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Fang S, Hu W, Li Q, Zhang B, Chen X, Xie L. The relationship between the microclimate and efflorescence of revealed mural paintings and the later protection strategy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 922:171337. [PMID: 38428596 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/26/2024] [Indexed: 03/03/2024]
Abstract
Throughout history, there were many fine mural paintings concealed within ancient buildings, hidden beneath layers of plaster, wall or other structure. In recent decades, research and practical efforts had primarily focused on nondestructive diagnosis of these hidden murals and the removal of their surface coverings. However, limited attention had been given to the consequences of overlay removal on mural preservation. This study aims to address this gap by examining the revealed mural paintings in the Prince Shi's Palace as a case study, employing an analysis of mural ontology, investigation into the preservation environment, and simulation experiments to comprehensively analyze the factors contributing to the rapid deterioration of these revealed murals. The findings indicated that certain carbonated lime particles adhered to the mural surface, and in a humid environment, these particles absorbed sulfur dioxide from the atmosphere and converted into calcium sulfate. The strong hygroscopic property of calcium sulfate enhanced the humidity on the surface of murals, thereby increasing their susceptibility to sulfur dioxide absorption. Over time, the murals suffered more sulphate and moisture damage. Additionally, historically inaccurate interventions such as non-breathable shading curtains installation and organic coatings reinforcement exacerbated this deterioration process. Therefore, safeguarding the integrity of these exposed concealed murals necessitated prioritizing the preservation of environmental humidity and acid gas levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqiang Fang
- Centre for the Protection of Cultural Property, Ningbo University of Finance & Economics, Ningbo 315175, PR China; Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, PR China.
| | - Wenjing Hu
- Centre for the Protection of Cultural Property, Ningbo University of Finance & Economics, Ningbo 315175, PR China
| | - Qian Li
- Prince Shi's Palace of the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Memorial Museum, Jinhua 321000, PR China
| | - Bingjian Zhang
- Department of Cultural Heritage and Museology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310028, PR China.
| | - Xueqiang Chen
- Centre for the Protection of Cultural Property, Ningbo University of Finance & Economics, Ningbo 315175, PR China
| | - Lina Xie
- Centre for the Protection of Cultural Property, Ningbo University of Finance & Economics, Ningbo 315175, PR China
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2
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Geochemical-Microscopical Characterization of the Deterioration of Stone Surfaces in the Cloister of Santa Maria in Vado (Ferrara, Italy). HERITAGE 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/heritage4040167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Santa Maria in Vado is a monument in the rich artistic heritage of the city of Ferrara (north of Italy). In this paper we want to investigate the state of conservation of tombstones, cloister and the entrance to the basilica, in order to keep them in the best possible state for the future generations. From the chemical characterization, the state of conservation was determined focusing on the biodeteriogenic and non-biodeteriogenic factors, which determine a series of unwanted changes in the physical, mechanical and above all aesthetic properties of the material, often closely connected with the environment and conservation conditions. On the macroscopic observation, the state of conservation of the tombstones appeared to be very deteriorated through aesthetic and structural damage. In detail, the stereo microscope observation of samples collected from the tombstones show the presence of efflorescence probably caused by the abundant of water that bring the salts present inside the rock into solution. Relating the columns, μ-XRF analysis confirm the carbonate composition of samples and presence of iron and sulfur. Finally, SEM observation highlighted the presence of black crust on arch samples and the presence of pollen on the black crust and spheroidal particles probably related to atmospheric pollution.
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3
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Evaluation of Hygrothermal Behaviour in Heritage Buildings through Sensors, CFD Modelling and IRT. SENSORS 2021; 21:s21020566. [PMID: 33466946 PMCID: PMC7829947 DOI: 10.3390/s21020566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Architectural heritage, building materials and interior space are highly susceptible to temperature and relative humidity. A better knowledge of the hygrothermal dynamics inside buildings allows an adequate conservation of heritage. This work compares three non-destructive techniques (NDT), such as temperature and relative humidity sensors, finite element simulations (CFD) and thermographic pictures (IRT). The work has made it possible to carry out an assessment of the risk of condensation over a year and to identify affected periods and areas of the building. Sensors and IRT pictures provide real data to validate CFD simulations, facilitating a global analysis of the building. The results provided reflect a great concordance between the NDTs used.
