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Yan Z, Ouyang J, Wu B, Liu C, Wang H, Wang A, Li Z. Nonmetallic modified zero-valent iron for remediating halogenated organic compounds and heavy metals: A comprehensive review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ECOTECHNOLOGY 2024; 21:100417. [PMID: 38638605 PMCID: PMC11024576 DOI: 10.1016/j.ese.2024.100417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 03/15/2024] [Accepted: 03/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/20/2024]
Abstract
Zero Valent Iron (ZVI), an ideal reductant treating persistent pollutants, is hampered by issues like corrosion, passivation, and suboptimal utilization. Recent advancements in nonmetallic modified ZVI (NM-ZVI) show promising potential in circumventing these challenges by modifying ZVI's surface and internal physicochemical properties. Despite its promise, a thorough synthesis of research advancements in this domain remains elusive. Here we review the innovative methodologies, regulatory principles, and reduction-centric mechanisms underpinning NM-ZVI's effectiveness against two prevalent persistent pollutants: halogenated organic compounds and heavy metals. We start by evaluating different nonmetallic modification techniques, such as liquid-phase reduction, mechanical ball milling, and pyrolysis, and their respective advantages. The discussion progresses towards a critical analysis of current strategies and mechanisms used for NM-ZVI to enhance its reactivity, electron selectivity, and electron utilization efficiency. This is achieved by optimizing the elemental compositions, content ratios, lattice constants, hydrophobicity, and conductivity. Furthermore, we propose novel approaches for augmenting NM-ZVI's capability to address complex pollution challenges. This review highlights NM-ZVI's potential as an alternative to remediate water environments contaminated with halogenated organic compounds or heavy metals, contributing to the broader discourse on green remediation technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zimin Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Jia Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Bin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Chenchen Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
| | - Hongcheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Aijie Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology Shenzhen, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Zhiling Li
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, PR China
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Li Y, Wu N, Song J, Wang Z, Li P, Song Y. Differential and mechanism analysis of sulfate influence on the degradation of 1,1,2- trichloroethane by nano- and micron-size zero-valent iron. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024; 45:2612-2627. [PMID: 36763460 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2023.2179944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/06/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The in-situ reduction of zero-valent iron (ZVI) is an effective method for removing chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) from groundwater. The heterogeneity of environmental conditions is also crucial in affecting dechlorination efficiency. Until now, the effect of Sulfate (SO42-) on ZVI activity has been debated, and the related mechanism research on SO42- behaviour during the abiotic reduction process of chlorinated alkanes is still lacking. In this study, the impacts of SO42- concentrations (0, 2, 4, 8, 80 mM) on the degradation of 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA) by micron-size ZVI (mZVI) and nano-size ZVI (nZVI) were systematically investigated. For mZVI, Kobs increased by 0.6 (2 mM), 0.5 (4 mM), 1.1 (8 mM), and 1.6 times (80 mM). For nZVI, Kobs decreased by 32% (2 mM), 39% (4 mM), 45% (8 mM), and 9% (80 mM). The results showed that SO42- increased the rate of 1,1,2-TCA degradation by mZVI but weakened the reduction performance of nZVI; however, this inhibition was reduced when the concentration reached 80 mM. SO42- controlled the degradation of 1,1,2-TCA mainly through the formation of different iron-sulfate complexes on the ZVI surface: water-soluble bidentate iron-sulfate complexes formed on the mZVI surface promoted the corrosion of the oxide layer and accelerated the reduction of 1,1,2-TCA, monodentate complexes mainly formed on the nZVI surface inhibited the reduction of 1,1,2-TCA by blocking surface sites. These results demonstrate the proof of concept to assist land managers in the field application of ZVI technology for the remediation of CAHs contaminated sites with different background concentrations of SO42-.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Land Contamination and Remediation, Institute of Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Naijin Wu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Land Contamination and Remediation, Institute of Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiuhao Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Land Contamination and Remediation, Institute of Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenxia Wang
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Shanghai Polytechnic University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peizhong Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Land Contamination and Remediation, Institute of Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yun Song
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Industrial Land Contamination and Remediation, Institute of Resources and Environment, Beijing Academy of Science and Technology, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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3
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Murtaza B, Ali A, Imran M, Al-Kahtani AA, ALOthman ZA, Natasha N, Shahid M, Shah NS, Naeem MA, Ahmad S, Murtaza G. Comparison of As removal efficiency and health risks from aqueous solution using as-synthesized Fe 0 and Cu 0: modelling, kinetics and reusability. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:8989-9002. [PMID: 37154973 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01589-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Batch scale removal of arsenic (As) from aqueous media was explored using nano-zero valent iron (Fe0) and copper (Cu0) particles. The synthesized particles were characterized using a Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area analyzer, a scanning electron microscope (SEM), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The BET result showed that the surface area (31.5 m2/g) and pore volume (0.0415 cm3/g) of synthesized Fe0 were higher than the surface area (17.56 m2/g) and pore volume (0.0287 cm3/g) of Cu0. The SEM results showed that the morphology of the Fe0 and Cu0 was flowery microspheres and highly agglomerated with thin flakes. The FTIR spectra for Fe0 showed broad and intense peaks as compared to Cu0. The effects of the adsorbent dose (1-4 g/L), initial concentration of As (2 mg/L to 10 mg/L) and solution pH (2-12) were evaluated on the removal of As. Results revealed that effective removal of As was obtained at pH 4 with Fe0 (94.95%) and Cu0 (74.86%). When the dosage increased from 1 to 4 g L-1, the As removal increased from 70.59 to 93.02% with Fe0 and from 67 to 70.59% with Cu0. However, increasing the initial As concentration decreased the As removal significantly. Health risk indices, including estimated daily intake (EDI), hazard quotient (HQ), and cancer risk (CR) were employed and a significant decline (up to 99%) in risk indices was observed in As-treated water using Fe0/Cu0. Among the adsorption isotherm models, the values of R2 showed that isothermal As adsorption by Fe0 and Cu0 was well explained by the Freundlich adsorption isotherm model (R2 > 0.98) while the kinetic experimental data was well-fitted with the Pseudo second order model. The Fe0 showed excellent stability and reusability over five sorption cycles, and it was concluded that, compared to the Cu0, the Fe0 could be a promising technology for remediating As-contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Murtaza
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Asad Ali
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Imran
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Abdullah A Al-Kahtani
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid A ALOthman
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, P.O. Box 2455, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Natasha Natasha
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Shahid
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan.
