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Touranlou FA, Moghimani M, Marhamati M, Rezaie M. Detection and measurement of radioactive substances in water and food: a narrative review. Ital J Food Saf 2024; 13:11651. [PMID: 38623281 PMCID: PMC11017961 DOI: 10.4081/ijfs.2024.11651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Contamination of food and water with radioactive substances is a serious health problem. There are several methods to detect and measure radioactive materials, some of which have been developed in recent years. This paper aims to discuss the methods of detecting and measuring radioactive substances in food and water. The principles and the advantages and disadvantages of each method have been discussed. The results showed that some of these methods, such as spectrometry γ-ray high-purity germanium, portable radon gas surveyor SILENA, RAD7, and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, have a higher sensitivity for detection and measurement. The spectrometry γ-ray high-purity germanium method has attracted more attention than other methods because it can measure a wide range of radionuclides with high resolution.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Mitra Rezaie
- Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Iran
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2
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Turhan Ş, Kurnaz A, Aydın E. Assessment of internal radiation exposure caused by radon in commercially bottled spring waters consumed in Turkey. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:1215-1226. [PMID: 37165966 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2023.2211948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
The variation of dissolved radon levels in water supplies remains of interest since radon ingested through drinking water can give considerable radiation to the lining of the stomach. This study aims to determine the radon concentration levels in bottled spring drinking water (BSW) brands commercially sold in Turkey using a radon gas monitor and to assess the internal radiation exposure caused by the ingestion and inhalation of radon. The activity concentrations of radon analyzed in 77 BSW brands varied from 7.1±0.8 to 28.7±2.7 mBq/L with an average of 15.7±5.1 mBq/L. The total annual effective dose was estimated to assess the radiological risk for three age groups in four different scenarios based on annual drinking water intake. All estimated dose values are well below the recommended reference dose of 100 µSv for drinking water. Therefore, radon gas in the investigated BSW samples poses no significant radiological risk to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Şeref Turhan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Aslı Kurnaz
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
| | - Erol Aydın
- Department of Physics, Institute of Science, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, Turkey
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3
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Zhou W, Wang H, Zhong Q, Shao Y, Zhou D, Yu X. Characterizing 226Ra and its daughters in coastal zone groundwater of a typical human-activity affected bay: occurrence, safety, and source evaluation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:8703-8718. [PMID: 38180669 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-31784-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Due to their extremely toxic properties, 226Ra and it daughters (222Rn, 210Pb, and 210Po) in drinking groundwater require monitoring. Recent studies have reported exceptionally high levels of natural 210Po (up to 10,000 Bq/m3), 226Ra, and 222Rn isotopes in groundwater. This study aims to provide background data on 226Ra and its daughter radionuclides in the typical agricultural-industrial Dongshan Bay (DSB) before the construction of Zhangzhou Nuclear Power Plant (Zhangzhou NPP). The measurement results indicate that no abnormally high activities of 210Po and 210Pb were detected in the investigated wells. Strong positive correlations between 210Pb and 210Po, as well as between 222Rn and 210Pb activities, suggest that the origins of 210Pb and 210Po in groundwater are strongly influenced by the decay of the parent radionuclides 222Rn and 210Pb, respectively. In the DSB coastal zone groundwater, significant deficiencies of 210Po relative to 210Pb and 210Pb relative to 222Rn were observed, providing further evidence that 210Po and 210Pb are also effectively scavenged due to their geochemical properties (specifically particle affinity) within the groundwater-aquifer system. A systematic comparison among all relevant water bodies in the DSB revealed that the activity concentrations of 210Pb and 210Po in groundwater were the highest, except for rainwater. Based on the evaluation of 210Pb sources, the results imply that submarine groundwater discharge (SGD) is an important pathway for transferring radionuclides (such as 210Pb) from land to the nearshore marine environment, even though the study area has a lower 210Pb background groundwater. By considering all the 210Pb's sources in the DSB, we found low 210Pb background groundwater discharge still needs to be taken into account for small-scale bays. This is because SGD was calculated to be one of the most important 210Pb sources in the bay during observation season. Regardless of whether the system is in a normal state or a nuclear accident emergency state, greater attention should be paid to the groundwater discharge of radionuclides into the ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenqing Zhou
- Ministry of Natural Resources, National Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin, 300112, China
- Ministry of Natural Resources, Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation Technology, Tianjin, 300112, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, 184 # DaXue Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian Province, China
| | - Qiangqiang Zhong
- Ministry of Natural Resources, Third Institute of Oceanography, 184 # DaXue Road, Siming District, Xiamen, 361005, Fujian Province, China.
