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Derikvandy A, Pourkhabbaz HR, Banaee M, Sureda A, Haghi N, Pourkhabbaz AR. Genotoxicity and oxidative damage in zebrafish (Danio rerio) after exposure to effluent from ethyl alcohol industry. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 251:126609. [PMID: 32443256 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
In this research, the toxicological effect of untreated wastewater from of ethyl alcohol industry was evaluated on the zebrafish (Danio rerio) under experimental conditions. Fish were treated with zero, half, one and two percent of sewage effluent for 21 days. Toxic effects were monitored in liver by determining biochemical indicators, oxidative stress biomarkers, and the expression of genes involved in the detoxification. Results showed that Sod1, Gstp-1a, Gpx1a gene expressions were significantly increased in the hepatocytes after 21 days at 2.0% sewage exposure. Sewage exposure also significantly increased Gsr, Ces2 and Cyp1a, Mt1 and Mt2 gene expression in the hepatocytes of zebrafish as compared to the reference group (P < 0.01). Total cellular antioxidants, malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activities in fish exposed to 1 and 2% of sewage were significantly higher than the control group (P < 0.01), whereas alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was only increased in fish exposed to 2% sewage (P < 0.01). A significant decrease in gamma-glutamyl-transferase (GGT) activity in fish exposed to 2% effluent was found (P < 0.01). Catalase (CAT) activity was increased in zebrafish exposed to all concentrations of effluent. The transcriptional analysis of the detoxification-related genes and the changes in the biochemical indicators evidenced that drainage of sewage effluents from the ethyl alcohol company is a serious threat to the health of aquatic animals in the Khorram-Rood River. These results will contribute to further study on the impact of sewage effluents of the alcohol industry on aquatic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azam Derikvandy
- Environmental Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Hamid Reza Pourkhabbaz
- Environmental Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Mahdi Banaee
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran.
| | - Antoni Sureda
- Research Group on Community Nutrition and Oxidative Stress, Department of Fundamental Biology and Health Sciences and CIBEROBN Fisiopatología de la Obesidad la Nutrición, University of Balearic Islands, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Spain.
| | - Nematdoost Haghi
- Aquaculture Department, Faculty of Natural Resources and the Environment, Behbahan Khatam Alanbia University of Technology, Behbahan, Iran
| | - Ali Reza Pourkhabbaz
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Natural Resources and Environment, University of Birjand, Birjand, Iran
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Völker J, Stapf M, Miehe U, Wagner M. Systematic Review of Toxicity Removal by Advanced Wastewater Treatment Technologies via Ozonation and Activated Carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7215-7233. [PMID: 31120742 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b00570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Upgrading wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) with advanced technologies is one key strategy to reduce micropollutant emissions. Given the complex chemical composition of wastewater, toxicity removal is an integral parameter to assess the performance of WWTPs. Thus, the goal of this systematic review is to evaluate how effectively ozonation and activated carbon remove in vitro and in vivo toxicity. Out of 2464 publications, we extracted 46 relevant studies conducted at 22 pilot or full-scale WWTPs. We performed a quantitative and qualitative evaluation of in vitro (100 assays) and in vivo data (20 species), respectively. Data is more abundant on ozonation (573 data points) than on an activated carbon treatment (162 data points), and certain in vitro end points (especially estrogenicity) and in vivo models (e.g., daphnids) dominate. The literature shows that while a conventional treatment effectively reduces toxicity, residual effects in the effluents may represent a risk to the receiving ecosystem on the basis of effect-based trigger values. In general, an upgrade to ozonation or activated carbon treatment will significantly increase toxicity removal with similar performance. Nevertheless, ozonation generates toxic transformation products that can be removed by a post-treatment. By assessing the growing body of effect-based studies, we identify sensitive and underrepresented end points and species and provide guidance for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Völker
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim 7491 , Norway
| | - Michael Stapf
- Berlin Centre of Competence for Water (KWB) , Berlin 10709 , Germany
| | - Ulf Miehe
- Berlin Centre of Competence for Water (KWB) , Berlin 10709 , Germany
| | - Martin Wagner
- Department of Biology , Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) , Trondheim 7491 , Norway
