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Wang X, Xia L, Pei F, Wang Z, Liu Y, Chang L, Pan S. The characteristics of particulate matter in different subway station environmental control systems. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20116. [PMID: 37809848 PMCID: PMC10559854 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM2.5, PM10) in urban subway stations can significantly impact passengers' health. The particle concentration in subway stations is influenced by many factors. However, few existing studies have explored the impact of environmental control systems in-depth, especially under different outdoor pollution conditions. To address this research gap, this study focused on measuring and comparing the characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 at subway stations with three control systems (open, closed, and screen door) under varying pollution conditions in Beijing. Particle concentrations from platforms, carriages, and outdoors were monitored and analyzed using statistical methods. The results showed that the particle concentration in the closed system was generally 20-40 μg/m3 higher than that in the screen system at the platform, which might be attributed to the piston wind, as the air from the tunnel with a lot of dirt. The pollution in the carriage was more severe for the open system than that of the screen system. The PM2.5/PM10 ratio in the carriage was 91%, 90%, and 83.84% for the closed, open, and screen systems, respectively. This indicates that the screen door could reduce the particle concentration in the platform to 10%-50%. The particle concentration varied among subway stations with different environmental control systems, suggesting that the prevention and control strategies for particulate matter pollution should be different for stations with different systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinru Wang
- College of mechanical engineering, Tianjin university of commerce, Tianjin 300134, PR China
- Key Laboratory for Comprehensive Energy Saving of Cold Regions Architecture of Ministry of Education, Jilin jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China
| | - Liang Xia
- Research Centre for Fluids and Thermal Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 315100, PR China
| | - Fei Pei
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Zu Wang
- Research Centre for Fluids and Thermal Engineering, University of Nottingham Ningbo China, 315100, PR China
| | - Yiqiao Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Li Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University of Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Song Pan
- Key Laboratory for Comprehensive Energy Saving of Cold Regions Architecture of Ministry of Education, Jilin jianzhu University, Changchun 130118, PR China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, PR China
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Kappelt N, Russell HS, Fessa D, Ryswyk KV, Hertel O, Johnson MS. Particulate air pollution in the Copenhagen metro part 1: Mass concentrations and ventilation. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 171:107621. [PMID: 36493608 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Revised: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The Copenhagen Metro comprises four lines, the M1, M2, M3 and M4, with 25 subterranean stations and an additional 14 stations above ground, serving ca. 80 million passengers annually. In this study we measure fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations in stations and in trains across the entire system. In partially underground lines, high PM2.5 concentrations with an average of 109 μg m-3 are found in below-ground stations. The observed correlation between PM2.5 concentration and distance between a station and a tunnel exit is attributed to ventilation via the piston effect. The piston effect via tunnel draught relief shafts was therefore found to be relatively limited. Filter samples of particulate matter are analysed using particle-induced X-ray emission and show an iron content of 88.6 % by mass which is quite different from above-ground particulate matter and consistent with particle production by train wheels, rails and brakes. The average concentration measured at the stations of a recently opened (2019) fully underground M3 closed loop line is 168 μg m-3, further demonstrating that while piston effect-driven ventilation is effective in close proximity to tunnel openings, it is relatively limited via tunnel draught relief shafts. Measurements onboard trains show even higher PM2.5 concentrations and the patterns in CO2 concentrations suggest carriage ventilation by tunnel air. Ventilation via doors during platform stops caused a drop in observed PM (and CO2) at stations, but the system is surprisingly polluted despite its recent construction. CO2 mixing ratios ranged from ambient to around 600 ppm. Measures should be taken to control PM levels using a combination of source control and increased clean air supply of the Copenhagen and other similar metro systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niklas Kappelt
- Department of Chemistry, Copenhagen University, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Airlabs, Nannasgade 28, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark
| | - Hugo S Russell
- Airlabs, Nannasgade 28, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark; Danish Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Dafni Fessa
- Department of Environmental Science, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Keith Van Ryswyk
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada, Ottawa K1A 0K9, Canada; Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Ole Hertel
- Danish Big Data Centre for Environment and Health (BERTHA), Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark; Department of Ecoscience, Aarhus University, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark
| | - Matthew S Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Copenhagen University, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark; Airlabs, Nannasgade 28, DK-2200 Copenhagen N, Denmark.
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Ji W, Zhao K, Liu C, Li X. Spatial characteristics of fine particulate matter in subway stations: Source apportionment and health risks. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119279. [PMID: 35405218 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 04/04/2022] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Air in subway stations is typically more polluted than ambient air, and particulate matter concentrations and compositions can vary greatly by location, even within a subway station. However, it is not known how the sources of particulate matter vary between different areas within subway stations, and source-specific health risks in subway stations are unclear. We analyzed the spatial characteristics of particulate matter by source and calculated source-specific health risks on subway platforms and concourses and in station offices by integrating source apportionment with health risk assessments. A total of 182 samples were collected in three areas in six subway stations in Nanjing, China. Enrichment factors and the positive matrix factorization receptor model were used to identify major sources. The carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic health risks to subway workers and passengers were evaluated to determine control priorities. Seven sources of particulate matter were identified in each area, with a total of four subway sources and six outdoor sources over all the areas. The source contributions to total element mass differed significantly from the source contributions to human health risks. Overall, subway sources contributed 48% of total element mass in the station office and 75% and 60% on the concourse and platform, respectively. Subway-derived sources accounted for 54%, 81%, and 71% of non-carcinogenic health risks on station platforms, concourses, and office areas, respectively. The corresponding values for carcinogenic risks were 51%, 86%, and 86%. Among the elements, cobalt had the largest contributions to carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic risks, followed by manganese for non-carcinogenic risks and hexavalent chromium for carcinogenic risks. Reducing emissions from subway sources could effectively protect the health of subway workers and passengers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjing Ji
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Kaijia Zhao
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Chenghao Liu
- School of Civil and Resource Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Xiaofeng Li
- Department of Building Science, School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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Analyse exploratoire des mesures de particules ultrafines en temps réel dans des enceintes ferroviaires souterraines de transport public. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.admp.2022.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Particulate Matter (PM2.5 and PM10) Concentration of Subway Transfer Stations in Beijing, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/su14031552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Although much research is being conducted on the characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 at subway stations, there is no research focusing on a complex subway transfer station. In this paper, the characteristics of PM2.5 and PM10 at transfer stations are studied. For comparison, monitoring is performed under different outside conditions at four different transfer stations in the non-peak period during March 2018. The concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 on the platform in the transfer stations is approximately 10 μg/m3 lower than in the non-transfer station, when outside PM2.5 is lower than 150 μg/m3. However, the ratio of PM2.5 to PM10 at the transfer stations (lowest: 78.1%) is higher than at the non-transfer station (lowest: 61.2%), indicating that the PM10 content differs from the non-transfer station. In a transfer station with the same depth, the PM concentration is the same or similar. In addition, the concentration of PM2.5 at subway stations has a strong correlation with the outside environment (R2 = 0.897), which indicates that an outside condition is important for the subway environment.