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Yi Shao
- Ministry of Natural Resources, National Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin, 300112, China
- Ministry of Natural Resources, Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation Technology, Tianjin, 300112, China
| | - Da Zhou
- Ministry of Natural Resources, National Ocean Technology Center, Tianjin, 300112, China
- Ministry of Natural Resources, Key Laboratory of Ocean Observation Technology, Tianjin, 300112, China
| | - Xueqing Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
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4
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Lee HW, Chae JS. Experimental optimization of physicochemical factors for spontaneous deposition of 210Po using newly designed deposition kit. Appl Radiat Isot 2023; 197:110835. [PMID: 37146468 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2023.110835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2023] [Accepted: 04/27/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A simple spontaneous deposition kit for 210Po determination using alpha spectrometry was newly designed, and polonium deposition characteristics under various physicochemical conditions were evaluated using it. The high-purity silver disc (99.99%) showed high deposition efficiencies of over 85.1% in the HCl concentration range of 0.01-6 M. Optimal physicochemical factors were determined to be a temperature of 90 °C, deposition time of 90 min, and the use of ascorbic acid as a reducing agent in an amount similar to that of the interfering element (Fe).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeon-Woo Lee
- Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, 62 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34142, South Korea
| | - Jung-Seok Chae
- Korea Institute of Nuclear Safety, 62 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 34142, South Korea.
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5
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Natural radionuclides in Greek raisins. J Food Compost Anal 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfca.2023.105142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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6
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Aladeniyi K, Olowookere CJ, Khandaker MU, Alsufyani SJ. Evaluation of Radiological Health Risks in Popularly Consumed Brands of Sachet Water in Nigeria. Front Public Health 2022; 10:917422. [PMID: 35923963 PMCID: PMC9340260 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.917422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiological investigation of 35 brands of most popularly used sachet drinking water in Ondo state, Nigeria has been carried out using a spectrometric method for evaluating the concomitant health risks to the members of the public. Activity concentrations of the investigated radionuclides 40K, 226R, and 228Ra were in the range from 16.35 ± 4.10 to 199.94 ± 38.40 Bq L−1 with an arithmetic mean (AM) of 66.22 ± 54.99 Bq L−1, from 1.35± 0.79 to 17.06 ± 5.13 Bq L−1 with an AM of 6.88 ± 3.66 Bq L−1, and from 1.95 ± 0.08 to 17.22 ± 3.87 Bq L−1 with an AM of 9.49 ± 4.98 Bq L−1, respectively. The determined annual effective doses and the corresponding excess lifetime cancer risks due to 226Ra and 228Ra were found to exceed the acceptable limits of 0.1 mSv y−1 and 10−3 respectively, as suggested by the World Health Organization (WHO). This implies a non-negligible carcinogenic health hazard due to the intake of the surveyed drinking water, especially for the lactating babies (0–1) y and teenagers (12–17) y. The data from this research may form an invaluable component of radiometric values of the database in Nigeria, as well as the world for setting up guidelines and control policies for the use of sachet water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kehinde Aladeniyi
- Department of Physics, Federal University of Technology, Akure, Nigeria
- *Correspondence: Kehinde Aladeniyi
| | | | - Mayeen Uddin Khandaker
- Centre for Applied Physics and Radiation Technologies, School of Engineering and Technology, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Malaysia
- Department of General Educational Development, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, Daffodil International University, Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Sultan J. Alsufyani
- Department of Physics, College of Science, Taif University, Taif, Saudi Arabia
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7
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López-Pérez M, Martín-Luis C, Catalán A, Salazar-Carballo PA. Estimation of radiation doses due to groundwater intake at a volcanic island: Tenerife (Canary Islands, Spain). Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.108830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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8
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Slavchev B, Tonev D, Dobrev L, Geleva E, Veleva B, Protohristov H, Goutev N, Demerdjiev A, Dimitrova D. URANIUM AND 210PO RADIONUCLIDES IN DRINKING WATER IN SOUTHERN BULGARIA AND EXPECTED RADIATION DOSES. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2022; 198:299-309. [PMID: 35368087 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncac039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The activity concentrations of the naturally occurring radionuclides 238U, 234U and 210Po have been determined for the first time in drinking water from certain sources in Southern Bulgaria using nuclear and radiochemical methods. The results obtained for the water samples vary in the intervals 0.6-678 mBq l-1 for 238U, 1.4-1484 mBq l-1 for 234U, <0.3-13.6 mBq l-1 for 210Po and 1.04-10.6 for the 234U/238U ratio. The annual effective dose from 238U, 234U and 210Po ranges from 1.09 to 44.1 μSv y-1, 0.78 to 46.8 μSv y-1 and 0.77 to 62.8 μSv y-1 for infants, children and adults, respectively. The annual effective dose due to consumption of drinking water is below the individual dose criterion of 100 μSv y-1 recommended by the World Health Organization. The natural radioactivity of the water sources investigated is below the national and international limits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bozhidar Slavchev
