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Cappelli F, Ait Bamai Y, Van Hoey K, Kim DH, Covaci A. Occurrence of short- and ultra-short chain PFAS in drinking water from Flanders (Belgium) and implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 260:119753. [PMID: 39127331 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2024] [Revised: 08/01/2024] [Accepted: 08/05/2024] [Indexed: 08/12/2024]
Abstract
SHORT: and ultra-short chain perfluoroalkyl substances (S- and US-PFAS) are alternatives for the long-chain PFAS which have been more regulated over time. They are highly mobile in the environment and can easily reach drinking water sources which can become an important human exposure route. Furthermore, there have been growing concerns about the presence of PFAS in Flanders. Because of this, human exposure to S- and US-PFAS through Flemish drinking water was evaluated in this study. For this purpose, the presence of 2 S-PFAS (PFBS and PFBA) and 5 US-PFAS (PFPrS, PFEtS, TFMS, PFPrA and TFA) was investigated in 47 tap water samples, collected from different Flemish provinces, and 16 bottled waters purchased in Flanders. Out of the 7 target PFAS, 4 (PFBA, PFBS, PFPrS and PFEtS) were detected at concentrations above LOQ in tap water. In bottled water, only TFMS was present above its LOQ. PFAS concentrations in all analyzed water samples ranged from <0.7 to 7.3 ng/L for PFBS, <0.03-15.0 ng/L for TFMS and <0.9-12.0 ng/L for PFBA. PFPrS was only detected once above its LOQ, at 0.6 ng/L. No value could be reported for PFPrA due to high procedural blanks resulting in a high LOQ, nor for TFA due to high matrix effect. No significant differences in PFAS concentrations were seen in tap water among different drinking water companies, provinces, nor between the two types of analyzed bottled water (natural mineral water vs spring water). The use of a commercial carbon filter significantly reduced the median concentrations of the studied compounds in tap water. Finally, it was estimated that the presence of S- and US-PFAS in Flemish drinking water does not pose an immediate threat to human health, as concentrations were at least two orders of magnitude below the available guidance values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Cappelli
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium; Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, 060-0808, Sapporo, Japan.
| | - Kobe Van Hoey
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Da-Hye Kim
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
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2
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Burdette T, Yakimavets V, Panuwet P, Ryan PB, Barr DB, Salamova A. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in senior care facilities and older adult residents. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172316. [PMID: 38593875 PMCID: PMC11075449 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/06/2024] [Indexed: 04/11/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are fluorinated organic compounds used in a variety of consumer products and industrial applications that persist in the environment, bioaccumulate in biological tissues, and can have adverse effects on human health, especially in vulnerable populations. In this study, we focused on PFAS exposures in residents of senior care facilities. To investigate relationships between indoor, personal, and internal PFAS exposures, we analyzed 19 PFAS in matched samples of dust collected from the residents' bedrooms, and wristbands and serum collected from the residents. The median ∑PFAS concentrations (the sum of all PFAS detected in the samples) measured in dust, wristbands, and serum were 120 ng/g, 0.05 ng/g, and 4.0 ng/mL, respectively. The most abundant compounds in serum were linear- and branched-perfluorooctane sulfonic acid (L-PFOS and B-PFOS, respectively) at medians of 1.7 ng/mL and 0.83 ng/mL, respectively, followed by the linear perfluorooctanoic acid (L-PFOA) found at a median concentration of 0.59 ng/mL. Overall, these three PFAS comprised 80 % of the serum ∑PFAS concentrations. A similar pattern was observed in dust with L-PFOS and L-PFOA found as the most abundant PFAS (median concentrations of 13 and 7.8 ng/g, respectively), with the overall contribution of 50 % to the ∑PFAS concentration. Only L-PFOA was found in wristbands at a median concentration of 0.02 ng/g. Significant correlations were found between the concentrations of several PFAS in dust and serum, and in dust and wristbands, suggesting that the indoor environment could be a significant contributor to the personal and internal PFAS exposures in seniors. Our findings demonstrate that residents of assisted living facilities are widely exposed to PFAS, with several PFAS found in blood of each study participant and in the assisted living environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tret Burdette
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Volha Yakimavets
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - P Barry Ryan
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Dana B Barr
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Amina Salamova
- Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
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3
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Tang L, Yu X, Zhao W, Barceló D, Lyu S, Sui Q. Occurrence, behaviors, and fate of per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in typical municipal solid waste disposal sites. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 252:121215. [PMID: 38309069 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 01/26/2024] [Indexed: 02/05/2024]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have become a crucial environmental concern owing to their exceptional persistence, ability to bioaccumulate within ecosystems, and potential to adversely affect biota. Products and materials containing PFASs are usually discarded into municipal solid waste (MSW) at the end of their life cycle, and the fate of PFASs may differ when different disposal methods of MSWs are employed. To date, limited research has focus on the occurrence, behaviors, and fate of PFASs emitted from various MSW disposal sites. This knowledge gap may lead to an underestimation of the contribution of MSW disposal sites as a source of PFASs in the environment. In this review, we collated publications concerning PFASs from typical MSW disposal sites (i.e., landfills, incineration plants, and composting facilities) and explored the occurrence patterns and behaviors of PFASs across various media (e.g., landfill leachate/ambient air, incineration plant leachate/ash, and compost products) in these typical MSW disposal sites. In particular, this review highlighted ultrashort-chain perfluoroalkyl acids and "unknown"/emerging PFASs. Additionally, it meticulously elucidated the use of non-specific techniques and non-target analysis for screening and identifying these overlooked PFASs. Furthermore, the composition profiles, mass loads, and ecological risks of PFASs were compared across the three typical disposal methods. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first review regarding the occurrence, behaviors, and fate of PFASs in typical MSW disposal sites on a global scale, which can help shed light on the potential environmental impacts of PFASs harbored in MSWs and guide future waste management practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linfeng Tang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Xia Yu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
| | - Wentao Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Damià Barceló
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Council for Scientific Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Shuguang Lyu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Qian Sui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, China.
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4
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Rohonczy J, Robinson SA, Forbes MR, De Silva AO, Brinovcar C, Bartlett AJ, Gilroy ÈAM. The effects of two short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) on northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpole development. ECOTOXICOLOGY (LONDON, ENGLAND) 2024; 33:177-189. [PMID: 38315267 PMCID: PMC10940426 DOI: 10.1007/s10646-024-02737-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/07/2024]
Abstract
Short-chain perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) have been detected in the environment globally. The presence and persistence of these compounds in the environment may lead to chronic wildlife exposure. We used northern leopard frog (Rana pipiens) tadpoles to investigate the chronic toxicity and the bioconcentration of two short-chain PFCAs, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) and perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA). We exposed Gosner stage 25 tadpoles to PFBA and PFHxA (as individual chemicals) at nominal concentrations of 0.1, 1, 10, 100, and 1000 µg/L for 43-46 days. Tadpoles exposed to 0.1 to 100 µg/L of PFBA and PFHxA had significantly higher mean snout-to-vent lengths, mean masses, and scaled mass indexes than control tadpoles. These results indicate that exposure to short-chain PFCAs influences tadpole growth. Further investigation into the mechanism(s) causing the observed changes in tadpole growth is warranted. We observed a significantly higher proportion of males in the PFBA 1 µg/L treatment group, however further histological analyses are required to confirm visual sex identification before making concrete conclusions on the effects of PFCAs on amphibian sex ratios. PFBA concentrations in tissues were higher than PFHxA concentrations; a pattern that contrasts with previously published studies using fish, suggesting potential differences between taxa in PFBA and PFHxA bioconcentration. Bioconcentration factors were <10 L/kg wet weight, indicating low bioconcentration potential in tadpoles. Our results suggest that PFBA and PFHxA may have effects at environmentally-relevant concentrations (0.1-10 µg/L) and further investigation is required before these compounds can be deemed a "safe" alternative to their long-chain counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jillian Rohonczy
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Stacey A Robinson
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada.