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Pétremand R, Wild P, Crézé C, Suarez G, Besançon S, Jouannique V, Debatisse A, Guseva Canu I. Application of the Bayesian spline method to analyze real-time measurements of ultrafine particle concentration in the Parisian subway. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 156:106773. [PMID: 34425645 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2021.106773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Air pollution in subway environments is a growing concern as it often exceeds WHO recommendations for indoor air quality. Ultrafine particles (UFP), for which there is still no regulation nor a standardized exposure monitoring method, are the strongest contributor to this pollution when the number concentration is used as exposure metric. OBJECTIVES We aimed to assess the real-time UFP number concentration in the personal breathing zone (PBZ) of three types of underground Parisian subway professionals and analyze it using a novel Bayesian spline approach. Consecutively, we investigated the effect of job, week day, subway station, worker location, and some further events on UFP number concentrations. METHODS The data collection procedure originated from a longitudinal study and lasted for a total duration of 6 weeks (from October 7 to November 15, 2019, i.e. two weeks per type of subway professionals). Time-series were built from the real-time particle number concentration (PNC) measured in the PBZ of professionals during their work-shifts. Complementarily, contextual information expressed as Station, Environment, and Event variables were extracted from activity logbooks completed for every work-shift. A Bayesian spline approach was applied to model the PNC within a Bayesian framework as a function of the mentioned contextual information. RESULTS Overall, the Bayesian spline method suited a real-time personal PNC data modeling approach. The model enabled estimating the differences in UFP exposure between subway professionals, stations, and various locations. Our results suggest a higher PNC closer to the subway tracks, with the highest PNC on subway station platforms. Studied event and week day variables had a lesser influence. CONCLUSION It was shown that the Bayesian spline method is suitable to investigate individual exposure to UFP in underground subway settings. This method is informative for better documenting the magnitude and variability of UFP exposure, and for understanding the determinants in view of further regulation and control of this exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémy Pétremand
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pascal Wild
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Institut National de Recherche et Sécurité (INRS), Vandoeuvre lès Nancy, France
| | - Camille Crézé
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Suarez
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | - Irina Guseva Canu
- Center for Primary Care and Public Health (Unisanté), University of Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Kessler A, Hedberg J, McCarrick S, Karlsson HL, Blomberg E, Odnevall I. Adsorption of Horseradish Peroxidase on Metallic Nanoparticles: Effects on Reactive Oxygen Species Detection Using 2',7'-Dichlorofluorescin Diacetate. Chem Res Toxicol 2021; 34:1481-1495. [PMID: 33856197 PMCID: PMC8220500 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrestox.0c00430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescent probe 2',7'-dichlorofluorescein diacetate (DCFH-DA) together with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP) is widely used in nanotoxicology to study acellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) production from nanoparticles (NPs). This study examined whether HRP adsorbs onto NPs of Mn, Ni, and Cu and if this surface process influences the extent of metal release and hence the ROS production measurements using the DCFH assay in phosphate buffered saline (PBS), saline, or Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM). Adsorption of HRP was evident onto all NPs and conditions, except for Mn NPs in PBS. The presence of HRP resulted in an increased release of copper from the Cu NPs in PBS and reduced levels of nickel from the Ni NPs in saline. Both metal ions in solution and the adsorption of HRP onto the NPs can change the activity of HRP and thus influence the ROS results. The effect of HRP on the NP reactivity was shown to be solution chemistry dependent. Most notable was the evident affinity/adsorption of phosphate toward the metal NPs, followed by a reduced adsorption of HRP, the concomitant reduction in released manganese from the Mn NPs, and increased levels of released metals from the Cu NPs in PBS. Minor effects were observed for the Ni NPs. The solution pH should be monitored since the release of metals can change the solution pH and the activity of HRP is known to be pH-dependent. It is furthermore essential that solution pH adjustments are made following the addition of NaOH during diacetyl removal of DCFH-DA. Even though not observed for the given exposure conditions of this study, released metal ions could possibly induce agglomeration or partial denaturation of HRP, which in turn could result in steric hindrance for H2O2 to reach the active site of HRP. This study further emphasizes the influence of HRP on the background kinetics, its solution dependence, and effects on measured ROS signals. Different ways of correcting for the background are highlighted, as this can result in different interpretations of generated results. The results show that adsorption of HRP onto the metal NPs influenced the extent of metal release and may, depending on the investigated system, result in either under- or overestimated ROS signals if used together with the DCFH assay. HRP should hence be used with caution when measuring ROS in the presence of reactive metallic NPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda Kessler
- KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonas Hedberg
- KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sarah McCarrick
- Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hanna L. Karlsson
- Institute
of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Eva Blomberg
- KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- RISE
Research Institute of Sweden, Division Bioeconomy
and Health, Material and Surface Design, Box 5604, SE-114 86 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Inger Odnevall
- KTH
Royal Institute of Technology, Department of Chemistry, Division of Surface and Corrosion Science, 100 44 Stockholm, Sweden
- AIMES
- Center for the Advancement of Integrated Medical and Engineering
Sciences at Karolinska Institutet and KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 169 27 Stockholm, Sweden
- Department
of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
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Chang L, Chong WT, Wang X, Pei F, Zhang X, Wang T, Wang C, Pan S. Recent progress in research on PM 2.5 in subways. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:642-663. [PMID: 33889885 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00002k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Nowadays, PM2.5 concentrations greatly influence indoor air quality in subways and threaten passenger and staff health because PM2.5 not only contains heavy metal elements, but can also carry toxic and harmful substances due to its small size and large specific surface area. Exploring the physicochemical and distribution characteristics of PM2.5 in subways is necessary to limit its concentration and remove it. At present, there are numerous studies on PM2.5 in subways around the world, yet, there is no comprehensive and well-organized review available on this topic. This paper reviews the nearly twenty years of research and over 130 published studies on PM2.5 in subway stations, including aspects such as concentration levels and their influencing factors, physicochemical properties, sources, impacts on health, and mitigation measures. Although many determinants of station PM2.5 concentration have been reported in current studies, e.g., the season, outdoor environment, and station depth, their relative influence is uncertain. The sources of subway PM2.5 include those from the exterior (e.g., road traffic and fuel oil) and the interior (e.g., steel wheels and rails and metallic brake pads), but the proportion of these sources is also unknown. Control strategies of PM mainly include adequate ventilation and filtration, but these measures are often inefficient in removing PM2.5. The impacts of PM2.5 from subways on human health are still poorly understood. Further research should focus on long-term data collection, influencing factors, the mechanism of health impacts, and PM2.5 standards or regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Wen Tong Chong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur, 50603, Malaysia.
| | - Xinru Wang
- College of Emergency Technology and Management, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Hebei 065201, China
| | - Fei Pei
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Xingxing Zhang
- Department of Energy, Forest and Built Environment, Dalarna University, Falun, 79188, Sweden
| | - Tongzhao Wang
- Rizhao Fire and Rescue Station, Rizhao, 276800, China
| | - Chunqing Wang
- School of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Jilin, 130118, China
| | - Song Pan
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Green Built Environment and Energy Efficient Technology, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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Wang Y, Tao J, Wang R, Mi C. Can the New Subway Line Openings Mitigate PM10 Concentration? Evidence from Chinese Cities Based on the PSM-DID Method. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E4638. [PMID: 32605137 PMCID: PMC7369925 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17134638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 06/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The large-scale construction of subway systems, which is viewed as one of the potential measures to mitigate traffic congestion and its resulting air pollution and health impact, is taking place in major cities throughout China. However, the literature on the impact of the new subway line openings on particulate matter with a diameter less than 10 µm (PM10) at the city level is scarce. Employing the Propensity Score Matching-Difference-in-differences method, this paper examines the effect of the new subway line openings on air quality in terms of PM10 in China, using the daily PM10 concentration data from January 2014 to Dececember 2017. Our finding shows that the short-term treatment effect on PM10 is more controversial. Furthermore, for different time windows, the result confirms an increase in PM10 pollution during the short term, while the subway line openings improve air quality in the longer term. In addition, we find that the treatment effect results in high PM10 pollution for cities with 1-2 million people, while it improves air quality for cities with over 2 million people. Moreover, for cities with varying levels of GDP, there is evidence of a reduction in PM10 after the subway line openings. Mechanism analysis supports the conclusion that the PM10 reduction originated from substituting the subway for driving.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Wang
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China; (Y.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Jing Tao
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China; (Y.W.); (C.M.)
| | - Rong Wang
- School of Economics and Management, Nanjing Institute of Technology, Nanjing 211167, China;
| | - Chuanmin Mi
- College of Economics and Management, Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Nanjing 211106, China; (Y.W.); (C.M.)
