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Ye Y, Shi YX, Jiang Q, Jin Y, Chen FX, Tang WH, Peng Q, Liu QN, Tang BP, Wang JL. Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Antioxidant Defense Mechanisms in the Silkworm Bombyx mori after Exposure to Lead. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:1822. [PMID: 38929441 DOI: 10.3390/ani14121822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2024] [Revised: 05/30/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Lead (Pb) is a major source of heavy metal contamination, and poses a threat to biodiversity and human health. Elevated levels of Pb can hinder insect growth and development, leading to apoptosis via mechanisms like oxidative damage. The midgut of silkworms is the main organ exposed to heavy metals. As an economically important lepidopteran model insect in China, heavy metal-induced stress on silkworms causes considerable losses in sericulture, thereby causing substantial economic damage. This study aimed to investigate Pb-induced detoxification-related genes in the midgut of silkworms using high-throughput sequencing methods to achieve a deeper comprehension of the genes' reactions to lead exposure. This study identified 11,567 unigenes and 14,978 transcripts. A total of 1265 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were screened, comprising 907 upregulated and 358 downregulated genes. Subsequently, Gene Ontology (GO) classification analysis revealed that the 1265 DEGs were distributed across biological processes, cellular components, and molecular functions. This suggests that the silkworm midgut may affect various organelle functions and biological processes, providing crucial clues for further exploration of DEG function. Additionally, the expression levels of 12 selected detoxification-related DEGs were validated using qRT-PCR, which confirmed the reliability of the RNA-seq results. This study not only provides new insights into the detoxification defense mechanisms of silkworms after Pb exposure, but also establishes a valuable foundation for further investigation into the molecular detoxification mechanisms in silkworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ye
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-Agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China
| | - Yan-Xia Shi
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-Agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China
- College of Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Nanjing University of Technology, Nanjing 210009, China
| | - Qi Jiang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-Agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China
| | - Ye Jin
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-Agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China
| | - Fan-Xing Chen
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-Agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China
| | - Wen-Hui Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-Agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China
| | - Qin Peng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-Agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China
| | - Qiu-Ning Liu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-Agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China
| | - Bo-Ping Tang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-Agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China
| | - Jia-Lian Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Bioresources of Saline Soils, Jiangsu Synthetic Innovation Center for Coastal Bio-Agriculture, Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources and Environmental Protection, School of Wetlands, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China
- College of Marine and Biological Engineering, Yancheng Teachers University, Yancheng 224007, China
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Shyam-Sundar N, Ramasubramanian R, Karthi S, Senthil-Nathan S, Chanthini KMP, Sivanesh H, Stanley-Raja V, Ramkumar G, Narayanan KR, Mahboob S, Al-Ghanim KA, Abdel-Megeed A, Krutmuang P. Effects of phytocompound Precocene 1 on the expression and functionality of the P450 gene in λ-cyhalothrin-resistant Spodoptera litura (Fab.). Front Physiol 2022; 13:900570. [PMID: 36439259 PMCID: PMC9684723 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.900570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 10/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Spodoptera litura (Fabricius) is an agriculturally significant polyphagous insect pest that has evolved a high level of resistance to conventional insecticides. A dietary assay was used in this work to assess the resilience of field populations of S. litura to λ-cyhalothrin. Analysis of the function and expression of the cytochrome P450 gene was used to test the sensitivity of S. litura larvae to sub-lethal concentrations of the insecticidal plant chemical Precocene 1, both by itself and in combination with λ-cyhalothrin. The activity of esterase enzymes (α and β) was found to decrease 48 h post treatment with Precocene 1. The activity of GST enzyme and cytochrome P450 increased with Precocene 1 treatment post 48 h, however. Expression studies revealed the modulation by Precocene 1 of cytochrome P450 genes, CYP4M16, CYP4M15, CYP4S8V4, CYP4G31, and CYP4L10. While CYP4M16 expression was stimulated the most by the synergistic Precocene 1 + λ-cyhalothrin treatment, expression of CYP4G31 was the most down-regulated by Precocene 1 exposure. Hence, it is evident that λ-cyhalothrin-resistant pest populations are still sensitive to Precocene 1 at a sublethal concentration that is nevertheless capable of hindering their development. Precocene 1 can therefore be considered a potent candidate for the effective management of insecticide-resilient S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narayanan Shyam-Sundar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Ramakrishnan Ramasubramanian
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Sengodan Karthi
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
- Department of Entomology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY, United States
| | - Sengottayan Senthil-Nathan
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kanagaraj Muthu-Pandian Chanthini
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Haridoss Sivanesh
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Vethamonickam Stanley-Raja
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govindaraju Ramkumar
- Division of Biopesticides and Environmental Toxicology, Sri Paramakalyani Centre for Excellence in Environmental Sciences, Manonmaniam Sundaranar University, Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Shahid Mahboob
- Department of Zoology, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Ahmed Abdel-Megeed
- Department of Plant Protection, Faculty of Agriculture Saba Basha, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Patcharin Krutmuang
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