| | - Noor S Shah
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Asif Naeem
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Sajjad Ahmad
- Department of Environmental Sciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Vehari Campus, Vehari, 61100, Pakistan
| | - Ghulam Murtaza
- Institute of Soil and Environmental Sciences, University of Agriculture Faisalabad, Faisalabad, 38040, Pakistan
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4
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Brumovský M, Tunega D. Intrinsic Effects of Sulfidation on the Reactivity of Zero-Valent Iron With Trichloroethene: A DFT Study. THE JOURNAL OF PHYSICAL CHEMISTRY. C, NANOMATERIALS AND INTERFACES 2023; 127:21063-21074. [PMID: 37937157 PMCID: PMC10626624 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcc.3c04459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidation represents a promising approach to enhance the selectivity and longevity of zero-valent iron (ZVI) in water treatment, particularly for nanoscale ZVI (nZVI). While previous mechanistic studies have primarily concentrated on the impact of sulfidation on the (n)ZVI hydrophobicity, the fundamental effects of sulfidation on the (n)ZVI reactivity with target contaminants remain poorly understood. Herein, we employed density functional theory to elucidate reaction mechanisms of trichloroethene (TCE) dechlorination at various (n)ZVI surface models, ranging from pristine Fe0 to regularly sulfidated Fe surfaces. Our findings indicate that sulfidation intrinsically hinders the TCE dechlorination by (n)ZVI, which aligns with prior observations of sulfur poisoning in transition metal catalysts. We further demonstrate that the positive effects of sulfidation emerge when the surface of (n)ZVI undergoes corrosion. Notably, S sites exhibit higher reactivity compared to the sites typically present on the surface of (n)ZVI oxidized in water. Additionally, S sites protect nearby Fe sites against oxidation and make them more selective for direct electron transfer. Overall, our results reveal that the reactivity of sulfidated (n)ZVI is governed by an interplay of intrinsic inhibitory effects and corrosion protection. A deeper understanding of these phenomena may provide new insights into the selectivity of sulfidated (n)ZVI for specific contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Brumovský
- University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute
of Soil Research, Peter-Jordan-Straße
82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Tunega
- University
of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute
of Soil Research, Peter-Jordan-Straße
82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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5
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Ouyang Q, Hansen HCB, Thygesen LG, Tobler DJ. Nitrogen amended graphene catalyses fast reduction of vinyl chloride by nano zerovalent iron. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 244:120535. [PMID: 37660466 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Vinyl chloride (VC) is a dominant carcinogenic residual in many aged chlorinated solvent plumes, and it remains a huge challenge to clean it up. Zerovalent iron (ZVI) is an effective reductant for many chlorinated compounds but shows low VC removal efficiency at field scale. Amendment of ZVI with a carbonaceous material may be used to both preconcentrate VC and facilitate redox reactions. In this study, nitrogen-doped graphene (NG) produced by a simple co-pyrolysis method using urea as nitrogen (N) source, was tested as a catalyst for VC reduction by nanoscale ZVI (nZVI). The extent of VC reduction to ethylene in the presence of 2 g/L of nZVI was less than 1% after 3 days, and barely improved with the addition of 4 g/L of graphene. In contrast, with amendment of nZVI with NG produced at pyrolysis temperature (PT) of 950 °C, the VC reduction extent increased more than 10-fold to 69%. The reactivity increased with NG PT increasing from 400 °C to an optimum at 950 °C, and it increased linearly with NG loadings. Interestingly, N dosage had little effect on reactivity if NG was produced at PT of 950 °C, while a positive correlation was observed for NG produced at PT of 600 °C. XPS and Raman analyses revealed that for NG produced at lower PT (<800 °C) mainly the content of pyridine-N-oxide (PNO) groups correlates with reactivity, while for NG produced at higher PT up to 950 °C, reactivity correlates mainly with N induced structural defects in graphene. The results of quenching and hydrogen yield experiments indicated that NG promote reduction of VC by storage of atomic hydrogen, thus increasing its availability for VC reduction, while likely also enabling electron transfer from nZVI to VC. Overall, these findings demonstrate effective chemical reduction of VC by a nZVI-NG composite, and they give insights into the effects of N doping on redox reactivity and hydrogen storage potential of carbonaceous materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Ouyang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C DK-1871, Denmark.
| | - Hans Christian Bruun Hansen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C DK-1871, Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Garbrecht Thygesen
- Department of Geosciences and Natural Resource Management, University of Copenhagen, Rolighedsvej 23, Frederiksberg C DK-1958, Denmark
| | - Dominique J Tobler
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Thorvaldsensvej 40, Frederiksberg C DK-1871, Denmark
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Fan B, Li X, Zhu F, Wang J, Gong Z, Shao S, Wang X, Zhu C, Zhou D, Gao S. Anti-passivation ability of sulfidated microscale zero valent iron and its application for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane degradation. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130194. [PMID: 36270192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The performance of sulfidated zero valent iron (ZVI) for the degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbons under aerobic conditions remains unclear. In this study, sulfidated microscale ZVI (S-mZVI) was prepared for 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (TeCA) degradation under aerobic conditions. Compared with mZVI, S-mZVI showed excellent passivation resistance during the degradation of TeCA and its hydrolysis/reduction products. This was probably because the existence of FeSx shell (FeS/FeS2/FeSn) protected the internal ZVI core from passivation. Though the outer layer of FeSx shell could be oxidized to FeSn and Fe2(SO4)3 as the reaction proceeded, the inner layer remained stable, which maintained the fast electron transfer capability of S-mZVI. The high temperature could enhance the degradation of TeCA, without compromising the anti-passivation and reusability of S-mZVI. Even after the fifth cycle, S-mZVI could still efficiently degrade 90% of TeCA within 24 h. Furthermore, it was found that the degradation of TeCA and its reduction products (e.g., dichloroethylene (DCE)) by S-mZVI relied on direct electron transfer and hydrogen radical (H•), respectively, which might explain the lower levels of toxic DCE in the S-mZVI system. This study provides valuable information for the practical application of S-mZVI in the treatment of wastewater containing halogenated hydrocarbons under ambient conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaoshuai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Fengxiao Zhu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, PR China
| | - Jiahao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhimin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shuai Shao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xiaonan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Changyin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Dongmei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Shixiang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China.
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Deng J, Chen T, Arbid Y, Pasturel M, Bae S, Hanna K. Aging and reactivity assessment of nanoscale zerovalent iron in groundwater systems. WATER RESEARCH 2023; 229:119472. [PMID: 36535086 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.119472] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Revised: 12/05/2022] [Accepted: 12/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, changes in the reactivity of nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) in five different groundwater (GW) systems under anoxic and oxic conditions were examined over a wide range of aging time (0 - 60 d). p-nitrophenol (p-NP) was used as a redox-sensitive probe, whereas nalidixic acid (NA), a typical antibiotic found in the natural environment, was used as a sorbing compound. Investigation of the p-NP reduction in pure water systems showed that NZVI lost 41% and 98% of its reductive activity under anoxic and oxic conditions after 60 d, while enhancement of its reactivity was observed after short-term aging in GW (1 - 5 d), followed by a further decline. This behavior has been ascribed to the formation of secondary Fe(II)-bearing phases, including magnetite and green rust, resulting from NZVI aging in GW. Adsorption experiments revealed that GW-anoxic-aged NZVI samples exhibited a good affinity toward NA, and a greater NA adsorption (∼27 µmol g - 1) than that of pristine NZVI (∼2 µmol g - 1) at alkaline pH values. Surface complexation modeling showed that the enhanced adsorption of NA onto secondary minerals can be attributed to the Fe(II)-NA surface complexation. This considerable change in the reductive ability and the adsorption capacity of NZVI arising from groundwater corrosion calls for greater attention to be paid in assessment studies, where NZVI is injected for long-term remediation in groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junmin Deng
- Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Tao Chen
- Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Yara Arbid
- Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Mathieu Pasturel
- Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France
| | - Sungjun Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Konkuk University, 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu, Seoul 05029, Korea
| | - Khalil Hanna
- Univ. Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes, CNRS, ISCR-UMR 6226, Rennes F-35000, France.