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tsarigradsko chaussee Blvd., Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
| | - Dimitar Tonev
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tsarigradsko chaussee Blvd., Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
| | - Lyuben Dobrev
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tsarigradsko chaussee Blvd., Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
| | - Elena Geleva
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tsarigradsko chaussee Blvd., Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
| | - Blagorodka Veleva
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tsarigradsko chaussee Blvd., Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
- National Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, 66, Tsarigradsko chaussee Blvd., Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
| | - Hristo Protohristov
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tsarigradsko chaussee Blvd., Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
| | - Nikolay Goutev
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tsarigradsko chaussee Blvd., Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
| | - Anguel Demerdjiev
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tsarigradsko chaussee Blvd., Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
| | - Desislava Dimitrova
- Institute for Nuclear Research and Nuclear Energy, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 72, Tsarigradsko chaussee Blvd., Sofia 1784, Bulgaria
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9
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The assessment of the annual effective dose due to ingestion of radionuclides from drinking water consumption: calculation methods. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-020-07438-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
AbstractIn the present paper the different ways of assessing the annual effective dose due to ingestion of radionuclides by drinking water consumption were examined and exemplified. On a set of 10 samples the gross alpha activity, the gross beta activity, the concentration of 210Po, 210Pb, 238U, 232Th and, 226Ra were measured. The highest annual effective dose values assessed by relying on the investigated sample set were found by using the rationale according to which all the gross alpha and beta activity is due to the alpha and beta radionuclide, with the highest effective dose coefficient, namely 210Po and 210Pb/228Ra, respectively.
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10
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Zhong Q, Wang X, Wang Q, Zhang F, Li L, Wang Y, Du J. 222Rn, 210Pb and 210Po in coastal zone groundwater: Activities, geochemical behaviors, consideration of seawater intrusion effect, and the potential radiation human-health risk. Appl Radiat Isot 2020; 166:109386. [PMID: 32858374 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2020.109386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Groundwater quality in human-influenced coastal landscapes is receiving novel attention. Radionuclides have been recognized as another important monitoring indicator in many developed countries due to the discovery of extremely high level of natural 210Po (up to 10,000 Bq/m3) and radium and radon isotopes. This study aims to evaluate the groundwater quality in the Beibu Bulf-Guangxi coast from radiological point of view. 210Po, 210Pb and 222Rn activities in 20 wells ranged from 0.24 ± 0.05 to 6.96 ± 1.62 Bq/m3, 2.17 ± 0.12 to 13.08 ± 0.74 Bq/m3 and 1500 ± 200 to 31,800 ± 900 Bq/m3, respectively. Compared with research data of other countries, groundwaters in this area have 210Po, 210Pb and 222Rn activity within low levels. The large deficiencies of 210Po and 210Pb relative to 222Rn in groundwaters implied that 210Po and 210Pb are strong particle-reactive radionuclides and they might be controlled by similar scavenging processes in groundwaters due to a good positive correlation between 210Pb and 210Po (R2 = 0.67, p < 0.01). The concentrations of 210Po and 210Pb decreased with increasing pH values and salinity, which indicated that geochemical behaviors of 210Po and 210Pb in groundwater were influenced by seawater intrusion and pH changing. Groundwater 222Rn activity concentrations decreased with increasing salinity in coastal zone, which may be caused by dilution due to seawater intrusion or intensified 222Rn escaping from well-developed pores in coastal zone. The estimated annual ingestion doses for infants, children and adults were well below the recommended reference dose level (RDL) of 0.2-0.8 mSv/a, suggesting that consumption of analyzed groundwaters is safe from radiological point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiangqiang Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
| | - Xilong Wang
- Guangxi Key Laboratory of Marine Disaster in the Beibu Gulf, Beibu Gulf University, Qinzhou, 535011, China.
| | - Qiugui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Nuclear Resources and Environment, East China University of Technology, Nanchang, 330013, Jiangxi Province, China
| | - Fule Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Linwei Li
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Yali Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China
| | - Jinzhou Du
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241, China.