- Innovative Agriculture Research Center, Faculty of Agriculture, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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Shephard AM, Brown NS, Snell‐Rood EC. Anthropogenic Zinc Exposure Increases Mortality and Antioxidant Gene Expression in Monarch Butterflies with Low Access to Dietary Macronutrients. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2022; 41:1286-1296. [PMID: 35119130 PMCID: PMC9314993 DOI: 10.1002/etc.5305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2021] [Revised: 09/04/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Biologists seek to understand why organisms vary in their abilities to tolerate anthropogenic contaminants, such as heavy metals. However, few studies have considered how tolerance may be affected by condition-moderating factors such as dietary resource availability. For instance, the availability of crucial limiting macronutrients, such as nitrogen and phosphorous, can vary across space and time either naturally or due to anthropogenic nutrient inputs (e.g., agricultural fertilizers or vehicle emissions). Organisms developing in more macronutrient-rich environments should be of higher overall condition, displaying a greater ability to tolerate metal contaminants. In monarch butterflies (Danaus plexippus), we factorially manipulated dietary macronutrient availability and exposure to zinc, a common metal contaminant in urban habitats that can be toxic but also has nutritional properties. We tested whether (1) the ability to survive zinc exposure depends on dietary macronutrient availability and (2) whether individuals exposed to elevated zinc levels display higher expression of antioxidant genes, given the roles of antioxidants in combatting metal-induced oxidative stress. Exposure to elevated zinc reduced survival only for monarchs developing on a low-macronutrient diet. However, for monarchs developing on a high-macronutrient diet, elevated zinc exposure tended to increase survival. In addition, monarchs exposed to elevated zinc displayed higher expression of antioxidant genes when developing on the low-macronutrient diet but lower expression when developing on the high-macronutrient diet. Altogether, our study shows that organismal survival and oxidative stress responses to anthropogenic zinc contamination depend on the availability of macronutrient resources in the developmental environment. In addition, our results suggest the hypothesis that whether zinc acts as a toxicant or a nutrient may depend on macronutrient supply. Environ Toxicol Chem 2022;41:1286-1296. © 2022 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M. Shephard
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Noah S. Brown
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
| | - Emilie C. Snell‐Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and BehaviorUniversity of MinnesotaSaint PaulMinnesotaUSA
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Chen J, Guo Y, Huang S, Zhan H, Zhang M, Wang J, Shu Y. Integration of transcriptome and proteome reveals molecular mechanisms underlying stress responses of the cutworm, Spodoptera litura, exposed to different levels of lead (Pb). CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 283:131205. [PMID: 34147986 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Heavy metals are major environmental pollutants that affect organisms across different trophic levels. Herbivorous insects play an important role in the bioaccumulation, and eventually, biomagnification of these metals. Although effects of heavy metal stress on insects have been well-studied, the molecular mechanisms underlying their effects remain poorly understood. Here, we used the RNA-Seq profiling and isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ) approaches to unravel these mechanisms in the polyphagous pest Spodoptera litura exposed to lead (Pb) at two different concentrations (12.5 and 100 mg Pb/kg; PbL and PbH, respectively). Altogether, 1392 and 1630 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 58, 114 differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were identified in larvae exposed to PbL and PbH, respectively. After exposed to PbL, the main up-regulated genes clusters and proteins in S. litura larvae were associated with their metabolic processes, including carbohydrate, protein, and lipid metabolism, but the levels of cytochrome P450 associated with the pathway of xenobiotic biodegradation and metabolism were found to be decreased. In contrast, the main up-regulated genes clusters and proteins in larvae exposed to PbH were enriched in the metabolism of xenobiotic by cytochrome P450, drug metabolism-cytochrome P450, and other drug metabolism enzymes, while the down-regulated genes and proteins were found to be closely related to the lipid (lipase) and protein (serine protease, trypsin) metabolism and growth processes (cuticular protein). These findings indicate that S. litura larvae exposed to PbL could enhance food digestion and absorption to prioritize for growth rather than detoxification, whereas S. litura larvae exposed to PbH reduced food digestion and absorption and channelized the limited energy for detoxification rather than growth. These contrasting results explain the dose-dependent effects of heavy metal stress on insect life-history traits, wherein low levels of heavy metal stress induce stimulation, while high levels of heavy metal stress cause inhibition at the transcriptome and proteome levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yeshan Guo
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shimin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huiru Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Meifang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
| | - Yinghua Shu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Shephard AM, Mitchell TS, Snell-Rood EC. Monarch caterpillars are robust to combined exposure to the roadside micronutrients sodium and zinc. CONSERVATION PHYSIOLOGY 2021; 9:coab061. [PMID: 34386239 PMCID: PMC8354372 DOI: 10.1093/conphys/coab061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Human activities are increasing the environmental availability of micronutrients, including sodium and some essential metals. Micronutrients are often limiting in animal diets but may have negative effects when consumed in excess. Though prior research has documented how elevated exposure to individual micronutrients can impact organismal development and fitness, we know less about combined effects of multiple micronutrients. In the wild, monarch butterfly larvae (Danaus plexippus) commonly consume plants in roadside habitats that contain elevated levels of sodium (from road salt) and zinc (from vehicle wear-and-tear). We reared monarch caterpillars to adulthood to test individual and combined effects of dietary sodium and zinc on components of fitness, sodium-linked phenotypes (proxies for neural and flight muscle development) and concentrations of sodium and zinc in adult butterflies. Monarch survival was not impacted by elevated sodium or zinc individually or in combination. Yet, monarchs feeding on sodium-treated milkweed developed relatively larger eyes, consistent with a positive effect of sodium on neural development. Measurements of element concentrations in butterfly and plant tissue indicated that monarchs had higher zinc levels than those present in zinc-treated milkweed but lower sodium levels than those present in sodium-treated milkweed. Monarchs developing on sodium-treated milkweed also had prolonged development time, which might be a cost associated with developing extra neural tissue or investing in mechanisms to excrete excess dietary sodium during the larval stage. Our results indicate that sodium, more than zinc, is likely influencing phenotypic development and performance of insect pollinators in roadside habitats. Yet, in contrast to previous work, our experiment suggests that the highest levels of sodium found along roads are not always harmful for developing monarchs. Future work could consider how potentially stressful effects of micronutrients could be mitigated by increased macronutrient availability or how developmental factors such as migratory status might increase micronutrient requirements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander M Shephard
- Corresponding author: Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, 1987 Upper Buford Circle, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA.
