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Drame M, Carswell A, Roberts W, Hood J, Jemo M, Heuer S, Kirk G, Pawlett M, Misselbrook T. Effects of hotter, drier conditions on gaseous losses from nitrogen fertilisers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 345:118671. [PMID: 37506448 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.118671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023]
Abstract
Global warming is expected to cause hotter, drier summers and more extreme weather events including heat waves and droughts. A little understood aspect of this is its effects on the efficacy of fertilisers and related nutrient losses into the environment. We explored the effects of high soil temperature (>25 °C) and low soil moisture (<40% water filled pore space; WFPS) on emissions of ammonia (NH3) and nitrous oxide (N2O) following application of urea to soil and the efficacy of urease inhibitors (UI) in slowing N losses. We incubated soil columns at three temperatures (15, 25, 35 °C) and three soil moisture contents (20, 40, 60% WFPS) with urea applied on the soil surface with and without UIs, and measured NH3 and N2O emissions using chambers placed over the columns. Four fertiliser treatments were applied in triplicate in a randomised complete block design: (1) urea; (2) urea with a single UI (N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT); (3) urea with two UI (NBPT and N-(n-propyl) thiophosphoric triamide; NPPT); and (4) a zero N control. Inclusion of UI with urea, relative to urea alone, delayed and reduced peak NH3 emissions. However, the efficacy of UI was reduced with increasing temperature and decreasing soil moisture. Cumulative NH3 emission did not differ between the two UI treatments for a given set of conditions and was reduced by 22-87% compared with urea alone. Maximum cumulative NH3 emission occurred at 35 °C and 20% WFPS, accounting for 31% of the applied N for the urea treatment and 25%, on average for the UI treatments. Urease inhibitors did not influence N2O emissions; however, there were interactive impacts of temperature and moisture, with higher cumulative emissions at 40% WFPS and 15 and 25 °C accounting for 1.85-2.62% of the applied N, whereas at 35 °C there was greater N2O emission at 60% WFPS. Our results suggest that inclusion of UI with urea effectively reduces NH3 losses at temperatures reaching 35 °C, although overall effectiveness decreases with increasing temperature, particularly under low soil moisture conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieme Drame
- Net-zero & Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, UK; Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK; Sustainable Soils and Crops, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Alison Carswell
- Net-zero & Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, UK.
| | - William Roberts
- Net-zero & Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, UK
| | - Jess Hood
- Intelligent Data Ecosystems, Rothamsted Research, Harpenden, UK
| | - Martin Jemo
- Mohammed VI Polytechnic University, Lot 660, Hay Moulay Rachid Ben Guerir, Morocco
| | - Sigrid Heuer
- National Institute of Agricultural Botany, 93 Lawrence Weaver Road, Cambridge, UK
| | - Guy Kirk
- Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
| | - Mark Pawlett
- Environment and Agrifood, Cranfield University, Cranfield, UK
| | - Tom Misselbrook
- Net-zero & Resilient Farming, Rothamsted Research, North Wyke, UK
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Klick SA, Pitula JS, Bryant RB, Collick AS, May EB, Pisani O. Natural sources and controlling factors of urea-nitrogen concentrations in agricultural drainage ditches. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2023; 52:984-998. [PMID: 37296522 DOI: 10.1002/jeq2.20498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural drainage ditches accumulate high urea-nitrogen (N) concentrations even in the absence of urea fertilizer applications to adjacent crop fields. The accumulated urea, and other bioavailable forms of dissolved organic nitrogen (DON), can be flushed downstream during substantial rainfall events altering downstream water quality and phytoplankton communities. Sources of urea-N supporting its accumulation in agricultural drainage ditches are poorly understood. A ditch flooding event was simulated using mesocosms with N treatment solutions and monitored for changes in N concentrations, physicochemical properties, dissolved organic matter (DOM) composition, and N cycling enzymes. N concentrations were also monitored in field ditches after two rainfall events. Urea-N concentrations were higher with DON enrichment, but the treatment effects were temporary. The DOM released from the mesocosm sediments was dominated by terrestrial-derived, high molecular weight material. The lack of microbial-derived DOM and evidence from the bacterial gene abundances in the mesocosms suggests that urea-N accumulation after rainfall may not be associated with fresh biological inputs. The urea-N concentrations after spring rainfall and flooding with DON substrates indicated the urea from fertilizers may only temporarily affect urea-N concentrations in drainage ditches. Because urea-N concentrations increased with a high degree of DOM humification, sources of urea may derive from the slow decomposition of complex DOM structures. This study provides further insights of sources contributing to high urea-N concentrations and the types of DOM released from drainage ditches to nearby surface waters after hydrological events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina A Klick
- USDA-ARS, Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, Tifton, Georgia, USA
| | - Joseph S Pitula
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Ray B Bryant
- USDA-ARS, Pasture Systems and Watershed Management Research Unit, University Park, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Amy S Collick
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, Morehead State University, Morehead, Kentucky, USA
| | - Eric B May
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, Princess Anne, Maryland, USA
| | - Oliva Pisani
- USDA-ARS, Southeast Watershed Research Laboratory, Tifton, Georgia, USA
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Fan D, He W, Jiang R, Song D, Zou G, Chen Y, Cao B, Wang J, Wang X. Enhanced-Efficiency Fertilizers Impact on Nitrogen Use Efficiency and Nitrous Oxide Emissions from an Open-Field Vegetable System in North China. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 12:plants12010081. [PMID: 36616210 PMCID: PMC9823836 DOI: 10.3390/plants12010081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Open vegetable fields in China are a major anthropogenic source of nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions due to excessive nitrogen (N) fertilization. A 4 yr lettuce experiment was conducted to determine the impacts of controlled-release fertilizers (CRFs) and nitrification inhibitors (NIs) on lettuce yield, N2O emissions and net economic benefits. Five treatments included (i) no N fertilizer (CK), (ii) conventional urea at 255 kg N ha-1 based on farmers' practice (FP), (iii) conventional urea at 204 kg N ha-1 (OPT), (iv) CRF at 204 kg N ha-1 (CU) and (v) CRF (204 kg N ha-1) added with NI (CUNI). No significant differences were found in the lettuce yields among different N fertilization treatments. Compared with FP, the cumulative N2O emissions were significantly decreased by 8.1%, 38.0% and 42.6% under OPT, CU and CUNI, respectively. Meanwhile, the net benefits of OPT, CU and CUNI were improved by USD 281, USD 871 and USD 1024 ha-1 compared to CN, respectively. This study recommends the combined application of CRF and NI at a reduced N rate as the optimal N fertilizer management for the sustainable production of vegetables in China with the lowest environmental risks and the greatest economic benefits.