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Pohl J, Ahrens L, Carlsson G, Golovko O, Norrgren L, Weiss J, Örn S. Embryotoxicity of ozonated diclofenac, carbamazepine, and oxazepam in zebrafish (Danio rerio). CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 225:191-199. [PMID: 30875502 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.03.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues are polluting the surface water environments worldwide. Sewage and wastewater treatment, therefore, needs to be improved in order to remove pharmaceutical residues from the effluent. One such treatment improvement is effluent ozonation. Even though ozonation has proven to be very efficient in reducing pharmaceutical parent compound concentrations in wastewater effluents, much remains unclear regarding potentially toxic ozonation by-product (OBP) formation. In this study, we sought to elucidate the aquatic toxicity of ozonated pharmaceuticals in zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos in a static 144 h post fertilization (hpf) fish embryotoxicity (ZFET) assay. Three pharmaceuticals commonly detected in wastewater effluents, i.e. carbamazepine, diclofenac, and oxazepam, were selected for testing. Toxicity was assessed before and after 1 min ozonation (0.053 mg L-1 peak O3 concentration) and 10 min ozonation (0.147 mg L-1 peak O3 concentration). Chemical analysis showed that carbamazepine and diclofenac were largely removed by ozone (90 ± 11% and 97 ± 3.8%), whereas oxazepam was removed to a lesser extent (19 ± 5.7%). The ZFET assay revealed diverging toxicities. Diclofenac embryotoxicity decreased with increasing ozonation. Oxazepam did not cause embryotoxicity in the ZFET assay either pre- or post ozonation, but larvae swimming activity was affected at 144 hpf. Carbamazepine embryotoxicity, on the other hand, increased with increasing ozonation. Chemical analysis showed the formation of two OBPs (carbamazepine-10,11-epoxide and 10,11-dihydrocarbamazepine), possibly explaining the increased embryotoxicity. The results of this study highlight the importance of new chemical and toxicological knowledge regarding the formation of OBPs in post-ozonated effluents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pohl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Section for Organic Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Carlsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Oksana Golovko
- Section for Geochemistry and Hydrology, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Leif Norrgren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jana Weiss
- Section for Organic Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Örn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Verleih M, Borchel A, Rebl A, Brenmoehl J, Kühn C, Goldammer T. A molecular survey of programmed cell death in rainbow trout: Structural and functional specifications of apoptotic key molecules. Comp Biochem Physiol B Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 230:57-69. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpb.2019.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Revised: 01/11/2019] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Coelho MPM, Correia JE, Vasques LI, Marcato ACDC, Guedes TDA, Soto MA, Basso JB, Kiang C, Fontanetti CS. Toxicity evaluation of leached of sugarcane vinasse: Histopathology and immunostaining of cellular stress protein. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 165:367-375. [PMID: 30216895 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2018] [Revised: 08/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sugarcane vinasse is a residue generated at a rate fifteen times greater than the ethanol production. Because of its high organic and micronutrient content, this residue is used as a fertilizer on sugarcane crops. However, when used in large quantities, vinasse can saturate the soil and contaminate nearby water resources by percolation and leaching. Given the proven toxic potential of in natura vinasse, the present study aimed to evaluate the toxic potential of leached sugarcane vinasse using Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) as a test organism. A bioassay was performed after vinasse percolation in laboratory soil columns. The bioassay included one control group containing fresh water and two treatment groups, the first exposed to a 2,5% dilution of leached of vinasse and the second to a 2,5% dilution of in natura vinasse. After exposure, histopathological analysis was performed in gills and livers, and the latter were labelled for HSP70 proteins. No significant changes were detected in the gills of the exposed fish. However, in the liver, both in natura and leached vinasse induced statistically significant histopathological changes. These changes include hydropic degeneration, cell boundary losses, pyknotic nuclei and cellular disorganization. HSP70 expression significant increase in liver of both treatment groups were observed, being higher for the in natura vinasse exposed group. Results suggested that both leached vinasse and in natura vinasse were toxic, its still able to provoke histological changes and induce the cytoprotective response in exposed fish liver, evidenced by a immunostaining of cellular stress proteins. Thus, in order to reduce its environmental impact, appropriated effluent disposal is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Paula Mancini Coelho
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, IB (Instituto de Biociências), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jorge Evangelista Correia
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, IB (Instituto de Biociências), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Louise Idalgo Vasques
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, IB (Instituto de Biociências), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Claudia de Castro Marcato
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, IB (Instituto de Biociências), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thays de Andrade Guedes