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11
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Kinahan A, Hosoda M, Kelleher K, Tsujiguchi T, Akata N, Tokonami S, Currivan L, León Vintró L. Assessment of Radiation Dose from the Consumption of Bottled Drinking Water in Japan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17144992. [PMID: 32664497 PMCID: PMC7400529 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17144992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Activity concentrations of 234U, 235U, 238U, 226Ra, 228Ra, 222Rn, 210Po, 210Pb, 40K, 3H, 14C, 134Cs and 137Cs were determined in 20 different Japanese bottled drinking water commercially available in Japan. The origins of the mineral water samples were geographically distributed across different regions of Japan. Activity concentrations above detection limits were measured for the radionuclides 234U, 235U, 238U, 226Ra, 228Ra and 210Po. An average total annual effective dose due to ingestion was estimated for adults, based on the average annual volume of bottled water consumed in Japan in 2019, reported to be 31.7 L/y per capita. The estimated dose was found to be below the recommended World Health Organisation (WHO) guidance level of 0.1 mSv/y for drinking water quality. The most significant contributor to the estimated dose was 228Ra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aoife Kinahan
- Environmental Protection Agency, Clonskeagh Square, Clonskeagh, D14 H424 Dublin 14, Ireland; (K.K.); (L.C.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +353-01-268-0100
| | - Masahiro Hosoda
- Graduate School of Health Science, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan; (M.H.); (T.T.)
| | - Kevin Kelleher
- Environmental Protection Agency, Clonskeagh Square, Clonskeagh, D14 H424 Dublin 14, Ireland; (K.K.); (L.C.)
| | - Takakiyo Tsujiguchi
- Graduate School of Health Science, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan; (M.H.); (T.T.)
| | - Naofumi Akata
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan; (N.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Shinji Tokonami
- Institute of Radiation Emergency Medicine, Hirosaki University, 66-1 Hon-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8564, Japan; (N.A.); (S.T.)
| | - Lorraine Currivan
- Environmental Protection Agency, Clonskeagh Square, Clonskeagh, D14 H424 Dublin 14, Ireland; (K.K.); (L.C.)
| | - Luis León Vintró
- School of Physics, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland;
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12
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Semerjian L, Alrajaby H, Naaz N, Kasfah R, Dalah EZ, Waheed E, Nabulssi A, Metwally WA. Age-dependent effective ingestion dose estimations and lifetime risk assessment for selected radionuclides ( 40K and 3H) in bottled waters marketed in United Arab Emirates. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 249:126114. [PMID: 32044611 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.126114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 02/01/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Monitoring drinking water, including bottled water, is imperative to safeguarding public health especially where bottled water consumption is high like in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). In this study, radionuclide activity levels of Tritium (3H) and Potassium (40K) were assessed in various brands of bottled water marketed in UAE. Activity level data was used to calculate the annual effective doses (Ed) for different age groups, and the excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) for adult males and females in the UAE population. Activity levels for both radionuclides were below the allowable maximum guideline values specified by local and international standards. Calculated total age dependent ingestion doses revealed that adults and lactation age groups received the highest effective ingestion doses. Adult males exhibited a higher ELCR for both isotopes, compared to females. Nonetheless, total radioactive dose for each water brand (0.91-1.47 μSv/yr) as well as for each population group were well below the recommended annual reference dose level of 100 μSv set by World Health Organization. Therefore, bottled water in the UAE is safe from the radiological aspect for investigated radionuclides, and poses no significant radiological exposure and health risk to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucy Semerjian
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Hadya Alrajaby
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nimra Naaz
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rim Kasfah
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Entesar Z Dalah
- Department of Medical Diagnostic Imaging, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box, 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Eithar Waheed
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Amal Nabulssi
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Walid A Metwally
- Department of Mechanical and Nuclear Engineering, College of Engineering, University of Sharjah, P.O.Box 27272, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
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13
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Simultaneous Determination of Gross Alpha/Beta Activities in Groundwater for Ingestion Effective Dose and its Associated Public Health Risk Prevention. Sci Rep 2020; 10:4299. [PMID: 32152426 PMCID: PMC7062759 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-61203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper presents information on the gross alpha and gross beta activity concentrations of two hundred twenty-six groundwater samples collected by gas flow proportional counters in southern Vietnam. The gross alpha results in the water samples ranged from 0.024 to 0.748 Bq L-1 with a mean of 0.183 ± 0.034 Bq L-1, and the gross beta results in the water samples ranged from 0.027-0.632 Bq L-1 with a mean of 0.152 ± 0.015 Bq L-1. The values obtained in this work were compared with those previously published for various regions or countries. Next, untreated and treated groundwater samples were analyzed to assess their influences on the treatment process. The results showed that there were differences in the minimum detection concentrations and the mean activity values between the untreated and treated groundwater samples (The p-value of the mean comparison tests is significant with p < 0.05). In both sample groups, there was a strong positive correlation of the gross alpha versus the gross beta results (r > 0.6). This means that among the radionuclides, the major sources of beta radiation are uranium and thorium decay series radionuclides. Finally, the annual effective dose for adults (>17 years) was calculated based on the assumption that major radionuclides have the highest effective dose conversion factors. In general, the results for Pb-210, Ra-226, and Ra-228 were observed to be lower than the recommended reference values established by the World Health Organization and the International Atomic Energy Agency, except for the value of Po-210.
