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Islam N, Zamir R, Faruque O. Health Risk Assessment of Toxic Metal(loids) Consumed Through Plant-Based Anti-diabetic Therapeutics Collected in the Northern Divisional City of Rajshahi, Bangladesh. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024:10.1007/s12011-024-04338-7. [PMID: 39129053 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-024-04338-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
The present study investigates human health risks upon consumption of herbal medicines in terms of ten toxic metalloids in 20 plant-based anti-diabetic therapeutics. The analysis of metalloids was determined by an atomic absorption spectrometer after microwave-assisted digestion. The computation of hazard quotients (HQ) and hazard indexes (HI) of metalloids leads to the assessment of non-carcinogenic health risks. Carcinogenic risk was assessed based on cancer slope factor (CSF) and chronic daily intake (CDI) values. Comparison with WHO regulatory cut-off points for each metalloid: seven samples for Mn, 12 samples for Hg, three samples for Cu, eight samples for Ni, four samples for Cd, two samples for Pb, one sample for Cr, and eight samples for Zn are unsafe to consume. Non-carcinogenic human health risk is predicted for Mn in seven samples, Fe in one sample, Hg in ten samples, Cu in three samples, Ni in one sample, and Pb in two samples. HI values greater than 1 predict non-carcinogenic health risk in thirteen samples. Incremental lifetime cancer risk (ILCR) remains for As (inorganic) in 12 samples, Cr (+ 6) in one sample, and Pb in no samples. To guarantee consumer safety, the implementation of strict monitoring is suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Islam
- Department of Textile Engineering, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh.
| | - Rausan Zamir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi, Bangladesh
| | - Omar Faruque
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
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Pandey S, Pant P, Dall'Acqua S. Advances in sample preparation methods for pesticide residue analysis in medicinal plants: A focus on Nepal. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2024; 357:e2300652. [PMID: 38332309 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.202300652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 01/15/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024]
Abstract
Medicinal plant safety is a rising challenge worldwide due to the continued overuse of pesticides to their maximum residue limits. Due to the high demand for medicinal plants, their production is being increased and sometimes protected by pesticide use. The analysis of these residues requires robust analytical methods to ensure the safety and quality of medicinal plants. Developing effective sample preparation for detecting pesticides is challenging, due to their diverse natures, classes, and physico-chemical characteristics. Hence, existing techniques and strategies are needed to improve the reliability of the results. The review discusses the current state of sample preparation techniques, analytical methods, and instrumental technologies employed in pesticide residue analysis in medicinal plants. It highlights the challenges, limitations, and advancements in the field, providing insights into the analytical strategies used to detect and quantify pesticide residues. Reliable, accessible, affordable, and high-resolution analytical procedures are essential to ensure that pesticide levels in medicinal plants are effectively regulated. By understanding the complexities of pesticide residue analysis in medicinal plants, this review article aims to support the conservation of medicinal plant resources, promote public health, and contribute to the development of sustainable strategies for ensuring the safety and quality of medicinal plants in Nepal. The findings of this review will benefit researchers, policymakers, and stakeholders involved in the conservation of medicinal plant resources and the promotion of public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudip Pandey
- Institute of Forest Biomaterials Science and Engineering, Madan Bhandari University of Science and Technology, Chitlang, Nepal
| | - Poonam Pant
- Faculty of Pharmacy, CiST College, Kathmandu, Nepal
| | - Stefano Dall'Acqua
- DSF Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Science, Padova, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
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Cao D, Zhu Z, Zhao S, Zhang X, Lin J, Wang J, Zeng Q, Zhu M. Concentrations, Sources and Health Risk Assessment of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Chinese Herbal Medicines. Molecules 2024; 29:972. [PMID: 38474484 DOI: 10.3390/molecules29050972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The determination and evaluation of 16 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in seven Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) were conducted through a rapid and straightforward extraction and purification method, coupled with GC-MS. A sample-based solid-phase extraction (SPE) pretreatment technique, incorporating isotopic internal standards, was employed for detecting various medicinal parts of CHMs. The assay exhibited linearity within the range of 5 to 500 ng/mL, with linear coefficients (R2) for PAHs exceeding 0.999. The recoveries of spiked standards ranged from 63.37% to 133.12%, with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 0.75% to 14.54%. The total PAH content varied from 176.906 to 1414.087 μg/kg. Among the 16 PAHs, phenanthrene (Phe) was consistently detected at the highest levels (47.045-168.640 μg/kg). Characteristic ratio analysis indicated that oil, coal, and biomass combustion were the primary sources of PAHs in CHMs. The health risk associated with CHMs was assessed using the lifetime carcinogenic risk approach, revealing potential health risks from the consumption of honeysuckle, while the health risks of consuming Lycium chinense berries were deemed negligible. For the other five CHMs (glycyrrhizae, Coix lacryma, ginseng, lotus seed, seed of Sterculia lychnophora), the health risk from consumption fell within acceptable ranges. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses utilizing Monte Carlo exposure assessment methods identified PAH levels in CHMs as health risk sensitizers. It is crucial to recognize that the consumption of herbal medicines is not a continuous process but entails potential health risks. Hence, the monitoring and risk assessment of PAH residues in CHMs demand careful attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deyan Cao
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Zhu Zhu
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Siyuan Zhao
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Jianzai Lin
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Junji Wang
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Qinghong Zeng
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Factors and Chronic Disease Control, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
| | - Meilin Zhu
- School of Public Health, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Ningxia Medical University, Yinchuan 750004, China
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Ma T, Pan X, Wang T, Luo Y. Contamination and health risk of pesticides in eight popular Chinese traditional medicines from Zhejiang Province. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:9106-9120. [PMID: 38182955 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31570-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 12/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Zhejiang Province is one of the top five major provinces producing traditional Chinese medicines (TCMs) and is famous for Zhebawei (in Chinese), the eight popular geo-authentic TCMs including Rhizoma Atractylodis Macrocephalae, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Thunberg Fritillary Bulb, Chrysanthemum morifolium, Corydalis yanhusuo W. T. Wang, Scrophulariae Radix, Ophiopogonis Radix, and Curcuma Wenyujin Y. H. Chen et C. Ling. High proportion application and residue of pesticides directly affect the quality and yield of TCMs. In this study, pesticides residual levels in crude and processing samples were assessed along with their health risks in Zhebawei primarily produced in Zhejiang Province. In total, the exceeded ratios of pesticides residual concentrations in above mentioned eight species were 15/23, 4/7, 26/70, 22/44, 10/19, 8/12, 7/15, and 0/2, respectively. No acute dietary intake health risks were found but the long-term risks from permethrin in S. Radix should be carefully considered, with all quotient values being higher than 2.1 for all groups between 7 and 70 years. Furthermore, the risks of total benzene hexachloride in T. Fritillary Bulb and carbendazim in C. morifolium should be closely monitored. Suggestions for the cultivation and pesticide management of herbal medicines have been proposed to promote the quality of medicinal materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ma
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Hubei University of Arts and Science, No. 296 Longzhong Road, Xiangcheng District, Xiangyang, 441053, China
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang Industry and Trade Vocation College, Wenzhou, 325002, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Xia Pan
- Wenzhou Key Laboratory of Soil Pollution Prevention and Control, Zhejiang Industry and Trade Vocation College, Wenzhou, 325002, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Hubei University of Arts and Science, No. 296 Longzhong Road, Xiangcheng District, Xiangyang, 441053, China.
| | - Yongming Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing, 210008, China
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Islam N, Zamir R, Faruque MO. Health Risk Assessment of Metals in Antidiabetic Herbal Preparations: A Safety Screening. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2024; 2024:6507185. [PMID: 39145043 PMCID: PMC11324365 DOI: 10.1155/2024/6507185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 08/16/2024]
Abstract
The present study evaluates the human health risk of metals in locally consumed herbal preparations used to treat diabetes. Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) was used after microwave-assisted digestion to mineralize the samples. Toxic metal assessment was done by adopting mathematical modeling for carcinogenic and noncarcinogenic risks in the exposed population and comparing the raw results with maximum residue limits (MRLs) set by regulatory authorities. Hazard quotient (HQ) values for Fe, Hg, Cu, Pb, and Zn were recorded above 1. Noncarcinogenic health risks remain in 29% of samples for Fe, 67% of samples for Hg, 17% of samples for Cu, 33% of samples for Pb, and 4% of samples for Zn. Hazard index (HI) values in 33% of samples were above 1. Carcinogenic risks for Pb, Cr, Cd, and Ni were higher than the acceptable limit (1 × 10-6). Carcinogenic health risks exist in 54% of samples for Pb, 58% of samples for Cr, 46% of samples for Cd, and 58% of samples for Ni. MRLs for metals were crossed in samples in varying degrees. This is a harrowing account and may put public health safety at risk. Considering these facts, there should be more investigation into toxic metals in other frequently marketed herbal drugs in the antidiabetic and other therapeutic classes. Pre- and postmarket monitoring strategies for the preparations should also be in place to ensure safe consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazmul Islam
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
- Department of General Educational Development, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Rausan Zamir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi 6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md. Omar Faruque
- Department of Nutrition and Food Technology, Jashore University of Science and Technology, Jashore, Bangladesh
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Xu CX, Song P, Yu Z, Wang YH. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy as a powerful method for the analysis of Chinese herbal medicines. Analyst 2023; 149:46-58. [PMID: 37966012 DOI: 10.1039/d3an01466e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2023]
Abstract
Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs) derived from nature have received increasing attention and become more popular. Due to their diverse production processes, complex ingredients, and different storage conditions, it is highly desirable to develop simple, rapid, efficient and trace detection methods to ensure the drug quality. Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy has the advantages of being time-saving, non-destructive, usable in aqueous environments, and highly compatible with various biomolecular samples, providing a promising analytical method for CHM. In this review, we outline the major advances in the application of SERS to the identification of raw materials, detection of bioactive constituents, characterization of adulterants, and detection of contaminants. This clearly shows that SERS has strong potential in the quality control of CHM, which greatly promotes the modernization of CHM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Xia Xu
- Hangzhou Gongshu Hospital of Integrated Traditional and Western Medicine, NO.57 Sandun Road, Gongshu District, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310011, China
| | - Pei Song
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua 321000, China.
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Zhou Yu
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
| | - Ya-Hao Wang
- Key Laboratory of the Ministry of Education for Advanced Catalysis Materials, Institute of Physical Chemistry, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China.