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Abdo AI, Deng Y, Sun D, Chen X, Alnaimy MA, El-Sobky ESEA, Wei H, Zhang J. Maintaining higher grain production with less reactive nitrogen losses in China: A meta-analysis study. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 322:116018. [PMID: 36067673 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 08/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Managing reactive nitrogen (Nr) in agricultural production is crucial for addressing the triple challenges of food security, climate change and environmental degradation. Intensive work has been conducted to investigate the effects of mitigation strategies on reducing Nr losses by ammonia emission (Nr-NH3), nitrous oxide emission (Nr-N2O) and nitrate leaching (Nr-NO3-) separately. This meta-analysis evaluated the efficiency of each strategy in mitigating Nr losses coupled with grain yield responses. The results indicate that producing one Megagram (Mg) of wheat grains caused higher Nr losses, twice that of rice and 17% that of maize. The Nr-NH3 and Nr-NO3- were the dominant sources of Nr losses of the three crops (96%), while Nr-NH3 only presented 86% of the total Nr losses for rice. Reducing the N rate strategy decreased the yield by 33% and the Nr losses by 62% compared with the conventional rate (150-250 kg N ha-1) as an average of the three crops. In contrast, increasing the N rate higher than 250 kg N ha-1 amplified the yield by 15% but also caused a 71% increase in Nr losses compared with the conventional rate. Although subsurface application decreased Nr losses by 5%, this study rejected this approach as an effective strategy due to a 4% yield decline on average of the grain crops. Slow-release fertilizers decreased Nr-NH3 and Nr-N2O losses by 41-58% and 54-89%, respectively, of the highest losses under urea in the three crops, but also led to yield reductions. Organic amendments achieved the highest drop in Nr-NO3- loss by 66% in maize coupled with yield declines. Biochar increased wheat and maize yields by 0.3 and 0.1 Mg, respectively, coupled with 1 kg reduction in Nr losses. On average, inhibitors augmented the grain yields by 0.2 Mg ha-1 for each 1 kg decline in Nr losses. In conclusion, for sustainable agricultural intensification, biochar (for wheat only) and inhibitors (for the three crops) are strongly recommended as mitigation strategies for Nr losses from grain crop production systems in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed I Abdo
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yuhao Deng
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Daolin Sun
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xuan Chen
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Manal A Alnaimy
- Soil Science Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44519, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - El-Sayed E A El-Sobky
- Agronomy Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Zagazig University, 44511, Zagazig, Egypt
| | - Hui Wei
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jiaen Zhang
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Eco-circular Agriculture, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Department of Ecology, College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Centre of Modern Eco-agriculture and Circular Agriculture, Guangzhou, 510642, China; Key Laboratory of Agro-Environment in the Tropics, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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Mikhael JER, Wang JJ, Dodla S, Scaglia G, Dattamudi S. Effects of biochar and N-stabilizers on greenhouse gas emissions from a subtropical pasture field applied with organic and inorganic nitrogen fertilizers. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 306:114423. [PMID: 35007794 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.114423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pasturelands contribute significantly to the global CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions. These gas emissions are influenced by the amount and type of N-fertilizers applied and local climate. Recent studies showed potential of biochar and N-stabilizer compounds in minimizing CO2, CH4 and N2O emissions by regulating N-release from N-fertilizers. The present study was aimed at determining and comparing the effects of biochar and N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide + dicyandiamide (N-stabilizer) on CO2, N2O and CH4 emissions from a pasture fertilized with cattle manure or urea. The study was conducted during 2015 and 2016 in an established bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.). Treatments consisted of combination of N-sources (manure, and urea) and two mitigation technologies [pine hardwood biochar (BC) and N-stabilizer] along with control. Emissions of GHGs were measured from each plot using static chamber systems. Both BC and N-stabilizer applications with manure applied to the hay field significantly decreased N2O emissions by 42% and 45%, respectively, in the year-2, and emission factors compared to manure only treatment. Addition of N-stabilizer to urea had significantly decreased N2O emissions compared to urea alone, while BC had statistically insignificant effect although numerically lowered N2O emissions in both the years. Application of manure to the soil resulted in significantly higher CO2 emissions in both years and CH4 emissions in 2016 compared to unfertilized soil. Urea application had significant effect on CO2 emissions in 2016, while no effect on CH4 emissions compared to control. Application of either biochar or N-stabilizer did not significantly affect CO2 and CH4 emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Elias Rodrigues Mikhael
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Jim J Wang
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
| | - Syam Dodla
- Red River Research Station, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Bossier City, LA, 71112, USA.