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14
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Assessment of annual effective dose from radium isotopes in groundwater samples in households along the lower Mekong River. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-019-06699-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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15
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Altıkulaç A, Turhan Ş, Gümüş H. The natural and artificial radionuclides in drinking water samples and consequent population doses. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jrras.2015.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aydan Altıkulaç
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey
| | - Şeref Turhan
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science and Letters, Kastamonu University, Kastamonu, 37150, Turkey
| | - Hasan Gümüş
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, Ondokuz Mayıs University, Kurupelit, Samsun, Turkey
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16
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Determination of the activity and the average annual dose of absorbed uranium and polonium in drinking water from Warsaw. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6351-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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17
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18
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Van Duong H, Nguyen CD, Nowak J, Kovacs T, Hoang QA. Uranium and radium isotopes in some selected thermal, surface and bottled waters in Vietnam. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6317-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Pintilie V, Ene A, Georgescu LP, Pintilie AG, Moraru DI, Iticescu C. Gross alpha, gross beta and radionuclides (210Po, 210Pb, 238U, 232Th, 226Ra and 40K) exposure assessment due to meat consumption. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-018-6156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Krmpotic M, Rožmaric M, Petrinec B, Bituh T, Fiket Ž, Benedik L. RADIONUCLIDE AND MAJOR ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF THERMAL AND MINERAL WATERS IN CROATIA WITH A RELATED DOSE ASSESSMENT. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2018; 181:199-207. [PMID: 29415181 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/ncy010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Major elements concentrations (Na, K, Ca, Mg) and the activity concentrations of 226,228Ra, 234,238U, 210Po, 210Pb, 40K and 137Cs in northern and eastern Croatian thermal and mineral waters, collected directly from springs (or wells), are presented herein with total effective doses assessed for those waters that are considered as drinking 'cures' and are available for consumption. The methods used for radionuclide determination included alpha-particle spectrometry, gas-proportional counting and gamma-ray spectrometry, while the major element composition was determined by ICP-MS. The activity concentrations of all of the radionuclides were found to be below the guidance levels set by the WHO and EC Directive, with the exception of one water sample that measured 0.26 Bq L-1 of 228Ra. The effective ingestion dose assessment for the consumption of the so-called water 'cures' during 1, 2 or 4 weeks' time period throughout 1 year was well below the recommended 0.1 mSv for drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matea Krmpotic
- Ruder Boškovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Branko Petrinec
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tomislav Bituh
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Željka Fiket
- Ruder Boškovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, Zagreb, Croatia
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Radon 222 in drinking water resources of Iran: A systematic review, meta-analysis and probabilistic risk assessment (Monte Carlo simulation). Food Chem Toxicol 2018; 115:460-469. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2018.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/18/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
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Kallithrakas-Kontos NG, Xarchoulakos DC, Boultadaki P, Potiriadis C, Kehagia K. Selective Membrane Complexation and Uranium Isotopes Analysis in Tap Water and Seawater Samples. Anal Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.7b05115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos G. Kallithrakas-Kontos
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, School of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Dimitrios C. Xarchoulakos
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, School of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
- Department of Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring, Greek Atomic Energy Commission, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Paraskevi Boultadaki
- Analytical and Environmental Chemistry Laboratory, School of Mineral Resources Engineering, Technical University of Crete, 73100 Chania, Greece
| | - Constantinos Potiriadis
- Department of Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring, Greek Atomic Energy Commission, 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Konstantina Kehagia
- Department of Environmental Radioactivity Monitoring, Greek Atomic Energy Commission, 15310 Athens, Greece
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23
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Radiation dose to the Malaysian populace via the consumption of bottled mineral water. Radiat Phys Chem Oxf Engl 1993 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.radphyschem.2017.01.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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24