| | - Timothy S Mitchell
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | - Emilie C Snell-Rood
- Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Behavior, University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Saint Paul, MN 55108, USA
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Chen J, Jin P, Huang S, Guo Y, Tan F, Wang J, Shu Y. Cabbage cultivars influence transfer and toxicity of cadmium in soil-Chinese flowering cabbage Brassica campestris-cutworm Spodoptera litura larvae. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 213:112076. [PMID: 33639562 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
We executed a pot experiment to examine the differences of absorption, chemical forms, subcellular distribution, and toxicity of Cd between two cultivars of Chinese flowering cabbage Brassica campestris [Lvbao701 (low-Cd cultivar) and Chicaixin No.4 (high-Cd cultivar)]. Compared to Chicaixin No.4, the presence of Lvbao701 enhanced the proportion of insoluble Cd forms in soil, Lvbao701 roots and leaves had higher proportion of Cd converted into insoluble phosphate precipitates and pectate-or protein-bound forms and lower proportion of inorganic Cd, which result in low accumulation and toxicity of Cd to Lvbao701 and cutworm Spodoptera litura fed on Lvbao701 leaves. Instead of total Cd, Cd transfer and toxicity in B. campestris-S. litura system depend on chemical Cd forms in soil and cabbages and subcellular Cd distributions in cabbages and insects, and the proportions of them were not the highest among all chemical forms and subcellular distributions of Cd. Although exchangeable Cd was major Cd chemical form in cabbage planted soil, Cd bound to iron and manganese oxides and to organic matter were significantly correlated with growth indices and photosynthesis parameters of cabbages. Despite major part of Cd was precipitated in cell wall of roots, Cd in organelle fraction was closely associated with the fitness of cabbages. Metal-rich granules, not cytosolic fraction (the major subcellular Cd distribution), affected the food utilization of S. litura. Therefore, cabbage cultivars significantly affected Cd transfer and toxicity in B. campestris-S. litura system, and the use of Lvbao701 in Cd polluted soil could reduce potential risks for Cd entering food chains.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pan Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Shimin Huang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yeshan Guo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fengxiao Tan
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianwu Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
| | - Yinghua Shu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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Jin P, Chen J, Zhan H, Huang S, Wang J, Shu Y. Accumulation and excretion of zinc and their effects on growth and food utilization of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 202:110883. [PMID: 32570104 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
By exposing larvae of the holometabolous insect Spodoptera litura to the artificial diets supplemented with a range of Zinc (Zn) contents, we investigated Zn ingestion, excretion and accumulation in the insect throughout its life cycle. The effects of Zn stress on the survival, growth and food utilization of S. litura were also determined. Zn concentrations in the body (larvae, pupae, and adults), faeces, exuviates, puparium, eggs increased with the increasing Zn concentrations in the diets, while Zn excretion and accumulation by S. litura in 750 mg/kg Zn treatments was lower than the 600 mg/kg Zn treatment. In the 450 mg/kg Zn treatment, the Zn accumulation in S. litura at different developmental stages differed as follows: larvae > pupa > adult. S. litura ingested Zn via feeding and could excrete most of the Zn via faeces (compared with Zn excretion via exuviates) to reduce its internal Zn accumulation (compared with Zn ingestion). Survival and weight were significantly inhibited, and the prolonged period of development (larvae, pupae) and shortened longevity of adults were found in S. litura exposed to Zn stress greater than 450 mg Zn/kg. In the 150-450 mg/kg Zn treatments, the 6th instar larvae increased their relative consumption rate (RCR) and approximate digestibility (AD) (namely, food eaten) to gain weight, which resulted in greater Zn accumulation in the body. Therefore, below the threshold level (being close to 450 mg/kg Zn), S. litura seemed to have a strong homeostatic adjustment ability (increase the amount of food eaten, thereby increasing AD, RCR and Zn excretion via faeces and exuviates) to sustain their weight, and Zn was beneficial and harmless. Although larvae treated with 750 mg/kg Zn had a similar RCR and AD as the control, a reduced weight gain and prolonged larval period resulted in significantly lower relative growth rate (RGR), which indicated surviving insects may allocate more energy from foods for detoxification than for growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Huiru Zhan
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Shimin Huang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jianwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yinghua Shu
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-Circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Research Centre for Modern Eco-agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Ga’al H, Yang G, Fouad H, Guo M, Mo J. Mannosylerythritol Lipids Mediated Biosynthesis of Silver Nanoparticles: An Eco-friendly and Operative Approach Against Chikungunya Vector Aedes albopictus. J CLUST SCI 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10876-019-01751-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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9
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Manjula P, Lalitha K, Vengateswari G, Patil J, Nathan SS, Shivakumar MS. Effect of Manihot esculenta (Crantz) leaf extracts on antioxidant and immune system of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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10
