intensity endurance training in type 2 diabetic patients: A pilot study. Clin Hemorheol Microcirc 2016; 61:579-89. [DOI: 10.3233/ch-141916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Frédéric Brun
- INSERM U1046, Physiopathologie & Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles, Equipe d’Explorations Métaboliques (CERAMM), Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Département de Physiologie Clinique, Hôpital Lapeyronie CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Emmanuelle Varlet-Marie
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM) UMR CNRS 5247, Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, France
- Laboratoire de Biophysique & Bio-Analyses, Faculté de Pharmacie, Université Montpellier 1, France
| | - Eric Raynaud de Mauverger
- INSERM U1046, Physiopathologie & Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles, Equipe d’Explorations Métaboliques (CERAMM), Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Département de Physiologie Clinique, Hôpital Lapeyronie CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Christine Fedou
- INSERM U1046, Physiopathologie & Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles, Equipe d’Explorations Métaboliques (CERAMM), Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Département de Physiologie Clinique, Hôpital Lapeyronie CHU Montpellier, France
| | - Marion Pollatz
- INSERM U1046, Physiopathologie & Médecine Expérimentale du Cœur et des Muscles, Equipe d’Explorations Métaboliques (CERAMM), Université Montpellier 1, Université Montpellier 2, Département de Physiologie Clinique, Hôpital Lapeyronie CHU Montpellier, France
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Besnier F, Lenclume V, Gérardin P, Fianu A, Martinez J, Naty N, Porcherat S, Boussaid K, Schneebeli S, Jarlet E, Hatia S, Dalleau G, Verkindt C, Brun JF, Gonthier MP, Favier F. Individualized Exercise Training at Maximal Fat Oxidation Combined with Fruit and Vegetable-Rich Diet in Overweight or Obese Women: The LIPOXmax-Réunion Randomized Controlled Trial. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0139246. [PMID: 26555595 PMCID: PMC4640859 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0139246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lifestyle combined interventions are a key strategy for preventing type-2 diabetes (T2DM) in overweight or obese subjects. In this framework, LIPOXmax individualized training, based on maximal fat oxidation [MFO], may be a promising intervention to promote fat mass (FM) reduction and prevent T2DM. Our primary objective was to compare three training programs of physical activity combined with a fruit- and vegetable-rich diet in reducing FM in overweight or obese women. DESIGN AND SETTING A five months non-blinded randomized controlled trial (RCT) with three parallel groups in La Réunion Island, a region where metabolic diseases are highly prevalent. SUBJECTS One hundred and thirty-six non-diabetic obese (body mass index [BMI]: 27-40 kg/m2) young women (aged 20-40) were randomized (G1: MFO intensity; G2: 60% of VO2-peak intensity; G3: free moderate-intensity at-home exercise following good physical practices). OUTCOMES Anthropometry (BMI, bodyweight, FM, fat-free mass), glucose (fasting plasma glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR) and lipid (cholesterol and triglycerides) profiles, and MFO values were measured at month-0, month-3 and month-5. RESULTS At month-5, among 109 women assessed on body composition, the three groups exhibited a significant FM reduction over time (G1: -4.1±0.54 kg; G2: -4.7±0.53 kg; G3: -3.5±0.78 kg, p<0.001, respectively) without inter-group differences (p = 0.135). All groups exhibited significant reductions in insulin levels or HOMA-IR index, and higher MFO values over time (p<0.001, respectively) but glucose control improvement was higher in G1 than in G3 while MFO values were higher in G1 than in G2 and G3. Changes in other outcome measures and inter-group differences were not significant. CONCLUSION In our RCT the LIPOXmax intervention did not show a superiority in reducing FM in overweight or obese women but is associated with higher MFO and better glucose control improvements. Other studies are required before proposing LIPOXmax training for the prevention of T2DM in overweight or obese women. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClincialTrials.gov NCT01464073.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Nadège Naty
- INSERM, CIC 1410, Saint-Pierre, F-97410, France
| | | | | | - Stéphane Schneebeli
- Unit of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of La Réunion, Saint Pierre, La Réunion
| | - Eric Jarlet