| | - Guillermo Scaglia
- Iberia Research Station, Louisianan State University Agricultural Center, Jeanerette, LA, 70544, USA
| | - Sanku Dattamudi
- School of Plant, Environmental and Soil Sciences, Louisiana State University Agricultural Center, Baton Rouge, LA, 70803, USA
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Xue L, Sun B, Yang Y, Jin B, Zhuang G, Bai Z, Zhuang X. Efficiency and mechanism of reducing ammonia volatilization in alkaline farmland soil using Bacillus amyloliquefaciens biofertilizer. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 202:111672. [PMID: 34265351 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2021] [Revised: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Ammonia volatilization from the farmland caused by the application of synthetic nitrogen fertilizer is the most important source of anthropogenic ammonia emissions. Biofertilizer application has been considered as an alternative option for agriculture sustainability and soil improvement. In this study, field trials were carried out to investigate the efficiency of Bacillus amyloliquefaciens (BA) biofertilizer on alleviating ammonia volatilization in alkaline farmland soil and increasing crop yield and nitrogen utilization. Potential response mechanisms were investigated from soil enzyme, nitrogen cycle function genes and microbial community levels. Compared with conventional fertilization, BA biofertilizer application reduced the ammonia volatilization by 68%, increased the crop yield and nitrogen recovery by 19% and 19%, respectively. Soil enzyme activity analysis showed that BA biofertilizer inhibited the urease activity and enhanced the potential ammonia oxidation (PAO). In addition, BA biofertilizer application also increased the bacterial amoA gene abundance, while decreased the ureC gene abundance. BA biofertilizer also significantly altered the community structure and composition, and especially raised the abundance of ammonia oxidation bacteria (AOB), while no changes were observed in abundance of nitrite oxidation bacteria (NOB). Briefly, BA biofertilizer was approved to reduce the transformation of fertilizer nitrogen to NH4+-N, simultaneously accelerating NH4+-N into the nitrification process, thus decreasing the NH4+-N content remained in alkaline soil and consequently alleviating the ammonia volatilization. Thus, these results suggested that the application of BA biofertilizer is a feasible strategy to improve crop yields and reduce agricultural ammonia emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lixia Xue
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China; Gansu Engineering Design Research Institute Co., Ltd. Lanzhou, 730030, China
| | - Bo Sun
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yahong Yang
- School of Civil Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou, 730050, China
| | - Bo Jin
- School of Chemical Engineering and Advanced Materials, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, 5005, Australia
| | - Guoqiang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhihui Bai
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China.
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Rodriguez MJ, Saggar S, Berben P, Palmada T, Lopez-Villalobos N, Pal P. Use of a urease inhibitor to mitigate ammonia emissions from urine patches. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2021; 42:20-31. [PMID: 31088332 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2019.1620345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Urine deposition by grazing livestock is the single largest source of ammonia (NH3) volatilisation losses in New Zealand. Urease inhibitors (UI) have been used to mitigate NH3 losses from fertiliser urea and animal urine. In previous trials, the UI effect in reducing NH3 emissions from urine has been measured by applying urine mixed with the UI to the pasture soil thus increasing the chances of better interaction of the UI in inhibiting the urease enzyme. However, these trials do not represent a realistic grazing scenario where only urine is deposited onto the soil. This current research aimed to identify the best time to spray nBTPT (a UI containing 0.025% N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide) onto pasture soil to reduce NH3 losses from urine patches. The treatments were: a control (without urine and nBTPT), urine alone at 530 kg N ha-1 and urine plus nBTPT. The UI was applied to the chambers and soil plots 5 and 3 days prior to urine deposition, on the same day and 1, 3 and 5 after urine deposition in autumn. Ammonia losses were measured using the dynamic chamber method. The application of the inhibitor prior to urine deposition reduced NH3 losses with reductions of 27.6% and 17.5% achieved for UAgr-5 and UAgr-3, respectively. However, reductions in NH3 emission were 0.6-2.9% for inhibitor applied post urine deposition. There was also a reduction in both soil NH4 +-N concentration and soil pH in comparison with urine alone or with the treatments where nBTPT was applied after urine deposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Jimena Rodriguez
- Institute of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Surinder Saggar
- Ecosystems & Global Change, Landcare Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Peter Berben
- Ecosystems & Global Change, Landcare Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Thilak Palmada
- Ecosystems & Global Change, Landcare Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Nicolas Lopez-Villalobos
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - Pranoy Pal
- Ecosystems & Global Change, Landcare Research, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Vohra M, Al-Suwaiyan M, Hussaini M. Gas Phase Toluene Adsorption Using Date Palm-Tree Branches Based Activated Carbon. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E9287. [PMID: 33322520 PMCID: PMC7763925 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17249287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2020] [Revised: 12/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Activated carbon that has been widely used for several environmental applications is typically produced from carbon-based raw materials including agricultural by-products. To that end, extensive date palm-tree farming across the globe with millions of palm trees, also results in various types of agricultural waste including date palm-tree branches (DPB) during the regular trimming phase of palm-trees. Furthermore, air pollution also remains a serious concern in many global regions, requiring the application of appropriate treatment technologies to mitigate the respective negative effects on human health and environment. The present study thus assessed the efficiency of activated carbon (AC) derived from date palm-tree branches to treat gaseous toluene (C6H5CH3) streams under varying dynamic flow conditions. The produced activated carbon showed BET specific surface area (SSABET) of 800.87 m2/g with micro and mesoporous structure. The AC FTIR results indicated several surface groups including oxygen based functional groups. Furthermore, the dynamic gas treatment results showed that the respective activated carbon can successfully treat gaseous toluene under varying gas flow rates, gas concentrations and activated carbon bed depths. An increase in the carbon bed depth and decrease in toluene gas concentration and/or flow rate, yielded higher breakthrough time (BT) and exhaustion time (ET) values. Adsorption modeling employing the response surface methodology (RSM) approach successfully modeled the respective gaseous toluene removal experimental findings, with breakthrough time (BT) and exhaustion time (ET) as the response factors. The respective model-fitting parameters showed good outcomes using natural logarithmic transform model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Vohra
- Environmental Engineering Program, Civil and Environmental Engineering Department, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals (KFUPM), Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia; (M.A.-S.); (M.H.)