- Wildlife and Landscape Science Directorate, Environment and Climate Change, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0H3, Canada.
| | - Mark R Forbes
- Department of Biology, Carleton University, Ottawa, ON, K1S 5B6, Canada
| | - Amila O De Silva
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Cassandra Brinovcar
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Adrienne J Bartlett
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
| | - Ève A M Gilroy
- Water Science and Technology Directorate, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON, L7S 1A1, Canada
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5
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Agathokleous E, Blande JD, Masui N, Calabrese EJ, Zhang J, Sicard P, Guedes RNC, Benelli G. Sublethal chemical stimulation of arthropod parasitoids and parasites of agricultural and environmental importance. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 237:116876. [PMID: 37573021 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/14/2023]
Abstract
An increasing number of studies have reported stimulation of various organisms in the presence of environmental contaminants. This has created a need to critically evaluate sublethal stimulation and hormetic responses of arthropod parasitoids and parasites following exposure to pesticides and other contaminants. Examining this phenomenon with a focus on arthropods of agricultural and environmental importance serves as the framework for this literature review. This review shows that several pesticides, with diverse chemical structures and different modes of action, applied individually or in combination at sublethal doses, commonly stimulate an array of arthropod parasitoids and parasites. Exposure at sublethal doses can enhance responses related to physiology (e.g., respiration, total lipid content, and total protein content), behavior (e.g., locomotor activity, antennal drumming frequency, host location, and parasitization), and fitness (longevity, growth, fecundity, population net and gross reproduction). Concordantly, the parasitic potential (e.g., infestation efficacy, parasitization rate, and parasitoid/parasite emergence) can be increased, and as a result host activities inhibited. There is some evidence illustrating hormetic dose-responses, but the relevant literature commonly included a limited number and range of doses, precluding a robust differentiation between sub- and superNOAEL (no-observed-adverse-effect level) stimulation. These results reveal a potentially significant threat to ecological health, through stimulation of harmful parasitic organisms by environmental contaminants, and highlight the need to include sublethal stimulation and hormetic responses in relevant ecological pesticide risk assessments. Curiously, considering a more utilitarian view, hormesis may also assist in optimizing mass rearing of biological control agents for field use, a possibility that also remains neglected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgenios Agathokleous
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters (CIC-FEMD), Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu, China; Research Center for Global Changes and Ecosystem Carbon Sequestration & Mitigation, School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, Jiangsu, China.
| | - James D Blande
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, P. O. Box 1627, 70211, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Noboru Masui
- School of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, 4228526, Japan
| | - Edward J Calabrese
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Morrill I, N344, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA, 01003, USA
| | - Jing Zhang
- College of Ecological Technology and Engineering, Shanghai Institute of Technology, Shanghai, 201418, PR China
| | | | - Raul Narciso C Guedes
- Departamento de Entomologia, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Viçosa, MG, 36570-900, Brazil
| | - Giovanni Benelli
- Department of Agriculture, Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via Del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy
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6
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Zheng G, Eick SM, Salamova A. Elevated Levels of Ultrashort- and Short-Chain Perfluoroalkyl Acids in US Homes and People. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:15782-15793. [PMID: 37818968 PMCID: PMC10603771 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c06715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) make up a large group of fluorinated organic compounds extensively used in consumer products and industrial applications. Perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), the two perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) with 8 carbons in their structure, have been phased out on a global scale because of their high environmental persistence and toxicity. As a result, shorter-chain PFAAs with less than 8 carbons in their structure are being used as their replacements and are now widely detected in the environment, raising concerns about their effects on human health. In this study, 47 PFAAs and their precursors were measured in paired samples of dust and drinking water collected from residential homes in Indiana, United States, and in blood and urine samples collected from the residents of these homes. Ultrashort- (with 2 or 3 carbons [C2-C3]) and short-chain (with 4-7 carbons [C4-C7]) PFAAs were the most abundant in all four matrices and constituted on average 69-100% of the total PFAA concentrations. Specifically, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA, C2) and perfluoropropanoic acid (PFPrA, C3) were the predominant PFAAs in most of the samples. Significant positive correlations (n = 81; r = 0.23-0.42; p < 0.05) were found between TFA, perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA, C4), and perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA, C7) concentrations in dust or water and those in serum, suggesting dust ingestion and/or drinking water consumption as important exposure pathways for these compounds. This study demonstrates that ultrashort- and short-chain PFAAs are now abundant in the indoor environment and in humans and warrants further research on potential adverse health effects of these exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guomao Zheng
- School
of Environmental Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Stephanie M. Eick
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
- Department
of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
| | - Amina Salamova
- Gangarosa
Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30322, United States
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7
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Wang X, Si D, Li Y, Chen N, Fang G, Zhu C, Zhou D. Alcohols radicals can efficiently reduce recalcitrant perfluorooctanoic acid. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 245:120557. [PMID: 37703753 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Alcohols are commonly used as eluents for the regeneration of per/poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) adsorbents, but their potential effects on the subsequent treatment of these eluates have not been fully explored. This work investigated the effect of alcohols on perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) degradation by persulfate (PS) based advanced oxidation processes. The results showed that ethanol significantly promoted PFOA degradation in thermal/PS system. Under anoxic conditions, 25.5±1.4% or 91.2±1.6% of PFOA was degraded within 48 h in the absence or presence of ethanol. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) detection, free radical quenching experiments, and chemical probe studies clearly demonstrated that the sulfate radicals (SO4•-) generated from PS activation would react with ethanol to form alcohol radicals, which could efficiently degrade PFOA. The transformation pathways of PFOA were proposed based on degradation products analysis and density function theory (DFT) calculation. The reaction between SO4•- and other alcohols could also induce the formation of alcohol radicals and facilitate to the degradation of PFOA. This work represents the positive roles of alcohols in the degradation of PFASs, providing new insights into developing simple and efficient treatments for PFASs eluate or PFAS-contaminated water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Dunfeng Si
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Yuliang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Ning Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, PR China
| | - Guodong Fang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, PR China
| | - Changyin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu Province, PR China.
