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Dopson M, González-Rosales C, Holmes DS, Mykytczuk N. Eurypsychrophilic acidophiles: From (meta)genomes to low-temperature biotechnologies. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1149903. [PMID: 37007468 PMCID: PMC10050440 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1149903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Low temperature and acidic environments encompass natural milieus such as acid rock drainage in Antarctica and anthropogenic sites including drained sulfidic sediments in Scandinavia. The microorganisms inhabiting these environments include polyextremophiles that are both extreme acidophiles (defined as having an optimum growth pH < 3), and eurypsychrophiles that grow at low temperatures down to approximately 4°C but have an optimum temperature for growth above 15°C. Eurypsychrophilic acidophiles have important roles in natural biogeochemical cycling on earth and potentially on other planetary bodies and moons along with biotechnological applications in, for instance, low-temperature metal dissolution from metal sulfides. Five low-temperature acidophiles are characterized, namely, Acidithiobacillus ferriphilus, Acidithiobacillus ferrivorans, Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans, “Ferrovum myxofaciens,” and Alicyclobacillus disulfidooxidans, and their characteristics are reviewed. Our understanding of characterized and environmental eurypsychrophilic acidophiles has been accelerated by the application of “omics” techniques that have aided in revealing adaptations to low pH and temperature that can be synergistic, while other adaptations are potentially antagonistic. The lack of known acidophiles that exclusively grow below 15°C may be due to the antagonistic nature of adaptations in this polyextremophile. In conclusion, this review summarizes the knowledge of eurypsychrophilic acidophiles and places the information in evolutionary, environmental, biotechnological, and exobiology perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dopson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- *Correspondence: Mark Dopson
| | - Carolina González-Rosales
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genome Biology, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
| | - David S. Holmes
- Center for Bioinformatics and Genome Biology, Centro Ciencia & Vida, Fundación Ciencia & Vida, Santiago, Chile
- Facultad de Medicina y Ciencia, Universidad San Sebastian, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nadia Mykytczuk
- Goodman School of Mines, Laurentian University, Sudbury, ON, Canada
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2
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Xu C, Wong VNL, Tuovinen A, Simojoki A. Effects of liming on oxic and anoxic N 2O and CO 2 production in different horizons of boreal acid sulfate soil and non-acid soil under controlled conditions. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 857:159505. [PMID: 36257417 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
In acid sulfate (AS) soils, organic rich topsoil and subsoil horizons with highly variable acidity and moisture conditions and interconnected reactions of sulfur and nitrogen make them potential sources of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Subsoil liming can reduce the acidification of sulfidic subsoils in the field. However, the mitigation of GHG production in AS subsoils by liming, and the mechanisms involved, are still poorly known. We limed samples from different horizons of AS and non-AS soils to study the effects of liming on the N2O and CO2 production during a 56-day oxic and subsequent 72-h anoxic incubation. Liming to pH ≥ 7 decreased oxic N2O production by 97-98 % in the Ap1 horizon, 38-50 % in the Bg1 horizon, and 34-36 % in the BC horizon, but increased it by 136-208 % in the C horizon, respectively. Liming decreased anoxic N2O production by 86-94 % and 78-91 % in Ap1 and Bg1 horizons, but increased it by 100-500 % and 50-162 % in BC and C horizons, respectively. Liming decreased N2O/(N2O + N2) in anoxic denitrification in most horizons of both AS and non-AS soils. Liming significantly increased the cumulative oxic and anoxic CO2 production in AS soil, but less so in non-AS soil due to the initial high soil pH. Higher carbon and nitrogen contents in AS soil compared to non-AS soil agreed with the respectively higher cumulative oxic N2O production in all horizons, and the higher CO2 production in the subsoil horizons of all lime treatments. Overall, liming reduced the proportion of N2O in the GHGs produced in most soil horizons under oxic and anoxic conditions but reduced the total GHG production (as CO2 equivalents) only in the Ap1 horizon of both soils. The results suggest that liming of subsoils may not always effectively mitigate GHG emissions due to concurrently increased CO2 production and denitrification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Xu
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Vanessa N L Wong
- School of Earth, Atmosphere and Environment, Monash University, Wellington Road, Clayton, VIC 3800, Australia
| | - Anna Tuovinen
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 56 (Biocenter 1, Viikinkaari 9), FI-00014, Finland
| | - Asko Simojoki
- Department of Agricultural Sciences, University of Helsinki, P. O. Box 56 (Biocenter 1, Viikinkaari 9), FI-00014, Finland.
