1
|
Cao S, Wan Y, Li Y, Xu S, Xia W. Urinary polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon metabolites in Chinese pregnant women: Concentrations, variability, predictors, and association with oxidative stress biomarkers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 950:175121. [PMID: 39084365 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2024] [Revised: 07/26/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are a class of pervasive contaminants having adverse health effects. Urinary monohydroxylated PAHs (OH-PAHs) are commonly employed as biomarkers to estimate PAH exposure levels in humans. However, little is understood about the variability in OH-PAHs among pregnant women across trimesters and their relationship with oxidative stress biomarkers (OSBs). Based on a prospective birth cohort study conducted in Wuhan, China, we selected 644 women who donated (spot) urine samples across different trimesters and measured the urinary concentrations of eight OH-PAHs and three selected OSBs (8-OHG, 8-OHdG, and HNEMA) to explore the relationship between the OH-PAHs and OSBs. Pregnant women were found to be ubiquitously exposed to the PAHs, with detection rates of the OH-PAHs ranging from 86.3% to 100%. 2-Hydroxynaphthalene (2-OH-Nap) had the highest urinary concentrations among the OH-PAHs during the three trimesters (specific gravity-adjusted median values for the first, second, and third trimesters: 1.86, 2.39, and 2.20 ng/mL, respectively). However, low reproducibility of the OH-PAHs was observed across the three trimesters with intraclass correlation coefficients ranged between 0.02 and 0.22. Most urinary OH-PAHs had the highest concentrations at the first trimester and the lowest at the third trimester. Some OH-PAH concentrations were higher in pregnant women with lower educational level [2-hydroxyphenanthrene (2-OH-Phen) and 3-hydroxyphenanthrene (3-OH-Phen)], those who were overweight [2-OH-Nap, 2/3-hydroxyfluorene (2/3-OH-Fluo), 2-OH-Phen, and 4-hydroxyphenanthrene (4-OH-Phen)], those who were unemployed during pregnancy [1-hydroxynaphthalene, 1/9-hydroxyphenanthrene, and 4-OH-Phen], and the samples donated in summer (most OH-PAHs, except for 2-OH-Nap). In multivariable linear mixed-effects model analyses, every OH-PAH was found to be significantly associated with increased levels of the three OSBs. For example, each interquartile range-fold increase in 2/3-OH-Fluo concentration was associated with the largest increase in 8-OHdG (65.4%) and 8-OHG (49.1%), while each interquartile range-fold increase in 3-OH-Phen concentration was associated with the largest increase in HNEMA (76.3%). Weighted quantile sum regression models, which were used to examine the joint effect of OH-PAH mixture on the OSBs, revealed positive associations between the OH-PAH mixture exposure and the OSBs. Specifically, 2/3-OH-Fluo and 2-OH-Nap were the major contributors in the association with oxidative damage of nucleic acids (8-OHdG and 8-OHG), while hydroxyphenanthrenes and 1-hydroxypyrene were the major contributors in the association with oxidative damage of lipid (HNEMA). Further work is required to examine the potential mediating role of oxidative stress in the relationship of adverse health outcomes with elevated PAH exposure among pregnant women.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Yanjian Wan
- Center for Public Health Laboratory Service, Institute of Environmental Health, Wuhan Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, Wuhan, Hubei 430024, PR China
| | - Yuanyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Shunqing Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Environment Health (Incubation), Key Laboratory of Environment and Health, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Environment and Health (Wuhan), Ministry of Environmental Protection, School of Public Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, #13 Hangkong Road, Wuhan 430030, Hubei, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Ciarloni R, Newbold KB. Air Pollution Health Literacy among Active Commuters in Hamilton, Ontario. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:6282. [PMID: 37444129 PMCID: PMC10341318 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20136282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/23/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The promotion of active transportation (AT), which has been broadly defined as a physical effort performed by the traveller to produce motion, has been a popular strategy to reduce vehicular emissions, improve air quality, and promote physical activity. However, individuals who engage in AT may incur increased exposure to air pollutants and thus potential health impacts. This research sought to determine how active commuters understand the health risks associated with air pollution during their commutes, and whether they engage in any behaviours to limit exposure. An online survey was adapted from the Environmental Health Literacy framework to assess air pollution health literacy among active commuters in Hamilton, ON, and generated a sample size of 192 AT users. Analyses involved the use of frequency tables and cross-tabulations for the quantitative data, and the Health Belief Model and thematic analysis to interpret the qualitative data. Results revealed that most AT users do not adopt behaviours that would limit air pollution exposure on commutes and exhibited low self-rated knowledge of the health impacts of air pollution exposure. Issues of perceived susceptibility and severity, barriers, cues to action, and self-efficacy all further impacted the likelihood of adopting health protective behaviours. Conclusively, air pollution is an often-neglected consideration among active commuters, with air pollution knowledge predicting the likelihood of behavioural modification.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reed Ciarloni