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8
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Zango ZU, Ethiraj B, Al-Mubaddel FS, Alam MM, Lawal MA, Kadir HA, Khoo KS, Garba ZN, Usman F, Zango MU, Lim JW. An overview on human exposure, toxicity, solid-phase microextraction and adsorptive removal of perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) from water matrices. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 231:116102. [PMID: 37196688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl carboxylic acids (PFCAs) are sub-class of perfluoroalkyl substances commonly detected in water matrices. They are persistent in the environment, hence highly toxic to living organisms. Their occurrence at trace amount, complex nature and prone to matrix interference make their extraction and detection a challenge. This study consolidates current advancements in solid-phase extraction (SPE) techniques for the trace-level analysis of PFCAs from water matrices. The advantages of the methods in terms of ease of applications, low-cost, robustness, low solvents consumption, high pre-concentration factors, better extraction efficiency, good selectivity and recovery of the analytes have been emphasized. The article also demonstrated effectiveness of some porous materials for the adsorptive removal of the PFCAs from the water matrices. Mechanisms of the SPE/adsorption techniques have been discussed. The success and limitations of the processes have been elucidated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zakariyya Uba Zango
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria; Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria.
| | - Baranitharan Ethiraj
- Department of Biotechnology, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai, 602105, India
| | - Fahad S Al-Mubaddel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia; Fellow, King Abdullah City for Renewable and Atomic Energy: Energy Research and Innovation Center, (ERIC), Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Mahtab Alam
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Applied Medical Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61421, Saudi Arabia
| | | | - Haliru Aivada Kadir
- Department of Quality Assurance and Control, Dangote Cement Plc, Kogi State, Nigeria
| | - Kuan Shiong Khoo
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Yuan Ze University, Taoyuan, Taiwan.
| | | | - Fahad Usman
- Institute of Semi-Arid Zone Studies, Al-Qalam University Katsina, 2137, Katsina, Nigeria
| | - Muttaqa Uba Zango
- Department of Civil Engineering, Kano University of Science and Technology, Wudil, P.M.B. 3244, Kano, Nigeria
| | - Jun Wei Lim
- HICoE-Centre for Biofuel and Biochemical Research, Institute of Self-Sustainable Building, Department of Fundamental and Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, 32610 Seri Iskandar, Perak Darul Ridzuan, Malaysia
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9
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Pelch KE, McKnight T, Reade A. 70 analyte PFAS test method highlights need for expanded testing of PFAS in drinking water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162978. [PMID: 37059129 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
In this community-led pilot study we sought to investigate the utility of expanded per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) testing for drinking water, using a targeted analysis for 70 PFAS and the Total Oxidizable Precursor (TOP) Assay which can indicate the presence of precursor PFAS. PFAS were detected in 30 out of 44 drinking water samples across 16 states; 15 samples would exceed US EPA's proposed maximum contaminant levels for six PFAS. Twenty-six unique PFAS were identified, including 12 not covered by either US EPA Methods 537.1 or 533. An ultrashort chain PFAS, PFPrA, had the highest frequency of detection, occurring in 24 of 30 samples. It was also the PFAS reported at the highest concentration in 15 of these samples. We created a data filter to model how these samples would be reported under the upcoming fifth Unregulated Contaminant Monitoring Rule (UCMR5) requirements. All of the 30 samples with PFAS quantified by the 70 PFAS test had one or more PFAS present that would not be captured if the UCMR5 reporting requirements were followed. Our analysis suggests the upcoming UCMR5 will likely underreport PFAS in drinking water, due to limited coverage and higher minimum reporting limits. Results were inconclusive on the utility of the TOP Assay for monitoring drinking water. The results from this study provide important information to community participants regarding their current PFAS drinking water exposure. In addition, these results suggest gaps that need to be addressed by regulatory and scientific communities, in particular, the need for expanded targeted analysis of PFAS, the development of a sensitive, broad spectrum PFAS test, and further investigation into ultrashort chain PFAS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine E Pelch
- Natural Resources Defense Council, 111 Sutter St. Floor 20, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA
| | - Taryn McKnight
- Eurofins Environment Testing, 880 Riverside Parkway, West Sacramento, CA 95605, USA
| | - Anna Reade
- Natural Resources Defense Council, 111 Sutter St. Floor 20, San Francisco, CA 94104, USA.
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10
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Madronich S, Sulzberger B, Longstreth JD, Schikowski T, Andersen MPS, Solomon KR, Wilson SR. Changes in tropospheric air quality related to the protection of stratospheric ozone in a changing climate. Photochem Photobiol Sci 2023; 22:1129-1176. [PMID: 37310641 PMCID: PMC10262938 DOI: 10.1007/s43630-023-00369-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet (UV) radiation drives the net production of tropospheric ozone (O3) and a large fraction of particulate matter (PM) including sulfate, nitrate, and secondary organic aerosols. Ground-level O3 and PM are detrimental to human health, leading to several million premature deaths per year globally, and have adverse effects on plants and the yields of crops. The Montreal Protocol has prevented large increases in UV radiation that would have had major impacts on air quality. Future scenarios in which stratospheric O3 returns to 1980 values or even exceeds them (the so-called super-recovery) will tend to ameliorate urban ground-level O3 slightly but worsen it in rural areas. Furthermore, recovery of stratospheric O3 is expected to increase the amount of O3 transported into the troposphere by meteorological processes that are sensitive to climate change. UV radiation also generates hydroxyl radicals (OH) that control the amounts of many environmentally important chemicals in the atmosphere including some greenhouse gases, e.g., methane (CH4), and some short-lived ozone-depleting substances (ODSs). Recent modeling studies have shown that the increases in UV radiation associated with the depletion of stratospheric ozone over 1980-2020 have contributed a small increase (~ 3%) to the globally averaged concentrations of OH. Replacements for ODSs include chemicals that react with OH radicals, hence preventing the transport of these chemicals to the stratosphere. Some of these chemicals, e.g., hydrofluorocarbons that are currently being phased out, and hydrofluoroolefins now used increasingly, decompose into products whose fate in the environment warrants further investigation. One such product, trifluoroacetic acid (TFA), has no obvious pathway of degradation and might accumulate in some water bodies, but is unlikely to cause adverse effects out to 2100.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Madronich
- National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, USA.
- USDA UV-B Monitoring and Research Program, Natural Resource Ecology Laboratory, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, USA.
| | - B Sulzberger
- Academic Guest after retirement from Eawag: Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, CH-8600, Duebendorf, Switzerland
| | - J D Longstreth
- The Institute for Global Risk Research, LLC, Bethesda, USA
| | - T Schikowski
- IUF-Leibniz Research Institute for Environmental Medicine, Dusseldorf, Germany
| | - M P Sulbæk Andersen
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, California State University, Northridge, USA
| | - K R Solomon
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada
| | - S R Wilson
- School of Earth, Atmospheric and Life Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, Australia.