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Wen Y, Leng J, Shen X, Han G, Sun L, Yu F. Environmental and Health Effects of Ventilation in Subway Stations: A Literature Review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17031084. [PMID: 32046319 PMCID: PMC7037944 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17031084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Environmental health in subway stations, a typical type of urban underground space, is becoming increasingly important. Ventilation is the principal measure for optimizing the complex physical environment in a subway station. This paper narratively reviews the environmental and health effects of subway ventilation and discusses the relevant engineering, environmental, and medical aspects in combination. Ventilation exerts a notable dual effect on environmental health in a subway station. On the one hand, ventilation controls temperature, humidity, and indoor air quality to ensure human comfort and health. On the other hand, ventilation also carries the potential risks of spreading air pollutants or fire smoke through the complex wind environment as well as produces continuous noise. Assessment and management of health risks associated with subway ventilation is essential to attain a healthy subway environment. This, however, requires exposure, threshold data, and thereby necessitates more research into long-term effects, and toxicity as well as epidemiological studies. Additionally, more research is needed to further examine the design and maintenance of ventilation systems. An understanding of the pathogenic mechanisms and aerodynamic characteristics of various pollutants can help formulate ventilation strategies to reduce pollutant concentrations. Moreover, current comprehensive underground space development affords a possibility for creating flexible spaces that optimize ventilation efficiency, acoustic comfort, and space perception.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yueming Wen
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
| | - Jiawei Leng
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-025-83790760
| | - Xiaobing Shen
- School of Public Health, Station and Train Health Institute, Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China;
| | - Gang Han
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
| | - Lijun Sun
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
| | - Fei Yu
- School of Architecture, Future Underground Space Institute, Southeast University, Nanjing 210019, Jiangsu, China; (Y.W.); (G.H.); (L.S.); (F.Y.)
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11
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Figueroa-Lara JJ, Murcia-González JM, García-Martínez R, Romero-Romo M, Torres Rodríguez M, Mugica-Álvarez V. Effect of platform subway depth on the presence of Airborne PM 2.5, metals, and toxic organic species. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 377:427-436. [PMID: 31176078 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.05.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
PM2.5 that have been related to public health risks, were collected during two seasons with High-Vol samplers in platforms of a Mexican subway station, which interconnects through transfers three lines having different depths. The objective was to study the influence of depth on the PM2.5 concentrations and their species. PM2.5 concentrations in cold-dry and warm-dry seasons presented statistical differences, being in average 57 and 66 μgm-3 respectively, in the shallower line 9; 90 μgm-3 and 111 μgm-3 in line 1; and 104 and 122 μgm-3in the deepest line 7. During the cold-dry season and warm-dry season PM2.5concentrations in the subway environment were respectively up to 3.5 times and up to 5 times greater than in the ambient air. Like PM2.5, metals analyzed with an OES-ICP presented higher concentrations in deeper lines as well as PAHs quantified with CG-MS, which ranged from 4.5 to 11.7 ngm-3. High PM2.5, metals and organic toxic concentrations found in deeper lines of the subway environment represent a risk for commuters endorsing the need for ventilation systems to reduce them. Zn, Pb, V and Ni in subway particles presented the highest solubility in artificial lysosomal fluid suggesting high bioavailability in the lung fluids.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Figueroa-Lara
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, San Pablo 180, C.P. 02200, Mexico
| | - J M Murcia-González
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, San Pablo 180, C.P. 02200, Mexico
| | | | - M Romero-Romo
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, San Pablo 180, C.P. 02200, Mexico
| | - M Torres Rodríguez
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, San Pablo 180, C.P. 02200, Mexico
| | - V Mugica-Álvarez
- Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Azcapotzalco, San Pablo 180, C.P. 02200, Mexico.
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12
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Gonet T, Maher BA. Airborne, Vehicle-Derived Fe-Bearing Nanoparticles in the Urban Environment: A Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9970-9991. [PMID: 31381310 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b01505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Airborne particulate matter poses a serious threat to human health. Exposure to nanosized (<0.1 μm), vehicle-derived particulates may be hazardous due to their bioreactivity, their ability to penetrate every organ, including the brain, and their abundance in the urban atmosphere. Fe-bearing nanoparticles (<0.1 μm) in urban environments may be especially important because of their pathogenicity and possible association with neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases. This review examines current knowledge regarding the sources of vehicle-derived Fe-bearing nanoparticles, their chemical and mineralogical compositions, grain size distribution and potential hazard to human health. We focus on data reported for the following sources of Fe-bearing nanoparticles: exhaust emissions (both diesel and gasoline), brake wear, tire and road surface wear, resuspension of roadside dust, underground, train and tram emissions, and aircraft and shipping emissions. We identify limitations and gaps in existing knowledge as well as future challenges and perspectives for studies of airborne Fe-bearing nanoparticles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Gonet
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
| | - Barbara A Maher
- Centre for Environmental Magnetism & Palaeomagnetism, Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University , Lancaster LA1 4YQ , United Kingdom
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13
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Xiong T, Zhang T, Dumat C, Sobanska S, Dappe V, Shahid M, Xian Y, Li X, Li S. Airborne foliar transfer of particular metals in Lactuca sativa L.: translocation, phytotoxicity, and bioaccessibility. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:20064-20078. [PMID: 30178413 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3084-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2018] [Accepted: 08/27/2018] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The uptake, translocation, and human bioaccessibility of metals originating from atmospheric fine particulate matters (PM) after foliar exposure is not well understood. Lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) plants were exposed to micronic PbO, CuO, and CdO particulate matters (PMs) by the foliar pathway and mature plants (6 weeks old) were analyzed in terms of: (1) metal accumulation and localization on plant leaf surface, and metal translocation factor (TF) and global enrichment factor (GEF) in the plants; (2) shoot growth, plant dry weight (DW), net photosynthesis (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs), and fatty acid ratio; (3) metal bioaccessibility in the plants and soil; and (4) the hazard quotient (HQ) associated with consumption of contaminated plants. Substantial levels of metals were observed in the directly exposed edible leaves and newly formed leaves of lettuce, highlighting both the possible metal transfers throughout the plant and the potential for human exposure after plant ingestion. No significant changes were observed in plant biomass after exposure to PbO, CuO, and CdO-PMs. The Gs and fatty acid ratio were increased in leaves after metal exposure. A dilution effect after foliar uptake was suggested which could alleviate metal phytotoxicity to some degree. However, plant shoot growth and Pn were inhibited when the plants are exposed to PbO, and necrosis enriched with Cd was observed on the leaf surface. Gastric bioaccessibility of plant leaves is ranked: Cd > Cu > Pb. Our results highlight a serious health risk of PbO, CuO, and CdO-PMs associated with consumption of vegetables exposed to these metals, even in newly formed leaves in the case of PbO and CdO exposure. Finally, the study highlights the fate and toxicity of metal rich-PMs, especially in the highly populated urban areas which are increasingly cultivated to promote local food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiantian Xiong
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
| | - Ting Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Camille Dumat
- Certop UMR5044, Université de Toulouse, 5 allée Antonio Machado, 31058, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
- INP-ENSAT, Université de Toulouse, Av. Agrobiopole, 31326, Castanet-Tolosan, France
- Association Réseau-Agriville (http://reseau-agriville.com/), Toulouse, France
| | - Sophie Sobanska
- Insitut of Molecular Sciences, (UMR CNRS 5255), University of Bordeaux, 351 cours de la liberation, 33405, Talence, France
| | - Vincent Dappe
- LASIR UMR 8516, Bât C5, University of Lille, 59655 Villeneuve d'Ascq, Lille, France
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Yuanhong Xian
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Xintong Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Shaoshan Li
- Key Laboratory of Ecology and Environmental Science in Guangdong Higher Education, School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China.