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Brumovský M, Micić V, Oborná J, Filip J, Hofmann T, Tunega D. Iron nitride nanoparticles for rapid dechlorination of mixed chlorinated ethene contamination. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 442:129988. [PMID: 36155299 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidation and, more recently, nitriding have been recognized as promising modifications to enhance the selectivity of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) particles for trichloroethene (TCE). Herein, we investigated the performance of iron nitride (FexN) nanoparticles in the removal of a broader range of chlorinated ethenes (CEs), including tetrachloroethene (PCE), cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE), and their mixture with TCE, and compared it to the performance of sulfidated nZVI (S-nZVI) prepared from the same precursor nZVI. Two distinct types of iron nitride (FexN) nanoparticles, containing γ'-Fe4N and ε-Fe2-3N phases, exhibited substantially higher PCE and cis-DCE dechlorination rates compared to S-nZVI. A similar effect was observed with a CE mixture, which was completely dechlorinated by both types of FexN nanoparticles within 10 days, whereas S-nZVI was able to remove only about half of the amount, most of which being TCE. Density functional theory calculations further revealed that the cleavage of the first C-Cl bond was the rate-limiting step for all CEs dechlorinated on the γ'-Fe4N(001) surface, with the reaction barriers of PCE and cis-DCE being 29.9, and 40.8 kJ mol-1, respectively. FexN nanoparticles proved to be highly effective in the remediation of PCE, cis-DCE, and mixed CE contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Brumovský
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Forest, and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria; Department of Environmental Geosciences (EDGE), Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria; Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
| | - Vesna Micić
- Department of Environmental Geosciences (EDGE), Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Oborná
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Filip
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký University, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Geosciences (EDGE), Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Josef-Holaubek-Platz 2, UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniel Tunega
- University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Department of Forest, and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, Peter-Jordan-Straße 82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
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9
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Gong L, Zhang Z, Xia C, Zheng J, Gu Y, He F. A quantitative study of the effects of particle' properties and environmental conditions on the electron efficiency of Pd and sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent irons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158469. [PMID: 36058331 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Electron efficiency (or electron selectivity, ɛe) is an important quantitative criterion for zero-valent iron treatment of organohalide contaminated groundwater. The aim of this quantitative study was the systematic exploration and comparison of the effects of the Pd/Fe and S/Fe molar ratios (i.e., [Pd/Fe] and [S/Fe]), trichloroethylene (TCE) concentrations ([TCE]), pH solution, aging time, and water matrices on the ɛe of Pd-nZVI and S-nZVI. To this end, we used TCE as a probe contaminant. The ɛe of Pd-nZVI increased and then decreased with [Pd/Fe], while that of S-nZVI increased with [S/Fe], as more hydrophobic FeS2 was formed on S-nZVI at higher [S/Fe]. The εe of S-nZVI and Pd-nZVI increased with increasing [TCE]. Specifically, the εe of S-nZVI and Pd-nZVI at [TCE] of 200 ppm increased by 24.9 % and 79.3 %, respectively, compared with that at [TCE] of 10 ppm. As the H2 evolution reaction (HER) was more sensitive to surface passivation than TCE dechlorination, the εe of S-nZVI and Pd-nZVI under alkaline conditions was higher than that under basic conditions, and increased by 11.7 % and 37.8 %, respectively, at pH 10 relative to that at pH 6. The εe also increased with the aging time of the S-nZVI and Pd-nZVI particles; the increase was by 27.2 % and 59.6 %, respectively, at aging time of 30 d compared with that of the fresh ones. The ɛe of both particles were higher in artificial groundwater (AGW) than in real groundwater (RGW). For all batch experiments, the εe of S-nZVI increased over the reaction time and tended to outperform that of Pd-nZVI, even though the εe of Pd-nZVI was higher than that of S-nZVI at the initial stage of TCE dechlorination, thereby justifying the longevity of S-nZVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zaizhi Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chenyun Xia
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Jing Zheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yawei Gu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, 250353, China
| | - Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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10
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Brumovský M, Oborná J, Micić V, Malina O, Kašlík J, Tunega D, Kolos M, Hofmann T, Karlický F, Filip J. Iron Nitride Nanoparticles for Enhanced Reductive Dechlorination of Trichloroethylene. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4425-4436. [PMID: 35263088 PMCID: PMC8988298 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Nitriding has been used for decades to improve the corrosion resistance of iron and steel materials. Moreover, iron nitrides (FexN) have been shown to give an outstanding catalytic performance in a wide range of applications. We demonstrate that nitriding also substantially enhances the reactivity of zerovalent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) used for groundwater remediation, alongside reducing particle corrosion. Two different types of FexN nanoparticles were synthesized by passing gaseous NH3/N2 mixtures over pristine nZVI at elevated temperatures. The resulting particles were composed mostly of face-centered cubic (γ'-Fe4N) and hexagonal close-packed (ε-Fe2-3N) arrangements. Nitriding was found to increase the particles' water contact angle and surface availability of iron in reduced forms. The two types of FexN nanoparticles showed a 20- and 5-fold increase in the trichloroethylene (TCE) dechlorination rate, compared to pristine nZVI, and about a 3-fold reduction in the hydrogen evolution rate. This was related to a low energy barrier of 27.0 kJ mol-1 for the first dechlorination step of TCE on the γ'-Fe4N(001) surface, as revealed by density functional theory calculations with an implicit solvation model. TCE dechlorination experiments with aged particles showed that the γ'-Fe4N nanoparticles retained high reactivity even after three months of aging. This combined theoretical-experimental study shows that FexN nanoparticles represent a new and potentially important tool for TCE dechlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Brumovský
- Department
of Environmental Geosciences (EDGE), Centre for Microbiology and Environmental
Systems Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology
and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký
University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Department
of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße
82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jana Oborná
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology
and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký
University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Vesna Micić
- Department
of Environmental Geosciences (EDGE), Centre for Microbiology and Environmental
Systems Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ondřej Malina
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology
and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký
University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Kašlík
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology
and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký
University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Daniel Tunega
- Department
of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences,
Vienna, Peter-Jordan-Straße
82, 1190 Vienna, Austria
- School
of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology, Tianjin University, 300072 Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Miroslav Kolos
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, University
of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department
of Environmental Geosciences (EDGE), Centre for Microbiology and Environmental
Systems Science, University of Vienna, Althanstrasse 14, UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - František Karlický
- Department
of Physics, Faculty of Science, University
of Ostrava, 701 03 Ostrava, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Filip
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Czech Advanced Technology
and Research Institute (CATRIN), Palacký
University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 779 00 Olomouc, Czech Republic
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11
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Meng F, Xu J, Dai H, Yu Y, Lin D. Even Incorporation of Nitrogen into Fe 0 Nanoparticles as Crystalline Fe 4N for Efficient and Selective Trichloroethylene Degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:4489-4497. [PMID: 35316036 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c08671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Surface modification of microscale Fe powder with nitrogen has emerged recently to improve the reactivity of Fe0 for dechlorination. However, it is unclear how an even incorporation of a crystalline iron nitride phase into Fe0 nanoparticles affects their physicochemical properties and performance, or if Fe0 nanoparticles with a varied nitridation degree will act differently. Here, we synthesized nitridated Fe0 nanoparticles with an even distribution of N via a sol-gel and pyrolysis method. Nitridation expanded the Fe0 lattice and provided the Fe4N species, making the materials more hydrophobic and accelerating the electron transfer, compared to un-nitridated Fe0. These properties well explain their reactivity and selectivity toward trichloroethylene (TCE). The TCE degradation rate by nitridated Fe0 (up to 4.8 × 10-2 L m-2 h-1) was much higher (up to 27-fold) than that by un-nitridated Fe0, depending on the nitridation degree. The materials maintained a high electron efficiency (87-95%) due to the greatly suppressed water reactivity (109-127 times lower than un-nitridated Fe0). Acetylene was accumulated as the major product of TCE dechlorination via β-elimination. These findings suggest that the nitridation of Fe0 nanoparticles can change the materials' physicochemical properties, providing high reactivity and selectivity toward chlorinated contaminants for in situ groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanxu Meng
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jiang Xu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Ecological Civilization Academy, Anji 313300, China
| | - Huiwang Dai
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yunlong Yu
- Institute of Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Daohui Lin
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Zhejiang Ecological Civilization Academy, Anji 313300, China
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12
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Fernández-Velayos S, Sánchez-Marcos J, Munoz-Bonilla A, Herrasti P, Menéndez N, Mazarío E. Direct 3D printing of zero valent iron@polylactic acid catalyst for tetracycline degradation with magnetically inducing active persulfate. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:150917. [PMID: 34653463 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 10/07/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Catalyst stability has become a challenging issue for advanced oxidation processes (AOPs). Herein, we report an alternative method based on 3D printing technology to obtain zero-valent iron polylactic acid prototypes (ZVI@PLA) in a single step and without post etching treatment. ZVI@PLA was used to activate persulfate (PS) for the removal of Tetracycline (TC) in recirculating mode under two different heating methodologies, thermal bath and contactless heating promoted by magnetic induction (MIH). The effect of both heating methodologies was systematically analysed by comparing the kinetic constant of the degradation processes. It was demonstrated that the non-contact heating of ZVI by MIH reactivates the surface of the catalyst, renewing the surface iron content exposed to the pollutant solution, which makes the ZVI@PLA catalyst reusable up to 10 cycles with no efficiency reduction. In contrast, by using a conventional thermal bath, the kinetic constant gradually decreases over the 10 cycles, because of the superficial iron consumption, being the kinetic constant 5 times lower in the 10th run compared to MIH experiment. X-ray diffraction and Mössbauer spectroscopy confirmed the presence of metallic iron embedded in the ZVI@PLA prototype, whose crystalline structure remained unchanged for 10th cycles of MIH. Moreover, it was proven that with no contact heating technology at low magnetic fields (12.2 mT), the solution temperature does not increase, but only the surface of the catalyst does. Under these superficial heated conditions, kinetic rate is increased up to 0.016 min-1 compared to the value of 0.0086 min-1 obtained for conventional heating at 20 °C. This increase is explained not only by PS activation by iron leaching but also by the contribution of ZVI in the heterogeneous activation of persulfate.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fernández-Velayos