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Al-Shboul KF, Alali AE, Batayneh IM, Al-Khodire HY. Radiation hazards and lifetime risk assessment of tap water using liquid scintillation counting and high-resolution gamma spectrometry. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2017; 178-179:245-252. [PMID: 28915436 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 09/03/2017] [Accepted: 09/04/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, two complementary techniques, viz. liquid scintillation counting and high-resolution gamma spectrometry are utilized to analyze radionuclides concentrations in tap water of Irbid governorate, Jordan, and study their correlation. Gross alpha and gross beta concentrations, in the tap water samples collected from the nine districts of Irbid governorate, ranged from <82 to 484 mBq/L with a mean of 295 mBq/L and from <216 to 984 mBq/L with a mean of 611 mBq/L, respectively. Furthermore, gamma spectrometry analysis, for the tap water samples, shows that the activity concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K ranged between <19 and 302 mBq/L, 24 to 119 mBq/L, and <101 to 342 mBq/L, respectively. There was a weak or even no correlation among the identified natural radionuclides with no trace of artificial radioactivity. In addition, the results of both techniques show that storing tap water in drilled wells leads to higher levels of radioactivity concentrations beyond the international permissible limits. Furthermore, the average lifetime risk and annual effective dose received by age-grouped inhabitants due to direct and indirect tap water consumption are evaluated, where most of the received dose is attributed to 226Ra.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Al-Shboul
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan.
| | - A E Alali
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - I M Batayneh
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
| | - H Y Al-Khodire
- Department of Nuclear Engineering, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid 22110, Jordan
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Determination of 210Pb, 210Po, 226Ra, 228Ra and uranium isotopes in drinking water in order to comply with the requirements of the EU ‘Drinking Water Directive. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 109:465-9. [PMID: 27358946 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.11.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The European Union published in 2013 a new Drinking Water Directive with stricter requirements for measuring natural radioactivity. In order to adhere to this, a method for sequential separation of 210Pb, 210Po, 238U and 234U in drinking water was applied using UTEVA® and Sr resins. Polonium-210, 238U and 234U were quantified using alpha-particle spectrometry and 210Pb using liquid scintillation counting. Radium-226 and 228Ra were determined using 3M Empore Radium RAD Disks, and their quantification was done using a Quantulus™ 1220 liquid scintillation counter.
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26
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(210)Bi - from interference to advantage in (210)Pb determination with liquid scintillation counter. Appl Radiat Isot 2016; 109:296-300. [PMID: 26717793 DOI: 10.1016/j.apradiso.2015.12.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
A novel method for determination of (210)Pb activity concentration using a liquid scintillation counter (LSC) in environmental samples is presented. After radiochemical separation of (210)Pb on Eichrom Sr Resin column, the decay product (210)Bi starts to in-grow and interfere with the (210)Pb during measurement with LSC. Instead of eliminating this interference, a novel method utilises (210)Bi in-growth to improve the detection efficiency and subsequently to lower the minimum detectable activity (MDA). This allows for substantial reduction of the MDA compared to conventional methods.
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Fakhri Y, Kargosha M, Langarizadeh G, Zandsalimi Y, Rasouli Amirhajeloo L, Moradi M, Moradi B, Mirzaei M. Effective Dose Radon 222 of the Tap Water in Children and Adults People; Minab City, Iran. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 8:234-43. [PMID: 26573047 PMCID: PMC4873584 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n4p234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
222Rn is a radioactive, odorless, and colorless element which has a half-life of 3.83 days. One of 222Rn main resources are Groundwater (wells, springs, etc.). Hence, the use of groundwater with high concentration of 222Rn can increase the risk of lung and stomach cancers. Concentration of 222Rn in tap water of Minab city in two temperatures 5 and 15 ºC was measured by radon meter model RTM1668-2. The effective dose was calculated by equations proposed by UNSCEAR. Geometric mean concentration of 222Rn in drinking water was found to be 0.78±0.06 and 0.46±0.04 Bq/l at 5 and 15 °C (p value<0.05), respectively. The effective doses were 0.006 and 0.003 mSv/y for adults, and 0.011 and 0.007 mSv/y for the children, respectively (p value<0.05). Besides, the effective dose for adult through inhaling 222Rn at 5 and 15 °C were estimated 0.0021 and 0.0012mSv/y, respectively. Geometric mean concentration in 222Rn drinking water and effective dose received from drinking water and inhalation of 222Rn is lower than WHO and EPA standard limits. Increasing temperature of drinking water will decrease the effective dose received. Annual Effective dose received from inhalation and consumption of 222Rn in drinking water in children is more than adults.