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Samara C, Melfos V, Kouras A, Karali E, Zacharopoulou G, Kyranoudi M, Papadopoulou L, Pavlidou E. Morphological and geochemical characterization of the particulate deposits and the black crust from the Triumphal Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki, Greece: Implications for deterioration assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 734:139455. [PMID: 32460084 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 05/05/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, 12 particulate deposits and one black crust sample were collected from the Triumphal Arch of Galerius in Thessaloniki, Greece and characterized by employing a multi-analytical approach including chemical analysis of trace elements and ionic species, as well as scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy dispersive X-ray spectrometry (SEM-EDS) to gain information about the micromorphology and the chemical composition in terms of major elements. In addition, one unaltered marble sample, e.g. the marble directly beneath the black crust, was examined by microscopic and isotopic methods to characterize its texture and origin. The particulate deposits consist mainly of calcite, quartz, aluminosilicate mineral phases, several metal oxides of Fe, Ti and FeCr with Mn and Cu. They also include bird droppings enriched in P and S, and plant residuals. The black crust has a similar mineral composition and is dominated by calcite with traces of quartz and halite, whereas P- and S-enriched particles are common. In both cases a coating on calcite crystals with a thin crust rich in Ca, Ba and S is commonly observed and is attributed to the previous conservation works. Concentrations of As, Zn, Pb, Cu, nitrate, sulfate, chloride and acetate were significantly higher in particle deposits than in the black crust as opposed to Fe, Co, Ni and formates that were at the same level. The traffic-related trace elements Pb, Zn and Cu and most ions were significantly higher in low-altitude deposition samples. The current marble deterioration is induced by a combination of factors, including mechanical, physico-chemical and biological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Vasilios Melfos
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, Faculty of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Athanasios Kouras
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eirini Karali
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Faculty of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Georgia Zacharopoulou
- Ephorate of Antiquities of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Culture and Sports, Eptapyrgio, 54003 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Maria Kyranoudi
- Ephorate of Antiquities of Thessaloniki, Ministry of Culture and Sports, Eptapyrgio, 54003 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Lambrini Papadopoulou
- Department of Mineralogy-Petrology-Economic Geology, Faculty of Geology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Eleni Pavlidou
- Department of Solid State, Faculty of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece
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5
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Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Florence (Italy) by PMF Analysis of Aerosol Composition Records. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11050484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
An extensive field campaign was carried out in Florence (Tuscany) to investigate the PM2.5 composition and to identify its sources. The scientific objective of this study is providing a reliable source apportionment, which is mandatory for the application of effective mitigation actions. Particulate matter (PM) was collected for one year, simultaneously in a traffic site, in an urban background, and in a regional background site. While the use of two filter types (quartz and Teflon) allowed obtaining a comprehensive chemical characterization (elemental and organic carbon, ions, elements) by the application of different analytical techniques, the location of the three sampling sites allowed getting a better separation among local, urban, regional and transboundary sources. During shorter periods, the aerosol was also collected by means of a streaker sampler and PIXE (Particle Induced X-ray Emission) analysis of these samples allowed the assessment of hourly resolution elemental time trends. Positive matrix factorisation (PMF) identified seven main sources: traffic, biomass burning, secondary sulphate, secondary nitrates, urban dust, Saharan dust and marine aerosol. Traffic mass concentration contributions were found to be strong only at the traffic site (~8 μg·m−3, 33% of PM2.5). Biomass burning turned out to be an important PM2.5 source in Florence (~4 μg·m−3), with very similar weights in both city sites while at the regional background site its weight was negligible. Secondary sulphate is an important PM2.5 source on a regional scale, with comparable values in all three sites (~3.5 μg·m−3). On average, the contribution of the “natural” components (e.g., mineral dust and marine aerosols) to PM2.5 is moderate (~1 μg·m−3) except during Saharan dust intrusions where this contribution is higher (detected simultaneously in all three sites). High-time resolution data confirmed and reinforced these results.