- School of Earth, Environment & Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| | - K. Bruce Newbold
- School of Earth, Environment & Society, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8S 4K1, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
An F, Liu J, Lu W, Jareemit D. Comparison of exposure to traffic-related pollutants on different commuting routes to a primary school in Jinan, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:43319-43340. [PMID: 35091940 PMCID: PMC8799450 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-18362-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Traffic-related pollutants seriously affect human health, and the commute time to and from school is the time when students are exposed greatest to traffic pollution sources. Field measurements were conducted with hand-held instruments while walking along two selected commuting routes in winter and spring. The measured data were then compared with background monitoring data, and the respiratory deposition dose (RDD) was calculated to assess the exposure risk. Particulate matter intake from 2018 to 2020 was calculated. In winter, the average concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 were higher in the afternoon than in the morning. The highest concentration was 2.94 times greater than the background value. The low-concentration distribution area of the low-traffic route that is off the main road (route B) was more significant than that of the high-traffic route that is near the main road (route A). Moreover, the RDD of route B was consistently lower than that of route A, while the average annual amount of PM2.5 inhalation on route B in 3 years was 16.3% lower than that on route A. Overall, route B is more suitable than route A for students to commute on foot. Based on the findings, a walking route located within a community is a good choice.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Farun An
- School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, #1000 Fengming Road, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Jiying Liu
- School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, #1000 Fengming Road, Jinan, 250101, China.
- Shandong GRAD Group, Built Environment Design and Research Institute, Dezhou, 253000, China.
| | - Wanpeng Lu
- School of Thermal Engineering, Shandong Jianzhu University, #1000 Fengming Road, Jinan, 250101, China
| | - Daranee Jareemit
- Faculty of Architecture and Planning, Thammasat University (Rangsit Campus), Khlong Nueng, 12121, Pathum Thani, Thailand
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Karageorgou K, Manoli E, Kouras A, Samara C. Commuter exposure to particle-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in Thessaloniki, Greece. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:59119-59130. [PMID: 32506397 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-020-09475-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Commuters are exposed to high air pollution levels daily, especially in areas with dense traffic. This study examines the commuter's exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the city of Thessaloniki, Greece, under three different commuting modes: biking, travelling by private car, and riding public transportation means (buses). The study was carried out from 2015 to 2018 including 43 volunteers (15 cyclists, 17 car drivers/passengers, and 11 bus passengers). The personal exposure concentrations to particles smaller than 4-μm aerodynamic diameter (PM4), constituting the respirable fraction of total airborne particles, and the associated PAHs were assessed for each commuting mode during the cold and the warm period of the year. Whereas the exposure of bus and car passengers to in-cabin PM4 were higher in the cold season, the exposure of cyclists exhibited the opposite seasonality. In all commuting modes, exposure to PAHs was higher in the cold season. In both seasons, exposure concentration followed the order: cyclists > bus passengers > car passengers. The carcinogenic and mutagenic potencies of the exposure PAH concentrations were calculated using Benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) carcinogenic and mutagenic equivalency factors. The inhalation cancer risk (ICR) associated to PAHs was further estimated and compared between the different commuting modes. Our data can provide relevant information for transport decision-making and increase environmental awareness for a more rational approach to urban travelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Konstadina Karageorgou
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evangelia Manoli
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Athanasios Kouras
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Constantini Samara