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9
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Ru X, Jingnan C, Zhiyuan L, Xieyong C, Maomao H, Shanshan S, Qiu J, Fenglin Z. Fate of urea- 15N as influenced by different irrigation modes. RSC Adv 2020; 10:11317-11324. [PMID: 35495351 PMCID: PMC9050443 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra00002g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fertilizer nitrogen (N) is a main pollutant in the agricultural ecosystem, while the fate of fertilizer N influenced by different irrigation modes is not well comparatively investigated. In this study, the distribution of fertilizer N in soil layers and tomato organs as well as its loss under drip, spray and flood irrigation with different quotas of 140, 180 and 220 m3 ha−1 were evaluated quantitatively by using nitrogen-15 (15N) labeled urea (abundance of 19.6%) as fertilizer source. The results showed that the plant 15N, soil 15N and 15N loss accounted for 27.9–47.8%, 38.8–54.0% and 10.3–21.9% of the total applied 15N, respectively. The amount of 15N absorbed by plants was significantly (p < 0.05) higher under drip and spray irrigation in comparison to flood irrigation with the same irrigation quota. The maximum 15N use efficiency and the minimum 15N residual were detected under drip irrigation with quota of 180 m3 ha−1, indicating that the supply and demand of urea-15N was more synchronized under such an irrigation mode. The 15N loss increased obviously as irrigation quota increased. Moreover, the correlation analysis between 15N loss and the possible impact factors indicated that the soil mineral 15N content after irrigation was one important factor influencing the 15N loss. Among the three irrigation modes, spray irrigation caused the lowest 15N loss of 10.3–13.1% when using the same irrigation quota. It was concluded that the irrigation modes have profound impacts on the fate of urea-15N. Irrigation could be used as a regulation pathway of plant N absorption and agricultural N output. Fertilizer nitrogen (N) is a main pollutant in the agricultural ecosystem, while the fate of fertilizer N influenced by different irrigation modes is not well comparatively investigated.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Ru
- Horticultural College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian Province 350000 China
| | - Chen Jingnan
- Engineering Research Center of Fujian University of Modern Facilities Agriculture Fuqing Fujian Province 350000 China.,College of Horticulture and Forest, Fujian Vocational College of Agriculture Fuzhou Fujian Province 350000 China
| | - Lin Zhiyuan
- Horticultural College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian Province 350000 China
| | - Chen Xieyong
- Horticultural College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian Province 350000 China
| | - Hou Maomao
- Horticultural College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian Province 350000 China
| | - Shen Shanshan
- Institute of Water Conservancy Science of Nanjing Nanjing Jiangsu Province 210000 China
| | - Jin Qiu
- Institute of Water Conservancy Science of Nanjing Nanjing Jiangsu Province 210000 China
| | - Zhong Fenglin
- Horticultural College of Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University Fuzhou Fujian Province 350000 China
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Urea Ammonium Nitrate Solution Treated with Inhibitor Technology: Effects on Ammonia Emission Reduction, Wheat Yield, and Inorganic N in Soil. AGRONOMY-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/agronomy10020161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Urea is the most used fertilizer nitrogen (N), and is often applied as urea ammonium nitrate (UAN), which may be an ammonia (NH3) emission source after application. This study examined whether the addition of urease inhibitors reduced NH3 emission, and, in combination with nitrification inhibitors, enhanced fertilizer N crop uptake. In three experiments, NH3 emission was measured from plots (100 m2) to which UAN was added with and without inhibitors. In March and May, the plots were covered with Triticum aestivum L., Sheriff (var), and in July, the soil was bare. The inhibitor mixed with urea was N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) and a mixture of NBPT and the new nitrification inhibitor DMPSA (3,4-Dimethylpyrazole succinic acid). Ammonia emissions were negligible from all plots after the first application of UAN due to the wet and cold weather while an average of 7% of applied UAN was emitted after application of UAN in April, where no significant effect of additives was observed. The harvest yield was low due to drought from May till August. Yield was highest when UAN was mixed with NBPT and lowest for untreated UAN. The highest emission from the bare plots was obtained from untreated UAN (17% of N), in contrast to 11% of N from the plots with added UAN + NBPT (not significant) and 7% from the plots with added UAN + NBPT + DMPSA (significantly different). Under the conditions of the current study, urease inhibitors reduce NH3 emissions in periods where the risk of emission is high, and the combination of urease and nitrification inhibitors increased yields.