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Diet composition has a differential effect on immune tolerance in insect larvae exposed to Mesorhabditis belari, Enterobacter hormaechei and its metabolites. Exp Parasitol 2020; 208:107802. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exppara.2019.107802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Revised: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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11
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Cabot C, Martos S, Llugany M, Gallego B, Tolrà R, Poschenrieder C. A Role for Zinc in Plant Defense Against Pathogens and Herbivores. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2019; 10:1171. [PMID: 31649687 PMCID: PMC6794951 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.01171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Pests and diseases pose a threat to food security, which is nowadays aggravated by climate change and globalization. In this context, agricultural policies demand innovative approaches to more effectively manage resources and overcome the ecological issues raised by intensive farming. Optimization of plant mineral nutrition is a sustainable approach to ameliorate crop health and yield. Zinc is a micronutrient essential for all living organisms with a key role in growth, development, and defense. Competition for Zn affects the outcome of the host-attacker interaction in both plant and animal systems. In this review, we provide a clear framework of the different strategies involving low and high Zn concentrations launched by plants to fight their enemies. After briefly introducing the most relevant macro- and micronutrients for plant defense, the functions of Zn in plant protection are summarized with special emphasis on superoxide dismutases (SODs) and zinc finger proteins. Following, we cover recent meaningful studies identifying Zn-related passive and active mechanisms for plant protection. Finally, Zn-based strategies evolved by pathogens and pests to counteract plant defenses are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catalina Cabot
- Departament of Biology, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Palma, Spain
| | - Soledad Martos
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mercè Llugany
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Berta Gallego
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Roser Tolrà
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Charlotte Poschenrieder
- Plant Physiology Laboratory, Bioscience Faculty, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
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Lu K, Li W, Cheng Y, Ni H, Chen X, Li Y, Tang B, Sun X, Li Y, Liu T, Qin N, Chen D, Zeng R, Song Y. Copper exposure enhances Spodoptera litura larval tolerance to β-cypermethrin. PESTICIDE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY 2019; 160:127-135. [PMID: 31519247 DOI: 10.1016/j.pestbp.2019.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2018] [Revised: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Environmental xenobiotics can influence the tolerance of insects to chemical insecticides. Heavy metals are widespread distributed, can be easily bio-accumulated in plants and subsequently within phytophagous insects via the food chains. However, less attention has been paid to the effect of heavy metal exposure on their insecticide tolerance. In this study, pre-exposure of copper (Cu, 25-100 mg kg-1) significantly enhanced the subsequent tolerance of Spodoptera litura to β-cypermethrin, a widely used pyrethroid insecticide in crop field. Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (CYPs) activities were cross-induced in larvae exposed to Cu and β-cypermethrin, while the activities of glutathione S-transferase (GST) and carboxylesterase (CarE) were not affected. Application of piperonyl butoxide (PBO), a P450 synergist, effectively impaired the tolerance to β-cypermethrin in Cu-exposed S. litura larvae with a synergistic ratio of 1.72, indicating that P450s contribute to larval tolerance to β-cypermethrin induced by Cu exposure. Among the four CYP6AB family genes examined, only larval midgut-specific CYP6AB12 was found to be cross-induced by Cu and β-cypermethrin. RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated silencing of CYP6AB12 effectively decreased the mRNA levels of the target gene, and significantly reduced the larval tolerance to β-cypermethrin following exposure to Cu. These results showed that pre-exposure of heavy metal Cu enhanced larval tolerance to β-cypermethrin in S. litura, possibly through the cross-induction of P450s. Our findings provide new insights on the relationship between heavy metals and chemical insecticides that may benefit both the risk evaluation of heavy metal contamination and development of pest management strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Lu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Wenru Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yibei Cheng
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Hanfang Ni
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xia Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yue Li
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Bingjie Tang
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Xiaomin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Yimin Li
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Tingting Liu
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Ningning Qin
- College of Life Sciences, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China
| | - Rensen Zeng
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
| | - Yuanyuan Song
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Genetics, Breeding and Multiple Utilization of Crops, College of Crop Science, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, PR China.