- Environmental Pollution Control Laboratory, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24, Thessaloniki, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Understanding Public Transport Ridership in Developing Countries to Promote Sustainable Urban Mobility: A Case Study of Mexicali, Mexico. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12083266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Some small- and medium-sized Global South cities have unsustainable transport systems and no information to plan interventions in addition to having limited resources for data collection. This study proposes a method to understand Public Transport (PT) ridership in cities of these characteristics, based on previous studies and by analysing available indicators related to Manheim’s macro-variables, to identify their influence on the PT ridership. The method was applied in the city of Mexicali, Mexico. The results help to understand the causes of the low PT ridership and have implications for achieving sustainable urban mobility in the city. Findings reveal that mobility planning in Mexicali has been occurring without properly considering activity system related variables, so it is necessary to integrate urban and transport administration. Moreover, to increase PT demand in Mexicali, mobility strategies to discourage the use of private cars are necessary. The proposed method can be applied in other cities of the Global South with characteristics similar to the case study to understand the causes of PT ridership, so these can be considered by the agencies responsible for the planning of the city’s transportation system to promote a sustainable urban mobility.
Collapse
|
6
|
Female non-smokers' environmental tobacco smoking exposure by public transportation mode. Ann Occup Environ Med 2018; 30:24. [PMID: 29713477 PMCID: PMC5907694 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-018-0239-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 04/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to analyze environmental tobacco smoking exposure in female nonsmokers by public transportation mode using representative data of Koreans. Methods Data from the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey (2012–2014) were analyzed. Urine cotinine was analyzed by public transport behavior, secondhand smoke exposure, socioeconomic factors, and health-related factors. Participants were 1322 adult females; those with the top 75% urine cotinine concentrations were assigned to the high exposure group. A logistic regression analysis was performed considering appropriate weights and stratification according to the sample design of the Second Korean National Environmental Health Survey. Results The geometric mean of urine cotinine concentrations differed according to public transportation modes: subway (1.66 μg/g creatinine) bus (1.77 μg/g creatinine), and taxi (1.94 μg/g creatinine). The odds ratio [OR] was calculated for the high exposure group. The OR of the taxi (2.39; 95% confidence interval, 1.00–5.69) was statistically significantly higher than the subway value (reference), and marginally significant after adjusted with life style, sociodemographic factors and involuntary smoking frequency (2.42, 95% confidence interval, 0.97–6.04). Conclusions The odds ratio of passengers who mainly used taxis was marginally significantly higher than those of passengers who used subways and buses after adjusted with life style and sociodemographic factors. Implementation of supplementary measures and further studies on exposure to environmental tobacco smoking in taxis are warranted.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rajper SA, Ullah S, Li Z. Exposure to air pollution and self-reported effects on Chinese students: A case study of 13 megacities. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194364. [PMID: 29547657 PMCID: PMC5856349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Air pollution causes severe physical and psychological health complications. Considering China's continuously-deteriorating air quality, this study aimed to assess the self-reported effects of air pollution on the behavior and physical health of the students of 13 densely populated cities, and their awareness, practices, and perception of air pollution and its associated public health risks. A detailed, closed-ended questionnaire was administered to 2100 students from 54 universities and schools across China. The questionnaire, which had 24 questions, was categorized into four sections. The first two sections were focused on air pollution-associated behavior and psychology, and physical effects; while the final two sections focused on the subjects' awareness and perceptions, and practices and concerns about air pollution. The respondents reported that long-term exposure to air pollution had significantly affected their psychology and behavior, as well as their physical health. The respondents were aware of the different adverse impacts of air pollution (respiratory infections, allergies, and cardiovascular problems), and hence had adopted different preventive measures, such as the use of respiratory masks and glasses or goggles, regularly drinking water, and consuming rich foods. It was concluded that air pollution and haze had negative physical and psychological effects on the respondents, which led to severe changes in behavior. Proper management, future planning, and implementing strict environmental laws are suggested before this problem worsens and becomes life-threatening.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Sana Ullah