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Ledgard SF, Falconer SJ, Abercrombie R, Philip G, Hill JP. Temporal, spatial, and management variability in the carbon footprint of New Zealand milk. J Dairy Sci 2019; 103:1031-1046. [PMID: 31759588 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-17182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The carbon footprint of milk from year-round grazed-pasture dairy systems and its variability has had limited research. The objective of this study was to determine temporal, regional, and farm system variability in the carbon footprint of milk from New Zealand (NZ) average dairy production. Farm production and input data were collected from a national database for 2010/11 to 2017/18 across regions of NZ and weighted on relative production supplied to the major dairy cooperative Fonterra to produce an NZ-average. Total greenhouse gas emissions were calculated using a life cycle assessment methodology for the cradle-to-farm gate, covering all on- and off-farm contributing sources. The NZ-average carbon footprint of milk varied from 0.81 kg of CO2 equivalent (CO2eq)/kg of fat- and protein-corrected milk (FPCM) in 2010/11 (with widespread drought) to 0.75 to 0.78 kg of CO2eq/kg of FPCM in 2013/14 to 2017/18, with a trend for a small decrease over time. Regional variation occurred with highest carbon footprint values for the Northland region due to greatest climatic and soil limitations on pasture production. Dairy cattle diet was approximately 85% from grazed pasture with up to 15% from brought-in feeds (mainly forages and by-products). The CO2 emissions from direct fuel and electricity use constituted <2% of total CO2eq emissions, whereas enteric methane was near 70% of the total. An estimate of potential contribution from direct land use change (plantation forest to pasture) was 0.13 kg of CO2eq/kg of FPCM. This was not included because nationally there has been a net increase in forest land and a decrease in pasture land over the last 20 yr. Data used were highly representative, as evident by the same estimated carbon footprint from 368 farms (in 2017/18) from the national database compared with that from a direct survey of 7,146 farms. New Zealand-specific nitrous oxide emission factors were used, based on many validated field trials and as used in the NZ greenhouse gas inventory, resulting in an 18% lower carbon footprint than if default Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change factors had been used. Evaluation of the upper and lower quartiles of farms based on per-cow milk production (6,044 vs. 3,542 kg of FPCM/cow) showed a 15% lower carbon footprint for the upper quartile of farms, illustrating the potential for further decrease in carbon footprint with improved farm management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F Ledgard
- AgResearch Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand, 3214.
| | - S J Falconer
- AgResearch Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand, 3214
| | - R Abercrombie
- Fonterra Co-operative Group and Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Private Bag 11-029 Palmerston North, New Zealand, 4472
| | - G Philip
- Fonterra Co-operative Group and Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Private Bag 11-029 Palmerston North, New Zealand, 4472
| | - J P Hill
- Fonterra Co-operative Group and Fonterra Research and Development Centre, Private Bag 11-029 Palmerston North, New Zealand, 4472; Riddett Institute, Massey University, Private Bag 11-222 Palmerston North, New Zealand, 4442
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12
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Zhan S, Zhou Z, Liu M, Jiao Y, Wang H. 3D NiO nanowalls grown on Ni foam for highly efficient electro-oxidation of urea. Catal Today 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.02.049] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Badagliacca G, Benítez E, Amato G, Badalucco L, Giambalvo D, Laudicina VA, Ruisi P. Long-term no-tillage application increases soil organic carbon, nitrous oxide emissions and faba bean (Vicia faba L.) yields under rain-fed Mediterranean conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:350-359. [PMID: 29791887 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Revised: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of legumes into crop sequences and the reduction of tillage intensity are both proposed as agronomic practices to mitigate the soil degradation and negative impact of agriculture on the environment. However, the joint effects of these practices on nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from soil remain unclear, particularly concerning semiarid Mediterranean areas. In the frame of a long-term field experiment (23 years), a 2-year study was performed on the faba bean (Vicia faba L.) to evaluate the effects of the long-term use of no tillage (NT) compared to conventional tillage (CT) on yield and N2O and NH3 emissions from a Vertisol in a semiarid Mediterranean environment. Changes induced by the tillage system in soil bulk density, water filled pore space (WFPS), organic carbon (TOC) and total nitrogen (TN), denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA), and bacterial gene (16S, amoA, and nosZ) abundance were measured as parameters potentially affecting N gas emissions. No tillage, compared with CT, significantly increased the faba bean grain yield by 23%. The tillage system had no significant effect on soil NH3 emissions. Total N2O emissions, averaged over two cropping seasons, were higher in NT than those in CT plots (2.58 vs 1.71 kg N2O-N ha-1, respectively; P < 0.01). In addition, DEA was higher in NT compared to that in CT (74.6 vs 18.6 μg N2O-N kg-1 h-1; P < 0.01). The higher N2O emissions in NT plots were ascribed to the increase of soil bulk density and WFPS, bacteria (16S abundance was 96% higher in NT than that in CT) and N cycle genes (amoA and nosZ abundances were respectively 154% and 84% higher in NT than that in CT). The total N2O emissions in faba bean were similar to those measured in other N-fertilized crops. In conclusion, a full evaluation of NT technique, besides the benefits on soil characteristics (e.g. TOC increase) and crop yield, must take into account some criticisms related to the increase of N2O emissions compared to CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Badagliacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89124 Reggio Calabria, Italy
| | - Emilio Benítez
- Departamento de Protección Ambiental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Calle Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Gaetano Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luigi Badalucco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Dario Giambalvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Armando Laudicina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ruisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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Li H, Dai M, Dai S, Dong X. Current status and environment impact of direct straw return in China's cropland - A review. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2018; 159:293-300. [PMID: 29763811 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 05/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With the development of grain production technologies and improvement of rural living standard, the production and utilization of straw have significantly been changed in China. More than 1 billion tones of straw are produced per year, and vast amount of them are discarded without effective utilization, leading various environmental and social impacts. Straw return is an effective approach of the straw utilization that has been greatly recommended by government and scientists in China. This paper discussed the current status of the straw return in China. Specifically, the production and models of straw return were explored and their environmental impacts were extensively evaluated. It was concluded that straw could be positively effective on the improvement of the soil quality and the grain production. However, it appeared that the straw return also had several neglect negative effects, implying that further research and assessment on the returned straw are required before its large-scale promotion in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China.