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6
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Huy DH, Thanh LT, Hien TT, Takenaka N. Comparative study on water-soluble inorganic ions in PM 2.5 from two distinct climate regions and air quality. J Environ Sci (China) 2020; 88:349-360. [PMID: 31862076 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Recently, air quality has significantly improved in developed country, but that issue is of concern in emerging megacity in developing country. In this study, aerosols and their precursor gas were collected by NILU filter pack at two distinct urban sites during the winter and summer in Osaka, Japan and dry and rainy seasons in Ho Chi Minh City (HCMC), Vietnam. The aims are to investigate the contribution of water-soluble inorganic ions (WSIIs) to PM2.5, thermodynamic characterization and possible formation pathway of secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA). The PM2.5 concentration in Osaka (15.8 μg/m3) is lower than that in HCMC (23.0 μg/m3), but the concentration of WSIIs in Osaka (9.0 μg/m3) is two times higher than that in HCMC (4.1 μg/m3). Moreover, SIA including NH4+, NO3- and SO42- are major components in WSIIs accounting for 90% and 76% (in molar) in Osaka and HCMC, respectively. Thermodynamic models were used to understand the thermodynamic characterization of urban aerosols. Overall, statistical analysis results indicate that very good agreement (R2 > 0.8) was found for all species, except for nitrate aerosol in HCMC. We found that when the crustal species present at high amount, those compositions should be included in model calculation (i.e. in the HCMC situation). Finally, we analyzed the characteristics of NH4+- NO3-- SO42- system. A possible pathway to produce fine nitrate aerosol in Osaka is via the homogeneous reaction between NH3 and HNO3, while non-volatile nitrate aerosols can be formed by the heterogeneous reactions in HCMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duong Huu Huy
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology, Ho Chi Minh City University of Food Industry, 140 Le Trong Tan Street, Tan Phu District, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam.
| | - Le Tu Thanh
- Faculty of Environment, University of Science, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - To Thi Hien
- Faculty of Environment, University of Science, Vietnam National University-Ho Chi Minh City, 227 Nguyen Van Cu Street, District 5, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Norimichi Takenaka
- Graduate School of Humanities and Sustainable System Sciences, Osaka Prefecture University, 1-1 Gakuen-cho, Naka-ku, Sakai-shi, Osaka 599-8531, Japan
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7
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Costantini I, Veneranda M, Irazola M, Aramendia J, Castro K, Madariaga JM. The green grass was never green: How spectroscopic techniques should have assisted restoration works. Microchem J 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2018.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Ferrero L, Casati M, Nobili L, D'Angelo L, Rovelli G, Sangiorgi G, Rizzi C, Perrone MG, Sansonetti A, Conti C, Bolzacchini E, Bernardi E, Vassura I. Chemically and size-resolved particulate matter dry deposition on stone and surrogate surfaces inside and outside the low emission zone of Milan: application of a newly developed "Deposition Box". ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:9402-9415. [PMID: 29349743 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-1220-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The collection of atmospheric particles on not-filtering substrates via dry deposition, and the subsequent study of the particle-induced material decay, is trivial due to the high number of variables simultaneously acting on the investigated surface. This work reports seasonally resolved data of chemical composition and size distribution of particulate matter deposed on stone and surrogate surfaces obtained using a new method, especially developed at this purpose. A "Deposition Box" was designed allowing the particulate matter dry deposition to occur selectively removing, at the same time, variables that can mask the effect of airborne particles on material decay. A pitched roof avoided rainfall and wind variability; a standardised gentle air exchange rate ensured a continuous "sampling" of ambient air leaving unchanged the sampled particle size distribution and, at the same time, leaving quite calm condition inside the box, allowing the deposition to occur. Thus, the "Deposition Box" represents an affordable tool that can be used complementary to traditional exposure systems. With this system, several exposure campaigns, involving investigated stone materials (ISMs) (Carrara Marble, Botticino limestone, Noto calcarenite and Granite) and surrogate (Quartz, PTFE, and Aluminium) substrates, have been performed in two different sites placed in Milan (Italy) inside and