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Zhongqiu Li
- School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Levels of 1-hydroxypyrene in urine of people living in an oil producing region of the Andean Amazon (Ecuador and Peru). Int Arch Occup Environ Health 2017; 91:105-115. [PMID: 28939924 DOI: 10.1007/s00420-017-1258-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Accepted: 09/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are contaminants with carcinogenic effects but little is known about their presence in environments surrounding oil drilling operations and spills or exposure levels in nearby communities. The objective of this study was to characterize PAH levels in people living near oil drilling operations in relation to fish consumption, occupation, source of water and other socio-demographic characteristics. METHODS This pilot study examined PAH exposure by measuring 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) in urine samples using high-performance liquid chromatography and fluorescence detection from 75 women and men in the Ecuadorian and Peruvian Amazon living near oil drilling operations and who answered a questionnaire collecting socio-demographic, occupational and dietary information. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression models. RESULTS The mean value of 1-OHP was 0.40 μmol/mol creatinine, 95% CI 0.32-0.46 μmol/mol creatinine. Women who used water from a surface source (for washing clothes or bathing) had almost twice the amount of 1-OHP in their urine (mean 1-OHP = 0.41 μmol/mol creatinine, 95% CI 0.28-0.54 μmol/mol creatinine, n = 23) as women who used water from either a well, a spring or rain (mean 1-OHP = 0.22 μmol/mol creatinine, 95% CI 0.11-0.34 μmol/mol creatinine, n = 6). Men who reported eating a bottom-dwelling species as their most commonly consumed fish (mean 1-OHP = 0.50 μmol/mol creatinine, 95% CI 0.36-0.64 μmol/mol creatinine, n = 31) had twice as much 1-OHP in their urine as men who reported a pelagic fish (mean 1-OHP = 0.25 μmol/mol creatinine, 95% CI 0.15-0.35 μmol/mol creatinine, n = 15), signaling either oral (fish consumption) or dermal (while standing in water fishing benthic species) exposure. CONCLUSIONS More contact with surface water and benthic fish may result in higher levels of 1-OHP in human urine among the study population. Reducing the amount of oil and wastes entering the waterways in Andean Amazonia would be one way to reduce exposure.
Collapse
|
9
|
Grana M, Toschi N, Vicentini L, Pietroiusti A, Magrini A. Exposure to ultrafine particles in different transport modes in the city of Rome. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:201-210. [PMID: 28544997 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2016] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
There is evidence of adverse health impacts from human exposure to particulate air pollution, including increased rates of respiratory and cardiovascular illness, hospitalizations, and pre-mature mortality. Most recent hypotheses assign an important role to ultrafine particles (UFP) (<0.1 μm) and to associated transition metals (in particular Fe). In a large city like Rome, where many active people spend more than one hour per day in private or public transportation, it may be important to evaluate the level of exposure to harmful pollutants which occurs during urban travelling. In this context, the aim of this work was to examine the relative contribution of different transport modes to total daily exposure. We performed experimental measurements during both morning and evening traffic peak hours throughout the winter season (December 2013-March 2014), for a total of 98 trips. Our results suggest that the lowest UFP exposures are experienced by underground train commuters, with an average number concentration of 14 134 cm-3, and are largely a reflection of the routes being at greater distance from vehicular traffic. Motorcyclists experienced significantly higher average concentrations (73 168 cm-3) than all other exposure classes, and this is most likely a result of the presence of high-concentration and short-duration peaks which do not occur when the same routes are traveled by car. UFP concentrations in subway train environments were found to be comparable to urban background levels. Still, in underground trains we found the highest values of PM10 mass concentration with a maximum value of 422 μg/m3. PM10 concentration in trains was found to be four and two times higher than what was measured in car and motorbike trips, respectively. Transport mode contribution to total integrated UFP daily exposure was found to be 16.3%-20.9% while travelling by car, 28.7% for motorbike trips, and 8.7% for subway trips. Due to lower exposure times, commuting by car and motorbike is comparable to other daily activities in terms of exposure. Our data can provide relevant information for transport decision-making and increase environmental awareness in the hope that the information about inhaled pollutants can translate into a more rational approach to urban travelling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mario Grana
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" - Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy.