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Benedik L, Rovan L, Klemenčič H, Gantar I, Prosen H. Natural radioactivity in tap waters from the private wells in the surroundings of the former Žirovski Vrh uranium mine and the age-dependent dose assessment. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 22:12062-12072. [PMID: 25874436 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-4481-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Activity concentration of (238)U, (234)U, (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (210)Pb and (210)Po in tap water from selected springs and private wells in the area of the former uranium mine at Žirovski Vrh were determined. A total of 22 tap water samples were collected at consumer's houses. The results show that the activity concentrations of uranium in water samples are in range (0.17-372) and (0.22-362) mBq L(-1) for (238)U and (234)U, respectively. Radium activity concentrations are in range (0.14-16.7) and (0.9-11.7) mBq L(-1) for (226)Ra and (228)Ra, respectively. (210)Po activity concentration is in range (0.28-8.0) mBq L(-1) and can be regarded as the lowest amongst all analysed radionuclides. The range for (210)Pb is (0.5-24.6) mBq L(-1). Based on the results obtained for activity concentrations of six radionuclides, the committed effective dose for three different age groups of population were estimated. It was found that the committed effective dose was well below the recommended value of 100 μSv year(-1), ranging from 2.3 to 34.3 μSv year(-1) for adults, from 3.5 to 32.0 μSv year(-1) for children (7-12 years) and from 3.0 to 23.3 μSv year(-1) for infants.
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29
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Fakhri Y, Mahvi AH, Langarizadeh G, Zandsalimi Y, Amirhajeloo LR, Kargosha M, Moradi M, Moradi B, Mirzaei M. Effective Dose of Radon 222 Bottled Water in Different Age Groups Humans: Bandar Abbas City, Iran. Glob J Health Sci 2015; 8:64-71. [PMID: 26383192 PMCID: PMC4803962 DOI: 10.5539/gjhs.v8n2p64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Radon 222 is a natural radioactive element with a half-life of 3.8 days. It is odorless and colorless as well as water-soluble. Consuming waters which contain high concentration of 222Rn would increase the effective dose received by different age groups. It would also be followed by an increased prevalence of cancer. In this research, 72 samples of the most commonly used bottled water in Bandar Abbas were collected in 3 consecutive months, May, June and July of 2013. Concentration 222Rn of was measured by radon-meter model RTM166-2. The effective dose received by the 4 age groups, male and female adults as well as children and infants was estimated using the equation proposed by UNSCEAR. The results revealed that the mean and range concentration of 222Rn in bottled waters were 641±9 Bq/m3 and 0-901 Bq/m3, respectively. The mean concentration of 222Rn in the well-known Marks followed this Zam Zam>Bishe>Koohrng>Dassani>Christal>Polour>Damavand>Sivan. Infants were observed to receive a higher effective dose than children. The highest and lowest effective dose received was found to belong to male adults and children, respectively.
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30
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Natural radionuclides content and radioactive series disequilibrium in drinking waters from Balkans region. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3858-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Rožmarić M, Rogić M, Benedik L, Barišić D, Planinšek P. Radiological characterization of tap waters in Croatia and the age dependent dose assessment. CHEMOSPHERE 2014; 111:272-277. [PMID: 24997928 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2014.04.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2013] [Revised: 03/19/2014] [Accepted: 04/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Activity concentrations of (234)U, (238)U, (226)Ra, (228)Ra, (210)Po and (210)Pb in tap waters, originating from various geological regions of Croatia, were determined. Activity concentrations of measured radionuclides are in general decreasing in this order: (238)U≈(234)U>(228)Ra≈(210)Pb>(226)Ra≈(210)Po. Based on the radionuclide activity concentrations average total annual internal doses for infants, children and adults, as well as contribution of each particular radionuclide to total dose, were assessed and discussed. The highest doses were calculated for infants, which makes them the most critical group of population. All values for each population group were well below the recommended reference dose level (RDL) of 0.1mSv from one year's consumption of drinking water according to European Commission recommendations from 1998. Contribution of each particular radionuclide to total doses varied among different age groups but for each group the lowest contribution was found for (226)Ra and the highest for (228)Ra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Rožmarić
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia; Environment Laboratories, International Atomic Energy Agency, 4 Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000, Monaco.