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3
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Johnson A, Högfors-Rönnholm E, Engblom S, Österholm P, Åström M, Dopson M. Dredging and deposition of metal sulfide rich river sediments results in rapid conversion to acid sulfate soil materials. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 813:151864. [PMID: 34822903 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sediments along the Baltic Sea coast can contain considerable amounts of metal sulfides that if dredged and the spoils deposited such that they are exposed to air, can release high concentrations of acid and toxic metals into recipient water bodies. Two river estuaries in western Finland were dredged from 2013 to 2018 and the dredge spoils were deposited on land previously covered with agricultural limestone to buffer the pH and mitigate acid and metal release. In this study, the geochemistry and 16S rRNA gene amplicon based bacterial communities were investigated over time to explore whether the application of lime prevented a conversion of the dredge spoils into acid producing and metal releasing soil. The pH of the dredge spoils decreased with time indicating metal sulfide oxidation and resulted in elevated sulfate concentrations along with a concomitant release of metals. However, calculations indicated only approximately 5% of the added lime had been dissolved. The bacterial communities decreased in diversity with the lowering of the pH as taxa most similar to extremely acidophilic sulfur, and in some cases iron, oxidizing Acidithiobacillus species became the dominant characterized genus in the deposited dredge spoils as the oxidation front moved deeper. In addition, other taxa characterized as involved in oxidation of iron or sulfur were identified including Gallionella, Sulfuricurvum, and Sulfurimonas. These data suggest there was a rapid conversion of the dredge spoils to severely acidic soil similar to actual acid sulfate soil and that the lime placed on the land prior to deposition of the spoils, and later ploughed into the dry dredge spoils, was insufficient to halt this process. Hence, future dredging and deposition of dredge spoils containing metal sulfides should not only take into account the amount of lime used for buffering but also its grain size and mixing into the soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anders Johnson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, SE-39231 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Eva Högfors-Rönnholm
- Research and Development, Novia University of Applied Sciences, FI-65200 Vaasa, Finland.
| | - Sten Engblom
- Research and Development, Novia University of Applied Sciences, FI-65200 Vaasa, Finland.
| | - Peter Österholm
- Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Mats Åström
- Biology and Environmental Sciences, Linnaeus University, SE-39231 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Mark Dopson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, SE-39231 Kalmar, Sweden.
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4
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Ghezzi D, Sauro F, Columbu A, Carbone C, Hong PY, Vergara F, De Waele J, Cappelletti M. Transition from unclassified Ktedonobacterales to Actinobacteria during amorphous silica precipitation in a quartzite cave environment. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3921. [PMID: 33594175 PMCID: PMC7887251 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-83416-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The orthoquartzite Imawarì Yeuta cave hosts exceptional silica speleothems and represents a unique model system to study the geomicrobiology associated to silica amorphization processes under aphotic and stable physical-chemical conditions. In this study, three consecutive evolution steps in the formation of a peculiar blackish coralloid silica speleothem were studied using a combination of morphological, mineralogical/elemental and microbiological analyses. Microbial communities were characterized using Illumina sequencing of 16S rRNA gene and clone library analysis of carbon monoxide dehydrogenase (coxL) and hydrogenase (hypD) genes involved in atmospheric trace gases utilization. The first stage of the silica amorphization process was dominated by members of a still undescribed microbial lineage belonging to the Ktedonobacterales order, probably involved in the pioneering colonization of quartzitic environments. Actinobacteria of the Pseudonocardiaceae and Acidothermaceae families dominated the intermediate amorphous silica speleothem and the final coralloid silica speleothem, respectively. The atmospheric trace gases oxidizers mostly corresponded to the main bacterial taxa present in each speleothem stage. These results provide novel understanding of the microbial community structure accompanying amorphization processes and of coxL and hypD gene expression possibly driving atmospheric trace gases metabolism in dark oligotrophic caves.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. Ghezzi
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy ,grid.419038.70000 0001 2154 6641Laboratory of NanoBiotechnology, IRCCS Istituto Ortopedico Rizzoli, 40136 Bologna, Italy
| | - F. Sauro
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy ,La Venta Geographic Explorations Association, 31100 Treviso, Italy ,Teraphosa Exploring Team, Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela
| | - A. Columbu
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - C. Carbone
- grid.5606.50000 0001 2151 3065Department of Earth, Environment and Life, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy
| | - P.-Y. Hong
- grid.45672.320000 0001 1926 5090Division of Biological and Environmental Science and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), Thuwal, 23955-6900 Saudi Arabia
| | - F. Vergara
- La Venta Geographic Explorations Association, 31100 Treviso, Italy ,Teraphosa Exploring Team, Puerto Ordaz, Venezuela
| | - J. De Waele
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Biological Geological and Environmental Sciences, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