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11
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Pang H, Allinson M, Scales PJ. Sub-ppm determination of perfluorinated carboxylic acids in solution by UV-vis high-performance liquid chromatography through solid phase extraction. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:605-616. [PMID: 37095699 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2204801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated a novel and sensitive analytical method based on a simple heat-based derivatization using 3-bromoacetyl coumarin as the reagent and analysis with a HPLC-UV system or just a UV-vis spectrometer to allow the sub-ppm determination of PFCAs in water solution with the potential for utilization in simple laboratories and field laboratory scenarios. A Strata-X-AW cartridge was used for the solid phase extraction (SPE) procedure and higher than 98% recoveries were obtained. The derivatization condition showed that a high efficiency of peak separation was obtained with obviously different retention time among various PFCAs derivatives using HPLC-UV analysis. The derivatization stability and repeatability showed favorable results with stable derivatized analytes for ≤12 h and a relative standard deviation (RSD) of <2% for all repetitions. The limit of detection for the HPLC-UV analysis was between 0.1 ppm and 0.5 ppm. A satisfactory linearity response was found with R2 >0.998 for all individual PFCA compounds. The limit of detection for simple UV-Vis analysis was <0.0003 ppm to measure the presence of PFCAs. Contamination of standards with humic substances and measurement of industrial samples in a complex wastewater matrix showed no adverse effects on the accuracy of PFCA determination by using the developed methodology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjiao Pang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Mayumi Allinson
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Peter J Scales
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
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12
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Qiao Q, Singh S, Patidar R, Wang L, Li Y, Shi J, Chandra Srivastava V, Lo SL. Contribution of electrolyte in parametric optimization of perfluorooctanoic acid during electro-oxidation: Active chlorinated and sulfonated by-products formation and distribution. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 312:137202. [PMID: 36370760 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 11/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the roles of peroxydisulfate (PDS) radicals and sulfate radicals (SO4•-) that formed from sulfate (SO42-) during electrochemical oxidation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA). The effect of operating parameters such as different types of electrolytes (NaCl, NaClO4, and Na2SO4), initial pH, current density, dose of electrolyte, and initial concentration of PFOA using electrochemical oxidation for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) decomposition study was investigated. A difference in the removal efficiency with different electrolytes (i.e., Cl-, ClO4-, and SO42-) illustrated an increasing effect of electrooxidation of PFOA in the order of ClO4- < Cl- < SO42-, which suggested that •OH induced oxidation and direct e- transfer reaction continued to play a crucial role in oxidation of PFOA. At the optimum treatment condition of j = 225.2 Am-2, Na2SO4 concentration = 1.5 gL-1, [PFOA]o = 50 mgL-1 and initial pH = 3.8 maximum PFOA removal of 92% and TOC removal of 80% was investigated at 240 min. The formation of three shorter-chain perfluorocarboxylates (i.e., perfluoroheptanoic acid (PFHpA), perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA), and perfluoropentanoic acid (PFPeA) and formate (HCOO-) ions were detected as by-products of PFOA electro-oxidation, showing that the C-C bond first broken in C7F15 and then mineralized into CO2, and fluoride ion (F-). The fluorine recovery as F- ions and the organic fluorine as the shorter-chain by-products were also obtained. The degradation kinetic has also been studied using the nth-order kinetic model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qicheng Qiao
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nantong College of Science and Technology, Nantong City, Jiangsu, 226007, PR China
| | - Seema Singh
- School of Applied & Life Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, 248007, India; Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, PR China.
| | - Ritesh Patidar
- Department of Petroleum Engineering, Rajasthan Technical University, Kota, 324010, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lizhang Wang
- School of Environment Science and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology Xuzhou City, Jiangsu, 221116, PR China
| | - Ya Li
- School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nantong College of Science and Technology, Nantong City, Jiangsu, 226007, PR China
| | - Jian Shi
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Nantong University, Nantong City, Jiangsu, 226007, PR China
| | - Vimal Chandra Srivastava
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee, Roorkee, 247667, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Shang-Lien Lo
- Graduate Institute of Environmental Engineering, National Taiwan University, 71 Chou-Shan Rd., Taipei, Taiwan, PR China; Water Innovation, Low Carbon and Environmental Sustainability Research Center, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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13
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Ma T, Ye C, Wang T, Li X, Luo Y. Toxicity of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances to Aquatic Invertebrates, Planktons, and Microorganisms. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph192416729. [PMID: 36554610 PMCID: PMC9779086 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192416729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/08/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), recognized worldwide as emerging pollutants, may pose a substantial threat to human health and our environment due to their stability, high concentrations, wide distribution, and easy accumulation. Ever since perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoic acid were recognized by the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants, the public has become increasingly concerned about potential contamination and the environmental risks associated with PFASs. Ubiquitous PFAS contamination of drinking water, groundwater, surface water, and sediment has been detected, especially in areas with rapid industrial and economic development. Its accumulation in living organisms and foods has accentuated the importance of investigations into aquatic organisms at the bottom of the food chain, as the stability and integrity of the food web as well as the population quantity and structure of the aquatic ecosystem may be affected. This review provides a comprehensive summary of the toxic and toxicity-related effects of PFASs on aquatic plankton, aquatic invertebrates and microorganisms, the characteristics of different target aquatic organisms in toxicity investigations, and a feasibility evaluation of PFAS substitutes to provide valuable suggestions for further utilization and regulation of PFASs and their substitutes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Ma
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Low Dimensional Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Chaoran Ye
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
| | - Tiantian Wang
- College of Resource Environment and Tourism, Hubei University of Arts and Science, Xiangyang 441053, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Xiuhua Li
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yongming Luo
- CAS Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
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14
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Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA) Induces a Non-Enzymatic Oxidative Stress Response in Soybean (Glycine max L. Merr.). Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23179934. [PMID: 36077331 PMCID: PMC9456126 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23179934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Short-chain perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are generally considered to be of less environmental concern than long-chain analogues due to their comparatively shorter half-lives in biological systems. Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) is a short-chain PFAS with the most root–shoot transfer factor of all PFAS. We investigated the impact of extended exposure of soybean plants to irrigation water containing environmentally relevant (100 pg–100 ng/L) to high (100 µg–1 mg/L) concentrations of PFBA using phenotypical observation, biochemical characterization, and transcriptomic analysis. The results showed a non-monotonous developmental response from the plants, with maximum stimulation and inhibition at 100 ng/L and 1 mg/L, respectively. Higher reactive oxygen species and low levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) activity were observed in all treatment groups. However transcriptomic analysis did not demonstrate differential expression of SOD and CAT coding genes, whereas non-enzymatic response genes and pathways were enriched in both groups (100 ng/L and 1 mg/L) with glycine betaine dehydrogenase showing the highest expression. About 18% of similarly downregulated genes in both groups are involved in the ethylene signaling pathway. The circadian rhythm pathway was the only differentially regulated pathway between both groups. We conclude that, similar to long chain PFAS, PFBA induced stress in soybean plants and that the observed hormetic stimulation at 100 ng/L represents an overcompensation response, via the circadian rhythm pathway, to the induced stress.