outside the low emission zone. Deposition rates (30-90 μg cm-2 month-1) showed significant differences between sites and seasons, becoming less evident considering long-period exposures due to a positive feedback on the deposition induced by the deposited particles. Similarly, different stone substrates influenced the deposition rates too. The collected deposits have been observed with optical and scanning electron microscopes and analysed by ion chromatography. Ion deposition rates were similar in the two sites during winter, whereas it was greater outside the low emission zone during summer and considering the long-period exposure. The dimensional distribution of the collected deposits showed a significant presence of fine particles in agreement with deposition rate of the ionic fraction. The obtained results allowed to point out the role of the fine particles fraction and the importance of making seasonal studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Ferrero
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy.
| | - Marco Casati
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Lara Nobili
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Luca D'Angelo
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Grazia Rovelli
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
- School of Chemistry, University of Bristol, Cantock's Close, BS8 1TS, UK
| | - Giorgia Sangiorgi
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Cristiana Rizzi
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Perrone
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Antonio Sansonetti
- ICVBC - CNR Institute for the Conservation and Valorisation of Cultural Heritage, Via Cozzi 53, 20125, Milan, Italy
| | - Claudia Conti
- ICVBC - CNR Institute for the Conservation and Valorisation of Cultural Heritage, Via Cozzi 53, 20125, Milan, Italy
| | - Ezio Bolzacchini
- POLARIS Research Centre, Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Milano-Bicocca, Piazza della Scienza 1, 20126, Milan, Italy
| | - Elena Bernardi
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ivano Vassura
- Department of Industrial Chemistry "Toso Montanari", University of Bologna, Viale del Risorgimento 4, 40136, Bologna, Italy
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9
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CleAir Monitoring System for Particulate Matter: A Case in the Napoleonic Museum in Rome. SENSORS 2017; 17:s17092076. [PMID: 28892016 PMCID: PMC5621140 DOI: 10.3390/s17092076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 09/01/2017] [Accepted: 09/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring the air particulate concentration both outdoors and indoors is becoming a more relevant issue in the past few decades. An innovative, fully automatic, monitoring system called CleAir is presented. Such a system wants to go beyond the traditional technique (gravimetric analysis), allowing for a double monitoring approach: the traditional gravimetric analysis as well as the optical spectroscopic analysis of the scattering on the same filters in steady-state conditions. The experimental data are interpreted in terms of light percolation through highly scattering matter by means of the stretched exponential evolution. CleAir has been applied to investigate the daily distribution of particulate matter within the Napoleonic Museum in Rome as a test case.
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Galindo N, Yubero E. Day-night variability of water-soluble ions in PM 10 samples collected at a traffic site in southeastern Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:805-812. [PMID: 27757747 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7836-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present work reports diurnal and nocturnal concentrations of water-soluble ions associated to PM10 samples collected during the warm and cold seasons in the urban center of Elche (Southeastern Spain). Statistical differences between daytime and nighttime levels of PM10 were only observed during winter. The lower concentrations during the night were most likely the result of a reduction in traffic-induced road dust resuspension, since nocturnal concentrations of calcium also exhibited a significant decrease compared to daytime levels. During the warm season, nitrate was the only component that showed a statistically significant increase from day to night. The lower nocturnal temperatures that prevent the thermal decomposition of ammonium nitrate and the formation of nitric acid favored by the higher relative humidity at night are the most probable reasons for this variation. The close relationship between nitrate formation and relative humidity during nighttime was supported by the results of the correlation analysis. The reaction of sulfuric and nitric acids with CaCO3 occurred to a greater extent during daytime in summer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Galindo
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain.