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13
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Gao M, Lin Y, Shi GZ, Li HH, Yang ZB, Xu XX, Xian JR, Yang YX, Cheng Z. Bioaccumulation and health risk assessments of trace elements in housefly (Musca domestica L.) larvae fed with food wastes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 682:485-493. [PMID: 31128368 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.05.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to use food waste to culture housefly larvae, which serve as the major source of protein in fish feeds, to evaluate copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), nickel (Ni), cadmium (Cd), and chromium (Cr) bioaccumulation and trophic transfer in the food chain. In addition, the potential health risk to humans of exposure to these metal elements via dietary intake of tilapia fed with housefly larvae feeds was also evaluated. The results showed the bioavailability of trace elements in dish waste to housefly larvae was lower than that in staple food waste. Trace element concentrations in housefly larvae fed with food waste met the animal feed standards in China and the European Union (EU). The highest concentrations of Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, and Cd in residue did not exceed the limits specified for fertilizer in China, Canada, and Germany. The tilapia fed with dried housefly larvae presented a greater final weight and protein content than those fed with commercial feed and fresh housefly larvae (p<0.05). The Cu, Cr, and Cd concentrations in tilapia fed with commercial feed were higher than in those fed with commercial housefly larvae or dried housefly larvae (p<0.05). The highest bioaccumulation of Cu, Zn, and Ni was found in tilapia fed with fresh housefly larvae feed. The results of the health risk assessment showed that the tilapia fed with the housefly larvae feed pellets or fresh housefly larvae were safe for consumption from the perspective of trace elements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Gao
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Lin
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Guang-Ze Shi
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Han-Han Li
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhan-Biao Yang
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Xun Xu
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Ren Xian
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuan-Xiang Yang
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Zhang Cheng
- College of Environment, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
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14
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Ali S, Ullah MI, Saeed MF, Khalid S, Saqib M, Arshad M, Afzal M, Damalas CA. Heavy metal exposure through artificial diet reduces growth and survival of Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:14426-14434. [PMID: 30868456 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04792-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Insect physiology is affected by the presence of toxins in the surrounding environment of insects as well as their food sources. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of heavy metal exposure to two low concentrations (50 μg/g and 150 μg/g) of lead (Pb) and zinc (Zn) through artificial diet to the larvae on biological parameters of Asian armyworm (Spodoptera litura Fabricius) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Both Pb and Zn, even at low concentrations, had relatively high toxic effects on S. litura larvae (P < 0.01). S. litura larval weight and length suffered the maximum reduction when the larvae were fed on diet mixed with the high Pb concentration (150 μg/g) tested compared to the other treatments. At the same Pb concentration (150 μg/g), values of larva growth index, pupa growth index, immature growth index, standardized growth index, and fitness index were 4.66, 7.33, 7.82, 5.35, and 10.00 times lower, respectively, than those of control. At the same Zn concentration (150 μg/g), values of larval growth index, pupal growth index, immature growth index, standardized growth index, and fitness index were 5.61, 3.00, 3.04, 3.23, and 9.24 times lower, respectively, than those of control. The survival rate of S. litura larvae was also lower (12.5%) when the larvae were fed on diet mixed with Pb at 150 μg/g after 10 days of observation. Overall, the presence of those heavy metals in the environment, even at low concentrations, would exert an adverse impact on larvae development of this insect. From this point of view, findings could provide a basis for long-term evaluation of heavy metal risk and its impact on populations of important agricultural pests.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sajjad Ali
- Department of Entomology, UCA & ES, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Bahawalpur, 63100, Pakistan.
| | - Muhammad Irfan Ullah
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | | | - Samina Khalid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Saqib
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Afzal
- Department of Entomology, College of Agriculture, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, 40100, Pakistan
| | - Christos A Damalas
- Department of Agricultural Development, Democritus University of Thrace, Orestiada, Greece.