- Unit of Diabetology, Endocrinology, Metabolic Diseases, University Hospital of La Réunion, Saint Pierre, La Réunion
| | - Sarah Hatia
- UMR DETROI, INSERM U1188, University of La Reunion, Sainte Clotilde, La Réunion
| | - Georges Dalleau
- Intercultural Determinants of Motricity and Sports Performance Research Group (DIMPS), University of La Réunion, Le Tampon, La Réunion
| | - Chantal Verkindt
- Intercultural Determinants of Motricity and Sports Performance Research Group (DIMPS), University of La Réunion, Le Tampon, La Réunion
| | - Jean-Frédéric Brun
- Department of Clinical Physiology (CERAMM, U1046 INSERM), University Hospital of Montpellier, France, UMR9214 CNRS, « physiology and experimental medicine: heart–muscles », University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Effects over one year of low-intensity endurance exercise targeted at the level of maximal lipid oxidation. Sci Sports 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2015.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Borel B, Coquart J, Boitel G, Duhamel A, Matran R, Delsart P, Mounier-Vehier C, Garcin M. Effects of Endurance Training at the Crossover Point in Women with Metabolic Syndrome. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 47:2380-8. [PMID: 25830361 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION On the basis of theoretical evidence, intensity at the crossover point (COP) of substrate utilization could be considered as potential exercise intensity for metabolic syndrome (MetS). This study aimed to examine the effects of a training program at COP on exercise capacity parameters in women with MetS and to compare two metabolic indices (COP and the maximal fat oxidation rate point LIPOXmax®) with ventilatory threshold (VT). METHODS Nineteen women with MetS volunteered to perform a 12-wk training program on a cycle ergometer, with intensity corresponding to COP. Pre- and posttraining values of anthropometric and exercise capacity parameters were compared to determine the effects of exercise training. The pre-post training change of COP, LIPOXmax®, and VT were also investigated. RESULTS After training, anthropometric parameters were significantly modified, with reduction of body mass (3.0% ± 3.0%, P < 0.001), fat mass (3.3% ± 3.4%, P < 0.001), and body mass index (3.2% ± 3.4%, P < 0.001). Exercise capacity was improved after the training program, with significant increase of maximal power output (25.0% ± 18.4%, P < 0.001) and maximal oxygen uptake (V˙O2max, 9.0% ± 11.2%; P < 0.01). Lastly, when expressed in terms of power output, COP, LIPOXmax®, and VT occurred at a similar exercise intensity, but the occurrence of these three indices is different when expressed in terms of oxygen uptake, HR, or RPE. CONCLUSIONS This study highlights the effectiveness of a 12-wk training program at COP to improve physical fitness in women with MetS. The relations between metabolic indices and VT in terms of power output highlight the determination of VT from a shorter maximal exercise as a useful method for determining metabolic indices in MetS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benoit Borel
- 1Université de Limoges, HAVAE, EA6310, Limoges, FRANCE; 2UDSL, EA 4488, Ronchin, FRANCE; 3University of Lille Nord de France, Lille, FRANCE; 4CETAPS, EA 3832, Faculty of Sport Sciences and Physical Education, University of Rouen, Mont Saint Aignan, FRANCE; 5Department of Bio-Statistics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Lille, Lille, FRANCE; 6Department of Respiratory and Functional Explorations, Academic Regional Hospital of Lille, Lille, FRANCE; and 7Department of Arterial hypertension and Vascular Medicine, Academic Regional Hospital of Lille, Lille, FRANCE
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Brun JF, Guiraudou M, Romain AJ, Pollatz M, Fédou C, Mercier J. Le niveau d’oxydation maximale des lipides (LIPOXmax), un niveau d’exercice adapté par ses propriétés énergétiques et comportementales au « génotype économe » du syndrome métabolique : l’hypothèse du « healthy primitive lifestyle ». Sci Sports 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2015.