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Mssusa AK, Holst L, Kagashe G, Maregesi S. Safety profile of herbal medicines submitted for marketing authorization in Tanzania: a cross-sectional retrospective study. J Pharm Policy Pract 2023; 16:149. [PMID: 37986124 PMCID: PMC10658996 DOI: 10.1186/s40545-023-00661-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/10/2023] [Indexed: 11/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The popular use of herbal medicines necessitates national regulatory authorities to have efficient mechanisms for the control of these products including marketing authorization (MA) and safety follow-up. Herbal medicines like conventional medicines require assessment of efficacy, safety and quality information before MA can be granted. However, the complete proof of safety is mainly based on the history of the long-term traditional use. Herbal medicines can cause adverse reactions due to various factors and thus require clinical trials to ensure their safety. Herbal medicines treatment practices involve combinations of different plants to achieve the desired effect while multiple herbal components have been known to cause herbal-herbal toxicity and interactions due to variety of complex active ingredients in plants. Compliance with regulatory requirements on herbal medicines has been shown to be difficult for manufacturers since different countries have different regulatory requirements with wide variations which results in the MA of very few herbal medicines. Limited studies on dossiers of marketing authorization of herbal medicines have been performed in other countries, with no studies in African regulatory system settings. The aim of this study is to determine the type of safety documentation that is submitted on herbal medicines application dossiers to support MA in Tanzania. METHODS A cross-sectional retrospective study of herbal medicines dossiers submitted at the Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority from 2009 to 2020 was conducted. RESULTS As many as 75% of the herbal products applications were combination products made by more than one herbal substance or plant. Out of 84 dossiers subjected to analysis the majority did not provide evidence of preclinical (55%) and clinical safety data (68%). Evidence of safety data in humans was mostly from the literature (70%) and not manufacturers' clinical studies. Quality parameters with safety implications were not included in 48% and 23% of the active herbal substance and finished product specifications, respectively. CONCLUSION Analysis of the herbal medicine dossiers submitted showed major deficiencies of safety data to support MA. Manufactures need to provide evidence to support the safety of their products for evidence-based regulatory decisions and to avoid multiple reviews of the applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alambo K Mssusa
- Tanzania Medicines and Medical Devices Authority, EPI External Mabibo, P.O. Box 77150, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania.
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, Block D, 5009, Bergen, Norway.
| | - Lone Holst
- Department of Global Public Health and Primary Care, University of Bergen, Årstadveien 17, Block D, 5009, Bergen, Norway
| | - Godeliver Kagashe
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 65013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Sheila Maregesi
- Muhimbili University of Health and Allied Sciences, School of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 65013, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
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Li N, Yang L, Chen K, Kang Y, Cao Y, Du H, Mou H, Sun H, Ao T, Chen W. Selenium improves the medicinal safety and quality of Bletilla striata by promoting the fixation of cadmium in root: Pot and field experiments. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132275. [PMID: 37579717 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 08/02/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023]
Abstract
Soil cadmium (Cd) pollution poses a considerable threat to the safe production of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) in China. The tubers of Bletilla striata, a precious TCM, are widely used to treat various ailments. However, the medicinal safety and quality of tubers are significantly affected by high Cd accumulation. While selenium (Se) is known to reduce Cd concentration in traditional crops, its impact on Cd content in medicinal parts and overall quality remains underexplored. To bridge the gap, a pot experiment and field validation were conducted to determine the effectiveness of foliar Se application. The results revealed that Se effectively counteracted Cd damage. Compared to Cd treatment alone, Se at 1.5 mg L-1 significantly decreased Cd content by 46.33 %, increased the biomass by 21.48 %, and raised the total phenolic, flavonoid, saponin, and polysaccharide contents by 46.31 %, 30.46 %, 27.08 %, and 29.01 %, respectively, in tubers. Furthermore, this study explored the mechanism of Se action. Se facilitated Cd accumulation in root cell walls and soluble fractions, enhanced the synthesis of phytochelatins (PC), and stored them in the form of PC-Cd complexes. These findings have profound implications for the cultivation of TCM, ensuring its safety, and promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na Li
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Li Yang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources (Ministry of Education), Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Kuiwei Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuchen Kang
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Yuan Cao
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Hengwei Du
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Key Laboratory of the Evaluation and Monitoring of Southwest Land Resources (Ministry of Education), Sichuan Normal University, Chengdu 610068, China
| | - Haiyan Mou
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; Institute for Disaster Management and Reconstruction, Sichuan University-The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Hui Sun
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tianqi Ao
- State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Wenqing Chen
- College of Architecture and Environment, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
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Rojas P, Ruiz-Sánchez E, Rojas C, García-Martínez BA, López-Ramírez AM, Osorio-Rico L, Ríos C, Reséndiz-Albor AA. Human Health Risk Assessment of Arsenic and Other Metals in Herbal Products Containing St. John's Wort in the Metropolitan Area of Mexico City. TOXICS 2023; 11:801. [PMID: 37755811 PMCID: PMC10537233 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 09/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Consumption of St. John's wort plant is high worldwide due to its various medicinal properties. However, herbal products containing St. John's wort may be contaminated with toxic metals. This is often related to contamination of both water and the atmosphere, lack of proper cultivation methods, and inadequate plant storage conditions, as well as a lack of stricter sanitary supervision. A safety assessment of copper (Cu), lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd) and arsenic (As) content in 23 products containing St. John's wort (pharmaceutical herbal products, food supplements and traditional herbal remedies) sold in the metropolitan area of Mexico City was conducted. The analysis of metals was determined using a graphite-furnace atomic absorption spectrometer. All herbal products were contaminated with Cu, Pb, Cd and As. The pharmaceutical herbal items showed less contamination by metals. The daily human intake (DHI) values for Pb exceeded the permissible limits in the group of traditional herbal remedies. The DHI calculation for As exceeded the permitted intake values for all items in the group of traditional herbal remedies, five food supplements and one pharmaceutical herbal product. The hazard indicator calculation of the non-carcinogenic cumulative risk values for traditional herbal remedies was greater than 1, suggesting a risk to human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Rojas
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
| | - Elizabeth Ruiz-Sánchez
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S., Avenida Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (E.R.-S.); (L.O.-R.)
| | - Carolina Rojas
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City 04510, Mexico;
| | - Betzabeth A. García-Martínez
- Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, S.S., Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (B.A.G.-M.); (C.R.)
| | - Arely M. López-Ramírez
- Laboratorio de Neurotoxicología, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S., Avenida Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, Mexico;
| | - Laura Osorio-Rico
- Laboratorio de Neuroquímica, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía Manuel Velasco Suárez, S.S., Avenida Insurgentes Sur No. 3877, Mexico City 14269, Mexico; (E.R.-S.); (L.O.-R.)
| | - Camilo Ríos
- Instituto Nacional de Rehabilitación Luis Guillermo Ibarra Ibarra, S.S., Calzada México-Xochimilco 289, Mexico City 14389, Mexico; (B.A.G.-M.); (C.R.)
| | - Aldo Arturo Reséndiz-Albor
- Laboratorio de Inmunidad de Mucosas, Sección de Estudios de Posgrado e Investigación, Escuela Superior de Medicina, Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Plan de San Luis esq. Salvador Díaz Mirón s/n, Mexico City 11340, Mexico;
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Yang SH, Shin Y, Choi H. Simultaneous analytical method for 296 pesticide multiresidues in root and rhizome based herbal medicines with GC-MS/MS. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0288198. [PMID: 37410759 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0288198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023] Open
Abstract
A method for the simultaneous analysis of pesticide multiresidues in three root/rhizome-based herbal medicines (Cnidium officinale, Rehmannia glutinosa, and Paeonia lactiflora) was developed with GC-MS/MS. To determine the concentrations of pesticide residues, 5 g of dried samples were saturated with distilled water, extracted with 10 mL of 0.1% formic acid in acetonitrile/ethyl acetate (7:3, v/v), and then partitioned using magnesium sulfate and sodium chloride. The organic layer was purified with Oasis PRiME HLB plus light, followed by a cleanup with dispersive solid-phase extraction containing alumina. The sample was then injected into GC-MS/MS (2 μL) using a pulsed injection mode at 15 psi and analyzed using multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) modes. The limit of quantitation for the 296 target pesticides was within 0.002-0.05 mg/kg. Among them, 77.7-88.5% showed recoveries between 70% and 120% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ≤20% at fortified levels of 0.01, and 0.05 mg/kg. The analytical method was successfully applied to real herbal samples obtained from commercial markets, and 10 pesticides were quantitatively determined from these samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung-Hyun Yang
- Department of Life & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
- Department of Healthcare Advanced Chemical Research Institute, Environmental Toxicology & Chemistry Center, Hwasun-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Yongho Shin
- Department of Applied Biology, College of Natural Resources and Life Science, Dong-A University, Busan, Republic of Korea
| | - Hoon Choi
- Department of Life & Environmental Sciences, College of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Wonkwang University, Iksan, Republic of Korea
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Fan P, Wu L, Wang Q, Wang Y, Luo H, Song J, Yang M, Yao H, Chen S. Physiological and molecular mechanisms of medicinal plants in response to cadmium stress: Current status and future perspective. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 450:131008. [PMID: 36842201 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants have a wide range of uses worldwide. However, the quality of medicinal plants is affected by severe cadmium pollution. Cadmium can reduce photosynthetic capacity, lead to plant growth retardation and oxidative stress, and affect secondary metabolism. Medicinal plants have complex mechanisms to cope with cadmium stress. On the one hand, an antioxidant system can effectively scavenge excess reactive oxygen species produced by cadmium stress. On the other hand, cadmium chelates are formed by chelating peptides and then sequestered through vacuolar compartmentalization. Cadmium has no specific transporter in plants and is generally transferred to plant tissues through competition for the transporters of divalent metal ions, such as zinc, iron, and manganese. In recent years, progress has been achieved in exploring the physiological mechanisms by which medicinal plants responding to cadmium stress. The exogenous regulation of cadmium accumulation in medicinal plants has been studied, and the aim is reducing the toxicity of cadmium. However, research into molecular mechanisms is still lagging. In this paper, we review the physiological and molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks of medicinal plants exposed to cadmium, providing a reference for the study on the responses of medicinal plants to cadmium stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panhui Fan
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Liwei Wu
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Qing Wang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongmei Luo
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meihua Yang
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hui Yao
- Key Lab of Chinese Medicine Resources Conservation, State Administration of Traditional Chinese Medicine of the People's Republic of China, Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100193, China; Engineering Research Center of Chinese Medicine Resources, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100193, China.
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Herbgenomics, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu 611137, China.
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12
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Liu Y, Bei K, Zheng W, Yu G, Sun C. Assessment of health risks associated with pesticide and heavy metal contents in Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. (Zhe Beimu). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:26807-26818. [PMID: 36369441 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23995-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Fritillaria thunbergii Miq. (Zhe Beimu, F. thunbergii) is widely cultivated in China's Zhejiang province, and pesticides and heavy metals are two major factors affecting its quality and safety. A total of 106 F. thunbergii samples from six main production areas were analyzed for 76 pesticides and four heavy metal content (As, Cd, Hg, and Pb). The pesticide detection rate of the samples was 66.98%; overall, the pesticide residues were very low, and residue levels ranged from 0.010 to 0.231 mg kg-1. The detection rates of As, Cd, Hg, and Pb were 95.3%, 100%, 76.4%, and 100%, respectively. A risk assessment of human exposure to pesticides and heavy metals via intake of F. thunbergii was performed, and the results revealed that the pesticide residues and heavy metal content detected in F. thunbergii does not pose a potential risk to human health, either in the long or short term. The exposure assessment showed that the levels of pesticides and heavy metals in F. thunbergii were safe for human consumption. These results provide useful information on F. thunbergii consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Liu
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198# Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Ke Bei
- College of Life and Environmental Science, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035, China
| | - Weiran Zheng
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198# Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Guoguang Yu
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198# Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310021, China
| | - Caixia Sun
- Institute of Agro-Product Safety and Nutrition, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, 198# Shiqiao Road, Hangzhou, 310021, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
- State Key Laboratory for Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Key Lab for Pesticide Residue Detection, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Hangzhou, 310021, China.