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - J Sánchez-Marcos
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - A Munoz-Bonilla
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), C/ Juan de la Cierva 3, E-28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - P Herrasti
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - N Menéndez
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - E Mazarío
- Departamento de Química Física Aplicada, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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13
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Zhou L, Li Z, Yi Y, Tsang EP, Fang Z. Increasing the electron selectivity of nanoscale zero-valent iron in environmental remediation: A review. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 421:126709. [PMID: 34315021 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.126709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) have been used for groundwater remediation and wastewater treatment due to their high reactivity, high adsorption capacity and nontoxicity. However, side reactions generally occur in tandem with the target contaminants removal process, resulting in poor electron selectivity (ES) of nZVI, and subsequently restricting its commercial application. Major efforts to increase ES of nZVI have been made in recent years. This review's objective is to provide a progress report on the significant developments in nZVI's ES during the past decade. Firstly, the definition of ES and its quantification approaches were documented, and the intrinsic (i.e. particle size, crystallinity, and surface area) and extrinsic factors (i.e. solutions pH, target contaminant concentration, and presence of co-contaminants) affecting the ES of nZVI were reported. The latest techniques for increasing ES were summarized in detail, with reference made to sulfidation, magnetization, carbon loading and other features. Then the mechanisms of those strategies for ES enhancement were described. Finally, some constructive suggestions on future research directions concerning nZVI's ES in the future were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Zhou
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Zheng Li
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Yunqiang Yi
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Eric Pokeung Tsang
- Dept. Sci. & Environment Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, 00852 Hong Kong, China
| | - Zhanqiang Fang
- School of Environment, South China Normal University, University Town, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution and Environmental Safety & MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, China; Guangdong Technology Research Center for Ecological Management and Remediation of Water System, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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14
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Gong L, Qiu X, Cheng D, Hu Y, Zhang Z, Yuan Q, Yang D, Liu C, Liang L, He F. Coincorporation of N and S into Zero-Valent Iron to Enhance TCE Dechlorination: Kinetics, Electron Efficiency, and Dechlorination Capacity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:16088-16098. [PMID: 34787396 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c03784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidated zero-valent iron (S-ZVI) enhances the degradation of chlorinated hydrocarbon (CHC) in contaminated groundwater. Despite numerous studies of S-ZVI, a versatile strategy to improve its dechlorination kinetics, electron efficiency (εe), and dechlorination capacity is still needed. Here, we used heteroatom incorporation of N(C) and S by ball-milling of microscale ZVI with melamine and sulfur via nitridation and sulfidation to synthesize S-N(C)-mZVIbm particles that contain reactive Fe-NX(C) and FeS species. Sulfidation and nitridation synergistically increased the trichloroethene (TCE) dechlorination rate, with reaction constants kSA of 2.98 × 10-2 L·h-1·m-2 by S-N(C)-mZVIbm, compared to 1.77 × 10-3 and 8.15 × 10-5 L·h-1·m-2 by S-mZVIbm and N(C)-mZVIbm, respectively. Data show that sulfidation suppressed the reductive dissociation of N(C) from S-N(C)-mZVIbm, which stabilized the reactive Fe-NX(C) and reserved electrons for TCE dechlorination. In addition to lowering H2 production, S-N(C)-mZVIbm dechlorinated TCE to less reduced products (e.g., acetylene), contributing to the material's higher εe and dechlorination capacity. This synergistic effect on TCE degradation can be extended to other recalcitrant CHCs (e.g., chloroform) in both deionized and groundwater. This multiheteroatom incorporation approach to optimize ZVI for groundwater remediation provides a basis for further advances in reactive material synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Gong
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiaojiang Qiu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dong Cheng
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Yao Hu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Zaizhi Zhang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Qunsen Yuan
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Dezhi Yang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Chengshuai Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Geochemistry, Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guiyang 550081, China
| | - Liyuan Liang
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tennessee 37996, United States
| | - Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
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15
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Baldermann A, Kaufhold S, Dohrmann R, Baldermann C, Letofsky-Papst I, Dietzel M. A novel nZVI-bentonite nanocomposite to remove trichloroethene (TCE) from solution. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 282:131018. [PMID: 34119725 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) based (nano)composites supported by clay mineral substrates are a promising technology for the in-situ remediation of groundwater and (sub)soils contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as trichloroethene (TCE). However, the physicochemical processes and interaction mechanisms between nZVI particles, clay minerals and TCE are poorly understood, yet. We immobilized nZVI particles on a commercial bentonite substrate to prepare a novel nZVI-B nanocomposite and tested its performance for TCE removal from solution against pure nZVI in batch reactors. The nZVI-B exhibited a higher reactivity (2.2·10-3 L h-1·m-2) and efficiency (94%) for TCE removal than nZVI (2.2·10-4 L h-1·m-2; 45%). Sorption of TCE onto the clay surfaces and reductive de-chlorination in "micro-reactors" developing within the nZVI-B controlled the kinetics and the magnitude of TCE loss from solution. Contrary to pure nZVI, no signs of nZVI particle agglomeration or inactivation due to oxide shell formation were found in nZVI-B. We attribute this to the uptake of dissolved Fe species that are liberated via progressing nZVI particle corrosion by the bentonite substrate to form Fe-smectite (nontronite domains), which prevented from a deterioration of the properties and reactivity of the nZVI-B. The use of nZVI-B in permeable reactive barriers at contaminated field sites could be feasible, where a system-inherent reduction of the soil-bearing capacity has to be minimized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Baldermann
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstraße 12, A-97.9, Graz, Austria.
| | - Stephan Kaufhold
- BGR, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, D-30655, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Reiner Dohrmann
- BGR, Bundesanstalt für Geowissenschaften und Rohstoffe, Stilleweg 2, D-30655, Hannover, Germany; LBEG, State Authority of Mining, Energy and Geology, Stilleweg 2, D-30655, Hannover, Germany.
| | - Claudia Baldermann
- Institute of Technology and Testing of Building Materials, Graz University of Technology, Inffeldgasse 24, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Ilse Letofsky-Papst
- Institute of Electron Microscopy and Nanoanalysis, Graz University of Technology, Steyrergasse 17, A-8010, Graz, Austria.
| | - Martin Dietzel
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Graz University of Technology, Rechbauerstraße 12, A-97.9, Graz, Austria.
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Metzgen AD, Dahmke A, Ebert M. Anaerobic Corrosion of Zero-Valent Iron at Elevated Temperatures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:8010-8019. [PMID: 34060824 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c00748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Increasing groundwater temperatures caused by global warming, subsurface infrastructure, or heat storage projects may interfere with groundwater remediation techniques using zero-valent iron (ZVI) technology by accelerating anaerobic corrosion. The corrosion behavior of three ZVIs widely used in permeable reactive barriers (PRBs), Peerless cast iron (PL), Gotthart-Maier cast iron (GM), and an ISPAT iron sponge (IS), was investigated at temperatures between 25 and 70 °C in half-open batch reactors by measuring the volume of hydrogen gas generated. Initially, the corrosion rates of all tested ZVIs increased with temperature; at temperatures ≤40 °C, a material-specific steady state is reached, and at temperatures >40 °C, passivation causes a decrease in long-term corrosion rates. The observed corrosion behavior was therefore assumed to be superimposed by accelerating and inhibiting effects, caused by surface precipitates where the fitting of measured corrosion rates by a modeling approach, using the corroded amount of Fe0 to account for passivating minerals, yields intrinsic activation energies (Ea, ZVI) of 81, 90, and 107 kJ mol-1 for IS, GM, and PL, respectively. An increase in H2 production might not be directly transferable to an increase in general ZVI reactivity; however, the results suggest that an increase in chlorinated hydrocarbon degradation rates can be expected for ZVI-PRBs in the immediate vicinity of low-temperature underground thermal energy storages (UTESs) or in the impact areas of high-temperature UTES with temperatures of ≤40 °C.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian D Metzgen
- Department of Applied Geology, Aquatic Geochemistry and Hydrogeology, Institute of Geoscience, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Andreas Dahmke
- Department of Applied Geology, Aquatic Geochemistry and Hydrogeology, Institute of Geoscience, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
| | - Markus Ebert
- Department of Applied Geology, Aquatic Geochemistry and Hydrogeology, Institute of Geoscience, Kiel University, Ludewig-Meyn-Straße 10, 24118 Kiel, Germany
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17
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Brumovský M, Oborná J, Lacina P, Hegedüs M, Sracek O, Kolařík J, Petr M, Kašlík J, Hofmann T, Filip J. Sulfidated nano-scale zerovalent iron is able to effectively reduce in situ hexavalent chromium in a contaminated aquifer. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 405:124665. [PMID: 33301974 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Revised: 11/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
In a number of laboratory studies, sulfidated nanoscale zero-valent iron (S-nZVI) particles showed increased reactivity, reducing capacity, and electron selectivity for Cr(VI) removal from contaminated waters. In our study, core-shell S-nZVI particles were successfully injected into an aquifer contaminated with Cr(VI) at a former chrome plating facility. S-nZVI migrated towards monitoring wells, resulting in a rapid decrease in Cr(VI) and Crtot concentrations and a long-term decrease in groundwater redox potential observed even 35 m downstream the nearest injection well. Characterization of materials recovered from the injection and monitoring wells confirmed the presence of nZVI particles, together with iron corrosion products. Chromium was identified on the surface of the recovered iron particles as Cr(III), and its occurrence was linked to the formation of insoluble chromium-iron (oxyhydr)oxides such as CrxFe(1-x)(OH)3(s). Injected S-nZVI particles formed aggregates, which were slowly transformed into iron (oxyhydr)oxides and carbonate green rust. Elevated contents of Fe0 were detected even several months after injection, indicating good S-nZVI longevity. The sulfide shell was gradually disintegrated and/or dissolved. Geochemical modelling confirmed the overall stability of the resulting Cr(III) phase at field conditions. This study demonstrates the applicability of S-nZVI for the remediation of a Cr(VI)-contaminated aquifer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Brumovský
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic; Department of Environmental Geosciences (EDGE), Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria.