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Son YS, Oh YH, Choi IY, Dinh TV, Chung SG, Lee JH, Park D, Kim JC. Development of a magnetic hybrid filter to reduce PM10 in a subway platform. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 368:197-203. [PMID: 30677651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.01.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2018] [Revised: 12/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the reduction of particulate matter (PM) in a subway platform using self-developed magnetic hybrid filters (magnet-magnet (MM) and magnet-cascade (MC) filter). The magnetic hybrid filter systems were installed and operated in Jegi-dong subway station (J station) platform. The removal efficiency of PM10 (particular matter with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 μm) was evaluated according to various influencing factors such as the combination of filters, linear velocity, and operating conditions of trains. As a result, the average removal efficiency of the MC filter (40.5%) was higher than that of the MM one (27.0%). The maximum PM10 removal efficiencies by MM (34.1%) and MC (47.2%) filters were observed at 20 (linear velocity: 2.41 m/s) and 30 jog (8 m/s) dials, respectively. We additionally found that the removal efficiency of PM10 using MM and MC filters suddenly decreased when the concentration of background PM10 in the platform increased. Based on the results of this study, hybrid technology using two or more capture principles can remove PM more efficiently than technology using a single such principle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Suk Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45 Yongso-ro, Nam-gu, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hwan Oh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Young Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Trieu-Vuong Dinh
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Gwi Chung
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Jai-Hyo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea
| | - Duckshin Park
- Transportation Environmental Research Team and Subway Indoor Air Quality Corps, Korea Railroad Research Institute, 176 Cheoldobakmulkwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, 16105, Republic of Korea
| | - Jo-Chun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-Gu, Seoul, 05029, Republic of Korea.
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15
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Characterization of Urban Subway Microenvironment Exposure- A Case of Nanjing in China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16040625. [PMID: 30791659 PMCID: PMC6406341 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16040625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 02/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Environmental quality in public rail transit has recently raised great concern, with more attention paid to underground subway microenvironment. This research aimed to provide guidance for healthy urban subway microenvironments (sub-MEs) according to comprehensive micro-environmental categories, including thermal environment, air quality, lighting environment, and acoustic environment from both practical and regulation perspectives. Field sampling experiments were conducted in Nanjing Metro Line X (NMLX). Descriptive analysis, correlation analysis and one-way analysis of variance were used to investigate the status quo of urban sub-MEs. A paired samples t-test was then performed to compare among subway station halls, platforms, and in-cabin trains based on integrated sub-MEs. Results show that relative humidity, air velocity, respirable particulate matter (PM10) concentration, and illuminance dissatisfy the requirements in relevant national standards. Significant difference was observed in lighting environment between station hall and platform. It was detected platforms are warmer and more polluted than train cabins. Additionally, subway trains generate main noise on platform which is much louder when leaving than arriving. Protective strategies for sub-ME improvement as well as principles for updating standards were proposed from a proactive point of view. The findings are beneficial for moving towards healthy urban sub-MEs and more sustainable operation of subway systems.
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16
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Woo SH, Kim JB, Bae GN, Hwang MS, Tahk GH, Yoon HH, Kwon SB, Park D, Yook SJ. Size-dependent characteristics of diurnal particle concentration variation in an underground subway tunnel. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2018; 190:740. [PMID: 30465289 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-018-7110-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Understanding characteristics of diurnal particle concentration variation in an underground subway tunnel is important to reduce subway passengers' exposure to high levels of toxic particle pollution. In this study, real-time particle monitoring for eight consecutive days was done at a shelter located in the middle of a one-way underground subway tunnel in Seoul, Republic of Korea, during the summer of 2015. Particle mass concentration was measured using a dust monitor and particle number concentration using an optical particle counter. From the diurnal variations in PM10, PM2.5, and PM1, concentrations of particles larger than 0.54 μm optical particle diameter were affected by train frequency whereas those of particles smaller than 0.54 μm optical particle diameter were not changed by train frequency. Number concentration of particles smaller than 1.15 μm optical particle diameter was dependent on outdoor ambient air particle concentration level, whereas that of particles larger than 1.15 μm optical particle diameter was independent of outdoor ambient air due to low ventilation system transmission efficiency of micrometer-sized particles. In addition, an equation was suggested to predict the diurnal particle concentration in an underground tunnel by considering emission, ventilation, and deposition effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hee Woo
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Bum Kim
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea
| | - Gwi-Nam Bae
- Center for Particulate Air Pollution and Health, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, 02792, Republic of Korea.
| | - Moon Se Hwang
- Technology Research Center, Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, Seoul, 04806, Republic of Korea
| | - Gil Hun Tahk
- Technology Research Center, Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, Seoul, 04806, Republic of Korea
| | - Hwa Hyun Yoon
- Technology Research Center, Seoul Metropolitan Rapid Transit Corporation, Seoul, 04806, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Bark Kwon
- Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang, 16105, Republic of Korea
| | - Duckshin Park
- Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute, Uiwang, 16105, Republic of Korea
| | - Se-Jin Yook
- School of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
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17
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Lee Y, Lee YC, Kim T, Choi JS, Park D. Sources and Characteristics of Particulate Matter in Subway Tunnels in Seoul, Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2018; 15:E2534. [PMID: 30424555 PMCID: PMC6267438 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15112534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hazards related to particulate matter (PM) in subway systems necessitate improvement of the air quality. As a first step toward establishing a management strategy, we assessed the physicochemical characteristics of PM in a subway system in Seoul, South Korea. The mean mass of PM10 and PM2.5 concentrations (n = 13) were 213.7 ± 50.4 and 78.4 ± 8.8 µg/m³, with 86.0% and 85.9% of mass concentration. Chemical analysis using a thermal⁻optical elemental/organic carbon (EC⁻OC) analyzer, ion chromatography (IC), and inductively coupled plasma (ICP) spectroscopy indicated that the chemical components in the subway tunnel comprised 86.0% and 85.9% mass concentration of PM10 and PM2.5. Fe was the most abundant element in subway tunnels, accounting for higher proportions of PM, and was detected in PM with diameters >94 nm. Fe was present mostly as iron oxides, which were emitted from the wheel⁻rail⁻brake and pantograph⁻catenary wire interfaces. Copper particles were 96⁻150 nm in diameter and were likely emitted via catenary wire arc discharges. Furthermore, X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD) showed that the PM in subway tunnels was composed of calcium carbonate (CaCO₃), quartz (SiO₂), and iron oxides (hematite (α-Fe₂O₃) and maghemite-C (γ-Fe₂O₃)). Transmission electron microscopy images revealed that the PM in subway tunnels existed as agglomerates of iron oxide particle clusters a few nanometers in diameter, which were presumably generated at the aforementioned interfaces and subsequently attached onto other PM, enabling the growth of aggregates. Our results can help inform the management of PM sources from subway operation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongil Lee
- Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), 176 Cheoldobakmulkwan-ro, Uiwang-si 16105, Korea.
- Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon-si 16419, Korea.
| | - Young-Chul Lee
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, 1342 seongnamdae-ro, Seongnam-si 13120, Korea.
| | - Taesung Kim
- Mechanical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Suwon-si 16419, Korea.
| | - Jin Seok Choi
- Analysis Center for Research Advancement, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), 291 Daehak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon-si 34141, Korea.
| | - Duckshin Park
- Korea Railroad Research Institute (KRRI), 176 Cheoldobakmulkwan-ro, Uiwang-si 16105, Korea.
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18
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Mendes L, Gini MI, Biskos G, Colbeck I, Eleftheriadis K. Airborne ultrafine particles in a naturally ventilated metro station: Dominant sources and mixing state determined by particle size distribution and volatility measurements. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 239:82-94. [PMID: 29649762 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Ultrafine particle number concentrations and size distributions were measured on the platform of a metro station in Athens, Greece, and compared with those recorded at an urban background station. The volatility of the sampled particles was measured in parallel, providing further insights on the mixing state and composition of the sampled particles. Particle concentration exhibited a mean value of 1.2 × 104 # cm-3 and showed a weak correlation with train passage frequency, but exhibited a strong correlation with urban background particle concentrations. The size distribution appears to be strongly influenced by outdoor conditions, such as the morning traffic rush hour and new particle formation events observed at noon. The aerosol in the metro was externally mixed throughout the day, with particle populations being identified (1) as fully refractory particles being more dominant during the morning traffic rush hours, (2) as core-shell structure particles having a non-volatile core coated with volatile material, and (3) fully volatile particles. The evolution of particle volatility and size throughout the day provide additional support that most nanoparticles in the metro station originate from outdoor urban air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luís Mendes
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety - Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece; University of the Aegean, Department of Environment, 81100 Mytilene, Greece
| | - Maria I Gini
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety - Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - George Biskos
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; Energy, Environment and Water Research Center, The Cyprus Institute, 2121 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Ian Colbeck
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | - Konstantinos Eleftheriadis
- Institute of Nuclear & Radiological Sciences & Technology, Energy & Safety - Environmental Radioactivity Laboratory, N.C.S.R. "Demokritos", Aghia Paraskevi, 15310 Athens, Greece.
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19
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Particulate Matter (PM10 and PM2.5) in Subway Systems: Health-Based Economic Assessment. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9112135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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20
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Xu B, Hao J. Air quality inside subway metro indoor environment worldwide: A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2017; 107:33-46. [PMID: 28651166 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2017.06.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Revised: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The air quality in the subway metro indoor microenvironment has been of particular public concern. With specific reference to the growing demand of green transportation and sustainable development, subway metro systems have been rapidly developed worldwide in last decades. The number of metro commuters has continuously increased over recent years in metropolitan cities. In some cities, metro system has become the primary public transportation mode. Although commuters typically spend only 30-40min in metros, the air pollutants emitted from various interior components of metro system as well as air pollutants carried by ventilation supply air are significant sources of harmful air pollutants that could lead to unhealthy human exposure. Commuters' exposure to various air pollutants in metro carriages may cause perceivable health risk as reported by many environmental health studies. This review summarizes significant findings in the literature on air quality inside metro indoor environment, including pollutant concentration levels, chemical species, related sources and health risk assessment. More than 160 relevant studies performed across over 20 countries were carefully reviewed. These comprised more than 2000 individual measurement trips. Particulate matters, aromatic hydrocarbons, carbonyls and airborne bacteria have been identified as the primary air pollutants inside metro system. On this basis, future work could focus on investigating the chronic health risks of exposure to various air pollutants other than PM, and/or further developing advanced air purification unit to improve metro in-station air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Jinliang Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China; Department of Environmental Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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21
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Moreno T, Reche C, Minguillón MC, Capdevila M, de Miguel E, Querol X. The effect of ventilation protocols on airborne particulate matter in subway systems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 584-585:1317-1323. [PMID: 28189308 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2016] [Revised: 01/26/2017] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
As part of the European-funded IMPROVE LIFE project work programme experiments were performed in the Barcelona Metro system with the objective of better understanding the relationship between ventilation and air quality. The results demonstrate that tunnel ventilation plays an extremely important role in maintaining cleaner air and is capable of reducing both inhalable particulate matter (PM) mass and particle number concentration (>0.3μm) on platforms by over 50%, even in the presence of full-length platform screen doors. Another key influence on platform air quality is the chosen combination of fan power and forced air flow direction (impulsion of outdoor ambient air or extraction of subway indoor air): cleaner platform air was achieved using platform impulsion at higher power settings designed to ameliorate high summer temperatures underground. Reversing platform air flow from impulsion to extraction produced an immediate deterioration in PM air quality, most notably if the higher power setting was maintained, when an especially marked increase in numbers of very fine (submicron) particles was observed and attributed to tunnel air being drawn into the platform. At night, in the absence of trains and platform ventilation, platform air quality improves when tunnel fans are working at reduced power, whatever the flow direction (impulsion/extraction). Inside the air conditioned Barcelona Metro trains (where underground commuters spend most of their time) air quality is markedly better than on the platform, and unchanged A/C filters were observed capable of maintaining a similar reduction in inside train PM for at least three months.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Cruz Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Capdevila
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB), Santa Eulalia, Av. del Metro s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08902, Spain
| | - Eladio de Miguel
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB), Santa Eulalia, Av. del Metro s/n, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat 08902, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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22
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Higashisaka K, Nagano K, Yoshioka Y, Tsutsumi Y. Nano-safety Research: Examining the Associations among the Biological Effects of Nanoparticles and Their Physicochemical Properties and Kinetics. Biol Pharm Bull 2017; 40:243-248. [PMID: 28250267 DOI: 10.1248/bpb.b16-00854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade, nanotechnology has advanced rapidly, and many products containing nanoparticles are now an important part of our daily lives. Despite our increasing exposure to nanoparticles, however, information regarding the absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion, and toxicity of nanoparticles remains limited. In this review, we introduce our group's ongoing research into the biological effects and toxicities of nanoparticles, which we broadly refer to as "nano-safety research." In addition to determining the biological effects of nanoparticles and elucidating the underlying mechanisms of those effects, we are also exploring the associations among the physicochemical properties and kinetics of nanoparticles. Furthermore, we are currently developing a battery of biomarkers that we hope will be used to predict the biological effects of nanoparticles during the early stages of development. Our research provides valuable basic information on the safety of nanoparticles. We hope that this information will be used for the development of better assessments of nanoparticles safety and for the creation of more appropriate regulations to ensure not only the safety but also the sustainability of nanotechnology.