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13
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Method Validation for Multi-Pesticide Residue Determination in Chrysanthemum. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28031291. [PMID: 36770967 PMCID: PMC9921869 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28031291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The chrysanthemum can be consumed in various forms, representing the "integration of medicine and food". Quantitative analysis of multi-pesticide residues in chrysanthemum matrices is therefore crucial for both product-safety assurance and consumer-risk evaluation. In the present study, a simple and effective method was developed for simultaneously detecting 15 pesticides frequently used in chrysanthemum cultivation in three matrices, including fresh flowers, dry chrysanthemum tea, and infusions. The calibration curves for the pesticides were linear in the 0.01-1 mg kg-1 range, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The limits of quantification (LOQs) for fresh flowers, dry chrysanthemum tea, and infusions were 0.01-0.05 mg kg-1, 0.05 mg kg-1, and 0.001-0.005 mg L-1, respectively. In all selected matrices, satisfactory accuracy and precision were achieved, with recoveries ranging from 75.7 to 118.2% and relative standard deviations (RSDs) less than 20%. The validated method was then used to routinely monitor pesticide residues in 50 commercial chrysanthemum-tea samples. As a result, 56% of samples were detected with 5-13 pesticides. This research presents a method for the efficient analysis of multi-pesticide residues in chrysanthemum matrices.
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Xu X, Li L, Zhou H, Fan M, Wang H, Wang L, Hu Q, Cai Q, Zhu Y, Ji S. MRTCM: A comprehensive dataset for probabilistic risk assessment of metals and metalloids in traditional Chinese medicine. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 249:114395. [PMID: 36508783 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114395] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2022] [Revised: 10/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is still considered a global complementary or alternative medical system, but exogenous hazardous contaminants remain in TCM even after decocting. Besides, it is time-consuming to conduct a risk assessment of trace elements in TCMs with a non-automatic approach due to the wide variety of TCMs. Here, we present MRTCM, a cloud-computing infrastructure for automating the probabilistic risk assessment of metals and metalloids in TCM. MRTCM includes a consumption database and a pollutant database involving forty million rows of consumption data and fourteen types of TCM potentially toxic elements concentrations. The algorithm of probabilistic risk assessment was also packaged in MRTCM to assess the risks of eight elements with Monte Carlo simulation. The results demonstrated that 96.64% and 99.46% had no non-carcinogenic risk (hazard indices (HI) were < 1.0) for animal and herbal medicines consumers, respectively. After twenty years of exposure, less than 1% of the total carcinogenic risk (CRt) was > 10-4 for TCM consumers, indicating that they are at potential risk for carcinogenicity. Sensitivity analysis revealed that annual consumption and concentration were the main variables affecting the assessment results. Ultimately, a priority management list of TCMs was also generated, indicating that more attention should be paid to the non-carcinogenic risks of As, Mn, and Hg and the carcinogenic risks of As and Cr in Pheretima and Cr in Arcae Conch. In general, MRTCM could significantly enhance the efficiency of risk assessment in TCM and provide reasonable guidance for policymakers to optimize risk management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xu
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China
| | - Limin Li
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Mingcong Fan
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China
| | - Hongliang Wang
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Shandong Academy of Chinese Medicine, Jinan 250014, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang 314006, China.
| | - Shen Ji
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai 201203, China.
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Wan X, Zeng W. Composition of Three Common Chinese Herbal Medicines and the Influence of Preparation Types on the Bioaccessibility of Trace Elements. TOXICS 2022; 10:719. [PMID: 36548552 PMCID: PMC9787523 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The high concentration of trace elements in Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) is an important research topic for quality control. This study investigated the total concentration of trace elements in three herbs used as both medicine and supplementary food, including Astragalus membranaceus, Glycyrrhiza, and Isatidis. Further, the effects of different preparation ways, such as decoct, granule, and oral liquid, on the bioaccessibility of trace elements in CHM were disclosed. Results indicated that the total concentrations of trace elements in these three herbs were lower than the medical standards, but the concentrations of As and Pb in CHMs were higher than the standards for supplementary food. Different preparations ways affect bioaccessibility. Powder and oral liquid show a high bioaccessibility possibly because of the grinding process and the repeated extraction with ethanol. Among the three different CHMs, Isatidis showed higher bioaccessibility of As, which may be related to the sulfur fumigation process of this CHM. The three investigated CHMs were found to be safe as medicine but presented risks as supplementary food. The apparent influence of preparation procedures on the bioaccessibility of trace elements indicated that it is necessary to appropriately regulate preparation processes for CHMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoming Wan
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Weibin Zeng
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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16
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Wang G, Ren Y, Bai X, Su Y, Han J. Contributions of Beneficial Microorganisms in Soil Remediation and Quality Improvement of Medicinal Plants. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 11:3200. [PMID: 36501240 PMCID: PMC9740990 DOI: 10.3390/plants11233200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Medicinal plants (MPs) are important resources widely used in the treatment and prevention of diseases and have attracted much attention owing to their significant antiviral, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and other activities. However, soil degradation, caused by continuous cropping, excessive chemical fertilizers and pesticide residues and heavy metal contamination, seriously restricts the growth and quality formation of MPs. Microorganisms, as the major biota in soil, play a critical role in the restoration of the land ecosystem. Rhizosphere microecology directly or indirectly affects the growth and development, metabolic regulation and active ingredient accumulation of MPs. Microbial resources, with the advantages of economic efficiency, harmless to environment and non-toxic to organisms, have been recommended as a promising alternative to conventional fertilizers and pesticides. The introduction of beneficial microbes promotes the adaptability of MPs to adversity stress by enhancing soil fertility, inhibiting pathogens and inducing systemic resistance. On the other hand, it can improve the medicinal quality by removing soil pollutants, reducing the absorption and accumulation of harmful substances and regulating the synthesis of secondary metabolites. The ecological and economic benefits of the soil microbiome in agricultural practices are increasingly recognized, but the current understanding of the interaction between soil conditions, root exudates and microbial communities and the mechanism of rhizosphere microecology affecting the secondary metabolism of MPs is still quite limited. More research is needed to investigate the effects of the microbiome on the growth and quality of different medicinal species. Therefore, the present review summarizes the main soil issues in medicinal plant cultivation, the functions of microbes in soil remediation and plant growth promotion and the potential mechanism to further guide the use of microbial resources to promote the ecological cultivation and sustainable development of MPs.
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17
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Yagüe E, Sun H, Hu Y. East Wind, West Wind: Toward the modernization of traditional Chinese medicine. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:1057817. [PMID: 36440293 PMCID: PMC9685990 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.1057817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has used herbal remedies for more than 2,000 years. The use of complimentary therapies has increased dramatically during the last years, especially in the West, and the incorporation and modernization of TCM in current medical practice is gaining momentum. We reflect on the main bottlenecks in the modernization of arcane Chinese herbal medicine: lack of standardization, safety concerns and poor quality of clinical trials, as well as the ways these are being overcome. Progress in these areas will facilitate the implementation of an efficacy approach, in which only successful clinical trials lead to the molecular characterization of active compounds and their mechanism of action. Traditional pharmacological methodologies will produce novel leads and drugs, and we describe TCM successes such as the discovery of artemisinin as well as many others still in the pipeline. Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, cancer and cardiovascular disease are the main cause of mortality in the Western world and, with an increasing old population in South East Asia, this trend will also increase in the Far East. TCM has been used for long time for treating these diseases in China and other East Asian countries. However, the holistic nature of TCM requires a paradigm shift. By changing our way of thinking, from "one-target, one-drug" to "network-target, multiple-component-therapeutics," network pharmacology, together with other system biology methodologies, will pave the way toward TCM modernization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ernesto Yagüe
- Division of Cancer, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - He Sun
- The State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine, Tasly Academy, Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd., Tianjin, China
| | - Yunhui Hu
- Cloudphar Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., Shenzhen, China
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Liao J, Huang X, Jiang Y, Pu X, Zhang Y, Deng X, Yang R, Zhang L. Identification of Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge with high and low cadmium accumulation and insight into the mechanisms of cadmium accumulation. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135978. [PMID: 35961456 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge is used as a Chinese herbal medicine (CHM) particularly its roots. No relevant reports at home and abroad have been made on the mechanism of cadmium (Cd) accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza. The Cd accumulation characteristics of S. miltiorrhiza from main cultivation areas in China were evaluated for the first time to obtain high and low Cd accumulation in S. miltiorrhiza roots. Results showed obvious differences in the Cd enrichment capacity of S. miltiorrhiza from different cultivation areas. We took the lead in identifying the germplasm resources of S. miltiorrhiza with high and low Cd accumulation, that is, S. miltiorrhiza roots from Pingyi Shangdong (SDPY) belongs to the resource with high Cd accumulation (SDPY-H) and that from Zhongjiang Sichuan (SCZJ) is the resources with low Cd accumulation (SCZJ-L) based on relevant physiological and biochemical indexes. Although the Cd content of SDPY-H was apparently higher than that from SCZJ-L, its translocation factor from root to aboveground part is significantly lower than that in SCZJ-L. Therefore, planting SCZJ-L is not only an economic and effective way to use Cd in slightly and moderately polluted soil, but also its aboveground part can be used for phytoremediation. Changes in Cd content before and after the use of transpiration inhibitor indicate that SDPY-H enriched Cd through the symplastic pathway, whereas SCZJ-L mainly enriched Cd through the apoplastic pathways. In addition, the role of the symplastic pathway in SCZJ-L is weaker than that in SDPY-H, which were preliminarily revealed by fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The significant reduction of the SmNramps transcription expression amount is one of the reasons for the low Cd accumulation of SCZJ-L.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinqiu Liao
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xianhao Huang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xiang Pu
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Yunsong Zhang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Xuexue Deng
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Ruiwu Yang
- College of Life Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Featured Medicinal Plants Sharing and Service Platform of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China; Sichuan Provincial Engineering Research Center for Breeding Technology of Authentic Traditional Chinese Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an 625014, China.