| | - Jana Oborná
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Lacina
- GEOtest, a.s., Šmahova 1244/112, 627 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Michal Hegedüs
- GEOtest, a.s., Šmahova 1244/112, 627 00 Brno, Czech Republic; Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentská 95, 532 10 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Ondra Sracek
- Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, Palacký University Olomouc, 17. listopadu 12, 771 46 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Jan Kolařík
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Petr
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Josef Kašlík
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Thilo Hofmann
- Department of Environmental Geosciences (EDGE), Centre for Microbiology and Environmental Systems Science, University of Vienna, Althanstr. 14, UZA II, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Jan Filip
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, 783 71 Olomouc, Czech Republic.
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18
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Li J, Sun Y, Zhang X, Guan X. Weak magnetic field enables high selectivity of zerovalent iron toward metalloid oxyanions under aerobic conditions. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 400:123330. [PMID: 32947724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
For water treatment/remediation by zerovalent iron (ZVI), of particular concern is its selectivity toward contaminants over natural non-targets (e.g., O2 and H2O/H+). Hence, the effects of weak magnetic field (WMF) on the selectivity of ZVI toward metalloid oxyanions (i.e., As(III), As(V), Sb(III), Sb(V), Se(IV) and Se(VI)) were in-depth investigated under aerobic conditions. This study unraveled that, despite the electron utilization (EU) of ZVI with and without WMF were almost identical at reaction equilibrium, the application of a WMF could enhance the specific removal capacity (SRC) of ZVI toward metalloid oxyanions from 1.8-19.0 mg/g Fe to 12.6-85.3 mg/g Fe. Particularly, the electron efficiency (EE) of ZVI with WMF for reduction of Se(IV)/Se(VI) were 3.7- to 14.1-fold greater than that without WMF. Since the WMF-induced magnetic gradient force (FΔB) can derive the movement of both Fe2+ and metalloid oxyanions, the subsequent incorporation of metalloid oxyanions with in-situ generated iron oxides can also been mediated synchronously and thus leading to an enhanced SRC of ZVI (also EE for Se(IV) and Se(VI) reduction by ZVI). In general, our findings prove that WMF should be a promising method to promote the selectivity of ZVI for water decontamination under aerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Chemical Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environmental and Biological Engineering, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210094, PR China
| | - Yuankui Sun
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China; International Joint Research Center for Sustainable Urban Water System, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
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19
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Mohammed O, Mumford KG, Sleep BE. Effects of hydrogen gas production, trapping and bubble-facilitated transport during nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) injection in porous media. JOURNAL OF CONTAMINANT HYDROLOGY 2020; 234:103677. [PMID: 32663719 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconhyd.2020.103677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The injection of nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) can be an effective technique for the treatment of groundwater contaminants, including chlorinated solvents. However, its effectiveness can be limited by natural reductant demand (NRD) reactions, including the reduction of water resulting in the production of hydrogen gas. This study presents results from a series of laboratory experiments to investigate gas production and mobilization following the injection of nZVI solutions, along with sodium borohydride (NaBH4) that is used for nZVI synthesis. Experiments were performed in a thin, two-dimensional flow cell (22 × 34 × 1 cm3) to measure hydrogen gas volumes and local gas saturations, and to investigate the distribution of gas within and above the injection zone. An additional experiment was conducted in a larger flow cell (150 × 150 × 2 cm3) containing dissolved trichloroethene (TCE) to assess changes in aqueous flow pathways and enhanced vertical transport of TCE by mobilized gas. The results showed substantial gas production (60% to 740% of the injected solution volume) resulting in gas mobilization as a network of gas channels above the injection zone, with more gas produced from greater excess NaBH4 used during nZVI synthesis. Trapped gas saturations were sufficient to cause the diversion of aqueous flow around the nZVI injection zone. In addition, gas production and mobilization resulted in the bubble-facilitated transport of TCE, and detectable concentrations of TCE and reaction products (ethane and ethene) above the target treatment zone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obai Mohammed
- Queen's University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Kevin G Mumford
- Queen's University, Department of Civil Engineering, Kingston, Ontario K7L 3N6, Canada.
| | - Brent E Sleep
- University of Toronto, Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A4, Canada
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20
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Wang X, Xin J, Yuan M, Zhao F. Electron competition and electron selectivity in abiotic, biotic, and coupled systems for dechlorinating chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons in groundwater: A review. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 183:116060. [PMID: 32750534 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2020.116060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Revised: 06/01/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) have been frequently detected in aquifers in recent years. Owing to the bioaccumulation and toxicity of CAHs, it is essential to explore high-efficiency technologies for their complete dechlorination in groundwater. At present, the most widely used abiotic and biotic remediation technologies are based on zero-valent iron (ZVI) and functional anaerobic bacteria (FAB), respectively. However, the main obstacles to the full potential of both technologies in the field include their lowered efficiencies and increased economic costs due to the co-existence of a variety of natural electron acceptors in the environment, such as dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate (NO3-), sulfate (SO42-), ferric iron (Fe (III)), bicarbonate (HCO3-), and even water, which compete for electrons with the target contaminants. Therefore, a clear understanding of the mechanisms governing electron competition and electron selectivity is significant for the accurate evaluation of the effectiveness of both technologies under natural hydrochemical conditions. We collected data from both abiotic and biotic CAH-remediation systems, summarized the dechlorination and undesired reactions in groundwater, discussed the characterization methods and general principles of electron competition, and described strategies to improve electron selectivity in both systems. Furthermore, we reviewed the emerging ZVI-FAB coupled system, which integrates abiotic and biotic processes to enhance dechlorination performance and electron utilization efficiency. Lastly, we propose future research needs to quantitatively understand the electron competition in abiotic, biotic, and coupled systems in more detail and to promote improved electron selectivity in groundwater remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohui Wang
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jia Xin
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Mengjiao Yuan
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Fang Zhao
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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21