| | - Eduardo Yubero
- Atmospheric Pollution Laboratory (LCA), Department of Applied Physics, Miguel Hernández University, Avenida de la Universidad S/N, 03202, Elche, Spain
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11
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Degano I, La Nasa J. Trends in High Performance Liquid Chromatography for Cultural Heritage. Top Curr Chem (Cham) 2016; 374:20. [DOI: 10.1007/s41061-016-0020-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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12
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Merello P, García-Diego FJ, Zarzo M. Diagnosis of abnormal patterns in multivariate microclimate monitoring: a case study of an open-air archaeological site in Pompeii (Italy). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2014; 488-489:14-25. [PMID: 24814033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.04.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Revised: 04/16/2014] [Accepted: 04/17/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Chemometrics has been applied successfully since the 1990s for the multivariate statistical control of industrial processes. A new area of interest for these tools is the microclimatic monitoring of cultural heritage. Sensors record climatic parameters over time and statistical data analysis is performed to obtain valuable information for preventive conservation. A case study of an open-air archaeological site is presented here. A set of 26 temperature and relative humidity data-loggers was installed in four rooms of Ariadne's house (Pompeii). If climatic values are recorded versus time at different positions, the resulting data structure is equivalent to records of physical parameters registered at several points of a continuous chemical process. However, there is an important difference in this case: continuous processes are controlled to reach a steady state, whilst open-air sites undergo tremendous fluctuations. Although data from continuous processes are usually column-centred prior to applying principal components analysis, it turned out that another pre-treatment (row-centred data) was more convenient for the interpretation of components and to identify abnormal patterns. The detection of typical trajectories was more straightforward by dividing the whole monitored period into several sub-periods, because the marked climatic fluctuations throughout the year affect the correlation structures. The proposed statistical methodology is of interest for the microclimatic monitoring of cultural heritage, particularly in the case of open-air or semi-confined archaeological sites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Merello
- Department of Applied Physics (UD Industrial Engineering), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Valencian Institute for Conservation and Restoration of Cultural Heritage (IVC+R), C/Genaro Lahuerta 25-3°, 46010 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Fernando-Juan García-Diego
- Department of Applied Physics (UD Industrial Engineering), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain; Center of Physical Technologies, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
| | - Manuel Zarzo
- Department of Applied Statistics, Operations Research and Quality, Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022 Valencia, Spain.
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13
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Valero MÁ, Merello P, Navajas ÁF, García-Diego FJ. Statistical tools applied in the characterisation and evaluation of a thermo-hygrometric corrective action carried out at the Noheda archaeological site (Noheda, Spain). SENSORS 2014; 14:1665-79. [PMID: 24445414 PMCID: PMC3926631 DOI: 10.3390/s140101665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2013] [Revised: 12/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The Noheda archaeological site is unique and exceptional for its size, and the quality and conservation condition of the Roman mosaic pavement covering its urban pars. In 2008 a tent was installed as protection from rain and sun. Being of interest to characterise the microclimate of the remains, six probes with relative humidity and temperature sensors were installed in 2013 for this purpose. Microclimate monitoring allowed us to check relative humidity differences resulting from the groundwater level, as well as inner sensors reaching maximum temperatures higher than the outdoors ones as a consequence of the non-ventilated tent covering the archaeological site. Microclimatic conditions in the archaeological site were deemed detrimental for the conservation of the mosaics. Thus, in summer 2013, expanded clay and geotextile were installed over the mosaics as a corrective action. The outcomes of this study have proven the effectiveness of this solution to control temperature and relative humidity, helping to configure a more stable microclimate suitable for preservation of the mosaic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Ángel Valero
- Centro Asociado de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia en Cuenca, C/Colón 6, Cuenca 16002, Spain.