| | - Mingwei Dai
- School of Resources and Environment, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230036, Anhui, China
| | - Shunli Dai
- College of Engineering, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei 230026, Anhui, China
| | - Xinju Dong
- Department of Chemistry, Western Kentucky University, Bowling Green 42101, KY, USA
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Wu L, Liu X, Fang Y, Hou S, Xu L, Wang X, Fu P. Nitrogen cycling in the soil-plant system along a series of coral islands affected by seabirds in the South China Sea. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 627:166-175. [PMID: 29426138 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Revised: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The nitrogen (N) utilization strategy of plants has become a topic of interest within the field of phytoecology. However, few studies have considered N cycling on coral island ecosystems from the perspective of their evolution. The aim of this study was to test the impacts of biological transport by seabirds, on the sources and uses of N by plants, and pathways of N cycling in soil-plant ecosystems on coral islands. A series of eight coral islands were investigated, five of which were affected to a varying extent by seabirds. The total phosphorus (TP) concentration from avian sources and the δ15N values of total nitrogen (TN) and inorganic nitrogen (IN: NH4+-N, and NO3--N), δ18O of NO3--O, in soils were determined, as well as proxies in plant leaves of two dominant plant species, including TN, the carbon/nitrogen ratio (C/N), and δ13C and δ15N values. The results show that, with an increase of TP, the TN and IN content, and δ15N values in soils all increased. Plant C/N and δ15N values decreased and increased, respectively, as the soil N content increased. When the TN content of the soil was low, the δ15N value in plant leaves was similar to that in soil NO3-, but was much lower than that in soil NH4+. When the soil TN content was high, the δ15N values were similar. Both plants and soil were probably N-limited prior to seabird colonization, with the N source on the barren coral islands originating primarily from atmospheric deposition. With seabird guano input and subsequent pedogenesis, the source of N switched to guano. Under these conditions, most of the N utilized by plants originated from NH4+, while nitrate is dominant for non-seabirds islands. Seabird activities have played a key role in the N dynamics of soil-plant ecosystems at coral islands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Libin Wu
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Xiaodong Liu
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China.
| | - Yunting Fang
- Key Laboratory of Forest Ecology and Management, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, PR China
| | - Shengjie Hou
- LAPC, Institute of Atmospheric Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100029, PR China
| | - Liqiang Xu
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hefei University of Technology, Hefei, Anhui 230009, PR China
| | - Xueying Wang
- Institute of Polar Environment, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China; Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Polar Environment and Global Change, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui 230026, PR China
| | - Pingqing Fu
- Institute of Surface-Earth System Science, Tianjin University, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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16
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Badagliacca G, Benítez E, Amato G, Badalucco L, Giambalvo D, Laudicina VA, Ruisi P. Long-term effects of contrasting tillage on soil organic carbon, nitrous oxide and ammonia emissions in a Mediterranean Vertisol under different crop sequences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 619-620:18-27. [PMID: 29136531 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Revised: 11/09/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
This 2-year study aimed to verify whether the continuous application of no tillage (NT) for over 20years, in comparison with conventional tillage (CT), affects nitrous oxide (N2O) and ammonia (NH3) emissions from a Vertisol and, if so, whether such an effect varies with crop sequence (continuous wheat, WW and wheat after faba bean, FW). To shed light on the mechanisms involved in determining N-gas emissions, soil bulk density, water filled pore space (WFPS), some carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) pools, denitrifying enzyme activity (DEA), and nitrous oxide reductase gene abundance (nosZ gene) were also assessed at 0-15 and 15-30cm soil depth. Tillage system had no significant effect on total NH3 emissions. On average, total N2O emissions were higher under NT (2.45kgN2O-Nha-1) than CT (1.72kgN2O-Nha-1), being the differences between the two tillage systems greater in FW than WW. The higher N2O emissions in NT treatments were ascribed to the increased bulk density, WFPS, and extractable organic C under NT compared to CT, all factors that generally promote the production of N2O. Moreover, compared to CT, NT enhanced the potential DEA (114 vs 16μgNkg-1h-1) and nosZ gene abundance (116 vs 69 copy number mg-1 dry soil) in the topsoil. Finally, NT compared to CT led to an average annual increase in C stock of 0.70MgCha-1year-1. Though NT can increase the amount os soil organic matter so storing CO2 into soil, some criticisms related to the increase of N2O emission arise, thereby suggesting the need for defining management strategies to mitigate such a negative effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Badagliacca
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; Dipartimento di Agraria, Università Mediterranea di Reggio Calabria, Feo di Vito, 89124 ReggioCalabria, Italy
| | - Emilio Benítez
- Departamento de Protección Ambiental, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), Estación Experimental del Zaidín (EEZ), Calle Profesor Albareda 1, 18008 Granada, Spain
| | - Gaetano Amato
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Luigi Badalucco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Dario Giambalvo
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
| | - Vito Armando Laudicina
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy.