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, IB (Instituto de Biociências), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Miguel Alfaro Soto
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), IGCE (Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Juliana Broggio Basso
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), IGCE (Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Chang Kiang
- São Paulo State University (Unesp), IGCE (Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Carmem Silvia Fontanetti
- UNESP - São Paulo State University, IB (Instituto de Biociências), Av. 24-A, 1515, CEP: 13506-900 Rio Claro, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Pohl J, Björlenius B, Brodin T, Carlsson G, Fick J, Larsson DGJ, Norrgren L, Örn S. Effects of ozonated sewage effluent on reproduction and behavioral endpoints in zebrafish (Danio rerio). AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2018; 200:93-101. [PMID: 29729477 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 04/18/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceutical residues and other micro-contaminants may enter aquatic environments through effluent from sewage treatment plants (STPs) and could cause adverse effects in wild fish. One strategy to alleviate this situation is to improve wastewater treatment by ozonation. To test the effectiveness of full-scale wastewater effluent ozonation at a Swedish municipal STP, the added removal efficiency was measured for 105 pharmaceuticals. In addition, gene expression, reproductive and behavioral endpoints were analyzed in zebrafish (Danio rerio) exposed on-site over 21 days to ozonated or non-ozonated effluents as well as to tap water. Ozone treatment (7 g O3/m3) removed pharmaceuticals by an average efficiency of 77% in addition to the conventional treatment, leaving 11 screened pharmaceuticals above detection limits. Differences in biological responses of the exposure treatments were recorded in gene expression, reproduction and behavior. Hepatic vitellogenin gene expression was higher in male zebrafish exposed to the ozonated effluent compared to the non-ozonated effluent and tap water treatments. The reproductive success was higher in fish exposed to ozonated effluent compared to non-ozonated effluent and to tap water. The behavioral measurements showed that fish exposed to the ozonated STP effluent were less active in swimming the first minute after placed in a novel vessel. Ozonation is a capable method for removing pharmaceuticals in effluents. However, its implementation should be thoroughly evaluated for any potential biological impact. Future research is needed for uncovering the factors which produced the in vivo responses in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Pohl
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Berndt Björlenius
- Division of Industrial Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tomas Brodin
- Department of Ecology and Environmental Science, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - Gunnar Carlsson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Jerker Fick
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, Umeå, Sweden
| | - D G Joakim Larsson
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Institute of Biomedicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Leif Norrgren
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Stefan Örn
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Uppsala, Sweden
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Marjan P, Bragg LM, MacLatchy DL, Servos MR, Martyniuk CJ. How Does Reference Site Selection Influence Interpretation of Omics Data?: Evaluating Liver Transcriptome Responses in Male Rainbow Darter (Etheostoma caeruleum) across an Urban Environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:6470-6479. [PMID: 28489360 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b00894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies quantifying the influence of reference site selection on transcriptomic profiles in aquatic organisms exposed to complex mixtures are lacking in the literature, despite the significant implications of such research for the interpretation of omics data sets. We measured hepatic transcriptomic responses in fish across an urban environment in the central Grand River watershed (Ontario, Canada). Adult male rainbow darter (RBD) (Etheostoma caeruleum) were collected from nine sites at varying distances from two major municipal wastewater treatment plants (MWWTPs) (Waterloo, Kitchener), including three upstream reference sites. The transcriptomic response in RBD was independently compared with that of fish from each of the three reference sites. Data collected in fish downstream of the Waterloo MWWTP (poorest effluent quality) suggested that ∼15.5% of the transcriptome response was influenced by reference site selection. In contrast, at sites where the impact of MWWTPs was less-pronounced and fish showed less of a transcriptome response, reference site selection had a greater influence (i.e., ∼56.9% of transcripts were different depending on the site used). This study highlights the importance of conducting transcriptomics studies that leverage more than one reference site, and it broadens our understanding of the molecular responses in fish in dynamic natural environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricija Marjan
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Leslie M Bragg
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Deborah L MacLatchy