| | - M. Cappelletti
- grid.6292.f0000 0004 1757 1758Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology, University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy
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5
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Högfors-Rönnholm E, Lopez-Fernandez M, Christel S, Brambilla D, Huntemann M, Clum A, Foster B, Foster B, Roux S, Palaniappan K, Varghese N, Mukherjee S, Reddy TBK, Daum C, Copeland A, Chen IMA, Ivanova NN, Kyrpides NC, Harmon-Smith M, Eloe-Fadrosh EA, Lundin D, Engblom S, Dopson M. Metagenomes and metatranscriptomes from boreal potential and actual acid sulfate soil materials. Sci Data 2019; 6:207. [PMID: 31619684 PMCID: PMC6795848 DOI: 10.1038/s41597-019-0222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural sulfide rich deposits are common in coastal areas worldwide, including along the Baltic Sea coast. When artificial drainage exposes these deposits to atmospheric oxygen, iron sulfide minerals in the soils are rapidly oxidized. This process turns the potential acid sulfate soils into actual acid sulfate soils and mobilizes large quantities of acidity and leachable toxic metals that cause severe environmental problems. It is known that acidophilic microorganisms living in acid sulfate soils catalyze iron sulfide mineral oxidation. However, only a few studies regarding these communities have been published. In this study, we sampled the oxidized actual acid sulfate soil, the transition zone where oxidation is actively taking place, and the deepest un-oxidized potential acid sulfate soil. Nucleic acids were extracted and 16S rRNA gene amplicons, metagenomes, and metatranscriptomes generated to gain a detailed insight into the communities and their activities. The project will be of great use to microbiologists, environmental biologists, geochemists, and geologists as there is hydrological and geochemical monitoring from the site stretching back for many years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Högfors-Rönnholm
- Research and Development, Novia University of Applied Sciences, Vaasa, 65200, Finland.
| | - Margarita Lopez-Fernandez
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, 59231, Sweden
| | - Stephan Christel
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, 59231, Sweden
| | - Diego Brambilla
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, 59231, Sweden
| | - Marcel Huntemann
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Alicia Clum
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Brian Foster
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Bryce Foster
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Simon Roux
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | | | - Neha Varghese
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Supratim Mukherjee
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - T B K Reddy
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Chris Daum
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Alex Copeland
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - I-Min A Chen
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Natalia N Ivanova
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | - Nikos C Kyrpides
- Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, 94598, USA
| | | | | | - Daniel Lundin
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, 59231, Sweden
| | - Sten Engblom
- Research and Development, Novia University of Applied Sciences, Vaasa, 65200, Finland
| | - Mark Dopson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, 59231, Sweden
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6
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Christel S, Yu C, Wu X, Josefsson S, Lillhonga T, Högfors-Rönnholm E, Sohlenius G, Åström ME, Dopson M. Comparison of boreal acid sulfate soil microbial communities in oxidative and reductive environments. Res Microbiol 2019; 170:288-295. [PMID: 31279086 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2019.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 04/30/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Due to land uplift after the last ice age, previously stable Baltic Sea sulfidic sediments are becoming dry land. When these sediments are drained, the sulfide minerals are exposed to air and can release large amounts of metals and acid into the environment. This can cause severe ecological damage such as fish kills in rivers feeding the northern Baltic Sea. In this study, five sites were investigated for the occurrence of acid sulfate soils and their geochemistry and microbiology was identified. The pH and soil chemistry identified three of the areas as having classical acid sulfate soil characteristics and culture independent identification of 16S rRNA genes identified populations related to acidophilic bacteria capable of catalyzing sulfidic mineral dissolution, including species likely adapted to low temperature. These results were compared to an acid sulfate soil area that had been flooded for ten years and showed that the previously oxidized sulfidic materials had an increased pH compared to the unremediated oxidized layers. In addition, the microbiology of the flooded soil had changed such that alkalinity producing ferric and sulfate reducing reactions had likely occurred. This suggested that flooding of acid sulfate soils mitigates their environmental impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan Christel
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Changxun Yu
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Xiaofen Wu
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Sarah Josefsson
- Geological Survey of Sweden, Box 670, 751 28 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Tom Lillhonga
- Research and Development, Novia University of Applied Sciences, FI-65200, Vaasa, Finland
| | - Eva Högfors-Rönnholm
- Research and Development, Novia University of Applied Sciences, FI-65200, Vaasa, Finland
| | | | - Mats E Åström
- Department of Biology and Environmental Science, Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
| | - Mark Dopson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, SE-39182 Kalmar, Sweden