| | - Nicola Toschi
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" - Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy; Department of Radiology, "Athinoula A. Martinos" Center for Biomedical Imaging, Boston, MA, USA; Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Laura Vicentini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" - Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Pietroiusti
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" - Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Magrini
- Department of Biomedicine and Prevention, University of Rome "Tor Vergata" - Via Montpellier 1, 00133 Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Van Ryswyk K, Anastasopolos AT, Evans G, Sun L, Sabaliauskas K, Kulka R, Wallace L, Weichenthal S. Metro Commuter Exposures to Particulate Air Pollution and PM 2.5-Associated Elements in Three Canadian Cities: The Urban Transportation Exposure Study. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5713-5720. [PMID: 28440082 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b05775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
System-representative commuter air pollution exposure data were collected for the metro systems of Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver, Canada. Pollutants measured included PM2.5 (PM = particulate matter), PM10, ultrafine particles, black carbon, and the elemental composition of PM2.5. Sampling over three weeks was conducted in summer and winter for each city and covered each system on a daily basis. Mixed-effect linear regression models were used to identify system features related to particulate exposures. Ambient levels of PM2.5 and its elemental components were compared to those of the metro in each city. A microenvironmental exposure model was used to estimate the contribution of a 70 min metro commute to daily mean exposure to PM2.5 elemental and mass concentrations. Time spent in the metro was estimated to contribute the majority of daily exposure to several metallic elements of PM2.5 and 21.2%, 11.3% and 11.5% of daily PM2.5 exposure in Toronto, Montreal, and Vancouver, respectively. Findings suggest that particle air pollutant levels in Canadian metros are substantially impacted by the systems themselves, are highly enriched in steel-based elements, and can contribute a large portion of PM2.5 and its elemental components to a metro commuter's daily exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Keith Van Ryswyk
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada , Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | | | - Greg Evans
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Liu Sun
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada , Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Kelly Sabaliauskas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto , Toronto, M5S 3E5, Canada
| | - Ryan Kulka
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada , Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada
| | - Lance Wallace
- Consultant, Santa Rosa, California 95409, United States
| | - Scott Weichenthal
- Air Health Science Division, Health Canada , Ottawa, K1A 0K9, Canada
- Department of Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Occupational Health, McGill University , Montreal, H3A 1A2, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Romagnoli P, Balducci C, Cecinato A, L'Episcopo N, Gariazzo C, Gatto MP, Gordiani A, Gherardi M. Fine particulate-bound polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in vehicles in Rome, Italy. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:3493-3505. [PMID: 27878483 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-016-8098-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Urban commuters are exposed to elevated levels of air pollutants, especially in heavily polluted areas and traffic congested roads. In order to assess the contribution of commuting to citizens' exposure, measurements of fine particulate (PM2.5) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were carried out in cars, busses, and metro trains, within the LIFE+ EXPAH Project. Monitoring campaigns were performed in Rome, Italy, from April 2011 to August 2012. Inside the busses, the concentration of total PAHs ranged from 2.7 to 6.6 ng/m3 during the winter and from 0.34 to 1.51 ng/m3 in the summer. In cars, internal concentrations were in the range 2.2-7.3 and 0.46-0.82 ng/m3, respectively, in the 2-year time. Analogous differences between seasons were observed examining the benzo[a]pyrene-equivalent carcinogenicity. In the metro trains, total PAHs ranged from 1.19 to 2.35 ng/m3 and PM2.5 ranged from 17 to 31 μg/m3. The PM2.5 concentration in all transport modes ranged from 10 to 160 μg/m3 during the cold season and 15-48 μg/m3 during the warm time. The average inside-to-outside ratio (R I/O) was found to exceed 1.0 for PM2.5 only in busses, probably due to dust re-suspension caused by crowding and passenger activity. The molecular PAH signature suggests that vehicle emissions and biomass combustion were the major sources of commuters' exposure to these toxicants in Rome. According to linear regression analysis, the PAH concentrations inside the vehicles were linked to those detected outside. Statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) were found between the in-vehicle locations and the urban pollution network stations, with higher PAH values detected, on the average, in these latter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paola Romagnoli
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, Monterotondo, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Rome, Italy.