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Maximal fat oxidation, but not aerobic capacity, is affected by oral contraceptive use in young healthy women. Eur J Appl Physiol 2014; 115:937-45. [PMID: 25519952 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-014-3075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Synthetic ovarian hormones contained in oral contraceptives (OC) may alter the aerobic capacity and lipid metabolism in oral contraceptive users (OC+) compared with non-users (OC-). The aim of this study was thus to investigate the differences between OC- and OC+ (1) in cardiorespiratory parameters at the anaerobic threshold (AT) and at the maximal aerobic capacity and (2) in the exercise intensity (Lipoxmax) at which lipid oxidation rate is maximal (MLOR). METHODS Twenty-one healthy untrained women (22.0 ± 0.6 years old) who took OC (OC+; low-dose monophasic OC, n = 11) or not (OC-; n = 10) performed two experimental exercise sessions. In the first one, cardiorespiratory parameters at the AT and at the maximal aerobic capacity were assessed during a maximal incremental exercise session. In the second one, Lipoxmax and MLOR were measured during a submaximal incremental exercise session. RESULTS No significant difference was observed in cardiorespiratory parameters at the AT and at the maximal aerobic capacity between OC+ and OC- women. OC+ women showed higher MLOR (7.6 ± 1.9 vs 4.6 ± 1.0 mg min(-1) kg FFM(-1); p < 0.01) that was elicited by higher Lipoxmax (45.2 ± 5.2 vs 36.2 ± 4.1 % of VO2max; p < 0.001) compared to OC- women. CONCLUSIONS OC+ and OC- women did not differ in cardiorespiratory parameters at the AT and at the maximal aerobic capacity. However, OC+ women show higher MLOR and Lipoxmax compared with OC- women. The hormonal status appears to be an important MLOR and Lipoxmax determinant in untrained women.
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Coquart JB, Boitel G, Borel B, Matran R, Mounier-Vehier C, Garcin M. Effects of a training program at the crossover point on the cluster of metabolic abnormalities and cardiovascular risk factors. J Exerc Sci Fit 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jesf.2014.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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Tan S, Wang J, Cao L, Guo Z, Wang Y. Positive effect of exercise training at maximal fat oxidation intensity on body composition and lipid metabolism in overweight middle-aged women. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2014; 36:225-30. [PMID: 27072372 DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that 10 weeks of supervised exercise training at the maximal fat oxidation (FATmax) intensity would improve important variables of body composition and lipid metabolism in overweight middle-aged women. A longitudinal study design was employed to evaluate the effects of FATmax exercise training. Thirty women (45-59 years old; BMI 28·2 ± 1·8 kg m(-2) ; body fat 38·9 ± 4·1%) were randomly allocated into the Exercise and Control groups, n = 15 in each group. Body composition, FATmax, predicted VO2 max, lipid profile, plasma lipoprotein lipase activity and serum leptin concentration were measured before and after the experimental period. The Exercise group was trained at the individualized FATmax intensity, 5 days per week and 1 h per day for 10 weeks. No diet control was introduced during the experimental period for all participants. Exercise group obtained significant decreases in body mass, BMI, body fat % and abdominal fat mass, as well as the concentrations of triglycerides, serum leptin and blood glucose. The activity of lipoprotein lipase was increased in trained participants. There were no changes in these variables in the Control group. In addition, there was no significant change in daily energy intake for all participants before and after the experimental period. In conclusion, the 10-week FATmax exercise training achieved improvements in body composition and lipid metabolism in overweight middle-aged women. This result suggests FATmax is an effective exercise training intensity for obesity treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sijie Tan
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Tianjin Physical Fitness Research Center, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianxiong Wang
- Faculty of Health, Engineering, and Sciences, University of Southern Queensland, Toowoomba, Qld, Australia
| | - Liquan Cao
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Tianjin Physical Fitness Research Center, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhen Guo
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Tianjin Physical Fitness Research Center, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuan Wang
- Department of Health and Exercise Science, Tianjin Physical Fitness Research Center, Tianjin University of Sport, Tianjin, China