| | - Paolo Ruisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Agrarie, Alimentari e Forestali, Università degli Studi di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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17
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Kirschbaum MUF, Schipper LA, Mudge PL, Rutledge S, Puche NJB, Campbell DI. The trade-offs between milk production and soil organic carbon storage in dairy systems under different management and environmental factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 577:61-72. [PMID: 27751689 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2016] [Revised: 10/03/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A possible agricultural climate change mitigation option is to increase the amount of soil organic carbon (SOC). Conversely, some factors might lead to inadvertent losses of SOC. Here, we explore the effect of various management options and environmental changes on SOC storage and milk production of dairy pastures in New Zealand. We used CenW 4.1, a process-based ecophysiological model, to run a range of scenarios to assess the effects of changes in management options, plant properties and environmental factors on SOC and milk production. We tested the model by using 2years of observations of the exchanges of water and CO2 measured with an eddy covariance system on a dairy farm in New Zealand's Waikato region. We obtained excellent agreement between the model and observations, especially for evapotranspiration and net photosynthesis. For the scenario analysis, we found that SOC could be increased through supplying supplemental feed, increasing fertiliser application, or increasing water availability through irrigation on very dry sites, but SOC decreased again for larger increases in water availability. Soil warming strongly reduced SOC. For other changes in key properties, such as changes in soil water-holding capacity and plant root:shoot ratios, SOC changes were often negatively correlated with changes in milk production. The work showed that changes in SOC were determined by the complex interplay between (1) changes in net primary production; (2) the carbon fraction taken off-site through grazing; (3) carbon allocation within the system between labile and stabilised SOC; and (4) changes in SOC decomposition rates. There is a particularly important trade-off between carbon either being removed by grazing or remaining on site and available for SOC formation. Changes in SOC cannot be fully understood unless all four factors are considered together in an overall assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Louis A Schipper
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Paul L Mudge
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 3127, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Susanna Rutledge
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
| | - Nicolas J B Puche
- Landcare Research, Private Bag 11052, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - David I Campbell
- School of Science, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand
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18
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Pratt C, Redding M, Hill J, Brown G, Westermann M. Clays Can Decrease Gaseous Nutrient Losses from Soil-Applied Livestock Manures. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY 2016; 45:638-645. [PMID: 27065411 DOI: 10.2134/jeq2015.11.0569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Clays could underpin a viable agricultural greenhouse gas (GHG) abatement technology given their affinity for nitrogen and carbon compounds. We provide the first investigation into the efficacy of clays to decrease agricultural nitrogen GHG emissions (i.e., NO and NH). Via laboratory experiments using an automated closed-vessel analysis system, we tested the capacity of two clays (vermiculite and bentonite) to decrease NO and NH emissions and organic carbon losses from livestock manures (beef, pig, poultry, and egg layer) incorporated into an agricultural soil. Clay addition levels varied, with a maximum of 1:1 to manure (dry weight). Cumulative gas emissions were modeled using the biological logistic function, with 15 of 16 treatments successfully fitted ( < 0.05) by this model. When assessing all of the manures together, NH emissions were lower (×2) at the highest clay addition level compared with no clay addition, but this difference was not significant ( = 0.17). Nitrous oxide emissions were significantly lower (×3; < 0.05) at the highest clay addition level compared with no clay addition. When assessing manures individually, we observed generally decreasing trends in NH and NO emissions with increasing clay addition, albeit with widely varying statistical significance between manure types. Most of the treatments also showed strong evidence of increased C retention with increasing clay additions, with up to 10 times more carbon retained in treatments containing clay compared with treatments containing no clay. This preliminary assessment of the efficacy of clays to mitigate agricultural GHG emissions indicates strong promise.