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23
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Moreno T, Querol X, Martins V, Minguillón MC, Reche C, Ku LH, Eun HR, Ahn KH, Capdevila M, de Miguel E. Formation and alteration of airborne particles in the subway environment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2017; 19:59-64. [PMID: 28002504 DOI: 10.1039/c6em00576d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Most particles in the rail subway environment are sub-micron sized ferruginous flakes and splinters generated mechanically by frictional wear of brake pads, wheels and rails. To better understand the mechanisms of formation and the alteration processes affecting inhalable particles in subways, PM samples (1-2.5 μm and 2.5-10 μm) were collected in the Barcelona Metro and then studied under a scanning electron microscope. Most particles in these samples are hematitic (up to 88%), with relatively minor amounts of mineral matter (up to 9%) and sulphates (up to 5%). Detailed microscopy (using back scattered and TEM-DRX imaging) reveals how many of the metallic particles comprise the metallic Fe nucleus surrounded by hematite (Fe2O3) and a coating of sulphate and chloride salts mixed with mineral matter (including Ca-carbonates, clay minerals and quartz). These observations record the emission of fine to ultrafine FePM by frictional wear at elevated temperatures that promote rapid partial (or complete) oxidation of the native metal. Water condensing on the PM surface during cooling leads to the adsorption of inorganic mineral particles that coat the iron oxide. The distinctively layered polymineralic structure that results from these processes is peculiar to particles generated in the subway environment and very different from PM typically inhaled outdoors.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - X Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - V Martins
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - M C Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - L H Ku
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 425-791, Republic of Korea
| | - H R Eun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 425-791, Republic of Korea
| | - K H Ahn
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanyang University, Ansan 425-791, Republic of Korea
| | - M Capdevila
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB), Santa Eulalia, Av. del Metro s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08902, Spain
| | - E de Miguel
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB), Santa Eulalia, Av. del Metro s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08902, Spain
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24
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Xu P, Xu J, He M, Song L, Chen D, Guo G, Dai H. Morphology and chemical characteristics of micro- and Nano-particles in the haze in Beijing studied by XPS and TEM/EDX. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 565:827-832. [PMID: 27090410 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 03/07/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS) is a useful surface sensitive tool to explore the particulate matter with different particle sizes. In this work, we report the analysis of elemental species in particulate matter with size ranging from 100nm to 10μm during the autumn haze of 2014 in Beijing. The size dependence of element composition and chemical state distribution on the particle surface was investigated. It was found that the number of investigated element species decreased from 8 (at stage 2) to 4 (at stage 10) with the decrease of particle sizes down to 100nm, which is in accordance with the result from Transmission electron microscopy (TEM/EDX) observations. Three chemical states of nitrogen, the amide group (399.9eV), the ammonium group (401.6eV), and the nitrate group (407.2eV), were confirmed according to the different binding energies. Nitrate was the main composition on the coarse particles, while the percentage of amide and ammonium at stage 3 (13.9% and 10.8% respectively) increased on the fine particles at stage 9 (46.8% and 38.8% respectively). The relative ratio of sulfate and ammonium (calculated 1:1) in the fine particles suggests that there is no enough NH4(+) to neutralize the sulfuric acid and the surface of the PM is acidic. The result is useful to investigate the generation processes and the sources of collected particles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xu
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, and Laboratory of Catalysis Chemistry and Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China; CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Jianxun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Meng He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Standardization and Measurement for Nanotechnology, National Center for Nanoscience and Technology, Beijing, 100190, P. R. China
| | - Lexin Song
- Department of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230026, China
| | - Dongliang Chen
- College of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, P. R. China.
| | - Guangsheng Guo
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, and Laboratory of Catalysis Chemistry and Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Hongxing Dai
- Beijing Key Laboratory for Green Catalysis and Separation, Key Laboratory of Beijing on Regional Air Pollution Control, Key Laboratory of Advanced Functional Materials, Education Ministry of China, and Laboratory of Catalysis Chemistry and Nanoscience, Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, College of Environmental and Energy Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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25
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Electrochemical surface oxide characteristics of metal nanoparticles (Mn, Cu and Al) and the relation to toxicity. Electrochim Acta 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2016.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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26
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Kwon SB, Namgung HG, Jeong W, Park D, Eom JK. Transient variation of aerosol size distribution in an underground subway station. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2016; 188:362. [PMID: 27220501 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-016-5373-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
As the number of people using rapid transit systems (subways) continues to rise in major cities worldwide, increasing attention has been given to the indoor air quality of underground stations. This study intended to observe the change of PM distribution by size in an underground station with PSDs installed located near the main road in downtown Seoul, as well as to examine causes for the changes. The results indicate that the PM suspended in the tunnel flowed into the platform area even in a subway station where the effect of train-induced wind is blocked by installed PSDs, as this flow occurred when the PSDs were opened. The results also indicate that coarse mode particles generated by mechanical friction in the tunnel, such as that between wheels and rail, also flowed into the platform area. The PM either settled or was re-suspended according to size and whether the ventilation in the platform area was in operation or if the platform floor had been washed. The ventilation system was more effective in removing PM of smaller sizes (fine particles) while the wash-out performed after train operations had stopped reduced the suspension of coarse mode particles the next morning. Despite installation of the completely sealed PSDs, inflow of coarse mode particles from the tunnel seems unavoidable, indicating the need for measures to decrease the PM generated there to lower subway user exposure since those particles cannot be reduced by mechanical ventilation alone. This research implicate that coarse PM containing heavy metals (generated from tunnel side) proliferated especially during rush hours, during which it is very important to control those PM in order to reduce subway user exposure to this hazardous PM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon-Bark Kwon
- Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute, 176 Cheoldobagmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyeong-Gyu Namgung
- Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute, 176 Cheoldobagmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Wootae Jeong
- Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute, 176 Cheoldobagmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Duckshin Park
- Transportation Environmental Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute, 176 Cheoldobagmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Ki Eom
- Transport System Research Team, Korea Railroad Research Institute, 176 Cheoldobagmulgwan-ro, Uiwang-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
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27
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Namgung HG, Kim JB, Woo SH, Park S, Kim M, Kim MS, Bae GN, Park D, Kwon SB. Generation of Nanoparticles from Friction between Railway Brake Disks and Pads. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:3453-3461. [PMID: 26967707 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.5b06252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we measured the size distribution of particles ranging in size from 5.6 to 560 nm that were emitted between brake disks and pads under various braking conditions to observe and analyze changes to the resulting particle size distribution over braking time. A peak of 178-275 nm (200 nm peak) was observed in all braking conditions. However, the generation of spherical particles of a 10 nm range was observed only when the disk speed and brake force were above certain levels and intensified only when speed and brake force further increased. The total number concentration of ultrafine particles (no larger than 0.1 μm; PM0.1) generated was found to correlate with disk speed and brake force. Thus, the generation of nanoparticles resulting from disk speed and brake force was attributable primarily to increases in the contact surface temperature. The critical temperature for the generation of nanoparticles of a 10 nm range was found to be about 70 °C, which is the average temperature between the surface and the inside of the disk. If the speed or brake force was higher, that is, the temperature of the contact surface reached a certain level, evaporation and condensation took place. Vapor then left the friction surface, met with the air, and quickly cooled to form nanoparticles through nucleation. When the newly generated particles became highly concentrated, they grew through coagulation to form agglomerates or the vapor condensed directly onto the surface of existing particles of about 200 nm (formed by mechanical friction).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jong-Bum Kim