- Department of Biology, Wilfrid Laurier University , 75 University Avenue West, N2L 3C5 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mark R Servos
- Department of Biology, University of Waterloo , 200 University Avenue West, N2L 3G1 Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cristopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology & Department of Physiological Sciences, University of Florida , 2187 Mowry Road, Building 471, PO Box 110885, Gainesville, Florida 32611, United States
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Beijer K, Björlenius B, Shaik S, Lindberg RH, Brunström B, Brandt I. Removal of pharmaceuticals and unspecified contaminants in sewage treatment effluents by activated carbon filtration and ozonation: Evaluation using biomarker responses and chemical analysis. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 176:342-351. [PMID: 28273541 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.02.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2016] [Revised: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Traces of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) and other chemicals are demonstrated in effluents from sewage treatment plants (STPs) and they may affect quality of surface water and eventually drinking water. Treatment of effluents with granular activated carbon (GAC) or ozone to improve removal of APIs and other contaminants was evaluated at two Swedish STPs, Käppala and Uppsala (88 and 103 APIs analyzed). Biomarker responses in rainbow trout exposed to regular and additionally treated effluents were determined. GAC and ozone treatment removed 87-95% of the total concentrations of APIs detected. In Käppala, GAC removed 20 and ozonation (7 g O3/m3) 21 of 24 APIs detected in regular effluent. In Uppsala, GAC removed 25 and ozonation (5.4 g O3/m3) 15 of 25 APIs detected in effluent. GAC and ozonation also reduced biomarker responses caused by unidentified pollutants in STP effluent water. Elevated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) activity in gills was observed in fish exposed to effluent in both STPs. Gene expression analysis carried out in Käppala showed increased concentrations of cytochrome P450 (CYP1As and CYP1C3) transcripts in gills and of CYP1As in liver of fish exposed to effluent. In fish exposed to GAC- or ozone-treated effluent water, gill EROD activity and expression of CYP1As and CYP1C3 in gills and liver were generally equal to or below levels in fish held in tap water. The joint application of chemical analysis and sensitive biomarkers proved useful for evaluating contaminant removal in STPs with new technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina Beijer
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Berndt Björlenius
- School of Biotechnology, Royal Institute of Technology KTH, Albanova University Center, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Siraz Shaik
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Richard H Lindberg
- Department of Chemistry, Umeå University, KBC 6A Linnaeus väg 6, SE-901 87 Umeå, Sweden
| | - Björn Brunström
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Ingvar Brandt
- Department of Organismal Biology, Environmental Toxicology, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18A, SE-752 36 Uppsala, Sweden
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Pottinger TG, Matthiessen P. Long-term water quality data explain interpopulation variation in responsiveness to stress in sticklebacks at both wastewater effluent-contaminated and uncontaminated sites. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2016; 35:3014-3022. [PMID: 27167553 DOI: 10.1002/etc.3486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Revised: 02/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The magnitude of the corticosteroid response to a standardized stressor varied in proportion to the concentration of effluent in three-spined sticklebacks (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) captured downstream of 10 wastewater-treatment plants (WWTPs). However, at 9 sites with no upstream WWTP input interpopulation variation in the reactivity of the stress axis occurred across a similar range to that seen for fish at impacted sites, suggesting that the factor(s) responsible for modulating stress responsiveness in sticklebacks is not unique to sites receiving WWTP effluent. Physicochemical data from a long-term monitoring program were employed to investigate whether variation in water quality contributed to between-site variation in stress axis reactivity. Between-site variation in 14 water quality determinands explained between 30% and 60% of the variation in stress reactivity and fish size for sticklebacks at both WWTP-contaminated and uncontaminated sites. At uncontaminated sites the mean mass and length of sticklebacks increased with total oxidized nitrogen (N) concentration (as an indicator of anthropogenic input), whereas at WWTP-contaminated sites fish size decreased with increasing effluent concentration, suggesting that factors adversely affecting growth were present predominantly at WWTP-contaminated sites. In contrast, at both contaminated and uncontaminated sites the magnitude of the corticosteroid response to a standardized stressor increased with anthropogenic input (effluent concentration or total oxidized N, respectively), indicating that a factor or factors modulating the reactivity of the stress axis may be present at both WWTP-contaminated and uncontaminated sites. Environ Toxicol Chem 2016;35:3014-3022. © 2016 SETAC.