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Brumovský M, Filip J, Malina O, Oborná J, Sracek O, Reichenauer TG, Andrýsková P, Zbořil R. Core-Shell Fe/FeS Nanoparticles with Controlled Shell Thickness for Enhanced Trichloroethylene Removal. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2020; 12:35424-35434. [PMID: 32640155 PMCID: PMC7404211 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c08626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Zero-valent iron nanoparticles (nZVI) treated by reduced sulfur compounds (i.e., sulfidated nZVI, S-nZVI) have attracted increased attention as promising materials for environmental remediation. While the preparation of S-nZVI and its reactions with various groundwater contaminants such as trichloroethylene (TCE) were already a subject of several studies, nanoparticle synthesis procedures investigated so far were suited mainly for laboratory-scale preparation with only a limited possibility of easy and cost-effective large-scale production and FeS shell property control. This study presents a novel approach for synthesizing S-nZVI using commercially available nZVI particles that are treated with sodium sulfide in a concentrated slurry. This leads to S-nZVI particles that do not contain hazardous boron residues and can be easily prepared off-site. The resulting S-nZVI exhibits a core-shell structure where zero-valent iron is the dominant phase in the core, while the shell contains mostly amorphous iron sulfides. The average FeS shell thickness can be controlled by the applied sulfide concentration. Up to a 12-fold increase in the TCE removal and a 7-fold increase in the electron efficiency were observed upon amending nZVI with sulfide. Although the FeS shell thickness correlated with surface-area-normalized TCE removal rates, sulfidation negatively impacted the particle surface area, resulting in an optimal FeS shell thickness of approximately 7.3 nm. This corresponded to a particle S/Fe mass ratio of 0.0195. At all sulfide doses, the TCE degradation products were only fully dechlorinated hydrocarbons. Moreover, a nearly 100% chlorine balance was found at the end of the experiments, further confirming complete TCE degradation and the absence of chlorinated transformation products. The newly synthesized S-nZVI particles thus represent a promising remedial agent applicable at sites contaminated with TCE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Brumovský
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech
Republic
- Department
of Environmental Geosciences, Centre for Microbiology and Environmental
Systems Science, University of Vienna, Althanstraße 14, UZA II, Vienna 1090, Austria
| | - Jan Filip
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech
Republic
| | - Ondřej Malina
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech
Republic
| | - Jana Oborná
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech
Republic
| | - Ondra Sracek
- Department
of Geology of Science, Palacký University
Olomouc, 17 listopadu 12, Olomouc 771 46, Czech Republic
| | - Thomas G. Reichenauer
- AIT
Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, Tulln an der Donau 3430, Austria
| | - Pavlína Andrýsková
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech
Republic
| | - Radek Zbořil
- Regional
Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc, Šlechtitelů 27, Olomouc 783 71, Czech
Republic
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22
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Xu W, Hu X, Lou Y, Jiang X, Shi K, Tong Y, Xu X, Shen C, Hu B, Lou L. Effects of environmental factors on the removal of heavy metals by sulfide-modified nanoscale zerovalent iron. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 187:109662. [PMID: 32460094 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sulfide-modified nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) has excellent reducing performance for heavy metals in water. The influence of environmental factors on the reactivity can be used to explore the practical feasibility of S-nZVI and analyze the reaction mechanism in depth. This study compared the removal effect and mechanism of Cu2+ and Ni2+ by nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI), S-nZVI, and carboxymethyl cellulose-modified nanoscale zerovalent iron (CMC-nZVI). The results show that the pseudo-first-order kinetic constant of Cu2+ removal by nZVI, S-nZVI, and CMC-nZVI was 1.384, 1.919, and 2.890 min-1, respectively, and the rate of Ni2+ removal was 0.304, 0.931, and 0.360 min-1, respectively. The removal mechanism of S-nZVI was similar to that of nZVI and CMC-nZVI. Specifically, Cu2+ was predominantly removed by reduction, while Ni2+ removal included adsorption and reduction. Environmental factors had a specific inhibitory effect on the removal of Cu2+ but had a negligible impact on Ni2+. The condition of low pH, the presence of Cl- and humic acid (HA) promoted the corrosion consumption of Fe0, in which H+ directly corroded Fe0 at low pH. At the same time, Cl- and HA inhibited the adsorption or binding of heavy metal ions on the particle surface, thereby reducing the electron transfer and utilization efficiency. The passivation of NO3- reduced the anaerobic corrosion of the material in water but suppressed the release of electrons, thereby reducing the reduction efficiency of the three types of materials. The anaerobic corrosion of S-nZVI was less affected by environmental factors, and it can still maintain more than 80% of the electronic utilization efficiency under different environmental factors, which illustrates that S-nZVI has broad prospects for practical applications in heavy metal polluted water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weijian Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinyi Hu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiling Lou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaodong Jiang
- Environemtal Science Research & Design Institute of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310007, People's Republic of China
| | - Keke Shi
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanning Tong
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinhua Xu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China
| | - Chaofeng Shen
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, 310020, People's Republic of China
| | - Baolan Hu
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, 310020, People's Republic of China
| | - Liping Lou
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310029, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Environmental Safety of Zhejiang Province, 310020, People's Republic of China.
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23
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Summer D, Schöftner P, Watzinger A, Reichenauer TG. Inhibition and stimulation of two perchloroethene degrading bacterial cultures by nano- and micro-scaled zero-valent iron particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 722:137802. [PMID: 32199366 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The pollutant perchloroethene (PCE) can often be found at urban contaminated sites. Thus in-situ clean-up methods, like remediation using zero valent iron (ZVI) or bacterial dechlorination, are preferred. During the remediation with ZVI particles anaerobic corrosion occurs as an unwanted, particle consuming side reaction with water. However, in this reaction H2 is formed, which is usually scarce during anaerobic microbial dechlorination. Dehalococcoides needs H2 for cell growth using it as an electron donor to dechlorinate chlorinated hydrocarbons. Combining application of ZVI with bacterial dechlorination can turn ZVI in a H2 donor leading to a more controllable bacterial dechlorination, a smaller amount of ZVI suspension and decreased remediation costs. In this study nano- and micro scaled ZVI particles (nZVI, mZVI) were combined in microcosms with two dechlorinating bacterial cultures. The two cultures showed different dechlorination behaviors with ethene and cis-DCE as final products. Phospholipid fatty acids (PLFA) associated with Dehalococcoides (18:1w7, 18:1w7c, 10:Me16:0) and Geobacteriaceae (16,1w7c; 15:0; 16:0) have been found in both bacterial cultures, slight differences in their abundance could explain the different dechlorinating behaviors. The combination of both bacterial cultures with mZVI led to a stimulated dechlorination process leading to about two times higher kobs for PCE dechlorination (0.01-0.05 h-1). In the otherwise cis-DCE accumulating culture complete dechlorination to ethene was achieved. While addition of nZVI inhibited both cultures. Combined with nZVI the completely dechlorinating culture produced lower amounts of dechlorinated products (3.2 μmol) as compared to the single biotic treatment (5.1 μmol). Combining the incompletely dechlorinating culture with nZVI significantly reduced the kobs,PCE (single: 8 × 10-3 ± 3 × 10-4 h-1; combination: 5 × 10-3 ± 2 × 10-4 h-1). H2 produced by nZVI and mZVI was utilized by both bacterial cultures. The particle size, resulting specific surface areas, agglomeration tendencies and reactivity appears to be crucial for the effect on microbial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Summer
- Center of Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Philipp Schöftner
- Center of Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Andrea Watzinger
- Institute of Soil Research, Department of Forest- and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Applied Life Sciences, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln, Austria.
| | - Thomas G Reichenauer
- Center of Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Straße 24, 3430 Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria.