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15
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Aboelkheir MG, Visconte LY, Oliveira GE, Toledo Filho RD, Souza FG. The biodegradative effect of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus larvae on vulcanized SBR and tire crumb. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 649:1075-1082. [PMID: 30308879 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.08.228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The overall world consumption rate of rubber tends to increase by an average of 2.8% per year in the period between 2017 and 2025. Rubber residues represent a severe problem to both health and environment due to their cross-linked structure that offers a prolonged degradation rate. A good solution to eliminate this problem is recycling and recovery, aiming at the production of new materials. The tire crumb can be recycled by chemical/biological recovery, where the elastomer is devulcanized, or by physical recovery, where the three-dimensional network is transformed into small fragments. In this study, we investigated the bio-degradation effect caused by Mealworms (the larvae of Tenebrio molitor Linnaeus) on vulcanized SBR-rubber and tire crumb as a desulphurization method. The surface modifications of both rubbers were studied by instrumental techniques: FTIR-ATR, TGA, XRD, and SEM. The cross-linking degree of the rubber was determined via circular condensation method. The obtained results show that the Tenebrio molitor could survive after three weeks of direct contact with SBR-rubber and tire crumb as the only alimentation. There was a declining effect of cross-linking degree by increasing the contact time between the rubbers and larvae. The FTIR results indicate surface/chemical modifications of the rubbers and the SEM results show the free sulfur after it was released in the form of sulfur flower-like. Also, the TGA results highlight a difference in the degrading behavior and residues of the treated and non-treated rubbers. Therefore, the reported results were promising, demonstrating the biodegradation effect caused by the Tenebrio molitor mealworms, highlighting an alternative and natural mean of degrading vulcanized rubber residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa G Aboelkheir
- Instituto de Macromoléculas, Centro de Tecnologia - Cidade Universitária, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco J. Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Zip code 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Leila Y Visconte
- Instituto de Macromoléculas, Centro de Tecnologia - Cidade Universitária, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco J. Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Zip code 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Geiza E Oliveira
- Programa de Engenharia Civil, COPPE, Centro de Tecnologia-Cidade Universitária, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco I. Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Zip code 21941-914, Brazil
| | - Romildo D Toledo Filho
- Programa de Engenharia Civil, COPPE, Centro de Tecnologia-Cidade Universitária, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco I. Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Zip code 21941-914, Brazil
| | - Fernando G Souza
- Instituto de Macromoléculas, Centro de Tecnologia - Cidade Universitária, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco J. Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Zip code 21941-909, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia Civil, COPPE, Centro de Tecnologia-Cidade Universitária, Av. Horacio Macedo, 2030, Bloco I. Universidade Federal de Rio de Janeiro, Zip code 21941-914, Brazil.
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16
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Li K, Chen J, Jin P, Li J, Wang J, Shu Y. Effects of Cd accumulation on cutworm Spodoptera litura larvae via Cd treated Chinese flowering cabbage Brassica campestris and artificial diets. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 200:151-163. [PMID: 29477764 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
By exposing herbivorous cutworm Spodoptera litura (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) larvae to Cadmium (Cd) stress via Cd treated cabbages Brassica campestris and artificial diets, we investigated effects of Cd accumulation in larvae on their survival and food utilization. The results showed that Cd transferred from soils contaminated with different Cd concentrations through cabbages-larvae, and be mainly accumulated in larvae guts. There was a dose-response relationship between Cd accumulations in larvae cuticle, head, guts and Cd concentrations in artificial diets, and the highest one was found in the guts, regardless of generations. High Cd stress (10 mg kg-1 Cd in soil, 40.6, 81.2 mg kg-1 Cd in artificial diets) had inhibited effects on larvae growth and food utilization, whereas low Cd stress (Lvbao 701 planted in 2.5 mg kg-1 Cd soil, 4.06 mg kg-1 Cd in artificial diets) showed stimulated effect. Cd accumulations in the guts were significantly negative correlated with efficiency of conversion of ingested food (ECI) and relative growth rate (RGR) of larvae feeding on Cd treated diets or cabbages while were significantly positive correlated with relative consumption rate (RCR). Therefore, after S. litura larvae feed on Cd treated natural food or artificial diets, Cd could be transferred to different tissues, and mainly accumulated in the guts, which significantly affected growth and food utilization. Additionally, Cd stress via Cd treated artificial diets presented less detrimental effects on S. litura larvae than via Cd treated cabbages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keqing Li
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jin Chen
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Pan Jin
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Junfei Li
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jianwu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yinghua Shu
- Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China.
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17
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Wang X, Gao Q, Liu X, Wang XP, Lei C, Sayed WAA, Zhu F. Metallothionein in Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758) larvae (Diptera: Stratiomyidae), a potential biomarker for organic waste system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:5379-5385. [PMID: 29209974 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-0856-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Black soldier fly, Hermetia illucens (Linnaeus, 1758), is an important economic fly as its larvae can be used for recycling organic waste, such as food waste and manure. H. illucens larvae (BSFL) could uptake Cd from substrates and accumulate it inside bodies, which need to be monitored during waste treatment. Metallothionein (MT) usually serve as biomarker because of its role in metal homeostasis, detoxification, and dose response of heavy metals. Therefore, a MT gene was cloned from H. illucens (HIMT) that encoded 40 amino acids with typical cysteine rich features, which had a high sequence identity with other insect MTs. The expression of HIMT and total MT protein was measured in BSFL fed by meals spiked with gradient dose of Cd (0, 5, 50, 500 mg/kg) for 24, 48, 72, and 96 h, respectively. Dose-associated response of HIMT and total MT were found and the possible correlative range of Cd was from 5 to 50 mg/kg. The expression of HIMT might be a potential biomarker for monitoring Cd contamination by H. illucens in terrestrial organic matters, which might further apply in waste transformation system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyun Wang
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Waste Conversion by Insects, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiao Gao
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Waste Conversion by Insects, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhui Liu
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Waste Conversion by Insects, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Ping Wang
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaoliang Lei
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Waheed A A Sayed
- Biological Application Department, Nuclear Research Centre, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Fen Zhu
- Hubei International Scientific and Technological Cooperation Base of Waste Conversion by Insects, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
- Hubei Insect Resources Utilization and Sustainable Pest Management Key Laboratory, College of Plant Science and Technology, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.