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Schindler Wildhaber Y, Mestankova H, Schärer M, Schirmer K, Salhi E, von Gunten U. Novel test procedure to evaluate the treatability of wastewater with ozone. WATER RESEARCH 2015; 75:324-35. [PMID: 25827671 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2015.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2014] [Revised: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organic micropollutants such as pharmaceuticals, estrogens or pesticides enter the environment continuously through the effluent of municipal wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Enhanced treatment of wastewater (WW) by ozone (O3) is probably one of the simplest measures for abatement of organic micropollutants to avoid their discharge to the aquatic environment. During ozonation most organic micropollutants present in treated WW are oxidized either by a direct reaction with O3 or by secondarily formed hydroxyl radicals (OH). However, undesired oxidation by-products from the oxidative transformation of matrix components can also be formed. A modular laboratory decision tool based on the findings of previous investigations is presented to test the feasibility of ozonation as an option to upgrade specific WWTPs. These modules consist of investigations to assess (i) the matrix effects on ozone stability, (ii) the efficiency of micropollutant removal, (iii) the oxidation by-product formation, as well as (iv) bioassays to measure specific and unspecific toxicity of the treated WWs. Matrix effects on ozone stability (quantified as O3 and OH exposures) can give first indications on the suitability of an ozonation step. Ozonation of WWs yielding O3 and OH exposures and micropollutant abatement similar to reference values evoked a significant improvement of the water quality as indicated by a broad range of bioassays. Irregular behavior of the ozonation points towards unknown compounds, possibly leading to the formation of undesired degradation products. It has been observed that in such WWs ozonation partly enhanced toxicity. In summary, the presented tiered laboratory test procedure represents a relatively cheap and straight-forward methodology to evaluate the feasibility of ozonation to upgrade specific WWTPs for micropollutant removal based on chemical and biological measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yael Schindler Wildhaber
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Water Division, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Hana Mestankova
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Michael Schärer
- Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN), Water Division, 3003 Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Elisabeth Salhi
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland.
| | - Urs von Gunten
- Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, P.O. Box 611, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering (ENAC), Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland; Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, ETH Zurich, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland.
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11
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Albertsson E, Rad A, Sturve J, Larsson DGJ, Förlin L. Carbonyl reductase mRNA abundance and enzymatic activity as potential biomarkers of oxidative stress in marine fish. MARINE ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2012; 80:56-61. [PMID: 22819450 DOI: 10.1016/j.marenvres.2012.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Carbonyl reductase (CBR) is an enzyme involved in protection from oxidative stress. In rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), the hepatic mRNA abundance of the two isoforms (A and B) is increased after exposure to treated sewage effluents, as well as after exposure with β-naphthoflavone (β-NF) and the pro-oxidant paraquat. In this study, we show that the same chemicals similarly increase the single known hepatic CBR mRNA level and CBR catalytic activity in the coastal living eelpout (Zoarces viviparus). Hepatic CBR mRNA abundance and catalytic activity were also compared between eelpout collected at contaminated and reference sites on the Swedish west coast, but no differences were observed. In conclusion, CBR is a potential biomarker candidate for monitoring the exposure and effects of AhR agonists and/or pro-oxidants in the marine environment, but more research is needed to investigate temporal regulation as well as dose dependency for different chemicals. The mRNA and enzymatic assays presented in this study provide two additional tools for researchers interested in expanding their biomarker battery.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Albertsson
- Department of Biological and Environmental Sciences, University of Gothenburg, Box 463, SE-405 30 Göteborg, Sweden.
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Cuklev F, Fick J, Cvijovic M, Kristiansson E, Förlin L, Larsson DGJ. Does ketoprofen or diclofenac pose the lowest risk to fish? JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2012; 229-230:100-6. [PMID: 22721833 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2012.05.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Ketoprofen and diclofenac are non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) often used for similar indications, and both are frequently found in surface waters. Diclofenac affects organ histology and gene expression in fish at around 1 μg/L. Here, we exposed rainbow trout to ketoprofen (1, 10 and 100 μg/L) to investigate if this alternative causes less risk for pharmacological responses in fish. The bioconcentration factor from water to fish blood plasma was <0.05 (4 for diclofenac based on previous studies). Ketoprofen only reached up to 0.6 ‰ of the human therapeutic plasma concentration, thus the probability of target-related effects was estimated to be fairly low. Accordingly, a comprehensive analysis of hepatic gene expression revealed no consistent responses. In some contrast, trout exposed to undiluted, treated sewage effluents bioconcentrated ketoprofen and other NSAIDs much more efficiently, according to a meta-analysis of recent studies. Neither of the setups is however an ideal representation of the field situation. If a controlled exposure system with a single chemical in pure water is a reasonable representation of the environment, then the use of ketoprofen is likely to pose a lower risk for wild fish than diclofenac, but if bioconcentration factors from effluent-exposed fish are applied, the risks may be more similar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filip Cuklev
- Institute for Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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