| | - Paloma Merello
- Centro Asociado de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia en Cuenca, C/Colón 6, Cuenca 16002, Spain.
| | - Ángel Fernández Navajas
- Centro Asociado de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia en Cuenca, C/Colón 6, Cuenca 16002, Spain.
| | - Fernando-Juan García-Diego
- Centro Asociado de la Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia en Cuenca, C/Colón 6, Cuenca 16002, Spain.
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14
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Tositti L, Brattich E, Masiol M, Baldacci D, Ceccato D, Parmeggiani S, Stracquadanio M, Zappoli S. Source apportionment of particulate matter in a large city of southeastern Po Valley (Bologna, Italy). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 21:872-90. [PMID: 23828727 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-013-1911-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the results of an experimental research project carried out in Bologna, a midsize town in central Po valley, with the aim at characterizing local aerosol chemistry and tracking the main source emissions of airborne particulate matter. Chemical speciation based upon ions, trace elements, and carbonaceous matter is discussed on the basis of seasonal variation and enrichment factors. For the first time, source apportionment was achieved at this location using two widely used receptor models (principal component analysis/multi-linear regression analysis (PCA/MLRA) and positive matrix factorization (PMF)). Four main aerosol sources were identified by PCA/MLRA and interpreted as: resuspended particulate and a pseudo-marine factor (winter street management), both related to the coarse fraction, plus mixed combustions and secondary aerosol largely associated to traffic and long-lived species typical of the fine fraction. The PMF model resolved six main aerosol sources, interpreted as: mineral dust, road dust, traffic, secondary aerosol, biomass burning and again a pseudo-marine factor. Source apportionment results from both models are in good agreement providing a 30 and a 33% by weight respectively for PCA-MLRA and PMF for the coarse fraction and 70% (PCA-MLRA) and 67% (PMF) for the fine fraction. The episodic influence of Saharan dust transport on PM10 exceedances in Bologna was identified and discussed in term of meteorological framework, composition, and quantitative contribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Tositti
- Dipartimento di Chimica "G. Ciamician", Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Via Selmi 2, 40126, Bologna, Italy,
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15
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Air quality monitoring in a museum for preventive conservation: Results of a three-year study in the Plantin-Moretus Museum in Antwerp, Belgium. Microchem J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Evaluation of corrective measures implemented for the preventive conservation of fresco paintings in Ariadne's house (Pompeii, Italy). Chem Cent J 2013; 7:87. [PMID: 23683173 PMCID: PMC3672094 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-7-87] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A microclimate monitoring study was conducted in 2008 aimed at assessing the conservation risks affecting the valuable wall paintings decorating Ariadne's House (Pompeii, Italy). It was found that thermohygrometric conditions were very unfavorable for the conservation of frescoes. As a result, it was decided to implement corrective measures, and the transparent polycarbonate sheets covering three rooms (one of them delimited by four walls and the others composed of three walls) were replaced by opaque roofs. In order to examine the effectiveness of this measure, the same monitoring system comprised by 26 thermohygrometric probes was installed again in summer 2010. Data recorded in 2008 and 2010 were compared. RESULTS Microclimate conditions were also monitored in a control room with the same roof in both years. The average temperature in this room was lower in 2010, and it was decided to consider a time frame of 18 summer days with the same mean temperature in both years. In the rooms with three walls, the statistical analysis revealed that the diurnal maximum temperature decreased about 3.5°C due to the roof change, and the minimum temperature increased 0.5°C. As a result, the daily thermohygrometric variations resulted less pronounced in 2010, with a reduction of approximately 4°C, which is favorable for the preservation of mural paintings. In the room with four walls, the daily fluctuations also decreased about 4°C. Based on the results, other alternative actions are discussed aimed at improving the conservation conditions of wall paintings. CONCLUSIONS The roof change has reduced the most unfavorable thermohygrometric conditions affecting the mural paintings, but additional actions should be adopted for a long term preservation of Pompeian frescoes.