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19
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Yang M, Fang Y, Sun D, Shi Y. Efficiency of two nitrification inhibitors (dicyandiamide and 3, 4-dimethypyrazole phosphate) on soil nitrogen transformations and plant productivity: a meta-analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22075. [PMID: 26902689 PMCID: PMC4763264 DOI: 10.1038/srep22075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Dicyandiamide (DCD) and 3, 4-dimethypyrazole phosphate (DMPP) are often claimed to be efficient in regulating soil N transformations and influencing plant productivity, but the difference of their performances across field sites is less clear. Here we applied a meta-analysis approach to compare effectiveness of DCD and DMPP across field trials. Our results showed that DCD and DMPP were equally effective in altering soil inorganic N content, dissolve inorganic N (DIN) leaching and nitrous oxide (N2O) emissions. DCD was more effective than DMPP on increasing plant productivity. An increase of crop yield by DMPP was generally only observed in alkaline soil. The cost and benefit analysis (CBA) showed that applying fertilizer N with DCD produced additional revenues of $109.49 ha(-1) yr(-1) for maize farms, equivalent to 6.02% increase in grain revenues. In comparisons, DMPP application produced less monetary benefit of $15.67 ha(-1) yr(-1). Our findings showed that DCD had an advantage of bringing more net monetary benefit over DMPP. But this may be weakened by the higher toxicity of DCD than DMPP especially after continuous DCD application. Alternatively, an option related to net monetary benefit may be achieved through applying DMPP in alkaline soil and reducing the cost of purchasing DMPP products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yunting Fang
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China.,State Key Laboratory of Forest and Soil Ecology, Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110164, Liaoning, China
| | - Di Sun
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yuanliang Shi
- Institute of Applied Ecology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenyang 110016, Liaoning, China
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20
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Hill J, Redding M, Pratt C. A novel and effective technology for mitigating nitrous oxide emissions from land-applied manures. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15519] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Land-applied manures produce nitrous oxide (N2O), a greenhouse gas (GHG). Land application can also result in ammonia (NH3) volatilisation, leading to indirect N2O emissions. Here, we summarise a glasshouse investigation into the potential for vermiculite, a clay with a high cation exchange capacity, to decrease N2O emissions from livestock manures (beef, pig, broiler, layer), as well as urea, applied to soils. Our hypothesis is that clays adsorb ammonium, thereby suppressing NH3 volatilisation and slowing N2O emission processes. We previously demonstrated the ability of clays to decrease emissions at the laboratory scale. In this glasshouse work, manure and urea application rates varied between 50 and 150 kg nitrogen (N)/ha. Clay : manure ratios ranged from 1 : 10 to 1 : 1 (dry weight basis). In the 1-year trial, the above-mentioned N sources were incorporated with vermiculite in 1 L pots containing Sodosol and Ferrosol growing a model pasture (Pennisetum clandestinum or kikuyu grass). Gas emissions were measured periodically by placing the pots in gas-tight bags connected to real-time continuous gas analysers. The vermiculite achieved significant (P ≤ 0.05) and substantial decreases in N2O emissions across all N sources (70% on average). We are currently testing the technology at the field scale; which is showing promising emission decreases (~50%) as well as increases (~20%) in dry matter yields. This technology clearly has merit as an effective GHG mitigation strategy, with potential associated agronomic benefits, although it needs to be verified by a cost–benefit analysis.
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21
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Prieto-Blanco MC, Jornet-Martínez N, Moliner-Martínez Y, Molins-Legua C, Herráez-Hernández R, Verdú Andrés J, Campins-Falcó P. Development of a polydimethylsiloxane-thymol/nitroprusside composite based sensor involving thymol derivatization for ammonium monitoring in water samples. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 503-504:105-112. [PMID: 25113949 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.07.077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2014] [Revised: 06/20/2014] [Accepted: 07/20/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
This report describes a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS)-thymol/nitroprusside delivery composite sensor for direct monitoring of ammonium in environmental water samples. The sensor is based on a PDMS support that contains the Berthelot's reaction reagents. To prepare the PDMS-thymol/nitroprusside composite discs, thymol and nitroprusside have been encapsulated in the PDMS matrix, forming a reagent release support which significantly simplifies the analytical measurements, since it avoids the need to prepare derivatizing reagents and sample handling is reduced to the sampling step. When, the PDMS-thymol/nitroprusside composite was introduced in water samples spontaneous release of the chromophore and catalyst was produced, and the derivatization reaction took place to form the indothymol blue. Thus, qualitative analysis of NH4(+) could be carried out by visual inspection, but also, it can be quantified by measuring the absorbance at 690 nm. These portable devices provided good sensitivity (LOD<0.4 mg L(-1)) and reproducibility (RSD <10%) for the rapid detection of ammonium. The PDMS-NH4(+) sensor has been successfully applied to determine ammonium in water samples and in the aqueous extracts of particulate matter PM10 samples. Moreover, the reliability of the method for qualitative analysis has been demonstrated. Finally, the advantages of the PDMS-NH4(+) sensor have been examined by comparing some analytical and complementary characteristics with the properties of well-established ammonium determination methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Prieto-Blanco
- Grupo QANAP, Departamento de Química Analítica, Facultade de Ciencias, Universidade da Coruña, Campus de A Coruña, 15071 A Coruña, Spain
| | - N Jornet-Martínez
- Departmento de Química Analítica Grupo MINTOTA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Y Moliner-Martínez
- Departmento de Química Analítica Grupo MINTOTA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Molins-Legua
- Departmento de Química Analítica Grupo MINTOTA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - R Herráez-Hernández
- Departmento de Química Analítica Grupo MINTOTA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - J Verdú Andrés
- Departmento de Química Analítica Grupo MINTOTA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain
| | - P Campins-Falcó
- Departmento de Química Analítica Grupo MINTOTA, Facultad de Química, Universidad de Valencia, Dr. Moliner 50, 46100 Burjassot, Valencia, Spain.
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