| | - Catia Balducci
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, Monterotondo, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Rome, Italy
| | - Angelo Cecinato
- National Research Council of Italy, Institute of Atmospheric Pollution Research (CNR-IIA), Via Salaria km 29.3, Monterotondo, P.O. Box 10, 00015, Rome, Italy
| | - Nunziata L'Episcopo
- Department of Occupational Hygiene, INAIL, Via F. Candida, Monte Porzio Catone, 00040, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudio Gariazzo
- Department of Occupational Hygiene, INAIL, Via F. Candida, Monte Porzio Catone, 00040, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Pia Gatto
- Department of Occupational Hygiene, INAIL, Via F. Candida, Monte Porzio Catone, 00040, Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Gordiani
- Department of Occupational Hygiene, INAIL, Via F. Candida, Monte Porzio Catone, 00040, Rome, Italy
| | - Monica Gherardi
- Department of Occupational Hygiene, INAIL, Via F. Candida, Monte Porzio Catone, 00040, Rome, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
de Oliveira Galvão MF, de Queiroz JDF, Duarte EDSF, Hoelzemann JJ, de André PA, Saldiva PHN, Menezes Filho JA, Batistuzzo de Medeiros SR. Characterization of the particulate matter and relationship between buccal micronucleus and urinary 1-hydroxypyrene levels among cashew nut roasting workers. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 220:659-671. [PMID: 27839996 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The present study is the first assessment of occupational risk associated with artisanal cashew nut roasting using exposure and effect biomarkers, as well as a characterization and dispersion analysis of the released particulate matter (PM). A real-time particle monitor was used to quantify PM1.0, PM2.5 and PM10. Furthermore, the PM was sampled using a Handi-vol sampler, and the physicochemical characteristics were determined by SEM-EDS analysis. Trajectories, dispersion and deposition of the emitted material were calculated using the NOAA-HYSPLIT model. Urinary 1-hydroxypyrene (1-OHP) levels were analyzed by HPLC. DNA damage, chromosomal instability and cell death were measured by a buccal micronucleus cytome assay (BMCyt). The PM concentrations for all measurements in the exposed area were higher than in the non-exposed area. SEM-EDS analyses exhibited a wide variety of particles, and K, Cl, S and Ca biomass burning tracers were the major inorganic compounds. In addition, atmospheric modeling analysis suggested that these particles can reach regions farther away than 40 kilometers. Occupational polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon exposure was confirmed by increases in 1-OHP levels in cashew nut workers. Frequencies of BMCyt biomarkers of genotoxicity (micronuclei and nuclear bud) and cytotoxicity (pyknosis, karyolysis, karyorrhexis and condensed chromatin) were higher in the exposed group compared with the controls. The influence of factors, such as age, on the micronuclei frequencies was demonstrated, and a correlation between 1-OHP and micronuclei was observed. To the best of our knowledge, no other study has demonstrated a correlation between these types of biomarkers. The use of exposure (1-OHP) and effect (BMCyt) biomarkers were therefore efficient in assessing the occupational risk associated with artisanal cashew nut roasting, and the high rates of PM2.5 are considered to be a potential contributor to this effect.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Judith Johanna Hoelzemann
- Departamento de Ciências Atmosféricas e Climáticas, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, Natal, RN, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|