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792, Korea
- Green School (Graduate School of Energy, Environment Policy and Technology), Korea University , Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Sang-Hee Woo
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792, Korea
| | - Sechan Park
- Railway System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST) , Uiwang-si 16105, Korea
| | - Minhae Kim
- Railway System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST) , Uiwang-si 16105, Korea
| | | | - Gwi-Nam Bae
- Center for Environment, Health and Welfare Research, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST) , Seoul 02792, Korea
| | | | - Soon-Bark Kwon
- Railway System Engineering, University of Science and Technology (UST) , Uiwang-si 16105, Korea
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28
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Martins V, Moreno T, Minguillón MC, van Drooge BL, Reche C, Amato F, de Miguel E, Capdevila M, Centelles S, Querol X. Origin of inorganic and organic components of PM2.5 in subway stations of Barcelona, Spain. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 208:125-136. [PMID: 26189044 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2015.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The present work assesses indoor air quality in stations of the Barcelona subway system. PM2.5 concentrations on the platforms of 4 subway stations were measured during two different seasons and the chemical composition was determined. A Positive Matrix Factorization analysis was performed to identify and quantify the contributions of major PM2.5 sources in the subway stations. Mean PM2.5 concentrations varied according to the stations design and seasonal periods. PM2.5 was composed of haematite, carbonaceous aerosol, crustal matter, secondary inorganic compounds, trace elements, insoluble sulphate and halite. Organic compounds such as PAHs, nicotine, levoglucosan and aromatic musk compounds were also identified. Subway PM2.5 source comprised emissions from rails, wheels, catenaries, brake pads and pantographs. The subway source showed different chemical profiles for each station, but was always dominated by Fe. Control actions on the source are important for the achievement of better air quality in the subway environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vânia Martins
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Teresa Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - María Cruz Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Barend L van Drooge
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eladio de Miguel
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, Av. Del Metro s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08902, Spain
| | - Marta Capdevila
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, Av. Del Metro s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08902, Spain
| | - Sonia Centelles
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, TMB Santa Eulàlia, Av. Del Metro s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, 08902, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA), CSIC, C/Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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29
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Moreno T, Reche C, Rivas I, Cruz Minguillón M, Martins V, Vargas C, Buonanno G, Parga J, Pandolfi M, Brines M, Ealo M, Sofia Fonseca A, Amato F, Sosa G, Capdevila M, de Miguel E, Querol X, Gibbons W. Urban air quality comparison for bus, tram, subway and pedestrian commutes in Barcelona. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2015; 142:495-510. [PMID: 26277386 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2015.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Revised: 07/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Access to detailed comparisons in air quality variations encountered when commuting through a city offers the urban traveller more informed choice on how to minimise personal exposure to inhalable pollutants. In this study we report on an experiment designed to compare atmospheric contaminants inhaled during bus, subway train, tram and walking journeys through the city of Barcelona. Average number concentrations of particles 10-300 nm in size, N, are lowest in the commute using subway trains (N<2.5×10(4) part. cm(-3)), higher during tram travel and suburban walking (2.5×10(4) cm(-3)<N<5.0×10(4) cm(-3)), and highest in diesel bus or walking in the city centre (N>5.0×10(4) cm(-3)), with extreme transient peaks at busy traffic crossings commonly exceeding 1.0×10(5) cm(-3) and accompanied by peaks in Black Carbon and CO. Subway particles are coarser (mode 90 nm) than in buses, trams or outdoors (<70 nm), and concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5) and Black Carbon are lower in the tram when compared to both bus and subway. CO2 levels in public transport reflect passenger numbers, more than tripling from outdoor levels to >1200 ppm in crowded buses and trains. There are also striking differences in inhalable particle chemistry depending on the route chosen, ranging from aluminosiliceous at roadsides and near pavement works, ferruginous with enhanced Mn, Co, Zn, Sr and Ba in the subway environment, and higher levels of Sb and Cu inside the bus. We graphically display such chemical variations using a ternary diagram to emphasise how "air quality" in the city involves a consideration of both physical and chemical parameters, and is not simply a question of measuring particle number or mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Cristina Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ioar Rivas
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Cruz Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vânia Martins
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Concepción Vargas
- DICeM-University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, FR, Italy
| | - Giorgio Buonanno
- DICeM-University of Cassino and Southern Lazio, via Di Biasio 43, 03043 Cassino, FR, Italy; International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Qld, Australia
| | - Jesus Parga
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marco Pandolfi
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mariola Brines
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marina Ealo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Sofia Fonseca
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Garay Sosa
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Capdevila
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, Santa Eulalia, Av. del Metro s/n, 08902 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona Spain
| | - Eladio de Miguel
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona, Santa Eulalia, Av. del Metro s/n, 08902 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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30
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Spagnolo AM, Ottria G, Perdelli F, Cristina ML. Chemical characterisation of the coarse and fine particulate matter in the environment of an underground railway system: cytotoxic effects and oxidative stress-a preliminary study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2015; 12:4031-46. [PMID: 25872016 PMCID: PMC4410231 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph120404031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Exposure to the particulate matter produced in underground railway systems is arousing increasing scientific interest because of its health effects. The aim of our study was to evaluate the airborne concentrations of PM10 and three sub-fractions of PM2.5 in an underground railway system environment in proximity to platforms and in underground commercial areas within the system, and to compare these with the outdoor airborne concentrations. We also evaluated the metal components, the cytotoxic properties of the various fractions of particulate matter (PM) and their capacity to induce oxidative stress. Method: We collected the coarse fraction (5–10 µm) and the fine fractions (1–2.5 µm; 0.5–1 µm; 0.25–0.5 µm). Chemical characterisation was determined by means of spectrometry. Cytotoxicity and oxidative stress were evaluated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) assessment. Results: The concentrations of both PM10 and PM2.5 proved to be similar at the three sampling sites. Iron and other transition metals displayed a greater concentration at the subway platform than at the other two sites. The 2.5–10 µm and 1–2.5 µm fractions of PM from all three sampling sites determined a greater increase in ROS; the intensity of oxidative stress progressively declined as particle diameter diminished. Moreover, ROS concentrations were correlated with the concentrations of some transition metals, namely Mn, Cr, Ti, Fe, Cu, Zn, Ni and Mo. All particulate matter fractions displayed lower or similar ROS values between platform level and the outdoor air. Conclusions: The present study revealed that the underground railway environment at platform level, although containing higher concentrations of some particularly reactive metallic species, did not display higher cytotoxicity and oxidative stress levels than the outdoor air.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Maria Spagnolo
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy Via Pastore, 1-16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Gianluca Ottria
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy Via Pastore, 1-16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Fernanda Perdelli
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy Via Pastore, 1-16132 Genoa, Italy.
| | - Maria Luisa Cristina
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy Via Pastore, 1-16132 Genoa, Italy.