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24
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Xin J, Fan S, Yuan M, Wang X, Zhang X, Zheng X. Effects of co-existing nitrate on TCE removal by mZVI under different pollution load scenarios: Kinetics, electron efficiency and mechanisms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:137111. [PMID: 32059314 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Revised: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microscale zero-valent iron in situ reaction zone (mZVI-IRZ) has proved to be effective and efficient for the removal of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons (CAHs) from groundwater. However, nitrate (NO3-), which is ubiquitous in groundwater, affects the mZVI-based attenuation of CAHs in a complicated manner. Both the reaction rate constant (k) and electron efficiency (EE) of mZVI must be considered to comprehensively reflect the effects of NO3- on the short and long-term remediation performances of mZVI. Therefore, the influence of NO3- on trichloroethylene (TCE) removal under high-pollution-load (iron limited) and low-pollution-load (iron excess) conditions was investigated. Low concentrations of NO3- (10 and 50 mg N L-1) were found to enhance the TCE removal rate and efficiency, whereas high concentrations of NO3- (100 mg N L-1) inhibited the reaction. Although TCE removal was increased at low concentrations of NO3-, the EE of mZVI was dramatically decreased in the presence of NO3- at all concentration levels. Therefore, both the short-term TCE removal characteristics and the EE of mZVI should be considered when evaluating the long-term remediation effectiveness of mZVI-IRZ technology. The effects of NO3- on the TCE removal trends under high- and low-pollution-load scenarios were similar, but had different magnitudes. NO3- affected the TCE removal mainly by promoting mZVI corrosion, competing for electrons and affecting passivation product evolution. Our results provide guidance for the practical application of mZVI-IRZ technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xin
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Shufen Fan
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Mengjiao Yuan
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiaohui Wang
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xuejiao Zhang
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xilai Zheng
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
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25
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Summer D, Schöftner P, Wimmer B, Pastar M, Kostic T, Sessitsch A, Gerzabek MH, Reichenauer TG. Synergistic effects of microbial anaerobic dechlorination of perchloroethene and nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) - A lysimeter experiment. N Biotechnol 2020; 57:34-44. [PMID: 32247067 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Perchloroethene (PCE) is a hazardous and persistent groundwater pollutant. Both treatment with nanoscaled zero-valent iron (nZVI) and biological degradation by bacteria have downsides. Distribution of nZVI underground is difficult and a high percentage of injected nZVI is consumed by anaerobic corrosion, forming H2 rather than being available for PCE dechlorination. On the other hand, microbial PCE degradation can suffer from the absence of H2. This can cause the accumulation of the hazardous metabolites cis-1,2-dichloroethene (DCE) or vinylchloride (VC). The combination of chemical and biological PCE degradation is a promising approach to overcome the disadvantages of each method alone. In this lysimeter study, artificial aquifers were created to test the influence of nZVI on anaerobic microbial PCE dechlorination by a commercially available culture containing Dehalococcoides spp. under field-like conditions. The effect of the combined treatment was investigated with molasses as an additional electron source and after cessation of molasses addition. The combination of nZVI and the Dehalococcoides spp. containing culture led to a PCE discharge in the lysimeter outflow that was 4.7 times smaller than that with nZVI and 1.6 times smaller than with bacterial treatment. Moreover, fully dechlorinated end-products showed an 11-fold increase compared to nZVI and a 4.2-fold increase compared to the microbial culture. The addition of nZVI to the microbial culture also decreased the accumulation of hazardous metabolites by 1.7 (cis-DCE) and 1.2 fold (VC). The stimulatory effect of nZVI on microbial degradation was most obvious after the addition of molasses was stopped.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea Summer
- Center of Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria.
| | - Philipp Schöftner
- Center of Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria.
| | - Bernhard Wimmer
- Quality Management, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, 2444, Seibersdorf, Austria.
| | - Milica Pastar
- Center of Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Tanja Kostic
- Center of Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Angela Sessitsch
- Center of Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria
| | - Martin Hubert Gerzabek
- Department of Forestry and Soil Sciences, Institute of Soil Research, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Peter-Jordan-Strasse 82, 1190, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Thomas Gerhard Reichenauer
- Center of Health & Bioresources, Bioresources, AIT Austrian Institute of Technology GmbH, Konrad-Lorenz-Strasse 24, 3430, Tulln a.d. Donau, Austria.
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26
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He F, Gong L, Fan D, Tratnyek PG, Lowry GV. Quantifying the efficiency and selectivity of organohalide dechlorination by zerovalent iron. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:528-542. [PMID: 32124893 DOI: 10.1039/c9em00592g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The efficiency and selectivity of zerovalent iron-based treatments for organohalide contaminated groundwater can be quantified by accounting for redistribution of electrons derived from oxidation of Fe0. Several types of efficiency are reviewed, including (i) the efficiency of Fe(0) utilization, εFe(0), (ii) the electron efficiency of target contaminant reduction, εe, and (iii) the electron efficiency of natural reductant demand (NRD) involving H2O, O2, and co-contaminants such as nitrate, εNRD. Selectivity can then be calculated by using εe/εNRD. Of particular interest is εe and the key to its determination is measuring the total quantity of electrons provided by Fe0 oxidation, which can be based on either the loss of Fe(0), the formation of Fe(ii)/Fe(iii), or the composition of the total reaction products. Recently, many data have accumulated on εe for the treatment of various chlorinated solvents (esp. trichloroethylene, TCE) by zerovalent iron (ZVI), and analysis of these data shows that ZVI particle properties (e.g., stabilization with polymers, bimetallic modification, sulfidation, etc.) and other operational factors have variable effects on εe. Of particular interest is that pre-exposure of ZVI to reduced sulfur species (i.e., sulfidation) consistently improves the εe of contaminant reduction, mainly by suppressing the reduction of water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
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27
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Qin H, Yin D, Bandstra JZ, Sun Y, Cao G, Guan X. Ferrous ion mitigates the negative effects of humic acid on removal of 4-nitrophenol by zerovalent iron. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 383:121218. [PMID: 31563765 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Fe2+ addition was employed to overcome the negative effects of humic acid (HA) on contaminant removal by zerovalent iron (ZVI), and its feasibility to improve electron efficiency of ZVI was also tested. HA at high concentrations suppressed the removal of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP) by ZVI, while the addition of 0.25-1.0 mM Fe2+ could greatly mitigate this inhibitory effect and enhance 4-NP reduction. Specifically, with a mixed-order model, global fitting results showed that the addition of Fe2+ increased the rate constant from 0.124 × 10-2-0.219 × 10-2 mM/min to 0.227 × 10-2-0.417 × 10-2 mM/min and shortened lag period from 19.7-47.9 min to 8.0-15.2 min for 4-NP removal. The mechanistic investigation revealed this trend could be explained by the following aspects: i) Fe2+ can facilitate the generation of Fe(II)-containing oxides, which can act as an electron mediator or direct electron donor for 4-NP reduction; ii) the presence of Fe2+ could lead to aggregation of HA particles and accordingly reduced its coverage on ZVI surface. But the results of respike experiments indicate that Fe2+ addition did not show remarkable effect on the electron efficiency of 4-NP by ZVI, which should be associated with that Fe2+ was not able to favor the enrichment of 4-NP on ZVI surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejie Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Daqiang Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Joel Z Bandstra
- Department of Mathematics, Engineering, and Computer Science, Saint Francis University, Loretto, PA, 15940, USA
| | - Yuankui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China
| | - Guomin Cao
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, PR China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai, 200092, PR China.
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28
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Qin H, Guan X, Tratnyek PG. Effects of Sulfidation and Nitrate on the Reduction of N-Nitrosodimethylamine by Zerovalent Iron. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:9744-9754. [PMID: 31343874 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Competition among oxidizing species in groundwater and wastewater for the reductive capacity of zerovalent iron (ZVI) makes the selectivity of ZVI for target contaminant degradation over other reduction pathways a major determinant of the feasibility of ZVI-based water treatment processes. The selectivity for reduction of contaminants over water is improved by sulfidation, but the effect of sulfidation on other competing reactions is not known. The interaction between these competing reactions was investigated using N-nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) as the target contaminant, nitrate as a co-contaminant, and micrometer-sized ZVI with and without sulfidation. Unsulfidated ZVI reduced NDMA to dimethylamine via N,N-dimethylhydrazine, but the addition of nitrate decreased the rate of NDMA reduction and increased the quantity of intermediate observed. With sulfidated ZVI, the kinetics and products of NDMA reduction were similar to those with unsulfidated ZVI, but no inhibitory effect of nitrate was observed. Conversely, the reduction of nitrate-which dominated NDMA reduction in unsulfidated ZVI systems-was strongly inhibited by sulfidation. H2 and Fe2+ generation by sulfidated ZVI was almost independent of nitrate concentration. Therefore, sulfidation improved the efficiency of NDMA reduction by ZVI in the presence of nitrate mainly by inhibiting nitrate reduction. The shift in selectivity of ZVI for NDMA over nitrate upon sulfidation was due to replacement of Fe0/FexOy surface sites with FeS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejie Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P.R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , P.R. China
| | - Paul G Tratnyek
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health , Oregon Health & Science University , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road , Portland , Oregon 97239 , United States
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Vogel M, Georgi A, Kopinke FD, Mackenzie K. Sulfidation of ZVI/AC composite leads to highly corrosion-resistant nanoremediation particles with extended life-time. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 665:235-245. [PMID: 30772554 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2018] [Revised: 01/18/2019] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zero-valent iron (nZVI) is a powerful reductant for many water pollutants. The lifetime of nZVI in aqueous environments is one of its limitations. Sulfidation of the nZVI surface by reduced sulfur species is known to significantly modify the particle properties. In the present study we examined various post-synthesis sulfidation methods applied on Carbo-Iron, a composite material where iron nanostructures are embedded in colloidal activated carbon (AC) particles. In such cases, where ZVI is surrounded by carbon, sulfidation largely inhibits the anaerobic corrosion of ZVI in water whereas its dechlorination activity was slightly increased. Even at a very low molar S/Fe ratio of 0.004 a strong decrease of the corrosion rate by a factor of 65 was achieved, while concurrently dechlorination of tetrachloroethene (PCE) was accelerated by a factor of three compared to the untreated particles. As a consequence, over 98% of the reduction equivalents of the sulfidated ZVI were utilized for the reduction of the target contaminant (33 mg L-1 PCE) under simulated groundwater conditions. In a long-term experiment over 160 days the extended life-time and the preservation of the reduction capacity of the embedded ZVI were confirmed. Reasons for the modified reaction behavior of Carbo-Iron after sulfidation compared to previously studied nZVI are discussed. We hypothesize that the structure of the carbon-embedded iron is decisive for the observed reaction behavior. In addition to reaction rates, the product pattern is vastly different compared to that of sulfidated nZVI. The triple combination of ZVI, AC and sulfur makes the composite particle very suitable for practical in-situ applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Vogel
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anett Georgi
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Frank-Dieter Kopinke
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Mackenzie
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department of Environmental Engineering, D-04318 Leipzig, Germany.