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Software for storage and management of microclimatic data for preventive conservation of cultural heritage. SENSORS 2013; 13:2700-18. [PMID: 23447005 PMCID: PMC3658708 DOI: 10.3390/s130302700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2013] [Revised: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Cultural Heritage preventive conservation requires the monitoring of the parameters involved in the process of deterioration of artworks. Thus, both long-term monitoring of the environmental parameters as well as further analysis of the recorded data are necessary. The long-term monitoring at frequencies higher than 1 data point/day generates large volumes of data that are difficult to store, manage and analyze. This paper presents software which uses a free open source database engine that allows managing and interacting with huge amounts of data from environmental monitoring of cultural heritage sites. It is of simple operation and offers multiple capabilities, such as detection of anomalous data, inquiries, graph plotting and mean trajectories. It is also possible to export the data to a spreadsheet for analyses with more advanced statistical methods (principal component analysis, ANOVA, linear regression, etc.). This paper also deals with a practical application developed for the Renaissance frescoes of the Cathedral of Valencia. The results suggest infiltration of rainwater in the vault and weekly relative humidity changes related with the religious service schedules.
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Merello P, García-Diego FJ, Zarzo M. Microclimate monitoring of Ariadne's house (Pompeii, Italy) for preventive conservation of fresco paintings. Chem Cent J 2012. [PMID: 23190798 PMCID: PMC3541997 DOI: 10.1186/1752-153x-6-145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ariadne’s house, located at the city center of ancient Pompeii, is of great archaeological value due to the fresco paintings decorating several rooms. In order to assess the risks for long-term conservation affecting the valuable mural paintings, 26 temperature data-loggers and 26 relative humidity data-loggers were located in four rooms of the house for the monitoring of ambient conditions. Results Data recorded during 372 days were analyzed by means of graphical descriptive methods and analysis of variance (ANOVA). Results revealed an effect of the roof type and number of walls of the room. Excessive temperatures were observed during the summer in rooms covered with transparent roofs, and corrective actions were taken. Moreover, higher humidity values were recorded by sensors on the floor level. Conclusions The present work provides guidelines about the type, number, calibration and position of thermohygrometric sensors recommended for the microclimate monitoring of mural paintings in outdoor or semi-confined environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paloma Merello
- Department of Applied Physics (UD Agriculture Engineering), Universitat Politècnica de València, Camino de Vera s/n, 46022, Valencia, Spain.
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Themistocleous K, Nisantzi A, Agapiou A, Alexakis DD, Hadjimitsis DG, Lysandrou V, Perdikou S, Retalis A, Chrysoulakis N. Long Term Monitoring of Air Pollution on Monuments and Cultural Heritage Sites in Cyprus Using Satellite Remote Sensing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1260/2047-4970.1.1.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Although cultural heritage sites are documented and preserved, to date there has been limited monitoring and documentation of how cultural heritage sites are affected by air pollution. This paper aims to introduce a new approach for monitoring air pollution for areas near cultural heritage sites by using satellite remotely sensed data. This approach provides a cost-effective tool for local authorities and government agencies to identify the most polluted cultural heritage sites and make decisions regarding the conservation of these sites. Archived data may be used in order to study long term the impact of air pollution to cultural heritage sites. The study area includes significant open air monuments of Cyprus located in the four main cities of the island. In this paper the Limassol Castle is used as a focused case study. Three years of MODIS satellite data was evaluated and analyzed in order to categorize high risk long-term areas. Ground measurements using sun-photometers, spectro-radiometers and particulate matter (PM10) laser photometer were also utilized in the study. The darkest pixel atmospheric correction in conjunction with the use of the radiative transfer equation was applied to retrieve the aerosol optical thickness (AOT) from Landsat TM/ETM+ satellite images in order also to cross-validate the AOT values found from MODIS and sun-photometers. The results of the study indicate that air pollution is high in all the major cities in Cyprus near cultural heritage sites. The results also found that the Limassol castle was most affected by air pollution, while the other cultural heritage sites exhibited similar results.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Themistocleous