| | - Matea Rogić
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | - Delko Barišić
- Rudjer Boskovic Institute, Bijenicka cesta 54, 10 000 Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Petra Planinšek
- Jozef Stefan Institute, Jamova 39, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Calin MR, Ion AC, Radulescu I. Evaluation of quality parameters and of natural radionuclides concentrations in natural mineral water in Romania. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3401-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Erden PE, Dirican A, Seferinoğlu M, Yeltepe E, Şahin NK. 238U, 234U and 226Ra concentrations in mineral waters and their contribution to the annual committed effective dose in Turkey. J Radioanal Nucl Chem 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10967-014-3105-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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34
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Alnour IA, Wagiran H, Ibrahim N, Hamzah S, Elias MS, Laili Z, Omar M. Assessment of natural radioactivity levels in rocks and their relationships with the geological structure of Johor state, Malaysia. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2014; 158:201-207. [PMID: 23965286 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of natural radionuclides ((238)U, (232)Th and (40)K) and their radiological hazard effect in rocks collected from the state of Johor, Malaysia were determined by gamma spectroscopy using a high-purity germanium detector. The highest values of (238)U, (232)Th and (40)K activity concentrations (67±6, 85±7 and 722±18 Bg kg(-1), respectively) were observed in the granite rock. The lowest concentrations of (238)U and (232)Th (2±0.1 Bq kg(-1) for (238)U and 2±0.1 Bq kg(-1) for (232)Th) were observed in gabbro rock. The lowest concentration of (40)K (45±2 Bq kg(-1)) was detected in sandstone. The radium equivalent activity concentrations for all rock samples investigated were lower than the internationally accepted value of 370 Bq kg(-1). The highest value of radium equivalent in the present study (239±17 Bq kg(-1)) was recorded in the area of granite belonging to an acid intrusive rock geological structure. The absorbed dose rate was found to range from 4 to 112 nGy h(-1). The effective dose ranged from 5 to 138 μSv h(-1). The internal and external hazard index values were given in results lower than unity. The purpose of this study is to provide information related to radioactivity background levels and the effects of radiation on residents in the study area under investigation. Moreover, the relationships between the radioactivity levels in the rocks within the geological structure of the studied area are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- I A Alnour
- Faculty of Science, Department of Physics, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, 81310 UTM, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
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Mehdizadeh S, Faghihi R, Sina S, Derakhshan S. Measurements of natural radioactivity concentration in drinking water samples of Shiraz city and springs of the Fars province, Iran, and dose estimation. RADIATION PROTECTION DOSIMETRY 2013; 157:112-119. [PMID: 23650643 DOI: 10.1093/rpd/nct114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The Fars province is located in the south-west region of Iran where different nuclear sites has been established, such as Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant. In this research, 92 water samples from the water supplies of Shiraz city and springs of the Fars province were investigated with regard to the concentrations of natural radioactive elements, total uranium, (226)Ra, gross alpha and gross beta. (226)Ra concentration was determined by the (222)Rn emanation method. To measure the total uranium concentration, a laser fluorimetry analyzer (UA-3) was used. The mean concentration of (226)Ra in Shiraz's water resources was 23.9 mBq l(-1), while 93 % of spring waters have a concentration <2 mBq l(-1). The results of uranium concentration measurements show the mean concentrations of 7.6 and 6 μg l(-1) in the water of Shiraz and springs of Fars, respectively. The gross alpha and beta concentrations measured by the evaporation method were lower than the limit of detection of the measuring instruments used in this survey. The mean annual effective doses of infants, children and adults from (238)U and (226)Ra content of Shiraz's water and spring waters were estimated. According to the results of this study, the activity concentration in water samples were below the maximum permissible concentrations determined by the World Health Organization and the US Environmental Protection Agency. Finally, the correlation between (226)Ra and total U activity concentrations and geochemical properties of water samples, i.e. pH, total dissolve solids and SO4(-2), were estimated.
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36
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Radioanalytical techniques for the determination of 238U, 226Ra and 210Pb in the environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1524/ract.2013.2052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Summary
Different radiometric techniques for the determination of 238U, 226Ra and 210Pb are presented and compared in terms of detection limits with mass spectrometric techniques. It can be concluded that when samples with low activity concentrations have to be measured, the method of choice in the case of 238U should be either RNAA/INAA or alpha particle spectrometry. In the case of 226Ra and 210Pb the best performance can be expected by the alpha spectrometry, whereas drawback of waiting for establishing secular radioactive equilibrium of 210Pb with 210Po makes techniques like beta counting and LSC more attractive for the determination of 210Pb. In addition, a case study on monitoring the former uranium mine Žirovski vrh is presented along with the used methodology and the summarised measurement results.
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