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19
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Kenny CR, Ring G, Sheehan A, Mc Auliffe MAP, Lucey B, Furey A. Novel metallomic profiling and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of botanical ingredients for use in herbal, phytopharmaceutical and dietary products using HR-ICP-SFMS. Sci Rep 2022; 12:17582. [PMID: 36266322 PMCID: PMC9584900 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16873-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/18/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of element concentrations in botanical extracts is relevant to assure consumer protection given the increased interest in plant-based ingredients. This study demonstrates successful multi-element investigations in order to address the lack of comprehensive profiling data for botanical extracts, while reporting for the first time the metallomic profile(s) of arnica, bush vetch, sweet cicely, yellow rattle, bogbean, rock-tea and tufted catchfly. Key element compositions were quantified using a validated HR-ICP-SFMS method (µg kg-1) and were found highly variable between the different plants: Lithium (18-3964); Beryllium (3-121); Molybdenum (75-4505); Cadmium (5-325); Tin (6-165); Barium (747-4646); Platinum (2-33); Mercury (5-30); Thallium (3-91); Lead (12-4248); Bismuth (2-30); Titanium (131-5827); Vanadium (15-1758); Chromium (100-4534); Cobalt (21-652); Nickel (230-6060) and Copper (1910-6340). Compendial permissible limits were not exceeded. Overall, no evidence of a health risk to consumers could be determined from consumption of the investigated plants at reasonable intake rates. Mathematical risk modelling (EDI, CDI, HQ, HI) estimated levels above safe oral thresholds only for Cd (16%) and Pb (8%) from higher intakes of the respective plant-derived material. Following high consumption of certain plants, 42% of the samples were categorised as potentially unsafe due to cumulative exposure to Cu, Cd, Hg and Pb. PCA suggested a potential influence of post-harvest processing on Cr, Ti and V levels in commercially-acquired plant material compared to wild-collected and farm-grown plants. Moreover, a strong correlation was observed between Pb-Bi, Be-V, Bi-Sn, and Tl-Mo occurrence. This study may support future research by providing both robust methodology and accompanying reference profile(s) suitable for the quality evaluation of essential elements and/or metal contaminants in botanical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ciara-Ruth Kenny
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
- Department of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Gavin Ring
- Department of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Aisling Sheehan
- Department of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Michael A P Mc Auliffe
- Centre for Advanced Photonics and Process Analysis (CAPPA), Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Brigid Lucey
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland
| | - Ambrose Furey
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Department of Biological Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland.
- Department of Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, Co. Cork, T12 P928, Ireland.
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20
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Yao T, Jiang S, Hou K, Sun H, Wang H. Cadmium (Cd) accumulation in traditional Chinese medicine materials (TCMMs): A critical review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 242:113904. [PMID: 35882109 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 07/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has accumulated a wealth of ecological wisdom and is regarded as an outstanding cultural and medical resource in China. However, in the context of serious environmental pollution, the potential harm caused by TCM materials (TCMMs) due to toxic heavy metals has seriously affected the sustainable development of TCM. Cadmium (Cd) is an internationally recognized heavy metal contaminant. In this paper, 270 reports on Cd in TCMMs were screened from 1969 publications covering 243 species in 81 families. According to the source of the TCMMs, the data were divided into the following categories: aboveground part, bark, flower and fruit, herb, leaf and rhizome. The temporal dynamics of the Cd content and its correlations with the habitats and categories (parts) of TCMMs were also studied. The results show that 22.05 % of the investigated TCMM samples exceeded the relevant domestic standards (Cd≤0.3 mg/kg), among which the maximum Cd content was 17.75 mg/kg. Myrtaceae and Syzygium aromaticum were the family and species with the highest mean Cd content, respectively. Regarding the source of TCMMs of great concern, the mean Cd content of TCMMs decreased in the order of herb > aboveground part > flower and fruit > leaf > rhizome > bark. In addition, in terms of the spatiotemporal distribution, the spatial distribution of the mean Cd content of TCMMs was significantly higher on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, followed by Southwest China. When comparing different times, more serious Cd pollution of TCMMs existed after 2000, and the highest mean Cd content was observed in 2000-2004. In summary, soil acidity must be decreased and the cultivation conditions of Cd-hyperaccumulators such as Ligusticum chuanxiong and Lonicera japonica must be modified, in conjunction with a scientific health risk assessment, to ensure the sustainable development of TCMMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Yao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Engineering Design and Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China
| | - Shunyuan Jiang
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Kai Hou
- College of Agronomy, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Hui Sun
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Engineering Design and Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610065, China; Engineering Design & Research Institute, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China.
| | - Honglan Wang
- Sichuan Academy of Chinese Medicine Sciences, Chengdu 610041, China.
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21
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Wu X, Wu P, Gu M, Xue J. Trace heavy metals and harmful elements in roots and rhizomes of herbs: Screening level analysis and health risk assessment. CHINESE HERBAL MEDICINES 2022; 14:622-629. [PMID: 36405062 PMCID: PMC9669352 DOI: 10.1016/j.chmed.2021.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective Heavy metal and harmful element contamination are frequently reported in Chinese herbal medicines (CHMs), and roots and rhizomes parts showed a higher content than other parts. To investigate the residue level and assess the potential human health risk of heavy metals and harmful elements in roots and rhizomes, 720 batches of the sample representing 20 species of herbs from different sources were collected. Methods The content of Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu in the digests was determined using ICP-MS. The chronic hazard index estimate based on non-cancer hazard quotient (HQ) was applied for potential health risk assessment of Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu via consumption of CHMs. Results Compared with the Chinese limit standard (Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, 2020 edition) of Pb, Cd, As, Hg, and Cu in Ginseng Radix et Rhizoma, the exceedance percentage of Pb in total samples was 14.1%, which were generally far higher than Cd, As, Hg, and Cu. Health risk assessment results based on hazard quotient calculating showed that total HQ of Cu, Pb, As, Cd, and Hg in Pulsatillae Radix and Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma exceeded 1, with the value of 1.543 and 1.235. Besides, Arsenic had the highest HQ value (0.957) in Pulsatillae Radix. Conclusion Consuming raw materials of Pulsatillae Radix and Clematidis Radix et Rhizoma may pose a potential risk and Arsenic residues in Pulsatillae Radix deserved special attention.
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Bai R, Wang Y, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Han J, Wang Z, Zhou J, Hu F. Analysis and Health Risk Assessment of Potentially Toxic Elements in Three Codonopsis Radix Varieties in China. Biol Trace Elem Res 2022; 200:2475-2485. [PMID: 34383249 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-021-02806-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
As a valuable medicine food homology plant, Codonopsis Radix has been widely used in China. This study aimed to analyze the content of nine potentially toxic elements in three Codonopsis Radix varieties and evaluate their health risks to the human body. In this study, a total of 147 samples were collected from five provinces in China. The content of nine potentially toxic elements (Al, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, As, Pb, Cd, and Hg) were determined by ICP-MS. Results showed that the average contents of Al, Mn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb, As, Cd, and Hg were 486.81, 30.30, 5.59, 1.38, 1.24, 0.40, 0.20, 0.16, and 0.11 mg/kg, respectively. The Codonopsis tangshen Oliv. samples from Hubei showed the highest contents of eight elements (Al, Mn, Cr, Ni, Pb, As, Cd, and Hg) among three varieties, and the highest Cu level was found in Codonopsis pilosula (Franch.) Nannf. samples from Shanxi. The content of toxic elements in three Codonopsis Radix varieties showed significant differences (p < 0.05). LDA models facilitated the identification of three Codonopsis Radix varieties with a 91.2% classification score and 89.1% prediction score. Further, when Codonopsis Radix was used as food or medicine, both the hazard quotient values for single element and the hazard index values for nine elements (0.87 for food and 0.84 for medicine) were far below one. The carcinogenic risk values for Pb in Codonopsis Radix when used as food or medicine were 1.14 × 10-6 and 5.51 × 10-8; the values for As were 4.80 × 10-5 and 4.98 × 10-6, respectively. It indicated that under the current consumption of Codonopsis Radix, the non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks from these potentially toxic elements were acceptable for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruibin Bai
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Dong-gang Road West, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yanping Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Dong-gang Road West, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yajie Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Dong-gang Road West, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yan Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Dong-gang Road West, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jiabing Han
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Dong-gang Road West, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zixia Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Dong-gang Road West, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Dong-gang Road West, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Fangdi Hu
- School of Pharmacy, Lanzhou University, 199 Dong-gang Road West, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
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Wang Z, Peters RJ. Tanshinones: Leading the way into Lamiaceae labdane-related diterpenoid biosynthesis. CURRENT OPINION IN PLANT BIOLOGY 2022; 66:102189. [PMID: 35196638 PMCID: PMC8940693 DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2022.102189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 01/14/2022] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Tanshinones are the bioactive diterpenoid constituents of the traditional Chinese medicinal herb Danshen (Salvia miltiorrhiza), and are examples of the phenolic abietanes widely found within the Lamiaceae plant family. Due to the significant interest in these labdane-related diterpenoid natural products, their biosynthesis has been intensively investigated. In addition to providing the basis for metabolic engineering efforts, this work further yielded pioneering insights into labdane-related diterpenoid biosynthesis in the Lamiaceae more broadly. This includes stereochemical foreshadowing of aromatization, with novel protein domain loss in the relevant diterpene synthase, as well as broader phylogenetic conservation of the relevant enzymes. Beyond such summary of more widespread metabolism, formation of the furan ring that characterizes the tanshinones also has been recently elucidated. Nevertheless, the biocatalysts for the pair of demethylations remain unknown, and the intriguing potential connection of these reactions to the further aromatization observed in the tanshinones are speculated upon here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhibiao Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing 100029, China; Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA
| | - Reuben J Peters
- Roy J. Carver Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics & Molecular Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA 50011, USA.
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Xu X, Li L, Zhou H, Hu Q, Wang L, Cai Q, Zhu Y, Ji S. Heavy Metals and Probabilistic Risk Assessment via Pheretima (a Traditional Chinese Medicine) Consumption in China. Front Pharmacol 2022; 12:803592. [PMID: 35069214 PMCID: PMC8767006 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.803592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Earthworms are known to accumulate inorganic contaminants from the soil; they are also used as a traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) called Pheretima, which might cause safety problems with long-term exposure. Here, this study was conducted to determine and analyze the level of heavy metal contamination such as arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), copper (Cu), mercury (Hg), manganese (Mn), nickel (Ni), and lead (Pb) in Pheretima and then explore the probabilistic health risks caused by 8 heavy metals in 98 batches of Pheretima using Monte Carlo simulation. A risk assessment strategy was conducted to assess heavy metal-associated health risk of Pheretima based on consumption data. For random consumption sampling, the results found that the non-carcinogenic risk of As is higher than the acceptable level, and the carcinogenic risk levels of As and Cr exceeded the acceptable risk recommended by the USEPA. Cr and As were regarded as the priority metals for risk control in the present study. Finally, it was recommended that the dosing frequency should be less than 24 d/y. In general, this study conducted a probabilistic risk assessment of heavy metals in Pheretima, which would be of significance for policy makers to take effective strategies to improve the quality and safety of Pheretima.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Xu
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Limin Li
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Heng Zhou
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qing Hu
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingling Wang
- Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Shandong, China
| | - Qiang Cai
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yin Zhu
- Yangtze Delta Region Institute of Tsinghua University, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shen Ji
- Shanghai Institute for Food and Drug Control, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
Abstrakt
Rynek suplementów diety rozwija się bardzo dynamicznie, co ma związek z rozpowszechnieniem tej kategorii produktów w środkach masowego przekazu, stosunkowo bezproblemową procedurą wprowadzenia na polski rynek oraz powszechną dostępnością (można je nabyć w aptece, sklepach zielarskich, spożywczych oraz w Internecie). Z definicji suplementy mają być uzupełnieniem diety, zaliczają się do żywności oraz nie mogą wykazywać działania leczniczego. Ich postać, która została ustawowo określona, może być wizualnie identyczna z postacią farmaceutyczną produktów leczniczych, co może wprowadzać konsumentów w błąd, jeżeli nie wiedzą, jak rozróżniać te dwie grupy. Polska legislacja nie uwzględnia żadnych wymogów dotyczących parametrów technologicznych czy właściwości fizycznych gotowych produktów. Na bezpieczeństwo stosowania suplementów diety, oprócz ich jakości i rzeczywistej zawartości deklarowanych składników, składa się również ewentualna obecność zanieczyszczeń i niedozwolonych substancji dodatkowych. Wybiórcza kontrola rynku oraz brak szczegółowych wytycznych dotyczących parametrów postaci suplementów daje znaczną dowolność producentom, jednocześnie umożliwia wprowadzenie na rynek produktów o wątpliwej jakości, które mogą zagrażać konsumentom, będąc całkowicie pozbawionymi działania prozdrowotnego. Ze względu na rosnące zainteresowanie tą grupą produktów przez konsumentów, przedstawiono w pracy sytuację prawną suplementów diety na polskim rynku, odnosząc się także do legislacji europejskiej i amerykańskiej. Omówiono procedurę wprowadzania na rynek, podstawowe wytyczne stawiane tej grupie produktów, wskazania do stosowania oraz aspekty związane z bezpieczeństwem i zagrożeniami wynikającymi ze stosowania suplementów diety.