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18
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Jampílek J, Kráľová K. Benefits and Potential Risks of Nanotechnology Applications in Crop Protection. NANOTECHNOLOGY IN THE LIFE SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-91161-8_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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19
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Salvaggio A, Pecoraro R, Scalisi EM, Tibullo D, Lombardo BM, Messina G, Loreto F, Copat C, Ferrante M, Avola R, D'amante G, Genovese C, Raccuia SA, Brundo MV. Morphostructural and immunohistochemical study on the role of metallothionein in the detoxification of heavy metals in Apis mellifera L., 1758. Microsc Res Tech 2017; 80:1215-1220. [PMID: 28833895 DOI: 10.1002/jemt.22919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Honey is a valuable food produced by bees from sugary substances that they gather in nature. The transformation the nectar into honey, by bees, is long and complex. Except for honey, where heavy metals are absent or are found only in traces, the bees and their products have always been considered excellent biomarkers of such contaminants. We have assumed that the absence of heavy metals in honey is due to the presence of a detoxification system in the digestive system of bees, which involves metallothioneins, proteins that have a role in the homeostatic control of essential and non-essential metals. We have placed the beehives in three different zones: industrial, urban and rural. Investigations were carried out with ICP-MS method for the detection of heavy metals in the guts of honey bees and honey. The metallothioneins have been identified by Immunohistochemical and Western-blotting analisys. The investigations have shown the presence of heavy metals only in bees guts but not in honey, while the presence of metallothionein has been highlighted only in epithelium of the honey sac, demonstrating the existence of an efficient system of detoxification of heavy metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Salvaggio
- Experimental Zooprophylactic Institute of Sicily "A. Mirri", Via Passo Gravina 195, Catania, I-95123, Italy
| | - Roberta Pecoraro
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, Catania, I-95124, Italy
| | - Elena Maria Scalisi
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, Catania, I-95124, Italy
| | - Daniele Tibullo
- Department of Biomedical and Biotecnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, Catania, I-95123, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Lombardo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, Catania, I-95124, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Messina
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, Catania, I-95124, Italy
| | - Francesco Loreto
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, Catania, I-95124, Italy
| | - Chiara Copat
- Department "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 87, Catania, I-95123, Italy
| | - Margherita Ferrante
- Department "G.F. Ingrassia", University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia, 87, Catania, I-95123, Italy
| | - Roberto Avola
- Department of Biomedical and Biotecnological Sciences, University of Catania, Via Santa Sofia 97, Catania, I-95123, Italy
| | - Giusi D'amante
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, Catania, I-95124, Italy.,National Research Council Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, Via Empedocle, 58, Catania, I-95125, Italy
| | - Claudia Genovese
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, Catania, I-95124, Italy.,National Research Council Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, Via Empedocle, 58, Catania, I-95125, Italy
| | - Salvatore Antonino Raccuia
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, Catania, I-95124, Italy.,National Research Council Institute for Agricultural and Forest Systems in the Mediterranean, National Research Council, Via Empedocle, 58, Catania, I-95125, Italy
| | - Maria Violetta Brundo
- Department of Biological, Geological and Environmental Science, University of Catania, Via Androne 81, Catania, I-95124, Italy
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Tracing heavy metals in 'swine manure - maggot - chicken' production chain. Sci Rep 2017; 7:8417. [PMID: 28827547 PMCID: PMC5566944 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07317-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of large-scale livestock farming, manure pollution has drawn much attention. Conversion by insects is a rapid and cost-effective new method for manure management. Swine manure conversion with maggots (Musca domestica larvae) has developed, and the harvested maggots are often used as animal feed. However, the flow of heavy metals from manure to downstream processes cannot be ignored, and therefore, heavy metal content was measured in untreated raw manure, maggot-treated manure, harvested maggots and maggot-eating chickens (chest muscle and liver) to evaluate potential heavy metal risks. The levels of zinc, copper, chromium, selenium, cadmium and lead had significant differences between untreated raw manure and maggot-treated manure. The concentrations of all detected heavy metals, except for cadmium and selenium, in maggots met the limits established by the feed or feed additive standards of many countries. The bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of heavy metals decreased with the increase of the maggot instar, indicating that heavy metals were discharged from the bodies of maggots with the growth of maggots. Also, the contents of overall heavy metals in chickens fed harvested maggots met the standards for food. In conclusion, regarding heavy metals, it is eco-safe to use maggots in manure management.