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Pollatz M, Guiraudou M, Romain AJ, Fédou C, Brun JF, Mercier J. Les effets d’un réentraînement de 45minutes au LIPOXmax sur le comportement alimentaire de patients obèses sont analogues le matin et l’après-midi. Sci Sports 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2013.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Isacco L, Thivel D, Duclos M, Aucouturier J, Boisseau N. Effects of adipose tissue distribution on maximum lipid oxidation rate during exercise in normal-weight women. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2014; 40:215-9. [PMID: 24698815 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2014.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2014] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
AIM Fat mass localization affects lipid metabolism differently at rest and during exercise in overweight and normal-weight subjects. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of a low vs high ratio of abdominal to lower-body fat mass (index of adipose tissue distribution) on the exercise intensity (Lipox(max)) that elicits the maximum lipid oxidation rate in normal-weight women. METHODS Twenty-one normal-weight women (22.0 ± 0.6 years, 22.3 ± 0.1 kg.m(-2)) were separated into two groups of either a low or high abdominal to lower-body fat mass ratio [L-A/LB (n = 11) or H-A/LB (n = 10), respectively]. Lipox(max) and maximum lipid oxidation rate (MLOR) were determined during a submaximum incremental exercise test. Abdominal and lower-body fat mass were determined from DXA scans. RESULTS The two groups did not differ in aerobic fitness, total fat mass, or total and localized fat-free mass. Lipox(max) and MLOR were significantly lower in H-A/LB vs L-A/LB women (43 ± 3% VO(2max) vs 54 ± 4% VO(2max), and 4.8 ± 0.6 mg min(-1)kg FFM(-1)vs 8.4 ± 0.9 mg min(-1)kg FFM(-1), respectively; P < 0.001). Total and abdominal fat mass measurements were negatively associated with Lipox(max) (r = -0.57 and r = -0.64, respectively; P < 0.01) and MLOR [r = -0.63 (P < 0.01) and r = -0.76 (P < 0.001), respectively]. CONCLUSION These findings indicate that, in normal-weight women, a predominantly abdominal fat mass distribution compared with a predominantly peripheral fat mass distribution is associated with a lower capacity to maximize lipid oxidation during exercise, as evidenced by their lower Lipox(max) and MLOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Isacco
- Laboratory Culture Sport Health Society, EA 4660, and Exercise Performance, Health, Innovation Platform, Franche-Comte University, 25000 Besançon, France.
| | - D Thivel
- EA 3533, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological Conditions, Clermont University, Blaise Pascal University, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - M Duclos
- Department of Sport Medicine and Functional Explorations, Clermont-Ferrand University Hospital (CHU), G. Montpied Hospital, 63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France; INRA, UMR 1019, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; University Clermont 1, UFR Medicine, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France; CRNH-Auvergne, 63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
| | - J Aucouturier
- EA4488, Lille Nord de France University, "Physical Activity, muscle, Health", 59790 Ronchin, France.
| | - N Boisseau
- EA 3533, Laboratory of Metabolic Adaptations to Exercise in Physiological and Pathological Conditions, Clermont University, Blaise Pascal University, BP 10448, 63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France.
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Physical activity targeted at maximal lipid oxidation: a meta-analysis. J Nutr Metab 2012; 2012:285395. [PMID: 22928092 PMCID: PMC3425832 DOI: 10.1155/2012/285395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2012] [Revised: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 05/22/2012] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Exercise is recognized as a part of the management of obesity and diabetes. Various protocols of exercise are proposed for the management of obesity, diabetes, and other metabolic diseases. One of the strategies proposed by several authors is low intensity endurance training targeted at the level of maximal oxidation. Large series using this technique are lacking. Addressing this issue, we performed a meta-analysis of the studies on anthropometric measurements. From a database of 433 articles, 15 were selected, including 279 subjects with 6 different populations. Studies duration ranged from 2 months to 12 months. Concerning weight loss, in the intervention versus control analysis, five studies with 185 participants were included with a significant effect size favors exercise (P = 0.02) without significant heterogeneity (I2 = 0.0%, P = 0.83). Further randomized controlled trials for comparing it with other exercise protocols and defining its dose effectiveness on large samples are needed.