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15
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Hwang JH, Li Sip YY, Kim KT, Han G, Rodriguez KL, Fox DW, Afrin S, Burnstine-Townley A, Zhai L, Lee WH. Nanoparticle-embedded hydrogel synthesized electrodes for electrochemical oxidation of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 296:134001. [PMID: 35181416 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.134001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study, sliver (Ag) and gold (Au) nanoparticles (NPs) were embedded on poly (acrylic acid) (PAA)/poly (allylamine) hydrochloride (PAH) hydrogel fibers for improved electrochemical oxidation (EO) of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) removal. The NPs-loaded PAA/PAHs shows the better charge transport compared to the ceramic nanofiber membranes (CNM) electrodes. At 10 mA cm-2 of current density, the Ag-PAA/PAH electrodes showed a faster removal of PFAS compared to the Ag-CNM electrode probably due to large surface area-volume ratio and high porosity from the hydrogel. Among NPs-loaded PAA/PAH electrodes, the Ag/Au-PAA/PAH electrodes showed the highest removal of PFOA (72%) and PFOS (91%) in 2 h with the maximum removal rate of PFOA (0.0046 min-1) and PFOS (0.0093 min-1). The rapid PFOS removal is possibly due to the high activity of electron transfer with a higher redox potential of SO4•- than •OH. The highly stable F- generation was obtained from each electrode during reproducibility (n = 3). The net energy consumption from Ag/Au-PAA/PAH electrode was 164.9 kWh m-3 for 72% PFOA removal and 90 kWh m-3 for 91% PFOS removal, respectively. The developed Au-PAA/PAH electrodes were applied to lake water samples and showed acceptable PFOS removal (65%) with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 10.2% (n = 3) at 10 mA cm-2 of current density. Overall, the NP-embedded hydrogel nanofibers were proven to be a promising sustainable catalyst for the electrochemical PFAS oxidation in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Hoon Hwang
- Department of Civil, Environmental, And Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Yuen Yee Li Sip
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Keug Tae Kim
- Department of Environmental & Energy Engineering, The University of Suwon, 17 Wauan-gil, Bongdam-eup, Hwaseong-si, Gyeonggi-do, 18323, South Korea
| | - Gaehee Han
- Water Quality Research Center, Waterworks Headquarters of Daegu Metropolitan City, Daegu, 42423, South Korea
| | - Kelsey L Rodriguez
- Department of Civil, Environmental, And Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - David W Fox
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Sajia Afrin
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Alex Burnstine-Townley
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Lei Zhai
- NanoScience Technology Center and Department of Chemistry, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Woo Hyoung Lee
- Department of Civil, Environmental, And Construction Engineering, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA.
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16
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Chen X, Guo X, Xiong W, Zhan A. Pollution-driven morphological plasticity in a running water ecosystem. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:2783-2791. [PMID: 34378129 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15802-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/30/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Various types of pollutants derived from rapid industrialization and urbanization have largely threaten biodiversity and functioning of freshwater ecosystems globally. Morphological plasticity, especially body size-associated traits, is considered a functional response to water pollution in species, as such changes are often directly related to functioning of freshwater ecosystems through dynamics of food webs. However, detailed dynamics of pollution impacts on morphological plasticity remain largely unknown, particularly in the wild. Here, we used the model planktonic rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus to assess morphological response to chemical pollution in a river reach disturbed by sewage discharges. Multiple analyses showed dynamic morphological response to water pollution in wild B. calyciflorus populations. The distance between anterior lateral spines, lorica length, and egg short diameter were the most sensitive morphological indicators to water pollution, while spine length was stable in varied pollution conditions. Interestingly, body size and egg size were increased with accentuated water pollution, suggesting that wild populations maintain fitness by increasing feeding efficiency and reducing vulnerability to predation and ensure survival by producing large newborns in polluted environments. Total ammonia nitrogen was the leading nitrogen pollutant affecting body size, while total phosphorus and elements of Mn and As were the key factors relating to egg size. The results obtained here provide new sights into biological consequences of environmental pollution in the wild, thus advancing our understanding of pollution impacts on structure and functioning of freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xingyu Chen
- College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Xiaoyu Guo
- College of Resources Environment and Tourism, Capital Normal University, 105 West Third Ring Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100048, China
| | - Wei Xiong
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Aibin Zhan
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 18 Shuangqing Road, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing, 100049, China.
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17
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Avellán-Llaguno RD, Liu X, Dong S, Huang Q. Occurrence and toxicity of perfluoroalkyl acids along the estuarine and coastal regions under varied environmental factors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 769:144584. [PMID: 33477046 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Due to the significant economic and ecological value, the increasing pollution threat to estuarine and coastal regions is of great concern. Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are emerging pollutants which possess adverse ecological risk. In this review, we have compiled the data on the levels of PFAAs in environmental samples, mainly in estuarine and coastal zones. A worldwide map was generated to show the distribution of PFAAs. The experimental results have also been considered, which, together with those of environmental samples, has allowed us to infer about the factors that intervene in the behavior of PFAAs. The presence of PFAAs is determined primarily by the source of pollution. Salinity is as well shown as a significant condition, dependent too on the sampling environment. The analysis of PFAAs from environmental samples constitutes a fundamental tool for the surveillance of these pollutants, but the lack of homogeneity of protocols for sampling, as well as for the results presentation, limits the comparative capacity. Laboratory studies are also an essential tool in the analysis of particular aspects related to PFAAs, but many times the conditions tested are not environmentally significant. In this way, it would not be prudent to establish "paradigms" about the behavior of the PFAAs in certain areas or organisms, instead to suggest the points that can be considered fundamental for each issue addressed. The main variables that appear to intervene in estuarine and coastal regions are mainly the proximity to the source of pollution, salinity, pH, precipitation (rain) as well as types of PFAAs. All these can synergistically lead to different impacts on the ecosystem. Therefore, the particular risks of PFAAs in estuarine and coastal regions is a set of multiple variables, dependent on each sampling condition and according to the previously named parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ricardo David Avellán-Llaguno
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, PR China
| | - Xiaobo Liu
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China
| | - Sijun Dong
- College of Life Sciences, Institute of Life Sciences and Green Development, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, PR China
| | - Qiansheng Huang
- Key Lab of Urban Environment and Health, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, PR China.