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Cui Y, Lu H, Tian Z, Deng D, Ma X. Current trends of Chinese herbal medicines on meat quality of pigs. A review. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2021. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/138775/2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chen YG, He XLS, Huang JH, Luo R, Ge HZ, Wołowicz A, Wawrzkiewicz M, Gładysz-Płaska A, Li B, Yu QX, Kołodyńska D, Lv GY, Chen SH. Impacts of heavy metals and medicinal crops on ecological systems, environmental pollution, cultivation, and production processes in China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 219:112336. [PMID: 34044310 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are widely distributed in the environment due to the natural processes and anthropogenic human activities. Their migration into no contaminated areas contributing towards pollution of the ecosystems e.g. soils, plants, water and air. It is recognized that heavy metals due to their toxicity, long persistence in nature can accumulate in the trophic chain and cause organism dysfunction. Although the popularity of herbal medicine is rapidly increasing all over the world heavy metal toxicity has a great impact and importance on herbal plants and consequently affects the quality of herbal raw materials, herbal extracts, the safety and marketability of drugs. Effective control of heavy metal content in herbal plants using in pharmaceutical and food industries has become indispensable. Therefore, this review describes various important factors such as ecological and environmental pollution, cultivation and harvest of herbal plants and manufacturing processes which effects on the quality of herbal plants and then on Chinese herbal medicines which influence human health. This review also proposes possible management strategies to recover environmental sustainability and medication safety. About 276 published studies (1988-2021) are reviewed in this paper.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Gong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xing-Li-Shang He
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jia-Hui Huang
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Rong Luo
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hong-Zhang Ge
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Anna Wołowicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie Sklodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Monika Wawrzkiewicz
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie Sklodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Gładysz-Płaska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie Sklodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland
| | - Bo Li
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qiao-Xian Yu
- Zhejiang Senyu Co., Ltd, No. 8 Wanmao Road, Choujiang Street, Yiwu City, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Dorota Kołodyńska
- Department of Inorganic Chemistry, Institute of Chemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemistry, Maria Curie-Sklodowska University, M. Curie Sklodowska Sq. 2, 20-031 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Gui-Yuan Lv
- College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Su-Hong Chen
- Collaborative Innovation Center of Yangtze River Delta Region Green Pharmaceuticals, Zhejiang University of Technology, Chaowang Road 18, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China.
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Rapid detection of pesticide residues in Chinese herbal medicines by molecularly imprinted membrane electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2020.11.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Maitlo AA, Jatoi WB, Memon AF, Soomro AH, Bhayo MS. Assessment of Zinc, Lead, Chromium, and Cobalt in Commonly Consumed Herbal Medicines in Sindh, Pakistan. Biol Trace Elem Res 2021; 199:2366-2374. [PMID: 32803524 DOI: 10.1007/s12011-020-02339-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Herbal medicines are widely consumed by the people of Pakistan for the treatment of various diseases. In the current study, quantitative assessment of four heavy metals namely zinc, lead, chromium, and cobalt was carried out in forty commonly consumed herbal medicines purchased from the markets of Khairpur and Sukkur, Pakistan. The conventional wet acid digestion method was used for the dissolution of samples and the concentration of heavy metals was determined by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Varied concentrations of metals were observed in different herbal medicines. The levels of Zn, Pb, Cr, and Co were in the range of 7.05-87.5 ppm, 5.62-44.9 ppm, 3.16-14.1 ppm, and 5.69-9.88 ppm, respectively. The findings of our study were compared with the WHO maximum permissible limits of these metals and it was observed that most of the analyzed samples exceeded the permissible levels. Keeping in view the levels of these metals in the selected herbal medicines, the prolonged intake of these drugs might be hazardous for human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amjad Ali Maitlo
- Department of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Wahid Bux Jatoi
- Department of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Almas Fatima Memon
- National Centre of Excellence in Analytical Chemistry, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.
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Lim XY, Chan JSW, Japri N, Lee JC, Tan TYC. Carica papaya L. Leaf: A Systematic Scoping Review on Biological Safety and Herb-Drug Interactions. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE : ECAM 2021; 2021:5511221. [PMID: 34040647 PMCID: PMC8121580 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5511221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The Carica papaya L. leaf is gaining interest as a potential therapeutic agent for alleviating dengue- and non-dengue-associated thrombocytopaenia. In that regard, safety considerations are as important as efficacy potential. The safety evaluation of botanical products for human use is complicated by variable formulations, complex phytochemical composition, and extrinsic toxicants. This review aimed to systematically collate related safety clinical and preclinical data, as well as reports on herb-drug interactions of C. papaya leaf consumption. METHODS A systematic search using predetermined keywords on electronic databases (MEDLINE, Cochrane Library Central, LILACS, and Web of Science) and grey literature was conducted. Relevant clinical and preclinical studies were identified, screened, and analysed to present an overall safety profile of C. papaya leaf consumption. RESULTS A total of 41 articles were included (23 clinical, 5 ongoing trials, and 13 preclinical) for descriptive analysis on study characteristics, adverse reactions, toxicity findings, and herb-drug interactions, from which 13 randomised controlled and quasiexperimental trials were further assessed for risk of bias and reporting quality. Overall, C. papaya leaf consumption (in the form of juice and standardised aqueous extract) was well tolerated by adult humans for short durations ( CONCLUSION C. papaya leaf consumption in adults is generally safe for short-term use though cautioned in pregnancy and people with liver impairment. It has potential herb-drug interactions with oral hypoglycaemic agents, p-glycoprotein substrates, and antibiotics with cation chelating properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- X. Y. Lim
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - J. S. W. Chan
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - N. Japri
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - J. C. Lee
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
| | - T. Y. C. Tan
- Herbal Medicine Research Centre, Institute for Medical Research, National Institutes of Health, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Setia Alam 40170, Shah Alam, Malaysia
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Xi Y, Liu Y, Ye X, Du J, Kong X, Guo D, Xiao Q. Enhanced Anaerobic Biogas Production From Wheat Straw by Herbal-Extraction Process Residues Supplementation. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2021; 9:623594. [PMID: 34026740 PMCID: PMC8134548 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2021.623594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Trace metals are essential constituents of cofactors and enzymes and that their addition to anaerobic digesters increases methane production. Many trace elements are contained in herbal-extraction process residues (HPR). The present study concerns the effect of six kinds of HPR [Danshen root (Dr), Astragalus membranaceus (Am), Isatis root (Ir), Angelica sinensis (As), and Pseudo-ginseng (Pg)] that were used as additives, respectively, in the anaerobic digestion of wheat straw on biogas and methane production. The ratios of HPR residues/wheat straw [based on total solids (TS), of wheat straw] were 3, 5, and 10%, respectively. The digesters were at 37 ± 1°C of water bath during 30 days of anaerobic digestion. The results showed that HPR had significant effects on the anaerobic co-digestion. The highest biogas productivity was achieved when treated with 10% Pseudo-ginseng residues (PGR), which yielded 337 ml/g TS of biogas and 178 ml/g TS of methane. Cumulative production of biogas and methane increased by 28 and 37% compared to the production achieved in the control. These results suggest that PGR is an effective HPR to enhance the production of methane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yonglan Xi
- East China Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Development and Utilization of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory for Agricultural Wastes Treatment and Recycling, Recycling Agriculture Research Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Yang Liu
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiaomei Ye
- East China Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Development and Utilization of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory for Agricultural Wastes Treatment and Recycling, Recycling Agriculture Research Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jing Du
- School of Agricultural Equipment Engineering, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiangping Kong
- East China Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Development and Utilization of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory for Agricultural Wastes Treatment and Recycling, Recycling Agriculture Research Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Dong Guo
- East China Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Development and Utilization of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory for Agricultural Wastes Treatment and Recycling, Recycling Agriculture Research Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Qingbo Xiao
- East China Scientific Observing and Experimental Station of Development and Utilization of Rural Renewable Energy, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing, China
- Laboratory for Agricultural Wastes Treatment and Recycling, Recycling Agriculture Research Center, Jiangsu Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanjing, China
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Ng CWW, Wang YC, Ni JJ, Wang ZJ. Quality and yield of Pseudostellaria heterophylla treated with GGBS as pH adjuster against the toxicity of Cd and Cu. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 216:112188. [PMID: 33862439 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Revised: 03/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of Cd and Cu in soil is a great threat to medicinal plant. Ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) is a potential soil pH adjuster to reduce metal toxicity. However, how GGBS affects the quality and yield of herbal plants under the stress of Cd and Cu is not clear. This study aims to investigate the quality and yield of a medicinal plant (Pseudostellaria heterophylla) responding to GGBS treatment in Cd and Cu contaminated soil. GGBS with three mass percentages (0%, 3%, 5%) was added into contaminated lateritic soils for planting. Each condition had 21 replicated seedlings. The concentrations of Cd and Cu in plant, amounts of active ingredients (polysaccarides and saponins) in medicinal organ, and tuber properties were measured after harvest. The results showed that under 3% and 5% GGBS treatments, Cd and Cu accumulations in all plant organs (leaf, stem, root and tuber) were reduced by 69.4-86.0% and 10.3-30.1%, respectively. They were below the permissible limits (World Health Organization, WHO). Even though the concentrations of active ingredients in P. heterophylla tuber decreased by up to 35.8%, they still met Hong Kong Chinese Materia Medica standard. Besides, the biomass of root tuber increased by 9.8% and 46%, due to 3% and 5% GGBS treatments, respectively. The recommended 5% GGBS treatment in practice can balance the reduction of active ingredients and the increase of plant yield when minimizing Cd and Cu accumulation in tuber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charles Wang Wai Ng
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Chen Wang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China.