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7
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Högfors-Rönnholm E, Christel S, Dalhem K, Lillhonga T, Engblom S, Österholm P, Dopson M. Chemical and microbiological evaluation of novel chemical treatment methods for acid sulfate soils. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:39-49. [PMID: 29287211 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/23/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Naturally occurring sulfide rich deposits are common along the northern Baltic Sea coast that when exposed to air, release large amounts of acid and metals into receiving water bodies. This causes severe environmental implications for agriculture, forestry, and building of infrastructure. In this study, we investigated the efficiency of ultrafine-grained calcium carbonate and peat (both separately and in combination) to mitigate acid and metal release. The experiments were carried out aerobically that mimicked summer conditions when the groundwater level is low and acid sulfate soils are exposed to oxygen, and anaerobically that is similar to autumn to spring conditions. The ultrafine-grained calcium carbonate dissipated well in the soil and its effect alone and when mixed with peat raised the pH and reduced pyrite dissolution while peat alone was similar to the controls and did not halt metal and acid release. High throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing identified populations most similar to characterized acidophiles in the control and peat treated incubations while the acidophilic like populations were altered in the calcium carbonate alone and calcium carbonate plus peat treated acid sulfate soils. Coupled with the geochemistry data, it was suggested that the acidophiles were inactivated by the high pH in the presence of calcium carbonate but catalyzed pyrite dissolution in the controls and peat incubations. In conclusion, the anaerobic conditions during winter would likely be sufficient to mitigate acid production and metal release from acid sulfate soils and in the summer, treatment with calcium carbonate was the best mitigation method.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Högfors-Rönnholm
- Research and Development, Novia University of Applied Sciences, FI-65200 Vaasa, Finland; Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, SE-39231 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Stephan Christel
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, SE-39231 Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Krister Dalhem
- Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Tom Lillhonga
- Research and Development, Novia University of Applied Sciences, FI-65200 Vaasa, Finland.
| | - Sten Engblom
- Research and Development, Novia University of Applied Sciences, FI-65200 Vaasa, Finland.
| | - Peter Österholm
- Department of Geology and Mineralogy, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20500 Turku, Finland.
| | - Mark Dopson
- Centre for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial Model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, SE-39231 Kalmar, Sweden.
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8
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Ni G, Christel S, Roman P, Wong ZL, Bijmans MFM, Dopson M. Electricity generation from an inorganic sulfur compound containing mining wastewater by acidophilic microorganisms. Res Microbiol 2016; 167:568-75. [PMID: 27155452 PMCID: PMC5015573 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2016] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Sulfide mineral processing often produces large quantities of wastewaters containing acid-generating inorganic sulfur compounds. If released untreated, these wastewaters can cause catastrophic environmental damage. In this study, microbial fuel cells were inoculated with acidophilic microorganisms to investigate whether inorganic sulfur compound oxidation can generate an electrical current. Cyclic voltammetry suggested that acidophilic microorganisms mediated electron transfer to the anode, and that electricity generation was catalyzed by microorganisms. A cation exchange membrane microbial fuel cell, fed with artificial wastewater containing tetrathionate as electron donor, reached a maximum whole cell voltage of 72 ± 9 mV. Stepwise replacement of the artificial anolyte with real mining process wastewater had no adverse effect on bioelectrochemical performance and generated a maximum voltage of 105 ± 42 mV. 16S rRNA gene sequencing of the microbial consortia resulted in sequences that aligned within the genera Thermoplasma, Ferroplasma, Leptospirillum, Sulfobacillus and Acidithiobacillus. This study opens up possibilities to bioremediate mining wastewater using microbial fuel cell technology.
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MESH Headings
- Bioelectric Energy Sources
- Biota
- Cluster Analysis
- DNA, Archaeal/chemistry
- DNA, Archaeal/genetics
- DNA, Bacterial/chemistry
- DNA, Bacterial/genetics
- DNA, Ribosomal/chemistry
- DNA, Ribosomal/genetics
- Electricity
- Mining/methods
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Ribosomal, 16S/genetics
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
- Sulfur Compounds/metabolism
- Wastewater/microbiology
- Water Pollutants, Chemical/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofeng Ni
- Center for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Stephan Christel
- Center for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Pawel Roman
- Sub-Department of Environmental Technology, Wageningen University, PO Box 17, 6700 AA, Wageningen, The Netherlands; Wetsus, European Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
| | - Zhen Lim Wong
- Center for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
| | - Martijn F M Bijmans
- Wetsus, European Center of Excellence for Sustainable Water Technology, Oostergoweg 9, 8911 MA, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands.
| | - Mark Dopson
- Center for Ecology and Evolution in Microbial model Systems (EEMiS), Linnaeus University, Kalmar, Sweden.
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