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Bednarska AJ, Laskowski R, Pyza E, Semik D, Świątek Z, Woźnicka O. Metal toxicokinetics and metal-driven damage to the gut of the ground beetle Pterostichus oblongopunctatus. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:22047-22058. [PMID: 27541151 PMCID: PMC5099362 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-7412-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Toxicokinetics makes up the background for predicting concentrations of chemicals in organisms and, thus, ecological risk assessment. However, physiological and toxicological mechanisms behind toxicokinetics of particular chemicals are purely understood. The commonly used one-compartment model has been challenged recently, showing that in the case of metals it does not describe the pattern observed in terrestrial invertebrates exposed to highly contaminated food. We hypothesised that the main mechanism shaping toxicokinetics of metals in invertebrates at high exposure concentrations in food is the cellular damage to the gut epithelial cells. Gut damage should result in decreased metal assimilation rate, while shedding the dead cells - in increased elimination rate. We performed a typical toxicokinetic experiment, feeding the ground beetles Pterostichus oblongopunctatus food contaminated with Cd, Ni or Zn at 40 mM kg-1 for 28 days, followed by a depuration period of 14 days on uncontaminated food. The male beetles were sampled throughout the experiment for body metal concentrations and histopathological examinations of the midgut. All metals exhibited a complex pattern of internal concentrations over time, with an initial rapid increase followed by a decrease and fluctuating concentrations during further metal exposure. Histopathological studies showed massive damage to the midgut epithelium, with marked differences between the metals. Cd appeared the most toxic and caused immediate midgut cell degeneration. The effects of Ni were more gradual and pronounced after at least 1 week of exposure. Zn also caused extensive degeneration in the gut epithelium but its effects were the weakest among the studied metals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka J Bednarska
- Institute of Nature Conservation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Mickiewicza 33, 31-120, Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Laskowski
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pyza
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Danuta Semik
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Świątek
- Institute of Environmental Sciences, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
| | - Olga Woźnicka
- Institute of Zoology, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387, Kraków, Poland
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22
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Shu Y, Zhou J, Lu K, Li K, Zhou Q. Response of the common cutworm Spodoptera litura to lead stress: changes in sex ratio, Pb accumulations, midgut cell ultrastructure. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 139:441-451. [PMID: 26248226 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Revised: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 07/23/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
When cutworm Spodoptera litura larvae were fed on the diets with different lead (Pb) concentrations for one or five generations, changes in growth and food utilization were recorded; Pb accumulations were detected by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; changes in midgut cell ultrastructure were observed by Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM). The effects of Pb stress on S. litura growth and food utilization differed significantly between insects of the 1st and 5th generation. The male-female rate of 200mgkg(-1) Pb treatment from the 1st generation and 50mgkg(-1) Pb treatment from the 5th generation was significantly higher than control. No significant difference of Pb accumulations was found in larvae, pupae and adults between the 1st and 5th generation. No significant difference of Pb accumulations in corresponding tissues of larvae was found between male and female. Compared to fat body, hemolymph, head, foregut and hindgut, the highest Pb accumulation was found in migut of larvae exposed to 200mgkg(-1) Pb. TEM showed that expanded intercellular spaces were observed in Pb-treated midgut cells. The nuclei were strongly destroyed by Pb stress, evidenced by chromatin condensation and destroyed nuclear envelope. Mitochondria became swollen with some broken cristae after exposure to Pb. Therefore, neither gender nor progeny difference was present in Pb accumulations of S. litura, although effects of Pb stress on S. litura growth and food utilization differed from different generations and genders. Pb accumulations in midgut caused pathological changes in cells ultrastructure, possibly reflected the growth and food utilization of S. litura.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghua Shu
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China; State Key Laboratory of Biological Control and Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Jialiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control and Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Kai Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control and Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Keqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Agroecology and Rural Environment of Guangdong Regular Higher Education Institutions, Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture, Department of Crop Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Qiang Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Biological Control and Institute of Entomology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
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Yasur J, Rani PU. Lepidopteran insect susceptibility to silver nanoparticles and measurement of changes in their growth, development and physiology. CHEMOSPHERE 2015; 124:92-102. [PMID: 25482980 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Revised: 11/05/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Increased use of nanomaterials in various fields of science has lead for the need to study the impact of nanomaterial on the environment in general and on insect and plant life in particular. We studied the impact of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on growth and feeding responses of two lepidopteran pests of castor plant (Ricinus communis L.) namely Asian armyworm, Spodoptera litura F. and castor semilooper, Achaea janata L. Larvae were fed with PVP coated-AgNPs treated castor leaf at different concentrations and their activity was compared to that of silver nitrate (AgNO3) treated leaf diets. Larval and pupal body weights decreased along with the decrease in the concentrations of AgNPs and AgNO3 in both the test insects. Low amounts of silver were accumulated in the larval guts, but major portion of it was eliminated through the feces. Ultrastructural studies of insect gut cell using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) showed accumulation of silver nanoparticles in cell organelles. Changes in the antioxidative and detoxifying enzymes of the treated larva were estimated. The effect of treatments showed differences in the activities of detoxifying enzymes, carboxylesterases (CarE), glucosidases (Glu) and glutathione S-transferases (GST) in the larval gut. Activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase were also altered in the larval bodies due to the AgNPs treatments, suggesting that exposure of larvae to nanoparticles induces oxidative stress, which is countered by antioxidant enzymes. Induction of these enzymes may be an effective detoxification mechanism by which the herbivorous insect defends itself against nanoparticle treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyothsna Yasur
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India
| | - Pathipati Usha Rani
- Biology and Biotechnology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Tarnaka, Hyderabad 500007, India.
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