| | - Jun Jun Ni
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zi Jian Wang
- Division of Science and Technology, Beijing Normal University Hong Kong Baptist University United International College, China
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Xiao J, Ma J, Wang F, Xu X, Liao M, Shi Y, Cao H. Effect of decocting on the pesticide residues in Paeoniae radix lactiflora and corresponding exposure risk assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:16655-16662. [PMID: 33389468 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-11945-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Numerous natural preparations in traditional Chinese medicine are prepared as decoctions. Processing factors (PFs) comparing the levels of pesticide residues in decoctions to those in the corresponding unprocessed products should be considered in exposure assessments. Thus, this study determined the residue levels of six pesticides (chlorpyrifos, phoxim, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam, fenpropathrin, and emamectin benzoate), as well as 3,5,6-trichloropyridinol, the primary metabolite of chlorpyrifos, and clothianidin, the main metabolite of thiamethoxam in Baishao, Paeoniae radix lactiflora (Fam. Ranunculaceae). The results showed that significant time-response effects were present for the release of pesticides from P. radix. The PFs calculated were < 1, indicating a significant reduction in pesticide residues after TCM processing. The water solubility and partition coefficient values of the pesticides may have played a basic role in the dissipation of the residues during the TCM decocting process. A risk assessment based on the hazard quotient with PFs revealed that exposure to pesticide residues in P. radix was far below the levels that might pose a health risk. In conclusion, the results presented here are of theoretical and practical value for the safety evaluation of TCMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Xiao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Jinjuan Ma
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, People's Republic of China
| | - Xing Xu
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Min Liao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, 130 Changjiangxilu, Hefei, Anhui Province, 230036, People's Republic of China.
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Integrated Pest Management on Crops, Hefei, China.
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Soomro AH, Jatoi WB, Maitlo AA, Memon AF, Bhayo MS. Assessment of heavy metal content of commonly consumed herbal medicines in Sindh, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:10.1007/s11356-021-13019-0. [PMID: 33634395 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-13019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In Pakistan, herbal medicines are extensively consumed by a major portion of people for the treatment of numerous ailments. Nowadays, the contamination of heavy metals in herbal medicines is a serious concern due to its toxic effects on human health. In the present study, quantitative evaluation of four heavy metals, namely, iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu), was carried out in forty herbal medicines, frequently sold in the markets of Sukkur and Khairpur, Pakistan, without any quality assurance. Conventional wet acid digestion method was used for the dissolution of samples, and the concentration of heavy metals was determined by using flame atomic absorption spectrometry. Diverse concentration of metals was observed in different herbal medicines. The levels of Fe, Cd, Ni, and Cu were in the range of 30.3-798 mg/kg, 0.002-0.007 mg/kg, 1.52-27.3 mg/kg, and 15.2-194 mg/kg, respectively. The findings of our study were also compared with the WHO maximum permissible limits. It was observed that the concentrations of these heavy metals in most of the analyzed samples were within the permissible limits set by the WHO. Only a few samples of herbal medicines exceeded the recommended levels of Ni and Cu. These medicines should be regularly checked for quality assurance to avoid chronic exposure of metal to human beings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wahid Bux Jatoi
- Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Ali Maitlo
- Institute of Chemistry, Shah Abdul Latif University, Khairpur, Sindh, Pakistan
| | - Almas Fatima Memon
- Department of Chemistry, Government College University Hyderabad, Sindh, 71500, Pakistan.
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Butts CD, Bloom MS, McGough A, Lenhart N, Wong R, Mok-Lin E, Parsons PJ, Galusha AL, Yucel RM, Feingold BJ, Browne RW, Fujimoto VY. Variability of essential and non-essential trace elements in the follicular fluid of women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 209:111733. [PMID: 33385679 PMCID: PMC7845532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Both essential and non-essential elements have been associated with female reproductive function in epidemiologic investigations, including among IVF populations. To date, most investigators have used blood or urine to assess biomarkers of exposure, with few employing ovarian follicular fluid (FF). FF may offer a more direct "snapshot" of the oocyte microenvironment than blood or urine, however previous studies report follicle-to-follicle variability in FF constituents that may contribute to exposure misclassification. Our objectives were to investigate sources of trace element variability, to estimate FF biomarker reliability among women undergoing IVF (n = 34), and to determine the minimum number of follicles required to estimate subject-specific mean concentrations. We measured As, Hg, Cd, Pb, Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn in FF samples using inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry. Inter-subject (between-women) variability contributed most of the variability in FF element concentrations, with ovarian, follicular, and analytical as smaller sources of variability. The proportion of variability attributable to sources between-follicles differed by age, body mass index (BMI), race, and cigarette smoking for Cu, Se, and Zn, by BMI and cigarette smoking for As, by primary infertility diagnosis for Hg, Cu, Se, and Zn, and by ovarian stimulation protocol for Mn and Se. Four to five individual follicles were sufficient to estimate subject-specific mean Cu, Se, and Zn concentrations, while >14 were necessary for As, Hg, Cd, Pb, and Mn. Overall, our results suggest that FF is a suitable source of biomarkers of As and Hg exposure in ovarian follicles. Although limited in size, our study offers the most comprehensive exploration of biological variation in FF trace elements to date and may provide guidance for future studies of ovarian trace element exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste D Butts
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Michael S Bloom
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States; Department of Global and Community Health, George Mason University, Fairfax, VA 22030 United States.
| | - Alexandra McGough
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Nikolaus Lenhart
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Rebecca Wong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Evelyn Mok-Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
| | - Patrick J Parsons
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States; Laboratory of Inorganic & Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States
| | - Aubrey L Galusha
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States; Laboratory of Inorganic & Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, NY 12201, United States
| | - Recai M Yucel
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, United States
| | - Beth J Feingold
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY 12144, United States
| | - Richard W Browne
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY 14260, United States
| | - Victor Y Fujimoto
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, United States
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Luo L, Wang B, Jiang J, Fitzgerald M, Huang Q, Yu Z, Li H, Zhang J, Wei J, Yang C, Zhang H, Dong L, Chen S. Heavy Metal Contaminations in Herbal Medicines: Determination, Comprehensive Risk Assessments, and Solutions. Front Pharmacol 2021; 11:595335. [PMID: 33597875 PMCID: PMC7883644 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.595335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Heavy metal contamination in herbal medicines is a global threat to human beings especially at levels above known threshold concentrations. The concentrations of five heavy metals cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), arsenic (As), mercury (Hg) and copper (Cu) were investigated using Inductively Coupled Plasma Optical Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) with 1773 samples around the world. According to Chinese Pharmacopoeia, 30.51% (541) samples were detected with at least one over-limit metal. The over-limit ratio for Pb was 5.75% (102), Cd at 4.96% (88), As at 4.17% (74), Hg at 3.78% (67), and of Cu, 1.75% (31). For exposure assessment, Pb, Cd, As, and Hg have resulted in higher than acceptable risks in 25 kinds of herbs. The maximal Estimated Daily Intake of Pb in seven herbs, of Cd in five, of Hg in four, and As in three exceeded their corresponding Provisional Tolerable Daily Intakes. In total 25 kinds of herbs present an unacceptable risk as assessed with the Hazard Quotient or Hazard Index. Additionally, the carcinogenic risks were all under acceptable limits. Notably, As posed the highest risk in all indicators including Estimated Daily Intake, Hazard Index, and carcinogenic risks. Therefore further study on enrichment effect of different states of As and special attention to monitoring shall be placed on As related contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Hubei Institute for Drug Control, Wuhan, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Martin Fitzgerald
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, London, United Kingdom
| | - Qin Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zheng Yu
- College of Medical Information and Engineering, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jiqing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Hainan Provincial Key Laboratory of Resources Conservation and Development of Southern Medicine, Hainan Branch of the Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Haikou, China
| | - Chenyuyan Yang
- Institute of Medical Information, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhang
- Akupunktur Akademiet, Hovedgaard, Denmark
| | - Linlin Dong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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Jeitler M, Michalsen A, Frings D, Hübner M, Fischer M, Koppold-Liebscher DA, Murthy V, Kessler CS. Significance of Medicinal Mushrooms in Integrative Oncology: A Narrative Review. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:580656. [PMID: 33424591 PMCID: PMC7794004 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.580656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal mushrooms are widely used in East Asia for the treatment of various diseases, especially in complementary cancer care. While there is a growing interest in medicinal mushrooms in Western countries and an increasing number of pre-clinical studies indicate distinct anti-cancer and regenerative properties, little is known about their potential relevance for clinical practice. This review aims to provide an overview of the clinical evidence, significance and potential role of medicinal mushrooms in complementary cancer care. Scientific databases for (randomized) controlled clinical trials evaluating whole spectrum formulations of medicinal mushrooms (mushroom powder and mushroom extracts) in cancer patients during and/or after conventional oncological treatment were searched. Eight studies met our inclusion criteria (eight randomized controlled trials, one controlled clinical trial). The medicinal mushrooms investigated were Agaricus sylvaticus (two trials), Agaricus blazei murill (two trials), Antrodia cinnamomea (one trial), Coriolus versicolor (one trial) and Ganoderma lucidum (three trials); all were compared to placebo and administered orally. A variety of cancer entities, outcomes and treatment durations were observed. Study results suggested beneficial effects of medicinal mushrooms, particularly quality of life and reduction of adverse effects of conventional therapies. Also, positive effects on antitumor activity and immunomodulation were reported, e.g., an increased activity of natural killer cells. In addition, results might suggest a longer survival of cancer patients receiving mushroom preparations, although in most studies this was not significant when compared to placebo. Adverse events of treatment with medicinal mushrooms were poorly reported; gastrointestinal reactions and a decrease in platelet cell count occurred in some cases. The methodological quality of most studies was generally unsatisfying and most results were insufficiently reported in several respects. Medicinal mushrooms may have a therapeutic potential for cancer patients during and after conventional oncological care with regards to quality of life, reduction of adverse effects of conventional care and possibly other surrogate parameters like immune function. There is an urgent need to investigate the safety and possible interactions of medicinal mushrooms. High-quality clinical research is warranted in order to clarify the potential of medicinal mushrooms in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Jeitler
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Immanuel Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas Michalsen
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Immanuel Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela Frings
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Marisa Hübner
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Moritz Fischer
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniela A. Koppold-Liebscher
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Vijay Murthy
- Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Christian S. Kessler
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité – Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
- Department of Internal and Integrative Medicine, Immanuel Hospital Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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Zhang H, Nie P, Xia Z, Feng X, Liu X, He Y. Rapid Quantitative Detection of Deltamethrin in Corydalis yanhusuo by SERS Coupled with Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25184081. [PMID: 32906783 PMCID: PMC7570915 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25184081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2020] [Revised: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
With the increase in demand, artificially planting Chinese medicinal materials (CHMs) has also increased, and the ensuing pesticide residue problems have attracted more and more attention. An optimized quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged and safe (QuEChERS) method with multi-walled carbon nanotubes as dispersive solid-phase extraction sorbents coupled with surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) was first proposed for the detection of deltamethrin in complex matrix Corydalis yanhusuo. Our results demonstrate that using the optimized QuEChERS method could effectively extract the analyte and reduce background interference from Corydalis. Facile synthesized gold nanoparticles with a large diameter of 75 nm had a strong SERS enhancement for deltamethrin determination. The best prediction model was established with partial least squares regression of the SERS spectra ranges of 545~573 cm−1 and 987~1011 cm−1 with a coefficient of determination (R2) of 0.9306, a detection limit of 0.484 mg/L and a residual predictive deviation of 3.046. In summary, this article provides a new rapid and effective method for the detection of pesticide residues in CHMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhang
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.Z.); (P.N.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Pengcheng Nie
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.Z.); (P.N.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
- West Electronic Business Company Limited, Yinchuan 750000, China
| | - Zhengyan Xia
- School of Medcine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou 310015, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-0571-8828-4325
| | - Xuping Feng
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.Z.); (P.N.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Xiaoxi Liu
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.Z.); (P.N.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong He
- College of Biosystems Engineering and Food Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; (H.Z.); (P.N.); (X.F.); (X.L.); (Y.H.)