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18
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Hao S, Choi YJ, Wu B, Higgins CP, Deeb R, Strathmann TJ. Hydrothermal Alkaline Treatment for Destruction of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Aqueous Film-Forming Foam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3283-3295. [PMID: 33557522 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c06906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of aqueous film-forming foam (AFFF) for firefighting activities (e.g., fire training to extinguish fuel-based fires at aircraft facilities) has led to extensive groundwater and soil contamination by per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) that are highly recalcitrant to destruction using conventional treatment technologies. This study reports on the hydrothermal alkaline treatment of diverse PFASs present in AFFFs. Quantitative and semiquantitative high-resolution mass spectrometry analyses of PFASs demonstrate a rapid degradation of all 109 PFASs identified in two AFFFs (sulfonate- and fluorotelomer-based formulations) in water amended with an alkali (e.g., 1-5 M NaOH) at near-critical temperature and pressure (350 °C, 16.5 MPa). This includes per- and polyfluoroalkyl acids and a range of acid precursors. Most PFASs were degraded to nondetectable levels within 15 min, and the most recalcitrant perfluoroalkyl sulfonates were degraded within 30 min when treated with 5 M NaOH. 19F NMR spectroscopic analysis and fluoride ion analysis confirm the near-complete defluorination of PFASs in both dilute and concentrated AFFF mixtures, and no stable volatile organofluorine species were detected in reactor headspace gases by the gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis. These findings indicate a significant potential for application of hydrothermal treatment technologies to manage PFAS waste streams, including on-site treatment of unused AFFF chemical stockpiles, investigation-derived wastes, and concentrated source zone materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilai Hao
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Youn-Jeong Choi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Boran Wu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Christopher P Higgins
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
| | - Rula Deeb
- Geosyntec Consultants, Oakland, California 94607, United States
| | - Timothy J Strathmann
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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19
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Ankley GT, Cureton P, Hoke RA, Houde M, Kumar A, Kurias J, Lanno R, McCarthy C, Newsted J, Salice CJ, Sample BE, Sepúlveda MS, Steevens J, Valsecchi S. Assessing the Ecological Risks of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: Current State-of-the Science and a Proposed Path Forward. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:564-605. [PMID: 32897586 PMCID: PMC7984443 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 47.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 08/13/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) encompass a large, heterogenous group of chemicals of potential concern to human health and the environment. Based on information for a few relatively well-understood PFAS such as perfluorooctane sulfonate and perfluorooctanoate, there is ample basis to suspect that at least a subset can be considered persistent, bioaccumulative, and/or toxic. However, data suitable for determining risks in either prospective or retrospective assessments are lacking for the majority of PFAS. In August 2019, the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry sponsored a workshop that focused on the state-of-the-science supporting risk assessment of PFAS. The present review summarizes discussions concerning the ecotoxicology and ecological risks of PFAS. First, we summarize currently available information relevant to problem formulation/prioritization, exposure, and hazard/effects of PFAS in the context of regulatory and ecological risk assessment activities from around the world. We then describe critical gaps and uncertainties relative to ecological risk assessments for PFAS and propose approaches to address these needs. Recommendations include the development of more comprehensive monitoring programs to support exposure assessment, an emphasis on research to support the formulation of predictive models for bioaccumulation, and the development of in silico, in vitro, and in vivo methods to efficiently assess biological effects for potentially sensitive species/endpoints. Addressing needs associated with assessing the ecological risk of PFAS will require cross-disciplinary approaches that employ both conventional and new methods in an integrated, resource-effective manner. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:564-605. © 2020 The Authors. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry published by Wiley Periodicals LLC on behalf of SETAC. This article has been contributed to by US Government employees and their work is in the public domain in the USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald T. Ankley
- Great Lakes Toxicology and Ecology Division, US Environmental Protection AgencyDuluthMinnesotaUSA
| | - Philippa Cureton
- Science and Risk Assessment Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, GatineauQuebecCanada
| | | | - Magali Houde
- Aquatic Contaminants Research Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, MontrealQuebecCanada
| | - Anupama Kumar
- Land and Water, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation UrrbraeSouth AustraliaAustralia
| | - Jessy Kurias
- Science and Risk Assessment Division, Environment and Climate Change Canada, GatineauQuebecCanada
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Maria S. Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue UniversityWest LayetteIndianaUSA
| | - Jeffery Steevens
- US Geological Survey, Columbia Environmental Research CenterColumbiaMissouriUSA
| | - Sara Valsecchi
- Water Research Institute, National Research CouncilBrugherioMonza and BrianzaItaly
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20
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Wasel O, Thompson KM, Gao Y, Godfrey AE, Gao J, Mahapatra CT, Lee LS, Sepúlveda MS, Freeman JL. Comparison of zebrafish in vitro and in vivo developmental toxicity assessments of perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs). JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2021; 84:125-136. [PMID: 33143551 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2020.1842272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) are persistent environmental contaminants that are associated with various adverse health outcomes. Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) is one of the most prominently detected PFAAs in the environment, which is now replaced with shorter chain carbon compounds including perfluorohexanoic acid (PFHxA) and perfluorobutyric acid (PFBA). The aim of this study was to compare the toxicity of four PFAAs as a function of chain length and head group (carboxylate versus sulfonate) with in vitro and in vivo zebrafish assessments, which were subsequently compared to other cell and aquatic models. Mortality rate increased with chain length (PFOA > PFHxA ≫ PFBA) in both whole embryo/larvae and embryonic cell models. The sulfonate group enhanced toxicity with perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) showing higher toxicity than PFBA and PFHxA in both larvae and cells. Toxicity trends were similar among different aquatic models, but sensitivities varied. Discrepancies with other zebrafish studies were confirmed to be associated with a lack of neutralization of acidic pH of dosing solutions in these other investigations, demonstrating the need for rigor in reporting pH of exposure solutions in all experiments. The zebrafish embryonic cell line was also found to be similar to most other cell lines regardless of exposure length. Overall, results agree with findings in other cell lines and organisms where longer chain length and sulfonate group increase toxicity, except in investigations not neutralizing the exposure solutions for these acidic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Wasel
- School of Health Sciences, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | | | - Yu Gao
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Yunnan Agricultural University , Kunming, China
| | - Amy E Godfrey
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Jiejun Gao
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Cecon T Mahapatra
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Linda S Lee
- Department of Agronomy, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
| | - Maria S Sepúlveda
- Department of Forestry and Natural Resources, Purdue University , West Lafayette, IN, USA
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Xu X, Chen T, Xie A, Yang X, Wei X. Chronic Effects of Bromate on Sexual Reproduction of Freshwater Rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2021; 106:270-277. [PMID: 33471188 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-021-03103-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The effects of potassium bromate (KBrO3), sodium bromate (NaBrO3), and potassium bromide (KBr) on the sexual reproduction of the rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus were studied by 2-d population growth, 4-d sexual reproduction, and 7-d resting egg production tests. The results showed that low concentrations of bromate promote 2-d and 4-d rotifer population growth, while high concentrations limit it. Bromate stress significantly affected parameters of rotifer sexual reproduction, including the ratio of mictic to amictic females, the mictic rate of rotifers, and the fertilization rate of mictic females. KBrO3 at 0.001, 0.01, 1, and 10 mg/L, NaBrO3 at 1 and 10 mg/L, and KBr at 100 and 200 mg/L significantly increased resting egg production, while KBrO3 at 100 and 200 mg/L, and NaBrO3 at 200 mg/L significantly decreased it. Resting egg production appears to provide a sensitive endpoint in evaluating the effect of bromate on rotifer sexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoping Xu
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China.