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Mendelson M, Jinwala K, Wuyam B, Levy P, Flore P. Can crossover and maximal fat oxidation rate points be used equally for ergocycling and walking/running on a track? DIABETES & METABOLISM 2012; 38:264-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2012.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2011] [Revised: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Desplan M, Brun JF, Pillard F, Fedou C, Prefaut C, Mercier J, Dauvilliers Y, Avignon A. Decreased fat oxidation during exercise in severe obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2012; 38:236-42. [PMID: 22633476 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2011.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2011] [Revised: 12/31/2011] [Accepted: 12/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess whether the severity of obstructive sleep apnoea syndrome (OSAS) is associated with altered fat oxidation (FO) during physical exercise in men with type 2 diabetes (T2DM) and/or the metabolic syndrome (MetS). METHODS A total of 105 consecutive overweight or/and T2DM male patients were hospitalized for metabolic check-ups including bioimpedancemetry to measure lean body mass (LBM), standardized exercise calorimetry to assess FO, maximum fat oxidation (MFO) and carbohydrate oxidation (CHO), and OSAS screening using respiratory polygraphy. Twenty patients were classified as having severe OSAS, according to the apnoea/hypopnoea index (AHI), with greater than 30 events/h (mean AHI: 45.2±14.3 events/h). They were group-matched for age, BMI, and the presence of T2DM and/or MetS with two other OSAS groups: mild (AHI<15 events/h [n=20]; mean AHI: 8.8±4.5 events/h); and moderate (AHI>15 events/h and<30 events/h [n=20]; mean AHI: 23.7±4.2 events/h). RESULTS MFO adjusted for LBM was severely decreased in the severe OSAS group (1.6±1.0 mg.min(-1).kgLM(-1)) compared with the moderate (2.5±0.9 mg.min(-1).kgLM(-1); P=0.008) and mild (2.9±0.8 mg.min(-1).kgLM(-1); P=0.003) groups. All exercise-intensity levels (20%, 30%, 40% and 60% of the theoretical maximum aerobic power) showed reduced FO levels between the severe and mild-to-moderate OSAS groups. However, no differences in CHO were seen at any level of exercise between groups. Pearson's correlation analysis showed that AHI and the oxygen desaturation index were negatively associated with MFO corrected for LBM (r=0.41 and r=0.37, respectively; P<0.005). CONCLUSION OSAS severity is associated with altered FO during exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Desplan
- Service Central de Physiologie Clinique (CERAMM), University Montpellier 1 and INSERM, U 1046 Physiology and Experimental Medicine of Heart and Muscle, 34295 Montpellier, France.
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Brun JF, Marti B, Fédou C, Farré A, Renard E, Place J, Mercier J. La baisse de la glycémie à l’exercice en plateau chez le diabétique insuliné est déterminée par la glycémie de départ et l’insulinémie. Sci Sports 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.scispo.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Gmada N, Marzouki H, Haboubi M, Tabka Z, Shephard RJ, Bouhlel E. Crossover and maximal fat-oxidation points in sedentary healthy subjects: methodological issues. DIABETES & METABOLISM 2011; 38:40-5. [PMID: 21944864 DOI: 10.1016/j.diabet.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2011] [Revised: 07/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/10/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM Our study aimed to assess the influence of protocol on the crossover point and maximal fat-oxidation (LIPOX(max)) values in sedentary, but otherwise healthy, young men. METHODS Maximal oxygen intake was assessed in 23 subjects, using a progressive maximal cycle ergometer test. Twelve sedentary males (aged 20.5±1.0 years) whose directly measured maximal aerobic power (MAP) values were lower than their theoretical maximal values (tMAP) were selected from this group. These individuals performed, in random sequence, three submaximal graded exercise tests, separated by three-day intervals; work rates were based on the tMAP in one test and on MAP in the remaining two. The third test was used to assess the reliability of data. Heart rate, respiratory parameters, blood lactate, the crossover point and LIPOX(max) values were measured during each of these tests. RESULTS The crossover point and LIPOX(max) values were significantly lower when the testing protocol was based on tMAP rather than on MAP (P<0.001). Respiratory exchange ratios were significantly lower with MAP than with tMAP at 30, 40, 50 and 60% of maximal aerobic power (P<0.01). At the crossover point, lactate and 5-min postexercise oxygen consumption (EPOC(5 min)) values were significantly higher using tMAP rather than MAP (P<0.001). During the first 5 min of recovery, EPOC(5 min) and blood lactate were significantly correlated (r=0.89; P<0.001). CONCLUSION Our data show that, to assess the crossover point and LIPOX(max) values for research purposes, the protocol must be based on the measured MAP rather than on a theoretical value. Such a determination should improve individualization of training for initially sedentary subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Gmada
- Research Unit "Sportive practices in School and University and performance", Higher Institute of Sport and Physical Education of Kef, University of Jendouba, Jendouba, Tunisia
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