- Key Laboratory of Spectroscopy Sensing, Ministry of Agriculture, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Butts CD, Bloom MS, McGough A, Lenhart N, Wong R, Mok-Lin E, Parsons PJ, Galusha AL, Yucel RM, Feingold BJ, Browne RW, Fujimoto VY. Seafood consumption is associated with higher follicular fluid arsenic (As) and mercury (Hg) concentrations in women undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF). ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 188:109753. [PMID: 32554271 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Human exposure to non-essential toxic metals such as cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb), and metalloids such as arsenic (As) commonly occurs through diet. Toxic trace element exposures have been reported in association with fertility and fecundity in epidemiologic studies even at low to moderate levels. While most previous studies employed blood and urine biomarkers of exposure, few have assessed toxic trace elements in ovarian follicular fluid (FF), which surrounds the developing oocyte and hence may better reflect concentrations potentially affecting reproductive outcomes. Our objective was to identify dietary predictors of FF toxic trace elements in n = 56 women (mean age: 38.3 years) undergoing in vitro fertilization (IVF) at the University of California at San Francisco. We determined As, Hg, Cd, and Pb in 197 FF specimens, collected on the day of oocyte retrieval, using inductively coupled plasma tandem mass spectrometry. A comprehensive food frequency questionnaire was used to assess the weekly and annual dietary "patterns" of participants. Consumption of specific seafood items and turkey were correlated with individual FF toxic trace elements. We also found that each unit higher seafood consumption in the past week dominated by mollusks, shrimp, and bass was associated with 60% higher FF As (95% confidence interval (CI): 25%, 105%) and FF Hg (95%CI: 7%, 136%) concentrations. Higher annual seafood consumption dominated by urchin, crab, and trout was associated with 16% higher FF As (95%CI: -2%, 38%) and 31% higher FF Hg (95%CI: 7%, 60%) concentrations per unit intake. No associations were noted between diet and Cd and Pb levels in FF. Overall, our results suggest that higher seafood consumption contributes to elevated levels of As and Hg in FF. These findings are consistent with previous IVF studies that assessed toxic trace element exposures in blood and urine. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that diet might be a source of As, Hg, Cd, and Pb in FF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celeste D Butts
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, One University Place Rensselaer, NY, 12144, United States
| | - Michael S Bloom
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, One University Place Rensselaer, NY, 12144, United States; Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, One University Place Rensselaer, NY, 12144, United States.
| | - Alexandra McGough
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
| | - Nikolaus Lenhart
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
| | - Rebecca Wong
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
| | - Evelyn Mok-Lin
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
| | - Patrick J Parsons
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, One University Place Rensselaer, NY, 12144, United States; Laboratory of Inorganic & Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12201, United States
| | - Aubrey L Galusha
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, One University Place Rensselaer, NY, 12144, United States; Laboratory of Inorganic & Nuclear Chemistry, Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, Albany, NY, 12201, United States
| | - Recai M Yucel
- Department of Epidemiology & Biostatistics, University at Albany, State University of New York, One University Place Rensselaer, NY, 12144, United States
| | - Beth J Feingold
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, One University Place Rensselaer, NY, 12144, United States
| | - Richard W Browne
- Department of Biotechnical and Clinical Laboratory Sciences, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, United States
| | - Victor Y Fujimoto
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Reproductive Sciences, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, 94158, United States
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Luo L, Dong L, Huang Q, Ma S, Fantke P, Li J, Jiang J, Fitzgerald M, Yang J, Jia Z, Zhang J, Wang H, Dai Y, Zhu G, Xing Z, Liang Y, Li M, Wei G, Song J, Wei J, Peng C, Zhang H, Zhang W, Wang S, Mizuno K, Marco AAG, Wu L, Xu J, Xiong C, Chen S. Detection and risk assessments of multi-pesticides in 1771 cultivated herbal medicines by LC/MS-MS and GC/MS-MS. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 262:127477. [PMID: 32799136 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Focus on the safety of herbal medicines has mainly been directed towards the presence of intrinsic toxicity, as found in the cases of renal and hepatic dysfunction caused by aristolochic acids. However, contamination from extrinsic hazards may impart an even greater reduction in their safety and efficacy. This study reveals that pesticides were present in the majority (88%) of a comprehensive cross-section (n = 1771) of herbal medicine samples. Alarmingly, more than half (59%) contained pesticides over the European Pharmacopoeia (EP) limit, and 43% of them contained 35 varieties of banned, extremely toxic pesticides, eight of which were detected at levels over 500 times higher than the default Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). DDTs, carbofuran, and mevinphos were confirmed as being among the most risk-inducing pesticides by three different risk assessment methods, reported to produce carcinogenic, genotoxic, reproductive, and developmental effects, in addition to carrying nephrotoxicity and hepatotoxicity. In light of these findings, and withstanding that extrinsic hazards can be controlled unlike intrinsic toxicity, the authors here strongly recommend the application of herbal medicine quality-control measures and solutions to safeguard against a neglected but certainly potentially serious health risk posed to the majority of the global population that consumes herbal medicines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Luo
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Linlin Dong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Qin Huang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, 100050, PR China
| | - Peter Fantke
- Quantitative Sustainability Assessment, Department of Technology, Management and Economics, Technical University of Denmark, Produktionstorvet 424, 2800 Kgs, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jianhui Li
- Waters Technologies Shanghai Limited, Block 13, City of Elite, 1000 Jinhai Road, Pu Dong New District, Shanghai, 201206, PR China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- West China Biomedical Big Data Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, PR China
| | - Martin Fitzgerald
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Westminster, 115 New Cavendish Street, W1W 6UW, London, UK
| | - Jane Yang
- Waters Technologies Shanghai Limited, Block 13, City of Elite, 1000 Jinhai Road, Pu Dong New District, Shanghai, 201206, PR China
| | - Zhengwei Jia
- Waters Technologies Shanghai Limited, Block 13, City of Elite, 1000 Jinhai Road, Pu Dong New District, Shanghai, 201206, PR China
| | - Jiqing Zhang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Haifeng Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Yuntao Dai
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Guangwei Zhu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Zhihan Xing
- College of Science and Mathematics, University of Massachusetts Boston, 100 William T. Morrissey Blvd, Boston, MA, 02125-3393, USA
| | - Yichuan Liang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Mengzhi Li
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Guangfei Wei
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Jingyuan Song
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Jianhe Wei
- Institute of Medicinal Plant Development, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100193, PR China
| | - Cheng Peng
- Pharmacy College, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 611137, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Han Zhang
- Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, 301617, PR China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Pharmacogenetics Research Institute, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Central South University, Changsha, 410008, Hunan, PR China
| | - Shumei Wang
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Kaito Mizuno
- Suzuka University of Medical Science, 1001-1, Kishioka, Suzuka, 510-0293, Japan
| | - Alarcon Arauco Gian Marco
- Intelligence of Science and Technology, School of Automation and Electrical Engineering, University of Science and Technology, Beijing, 100083, PR China
| | - Lan Wu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Chao Xiong
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China
| | - Shilin Chen
- Institute of Chinese Materia Medica, China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100700, PR China.
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Xu MY, Sun YJ, Wang P, Yang L, Wu YJ. Metabolomic biomarkers in urine of rats following long-term low-dose exposure of cadmium and/or chlorpyrifos. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 195:110467. [PMID: 32182532 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals and pesticides can be easily enriched in food chains and accumulated in organisms, thus pose significant threat to human health. However, their combined effects for long-term exposure at low dose has not been thoroughly investigated; especially there was no biofluid biomarker available to noninvasively diagnose the toxicosis of the combined exposure of the two chemicals at their low levels. In this study, we investigated the change of urine metabolites of rats with 90-day exposure to heavy metal cadmium (Cd) and/or organophosphorus pesticide chlorpyrifos (CPF) using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based metabolomics approach. Our results showed that the interaction of Cd and CPF mainly displayed an antagonistic effect. We identified the panels of metabolite biomarkers in urine: benzoic acid and mannose were unique biomarkers for Cd exposure; creatinine and N-phenylacetyl glycine were unique biomarkers for CPF exposure; anthranilic acid, ribitol, and glucose were unique biomarkers for Cd plus CPF exposure. Our results suggest that 90-day exposure to Cd and/or CPF could cause a disturbance in energy and amino acid metabolism. And urine metabolomics analysis can help understand the toxicity of low dose exposure to mixed environmental chemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming-Yuan Xu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Ying-Jian Sun
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Beijing University of Agriculture, Beijing, 102206, PR China
| | - Pan Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Lin Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China
| | - Yi-Jun Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Toxicology, State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, PR China.