- Center of Cooperative Innovation for Recovery and Reconstruction of Degraded Ecosystem in Wanjiang Basin Co-founded by Anhui Province and Ministry of Education, Wuhu, 241000, China.
| | - Tao Chen
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - An Xie
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Xiaofan Yang
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
| | - Xueyu Wei
- College of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Anhui Polytechnic University, Wuhu, 241000, Anhui, China
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22
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Omagamre EW, Ojo F, Zebelo SA, Pitula JS. Influence of Perfluorobutanoic Acid (PFBA) on the Developmental Cycle and Damage Potential of the Beet Armyworm Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) (Insecta: Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 79:500-507. [PMID: 33184688 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-020-00780-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA), one of the short-chain replacement perfluoroalkyl substances, has been shown to accumulate in plants. The potential of PFBA to modulate the developmental cycle of the beet armyworm, Spodoptera exigua, a polyphagous pest, was investigated. Second-instar larvae were fed with PFBA-spiked artificial diets and leaves from soybean plants grown with PFBA-spiked irrigation water. Spiked PFBA concentrations were 200 μg/kg for the artificial diet, whereas 405 to 15,190 ng/kg accumulated in the soybean leaves. The larvae fed with the PFBA-spiked diet showed a significant increase in weight gain compared with the controls over a 7-day exposure period. A similar weight gain trend was observed with larvae fed with the PFBA-containing soybean leaves, with the dose-response data fitting into a Brain-Cousens hormesis model with a 57% stimulation over controls. The artificial diet treatments showed 66.7% metamorphosed larva to pupa at 9 days after exposure (dpe) compared with 33.3% of the controls. The adult emergence at 16-dpe followed a similar trend with 57.7% and 33.3%, respectively, for the exposed and control groups. The duration of transition from larvae to adults was more symmetrical and 0.5 day faster for the exposed groups over controls. The beet armyworm caused more damage on leaves from the PFBA exposed plants in a nonmonotonic dose-response manner. The results suggest PFBA may have a stimulatory impact on some hormonal signaling pathways at low doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eguono W Omagamre
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 11868 College Backbone Rd, Princess Anne, MD, USA
| | - Feyisanmi Ojo
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 11868 College Backbone Rd, Princess Anne, MD, USA
| | - Simon A Zebelo
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 11868 College Backbone Rd, Princess Anne, MD, USA.
- Department of Agricultural and Food Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 11868 College Backbone Rd, Princess Anne, MD, USA.
| | - Joseph S Pitula
- Department of Natural Sciences, University of Maryland Eastern Shore, 11868 College Backbone Rd, Princess Anne, MD, USA
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23
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Degradation mechanism of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) during electrocoagulation using Fe electrode. Sep Purif Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2020.116911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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24
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Detection and Treatment Methods for Perfluorinated Compounds in Wastewater Treatment Plants. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/app9122500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We surveyed the variation in perfluorinated compound (PFC) concentrations entering urban wastewater treatment plants and then designed an optimal PFCs treatment method based on a pilot test. The PFCs influent concentration was found to be affected by the types of industries and operating rate. The concentration of PFCs in the wastewater treatment effluent was slightly lower than that of the influent. Thus, PFCs had not been adequately removed by the existing biological treatments. The pilot test results showed that about 10% of PFCs was removed by coagulation and precipitation, and the ozone and chlorine test showed that few, if any, PFCs were removed regardless of the oxidant dose. The activated carbon adsorption test showed that the removal significantly increased with empty bed contact time, with about a 60% removal in five minutes and over 90% removal in over 15 minutes. Therefore, a more stable and higher PFCs removal would result from continuous oxidation processes, such as ozone and adsorption processes involving activated carbon, rather than a single biological treatment.
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25
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Effects of water soluble perfluorinated pollutants on phospholipids in model soil decomposer membranes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2018; 1860:2576-2587. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2018.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2018] [Revised: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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26
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Wójcik A, Perczyk P, Wydro P, Flasiński M, Broniatowski M. Interactions of Long-Chain Perfluorotelomer Alcohol and Perfluorinated Hydrocarbons with Model Decomposer Membranes. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:7340-7352. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.8b05194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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27
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Mudumbi JBN, Ntwampe SKO, Matsha T, Mekuto L, Itoba-Tombo EF. Recent developments in polyfluoroalkyl compounds research: a focus on human/environmental health impact, suggested substitutes and removal strategies. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2017; 189:402. [PMID: 28721589 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-017-6084-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Between the late 1940s and early 1950s, humans manufactured polyfluoroalkyl compounds (PFCs) using electrochemical fluorination and telomerisation technologies, whereby hydrogen atoms are substituted by fluorine atoms, thus conferring unnatural and unique physicochemical properties to these compounds. Presently, there are wide ranges of PFCs, and owing to their bioaccumulative properties, they have been detected in various environmental matrices and in human sera. It has thus been suggested that they are hazardous. Hence, this review aims at highlighting the recent development in PFC research, with a particular focus on perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), the most studied and predominantly found PFCs in various environmental matrices, although recent reports have included perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS), which was previously regarded as innocuously harmless, when compared to its counterparts, PFOA and PFOS. As such, proper investigations are thus required for a better understanding of short-chain PFC substitutes, which have been suggested as suitable replacements to long-chained PFCs, although these substitutes have also been suggested to pose various health risks comparable to those associated with long-chain PFCs. Similarly, several novel technologies, such as PFC reduction using zero-valent iron, including removal at point of use, adsorption and coagulation, have been proposed. However, regardless of how efficient removers some of these techniques have proven to be, short-chain PFCs remain a challenge to overcome for scientists, in this regard.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Baptist Nzukizi Mudumbi
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa.
| | - Seteno Karabo Obed Ntwampe
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Tandi Matsha
- Department of Bio-Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health and Wellness Science, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 1906, Bellville, 7535, South Africa
| | - Lukhanyo Mekuto
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
| | - Elie Fereche Itoba-Tombo
- Bioresource Engineering Research Group (BioERG), Department of Biotechnology, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, PO Box 652, Cape Town, 8000, South Africa
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Valsecchi S, Conti D, Crebelli R, Polesello S, Rusconi M, Mazzoni M, Preziosi E, Carere M, Lucentini L, Ferretti E, Balzamo S, Simeone MG, Aste F. Deriving environmental quality standards for perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and related short chain perfluorinated alkyl acids. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2017; 323:84-98. [PMID: 27156398 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2016.04.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/21/2016] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The evidence that in Northern Italy significant sources of perfluoroalkylacids (PFAA) are present induced the Italian government to establish a Working Group on Environmental Quality Standard (EQS) for PFAA in order to include some of them in the list of national specific pollutants for surface water monitoring according to the Water Framework Directive (2000/60/EC). The list of substances included perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) and related short chain PFAA such as perfluorobutanoate (PFBA), perfluoropentanoate (PFPeA), perfluorohexanoate (PFHxA) and perfluorobutanesulfonate (PFBS), which is a substitute of perfluorooctanesulfonate. For each of them a dossier collects available data on regulation, physico-chemical properties, emission and sources, occurrence, acute and chronic toxicity on aquatic species and mammals, including humans. Quality standards (QS) were derived for the different protection objectives (pelagic and benthic communities, predators by secondary poisoning, human health via consumption of fishery products and water) according to the European guideline. The lowest QS is finally chosen as the relevant EQS. For PFOA a QS for biota was derived for protection from secondary poisoning and the corresponding QS for water was back-calculated, obtaining a freshwater EQS of 0.1μgL-1. For PFBA, PFPeA, PFHxA and PFBS threshold limits proposed for drinking waters were adopted as EQS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Valsecchi
- IRSA-CNR, Water Research Institute, Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, Italy.