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31
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Moreno T, Martins V, Querol X, Jones T, BéruBé K, Minguillón MC, Amato F, Capdevila M, de Miguel E, Centelles S, Gibbons W. A new look at inhalable metalliferous airborne particles on rail subway platforms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 505:367-375. [PMID: 25461038 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.10.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2014] [Revised: 10/02/2014] [Accepted: 10/04/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Most particles breathed on rail subway platforms are highly ferruginous (FePM) and extremely small (nanometric to a few microns in size). High magnification observations of particle texture and chemistry on airborne PM₁₀ samples collected from the Barcelona Metro, combined with published experimental work on particle generation by frictional sliding, allow us to propose a general model to explain the origin of most subway FePM. Particle generation occurs by mechanical wear at the brake-wheel and wheel-rail interfaces, where magnetic metallic flakes and splinters are released and undergo progressive atmospheric oxidation from metallic iron to magnetite and maghemite. Flakes of magnetite typically comprise mottled mosaics of octahedral nanocrystals (10-20 nm) that become pseudomorphed by maghemite. Continued oxidation results in extensive alteration of the magnetic nanostructure to more rounded aggregates of non-magnetic hematite nanocrystals, with magnetic precursors (including iron metal) still preserved in some particle cores. Particles derived from steel wheel and rails contain a characteristic trace element chemistry, typically with Mn/Fe=0.01. Flakes released from brakes are chemically very distinctive, depending on the pad composition, being always carbonaceous, commonly barium-rich, and texturally inhomogeneous, with trace elements present in nanominerals incorporated within the crystalline structure. In the studied subway lines of Barcelona at least there appears to be only a minimal aerosol contribution from high temperature processes such as sparking. To date there is no strong evidence that these chemically and texturally complex inhalable metallic materials are any more or less toxic than street-level urban particles, and as with outdoor air, the priority in subway air quality should be to reduce high mass concentrations of aerosol present in some stations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Moreno
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Vânia Martins
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Dept. of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Av. Diagonal 647, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Xavier Querol
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Tim Jones
- School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, Cardiff University, CF10 3YE Cardiff, Wales, UK
| | - Kelly BéruBé
- School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Museum Avenue, Cardiff CF10 3AX, Wales, UK
| | - Maria Cruz Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Fulvio Amato
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), C/Jordi Girona 18-24, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Capdevila
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB), Santa Eulalia 08902, Av. del Metro s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Eladio de Miguel
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB), Santa Eulalia 08902, Av. del Metro s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
| | - Sonia Centelles
- Transports Metropolitans de Barcelona (TMB), Santa Eulalia 08902, Av. del Metro s/n L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Spain
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32
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Asian dust particles induce macrophage inflammatory responses via mitogen-activated protein kinase activation and reactive oxygen species production. J Immunol Res 2014; 2014:856154. [PMID: 24987712 PMCID: PMC4058895 DOI: 10.1155/2014/856154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 05/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Asian dust is a springtime meteorological phenomenon that originates in the deserts of China and Mongolia. The dust is carried by prevailing winds across East Asia where it causes serious health problems. Most of the information available on the impact of Asian dust on human health is based on epidemiological investigations, so from a biological standpoint little is known of its effects. To clarify the effects of Asian dust on human health, it is essential to assess inflammatory responses to the dust and to evaluate the involvement of these responses in the pathogenesis or aggravation of disease. Here, we investigated the induction of inflammatory responses by Asian dust particles in macrophages. Treatment with Asian dust particles induced greater production of inflammatory cytokines interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) compared with treatment with soil dust. Furthermore, a soil dust sample containing only particles ≤10 μm in diameter provoked a greater inflammatory response than soil dust samples containing particles >10 μm. In addition, Asian dust particles-induced TNF-α production was dependent on endocytosis, the production of reactive oxygen species, and the activation of nuclear factor-κB and mitogen-activated protein kinases. Together, these results suggest that Asian dust particles induce inflammatory disease through the activation of macrophages.
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33
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Son YS, Dinh TV, Chung SG, Lee JH, Kim JC. Removal of particulate matter emitted from a subway tunnel using magnetic filters. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2014; 48:2870-2876. [PMID: 24499385 DOI: 10.1021/es404502x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
We removed particulate matter (PM) emitted from a subway tunnel using magnetic filters. A magnetic filter system was installed on the top of a ventilation opening. Magnetic field density was increased by increasing the number of permanent magnet layers to determine PM removal characteristics. Moreover, the fan's frequency was adjusted from 30 to 60 Hz to investigate the effect of wind velocity on PM removal efficiency. As a result, PM removal efficiency increased as the number of magnetic filters or fan frequency increased. We obtained maximum removal efficiency of PM10 (52%), PM2.5 (46%), and PM1 (38%) at a 60 Hz fan frequency using double magnetic filters. We also found that the stability of the PM removal efficiency by the double filter (RSD, 3.2-5.8%) was higher than that by a single filter (10.9-24.5%) at all fan operating conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youn-Suk Son
- Exposure, Epidemiology, and Risk Program, Department of Environmental Health, Harvard School of Public Health , 401 Park Drive, Landmark Center West Room 417, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
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34
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Loxham M, Cooper MJ, Gerlofs-Nijland ME, Cassee FR, Davies DE, Palmer MR, Teagle DAH. Physicochemical characterization of airborne particulate matter at a mainline underground railway station. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2013; 47:3614-22. [PMID: 23477491 PMCID: PMC3687366 DOI: 10.1021/es304481m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Underground railway stations are known to have elevated particulate matter (PM) loads compared to ambient air. As these particles are derived from metal-rich sources and transition metals may pose a risk to health by virtue of their ability to catalyze generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), their potential enrichment in underground environments is a source of concern. Compared to coarse (PM10) and fine (PM2.5) particulate fractions of underground railway airborne PM, little is known about the chemistry of the ultrafine (PM0.1) fraction that may contribute significantly to particulate number and surface area concentrations. This study uses inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry and ion chromatography to compare the elemental composition of size-fractionated underground PM with woodstove, roadwear generator, and road tunnel PM. Underground PM is notably rich in Fe, accounting for greater than 40% by mass of each fraction, and several other transition metals (Cu, Cr, Mn, and Zn) compared to PM from other sources. Importantly, ultrafine underground PM shows similar metal-rich concentrations as the coarse and fine fractions. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that a component of the coarse fraction of underground PM has a morphology indicative of generation by abrasion, absent for fine and ultrafine particulates, which may be derived from high-temperature processes. Furthermore, underground PM generated ROS in a concentration- and size-dependent manner. This study suggests that the potential health effects of exposure to the ultrafine fraction of underground PM warrant further investigation as a consequence of its greater surface area/volume ratio and high metal content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Loxham
- The Brooke Laboratory, Clinical and Experimental Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, University Hospital Southampton, Tremona Road, Southampton, SO16 6YD, United Kingdom.
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35
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Culture-independent analysis of aerosol microbiology in a metropolitan subway system. Appl Environ Microbiol 2013; 79:3485-93. [PMID: 23542619 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00331-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The goal of this study was to determine the composition and diversity of microorganisms associated with bioaerosols in a heavily trafficked metropolitan subway environment. We collected bioaerosols by fluid impingement on several New York City subway platforms and associated sites in three sampling sessions over a 1.5-year period. The types and quantities of aerosolized microorganisms were determined by culture-independent phylogenetic analysis of small-subunit rRNA gene sequences by using both Sanger (universal) and pyrosequencing (bacterial) technologies. Overall, the subway bacterial composition was relatively simple; only 26 taxonomic families made up ~75% of the sequences determined. The microbiology was more or less similar throughout the system and with time and was most similar to outdoor air, consistent with highly efficient air mixing in the system. Identifiable bacterial sequences indicated that the subway aerosol assemblage was composed of a mixture of genera and species characteristic of soil, environmental water, and human skin commensal bacteria. Eukaryotic diversity was mainly fungal, dominated by organisms of types associated with wood rot. Human skin bacterial species (at 99% rRNA sequence identity) included the Staphylococcus spp. Staphylococcus epidermidis (the most abundant and prevalent commensal of the human integument), S. hominis, S. cohnii, S. caprae, and S. haemolyticus, all well-documented human commensal bacteria. We encountered no organisms of public health concern. This study is the most extensive culture-independent survey of subway microbiota so far and puts in place pre-event information required for any bioterrorism surveillance activities or monitoring of the microbiological impact of recent subway flooding events.
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