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Almahasheer H. Nutrition in Herbal Plants Used in Saudi Arabia. SCIENTIFICA 2020; 2020:6825074. [PMID: 32399314 PMCID: PMC7204254 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6825074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Herbs are used for centuries by many people worldwide. This study derives insights into the use and content of herbs that are consumed among Saudi citizens. An online questionnaire was distributed to understand the basic information about Saudi citizens' preference and daily patterns of herbal plants that are usually used as drinks. Moreover, concentrations of fourteen elements in twenty-one herbal plants that were indicated in the previous questionnaire were collected from the local market and then analyzed using an Inductively Coupled Plasma Emission Spectrometry (ICP). Mint leaves were significantly higher in most of the nutrients analyzed, and mint was the most popular drink among participants, followed by green tea and anise. Most of the citizens preferred to drink one cup only at home and believed that herbs are good for their health and potentially could help them to sleep better. The outcomes derived from this research could help future assessments of diet patterns among Saudi citizens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanan Almahasheer
- Department of Biology, College of Science, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University (IAU), Dammam 31441-1982, Saudi Arabia
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Chen Y, Xie Z, Zhang L, Hu X. Effective preparation of magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer nanoparticle for the rapid and selective extraction of cyfluthrin from honeysuckle. JOURNAL OF BIOMATERIALS SCIENCE-POLYMER EDITION 2020; 31:954-968. [PMID: 32069426 DOI: 10.1080/09205063.2020.1731788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Cyfluthrin is a widely used pesticide. In this study, a sensitive and efficient magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer (MMIP) was prepared by surface molecular imprinting, which used functionalized Fe3O4 particles as magnetic cores. Cyfluthrin was extracted and enriched using magnetic molecularly polymer for analyzing pesticide residue of Chinese herbal medicines. The crystal type, microstructure, particle size, saturation magnetization, and characteristic functional groups of the synthesized MMIPs were analyzed by analysis equipment. The results of isothermal adsorption and kinetic adsorption indicated that MMIPs reached adsorption equilibrium at 30 min, with a maximum capacity of 4.9 mg g-1, which had good adsorption performance, while selective adsorption experiments showed that MMIPs had higher affinity for cyfluthrin. Under the optimized conditions, the limit of detection (LOD) and the limit of quantification (LOQ) were 32.987 ng ml-1 and 109.955 ng ml-1, respectively. And linear range (30-3000ng ml-1) of cyfluthrin with correlation coefficient R2=0.9979, and MMIPs were used in honeysuckle, the recoveries were 91.5%∼97.2%, and RSD was 5.35%∼8.32% (n = 3). It is indicated that the magnetic molecularly imprinted polymer can be used as an effective material for the specific separation of cyfluthrin from honeysuckle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanli Chen
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Zenghui Xie
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Lanyun Zhang
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
| | - Xujia Hu
- Faculty of Life Science and Technology, Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, PR China
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Li Y, Liu Y, Han X, Jin H, Ma S. Arsenic Species in Cordyceps sinensis and Its Potential Health Risks. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1471. [PMID: 31866869 PMCID: PMC6910106 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
High arsenic residues make Cordyceps sinensis a concern in China. Arsenic toxicity is related to its species. Many studies have evaluated the toxicity of total arsenic, but few have studied its species. In this study, the species of arsenic in C. sinensis and its potential health risk were investigated. SEC-HPLC-ICP-MS was used to analysis of arsenic in C. sinensis and unknown arsenic (uAs) was discovered. Additionally, arsenic in C. sinensis was mainly found in alkali-soluble proteins. The trend of arsenic transformation indicated that unknown arsenic in C. sinensis may be converted into free inorganic arsenic, which enhanced toxicity. The result of risk assessment indicated that there were potential health risks of uAs. Hereon, we proposed recommendations for the use of C. sinensis and regulatory recommendations for arsenic standards. This study contributed to the toxicity reveal, safety evaluation, and risk assessment of arsenic in C. sinensis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolei Li
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Xiao Han
- Department of Pharmacy, Beihua University, Jilin, China
| | - Hongyu Jin
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Shuangcheng Ma
- National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, Beijing, China
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He M, Grkovic T, Evans JR, Thornburg CC, Akee RK, Thompson JR, Whitt JA, Harris MJ, Loyal JA, Britt JR, Jia L, White JD, Newman DJ, O'Keefe BR. The NCI library of traditional Chinese medicinal plant extracts - Preliminary assessment of the NCI-60 activity and chemical profiling of selected species. Fitoterapia 2019; 137:104285. [PMID: 31386897 PMCID: PMC7391999 DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2019.104285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Botanical-based natural products are an important resource for medicinal drug discovery and continue to provide diverse pharmacophores with therapeutic potential against cancer and other human diseases. A prototype Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) plant extract library has been established at the US National Cancer Institute, which contains both the organic and aqueous extracts of 132 authenticated medicinal plant species that collectively represent the potential therapeutic contents of most commonly used TCM herbal prescriptions. This library is publicly available in 96- and 384- well plates for high throughput screening across a broad array of biological targets, as well as in larger quantities for isolation of active chemical ingredients. Herein, we present the methodology used to generate the library and the preliminary assessment of the anti-proliferative activity of this crude extract library in NCI-60 human cancer cell lines screen. Particularly, we report the chemical profiling and metabolome comparison analysis of four commonly used TCM plants, namely Brucea javanica, Dioscorea nipponica, Cynanchum atratum, and Salvia miltiorrhiza. Bioassay-guided isolation resulted in the identification of the active compounds, and different extraction methods were compared for their abilities to extract cytotoxic compounds and to concentrate biologically active natural products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min He
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America; Office of Cancer Centers, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, United States of America
| | - Tanja Grkovic
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Jason R Evans
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America; Data Management Services, Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Christopher C Thornburg
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Rhone K Akee
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Jerell R Thompson
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - James A Whitt
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Matthew J Harris
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Jasmine A Loyal
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - John R Britt
- Natural Products Support Group, Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Libin Jia
- Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey D White
- Office of Cancer Complementary and Alternative Medicine, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Rockville, MD 20850, United States of America
| | - David J Newman
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America
| | - Barry R O'Keefe
- Natural Products Branch, Developmental Therapeutic Program, Division of Cancer Treatment and Diagnosis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America; Molecular Targets Program, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, United States of America.
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Xiao J, Xu X, Wang F, Ma J, Liao M, Shi Y, Fang Q, Cao H. Analysis of exposure to pesticide residues from Traditional Chinese Medicine. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 365:857-867. [PMID: 30497040 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2018.11.075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
The safety of Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) is of concern worldwide. Herein, Paeoniae Radix Alba, Chaenomelis Fructus and Moutan Cortex, representing three medicinal components, were subjected to toxicological analysis to investigate possible pesticide contamination. Exposure using a point estimate model identified 47 residues that were simultaneously validated by the QuEChERS-UPLC-MS/MS method, which is sufficiently reliable for measuring residue concentrations. Of the 313 samples tested, 94.57% contained pesticide residues, with concentrations ranging from 0.10 to 1199.84 μg kg-1, of which >83.17% contained 4-15 different residues. Carbendazim was the most frequently detected pesticide (>85%), and procymidone, pendimethalin and phoxim were also abundant (median concentration = 15.33-623.12 μg kg-1). Risk assessment based on the hazard quotient/hazard index (HQ/HI) approach revealed that exposure to pesticide residues in all three TCMs (95th percentile) were far below levels that might pose a health risk. However, insecticides contributed to cumulative exposure, especially phoxim, and worryingly, several banned pesticides were detected. The results are of theoretical and practical value for evaluating the safety TCMs, and could improve their quality and safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjing Xiao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Xing Xu
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Jinjuan Ma
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Min Liao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Yanhong Shi
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Qingkui Fang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Haiqun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Province 230036, China.
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Hubbard TD, Hsieh JH, Rider CV, Sipes NS, Sedykh A, Collins BJ, Auerbach SS, Xia M, Huang R, Walker NJ, DeVito MJ. Using Tox21 High-Throughput Screening Assays for the Evaluation of Botanical and Dietary Supplements. APPLIED IN VITRO TOXICOLOGY 2019; 5:10-25. [PMID: 30944845 PMCID: PMC6442399 DOI: 10.1089/aivt.2018.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Introduction: Recent nationwide surveys found that natural products, including botanical dietary supplements, are used by ∼18% of adults. In many cases, there is a paucity of toxicological data available for these substances to allow for confident evaluations of product safety. The National Toxicology Program (NTP) has received numerous nominations from the public and federal agencies to study the toxicological effects of botanical dietary supplements. The NTP sought to evaluate the utility of in vitro quantitative high-throughput screening (qHTS) assays for toxicological assessment of botanical and dietary supplements. Materials and Methods: In brief, concentration-response assessments of 90 test substances, including 13 distinct botanical species, and individual purported active constituents were evaluated using a subset of the Tox21 qHTS testing panel. The screen included 20 different endpoints that covered a broad range of biologically relevant signaling pathways to detect test article effects upon endocrine activity, nuclear receptor signaling, stress response signaling, genotoxicity, and cell death signaling. Results and Discussion: Botanical dietary supplement extracts induced measurable and diverse activity. Elevated biological activity profiles were observed following treatments with individual chemical constituents relative to their associated botanical extract. The overall distribution of activity was comparable to activities exhibited by compounds present in the Tox21 10K chemical library. Conclusion: Botanical supplements did not exhibit minimal or idiosyncratic activities that would preclude the use of qHTS platforms as a feasible method to screen this class of compounds. However, there are still many considerations and further development required when attempting to use in vitro qHTS methods to characterize the safety profile of botanical/dietary supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Troy D. Hubbard
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Cynthia V. Rider
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Nisha S. Sipes
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | | | - Bradley J. Collins
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Scott S. Auerbach
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Menghang Xia
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Ruili Huang
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Rockville, Maryland
| | - Nigel J. Walker
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
| | - Michael J. DeVito
- Division of the National Toxicology Program, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
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Xiao JJ, Duan JS, Xu X, Li SN, Wang F, Fang QK, Liao M, Cao HQ. Behavior of pesticides and their metabolites in traditional Chinese medicine Paeoniae Radix Alba during processing and associated health risk. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2018; 161:20-27. [PMID: 30142493 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2018.08.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2018] [Revised: 07/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
In Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), crude herbs are processed to obtain the medicinal parts of the plant, from which extracts are prepared for people to take as medicine. However, there is no report on the pesticide residual behavior in Chinese medicines during processing at present, and thus, a systematic study of the effects of different processing factors (PF) on pesticide removal in Chinese medicines and the associated risk of dietary exposure is urgently needed. This study main investigated the dissipation and metabolism of pesticides in Chinese medicine Paeoniae Radix Alba during processing, and the calculated pesticide PFs were also used to assess the risk of dietary exposure. For analyze samples, a simple and high-throughput multiresidue pesticide analysis method was developed and validated for pesticides and their metabolites in P. Radix. based on QuEChERS procedure combined with HPLC-MS/MS. Recoveries at three concentration levels were within 61.37%-117.82% with an associated precision RSD < 15% indicating satisfactory accuracy. TCM processing could be useful for the partial removal of several pesticide residues, with removal rate reaching 98%. The polarity is the dominant variable, which with a high contribution was the effectiveness of the treatment and the concentration factors for pesticides. The hazard quotients of all pesticides were much lower than the safety level, indicating low risk of dietary exposure. Results are of great theoretical and practical value for the scientific evaluation of the safety of Chinese medicines, improvement of the quality and safety level of Chinese medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin-Jing Xiao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Jin-Sheng Duan
- Institute of Plant Protection and Agro-Product Safety, Anhui Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Ministry of Agriculture, Hefei 230031, China
| | - Xing Xu
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Sheng-Nan Li
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Qing-Kui Fang
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Min Liao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Province 230036, China
| | - Hai-Qun Cao
- School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui Province 230036, China; Provincial Key Laboratory for Agri-Food Safety, Anhui Province 230036, China.
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Ouyang H, Tu X, Fu Z, Wang W, Fu S, Zhu C, Du D, Lin Y. Colorimetric and chemiluminescent dual-readout immunochromatographic assay for detection of pesticide residues utilizing g-C3N4/BiFeO3 nanocomposites. Biosens Bioelectron 2018; 106:43-49. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2018.01.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 01/03/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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