| | - Daniela Conti
- ISPRA- Environmental Metrology Unit, Via di Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | - Riccardo Crebelli
- ISS-National Health Institute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefano Polesello
- IRSA-CNR, Water Research Institute, Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, Italy
| | - Marianna Rusconi
- IRSA-CNR, Water Research Institute, Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, Italy
| | - Michela Mazzoni
- IRSA-CNR, Water Research Institute, Via del Mulino 19, 20861 Brugherio, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Preziosi
- IRSA-CNR, Water Research Institute,Via Salaria Km 29,300, Monterotondo Scalo Rome, 00015, Italy
| | - Mario Carere
- ISS-National Health Institute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Lucentini
- ISS-National Health Institute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Ferretti
- ISS-National Health Institute, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Balzamo
- ISPRA- Environmental Metrology Unit, Via di Castel Romano 100, 00128 Rome, Italy
| | | | - Fiorella Aste
- Ministry of the Environment, Land and Sea, Via Cristoforo Colombo 44, 00147 Rome, Italy
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29
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Mahapatra CT, Damayanti NP, Guffey SC, Serafin JS, Irudayaraj J, Sepúlveda MS. Comparativein vitrotoxicity assessment of perfluorinated carboxylic acids. J Appl Toxicol 2016; 37:699-708. [PMID: 27917506 DOI: 10.1002/jat.3418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Revised: 10/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Cecon T. Mahapatra
- Purdue University; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Nur P. Damayanti
- Bindley Bioscience Center; Purdue University; West Lafayette IN USA
| | - Samuel C. Guffey
- Purdue University; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Jennifer S. Serafin
- Purdue University; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | | | - Maria S. Sepúlveda
- Purdue University; Department of Forestry and Natural Resources; West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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30
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Zhang L, Niu J, Wang Y. Full life-cycle toxicity assessment on triclosan using rotifer Brachionus calyciflorus. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2016; 127:30-35. [PMID: 26796530 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2015.12.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/31/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Triclosan (TCS) is an antimicrobial and is an aquatic contaminant. Little is known on aquatic toxicity of TCS. Rotifers are common members of freshwater zooplankton. In this study, Brachionus calyciflorus was chosen as a test organism to assess the acute and complete life cycle toxicity of TCS in this study. The acute toxicity results showed that the 24-h median lethal concentration (LC50) of TCS was 345±0.11μg/L (95% confidence limits of 212-564µg/L). Reproductive bioassays demonstrated that TCS could inhibit the population growth rate at the concentration higher than 1.0μg/L. Resting egg production encompasses the full life-cycle of rotifer, and thus its hatching rate were explored to assess the toxicity of TCS towards rotifer population at TCS concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 200µg/L at two different growth periods. When resting eggs were exposed to TCS during the formation period, 0.1 and 1.0µg/L of TCS increased the hatching rate from 0.402 to 0.502, and 0.475, respectively. Exposure to 100 and 200µg/L of TCS reduced the hatching rate to 0.309 and 0.275, respectively. When the resting eggs were formed in the control medium and hatched in medium with TCS, their hatching rates were not significantly influenced by TCS, except that 200µg/L of TCS decreased the hatching rate from 0.402 to 0.34 significantly. The effects of TCS exposure on the hatching rate during the formation period were greater than those during the resting egg hatching period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Coal Mine Disaster Dynamics and Control, Chongqing University, Chongqing 400044, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Junfeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Yujuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
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31
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Holmquist H, Schellenberger S, van der Veen I, Peters GM, Leonards PEG, Cousins IT. Properties, performance and associated hazards of state-of-the-art durable water repellent (DWR) chemistry for textile finishing. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 91:251-64. [PMID: 26994426 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.02.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 02/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Following the phase-out of long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), the textile industry had to find alternatives for side-chain fluorinated polymer based durable water repellent (DWR) chemistries that incorporated long perfluoroalkyl side chains. This phase-out and subsequent substitution with alternatives has resulted in a market where both fluorinated and non-fluorinated DWRs are available. These DWR alternatives can be divided into four broad groups that reflect their basic chemistry: side-chain fluorinated polymers, silicones, hydrocarbons and other chemistries (includes dendrimer and inorganic nanoparticle chemistries). In this critical review, the alternative DWRs are assessed with regards to their structural properties and connected performance, loss and degradation processes resulting in diffuse environmental emissions, and hazard profiles for selected emitted substances. Our review shows that there are large differences in performance between the alternative DWRs, most importantly the lack of oil repellence of non-fluorinated alternatives. It also shows that for all alternatives, impurities and/or degradation products of the DWR chemistries are diffusively emitted to the environment. Our hazard ranking suggests that hydrocarbon based DWR is the most environmentally benign, followed by silicone and side-chain fluorinated polymer-based DWR chemistries. Industrial commitments to reduce the levels of impurities in silicone based and side-chain fluorinated polymer based DWR formulations will lower the actual risks. There is a lack of information on the hazards associated with DWRs, in particular for the dendrimer and inorganic nanoparticle chemistries, and these data gaps must be filled. Until environmentally safe alternatives, which provide the required performance, are available our recommendation is to choose DWR chemistry on a case-by-case basis, always weighing the benefits connected to increased performance against the risks to the environment and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Holmquist
- Chemical Environmental Science, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden.
| | - S Schellenberger
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - I van der Veen
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G M Peters
- Chemical Environmental Science, Department of Chemical Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, SE-412 96 Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - P E G Leonards
- Institute for Environmental Studies (IVM), VU University, De Boelelaan 1087, NL-1081 HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I T Cousins
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES), Stockholm University, SE-106 91 Stockholm, Sweden
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32
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Niu J, Li Y, Shang E, Xu Z, Liu J. Electrochemical oxidation of perfluorinated compounds in water. CHEMOSPHERE 2016; 146:526-538. [PMID: 26745381 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2015.11.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/27/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Perfluorinated compounds (PFCs) are persistent and refractory organic pollutants that have been detected in various environmental matrices and municipal wastewater. Electrochemical oxidation (EO) is a promising remediation technique for wastewater contaminated with PFCs. A number of recent studies have demonstrated that the "non-active" anodes, including boron-doped diamond, tin oxide, and lead dioxide, are effective in PFCs elimination in wastewater due to their high oxygen evolution potential. Many researchers have conducted experiments to investigate the optimal conditions (i.e., potential, current density, pH value, plate distance, initial PFCs concentration, electrolyte, and other factors) for PFCs elimination to obtain the maximal elimination efficiency and current efficiency. The EO mechanism and pathways of PFCs have been clearly elucidated, which undergo electron transfer, Kolbe decarboxylation or desulfonation, hydrolysis, and radical reaction. In addition, the safety evaluation and energy consumption evaluation of the EO technology have also been summarized to decrease toxic ion release from electrode and reduce the cost of this technique. Although the ultrasonication and hydrothermal techniques combined with the EO process can improve the removal efficiency and current efficiency significantly, these coupled techniques have not been commercialized and applied in industrial wastewater treatment. Finally, key challenges facing EO technology are listed and the directions for further research are pointed out (such as combination with other techniques, treatment for natural waters contaminated by low levels of PFCs, and reactor design).
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Affiliation(s)
- Junfeng Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China.
| | - Yang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Enxiang Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Zesheng Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
| | - Jinzi Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, PR China
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