- Department of Civil Engineering & Geomatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - A. Nisantzi
- Department of Civil Engineering & Geomatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - A. Agapiou
- Department of Civil Engineering & Geomatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - D. D. Alexakis
- Department of Civil Engineering & Geomatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - D. G. Hadjimitsis
- Department of Civil Engineering & Geomatics, Cyprus University of Technology, Lemesos, Cyprus
| | - V. Lysandrou
- Restoration of Monuments and Sites, Kykkos Museum
| | - S. Perdikou
- Department of Civil Engineering, Frederick University, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - A. Retalis
- Institute of Environmental Research and Sustainable Development, National Observatory of Athens, Greece
| | - N. Chrysoulakis
- Institute of Applied and Computational Mathematics, Foundation for Research and Technology - Heraklion, Crete, Greece
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Calusi S. The external ion microbeam of the LABEC laboratory in florence: some applications to cultural heritage. MICROSCOPY AND MICROANALYSIS : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF MICROSCOPY SOCIETY OF AMERICA, MICROBEAM ANALYSIS SOCIETY, MICROSCOPICAL SOCIETY OF CANADA 2011; 17:661-666. [PMID: 21615978 DOI: 10.1017/s1431927611000092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Ion beam analysis (IBA) techniques are a powerful analytical tool used to investigate the composition and structure of precious materials principally because they can be applied in atmosphere. Thus, the sample can be analyzed as is, and heating and charging effects are strongly diminished. Since IBA measurements can be made with low ion currents and acquisition time, the damage risk is limited. At the microbeam line of the LABEC laboratory, it is possible to exploit the potentials of IBA techniques in an external set up to reconstruct the distribution maps of all the detected elements over the analyzed area with spatial resolutions as low as 10 μm. This is an important feature when objects with inhomogeneous structures-on a scale of hundred microns or so-are investigated, as happens in some cases with artworks. The detection set up installed on our external microbeam allows us to use different IBA techniques simultaneously. Thus, in a single measurement run, it is possible to obtain complementary information on both sample composition and structure. Some applications to works of art are presented here as examples of the analytical capabilities of the external scanning microbeam in the cultural heritage field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Calusi
- INFN, Sezione di Firenze and Università di Firenze, Department of Physics and Astronomy, Via G. Sansone, 1, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino (FI), Italy.
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Day WC, Berendt RF. Experimental tularemia in Macaca mulatta: relationship of aerosol particle size to the infectivity of airborne Pasteurella tularensis. Infect Immun 1972. [PMID: 4632469 DOI: 10.1016/j.culher.2019.02.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Ninety-six Macaca mulatta were exposed to aerosol particles containing Pasteurella tularensis. Four different aerosols were employed that contained particle size distributions with median diameters of 2.1, 7.5, 12.5, or 24.0 mum. Size distributions were calculated only for those particles observed by phase microscope to contain organisms. Animals exposed to particles whose median diameters were either 2.1 or 7.5 mum were all infected and showed extensive infection of the lower respiratory tract, evidenced by large patches of consolidation with many necrotic foci on the surface. Death occurred in these animals 4 to 8 days after exposure. Monkeys exposed to 12.5- or 24.0-mum median diameter particles presented involvement of the cervical and mandibular lymph nodes, evidenced by swelling and abscess formation. Thirty-eight of the 45 animals in this group were infected. Those animals succumbing to the disease died from 8 to 21 days after exposure. The respiratory LD(50) values increased from 14 to 4,447 cells as the median diameter was raised from 2.1 to 24.0 mum.
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