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Rodrigues R, Betelu S, Colombano S, Masselot G, Tzedakis T, Ignatiadis I. Elucidating the dechlorination mechanism of hexachloroethane by Pd-doped zerovalent iron microparticles in dissolved lactic acid polymers using chromatography and indirect monitoring of iron corrosion. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:7177-7194. [PMID: 30652270 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-04128-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The degradation mechanism of the pollutant hexachloroethane (HCA) by a suspension of Pd-doped zerovalent iron microparticles (Pd-mZVI) in dissolved lactic acid polymers and oligomers (referred to as PLA) was investigated using gas chromatography and the indirect monitoring of iron corrosion by continuous measurements of pH, oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and conductivity. The first experiments took place in the absence of HCA, to understand the evolution of the Pd-mZVI/PLA/H2O system. This showed that the evolution of pH, ORP, and conductivity is related to changes in solution chemistry due to iron corrosion and that the system is initially cathodically controlled by H+ mass transport to Pd surfaces because of the presence of an extensive PLA layer. We then investigated the effects of Pd-mZVI particles, temperature, initial HCA concentration, and PLA content on the Pd-mZVI/PLA/HCA/H2O system, to obtain a better understanding of the degradation mechanism. In all cases, HCA dechlorination first requires the production of atomic hydrogen H*-involving the accumulation of tetrachloroethylene (PCE) as an intermediate-before its subsequent reduction to non-chlorinated C2 and C4 compounds. The ratio between Pd-mZVI dosage, initial HCA concentration, and PLA content affects the rate of H* generation as well as the rate-determining step of the process. A pseudo-first-order equation can be applied when Pd-mZVI dosage is much higher than the theoretical stoichiometry (600 mg for [HCA]0 = 5-20 mg L-1). Our results indicate that the HCA degradation mechanism includes mass transfer, sorption, surface reaction with H*, and desorption of the product.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Rodrigues
- BRGM (French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France.
- ADEME (French Environment and Energy Management Agency), 20 avenue du Grésillé, 49000, Angers Cedex 1, France.
- LGC (Chemical Engineering Laboratory), 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France.
- Iris Instruments, 1 Avenue Buffon, 45100, Orléans, France.
| | - Stéphanie Betelu
- BRGM (French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Stéfan Colombano
- BRGM (French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
| | - Guillaume Masselot
- ADEME (French Environment and Energy Management Agency), 20 avenue du Grésillé, 49000, Angers Cedex 1, France
| | - Theodore Tzedakis
- LGC (Chemical Engineering Laboratory), 118 route de Narbonne, 31062, Toulouse Cedex 9, France
| | - Ioannis Ignatiadis
- BRGM (French Geological Survey), 3 avenue Claude Guillemin, 45060, Orléans Cedex 2, France
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Qin H, Guan X, Bandstra JZ, Johnson RL, Tratnyek PG. Modeling the Kinetics of Hydrogen Formation by Zerovalent Iron: Effects of Sulfidation on Micro- and Nano-Scale Particles. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:13887-13896. [PMID: 30381947 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b04436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) that generates H2 from the reduction of H2O by Fe0 is among the most fundamental of the processes that control reactivity in environmental systems containing zerovalent iron (ZVI). To develop a comprehensive kinetic model for this process, a large and high-resolution data set for HER was measured using five types of ZVI pretreated by acid-washing and/or sulfidation (in pH 7 HEPES buffer). The data were fit to four alternative kinetic models using nonlinear regression analysis applied to the whole data set simultaneously, which allowed some model parameters to be treated globally across multiple experiments. The preferred model uses two independent reactive phases to match the two-stage character of most HER data, with rate constants ( k's) for each phase fitted globally by iron type and phase quantities ( S's) fitted as fully local (independent) parameters. The first, faster stage was attributed to a reactive mineral intermediate (RMI) phase like Fe(OH)2, which may form in all experiments during preequilibration, but is rapidly consumed, leaving the second, slower stage of HER, which is due to reaction of Fe0. In addition to providing a deterministic model to explain the kinetics of HER by ZVI over a wide range of conditions, the results provide an improved quantitative basis for comparing the effects of sulfidation on ZVI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejie Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering , Tongji University , Shanghai 200092 , P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092 , P.R. China
| | - Joel Z Bandstra
- Department of Mathematics, Engineering, and Computer Science , Saint Francis University , P.O. Box 600, Loretto , Pennsylvania 15940 , United States
| | - Richard L Johnson
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health , Oregon Health & Science University , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road , Portland , Oregon 97239 , United States
| | - Paul G Tratnyek
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health , Oregon Health & Science University , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road , Portland , Oregon 97239 , United States
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Bae S, Collins RN, Waite TD, Hanna K. Advances in Surface Passivation of Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron: A Critical Review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:12010-12025. [PMID: 30277777 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zerovalent iron (NZVI) is one of the most extensively studied nanomaterials in the fields of wastewater treatment and remediation of soil and groundwater. However, rapid oxidative transformations of NZVI can result in reduced NZVI reactivity. Indeed, the surface passivation of NZVI is considered one of the most challenging aspects in successfully applying NZVI to contaminant degradation. The oxidation of NZVI can lead to the formation of FeII-bearing phases (e.g., FeIIO, FeII(OH)2, FeIIFeIII2O4) on the NZVI surface or complete oxidation to ferric (oxyhydr)oxides (e.g., FeIIIOOH). This corrosion phenomenon is dependent upon various factors including the composition of NZVI itself, the type and concentration of aqueous species, reaction time and oxic/anoxic environments. As such, the coexistence of different Fe oxidation states on NZVI surfaces may also, in some instances, provide a unique reactive microenvironment to promote the adsorption of contaminants and their subsequent transformation via redox reactions. Thus, an understanding of passivation chemistry, and its related mechanisms, is essential not only for effective NZVI application but also for accurately assessing the positive and negative effects of NZVI surface passivation. The aim of this review is to discuss the nature of the passivation processes that occur and the passivation byproducts that form in various environments. In particular, the review presents: (i) the strengths and limitations of state-of-the-art techniques (e.g., electron microscopies and X-ray-based spectroscopies) to identify passivation byproducts; (ii) the passivation mechanisms proposed to occur in anoxic and oxic environments; and (iii) the effects arising from synthesis procedures and the presence of inorganics/organics on the nature of the passivation byproducts that form. In addition, several depassivation strategies that may assist in increasing and/or maintaining the reactivity of NZVI are considered, thereby enhancing the effectiveness of NZVI in contaminant degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sungjun Bae
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , Konkuk University , 120 Neungdong-ro, Gwangjin-gu , Seoul 05029 , Republic of Korea
| | - Richard N Collins
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - T David Waite
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of New South Wales , Sydney , New South Wales 2052 , Australia
| | - Khalil Hanna
- Univ Rennes, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Rennes , CNRS, ISCR-UMR6226, F-35000 Rennes , France
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Bhattacharjee S, Ghoshal S. Optimal Design of Sulfidated Nanoscale Zerovalent Iron for Enhanced Trichloroethene Degradation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:11078-11086. [PMID: 30188121 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b02399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidated nanoscale zerovalent iron (S-nZVI) has the potential to be a cost-effective remediation agent for a wide range of environmental pollutants, including chlorinated solvents. Various synthesis approaches have yielded S-nZVI consisting of a Fe0 (or Fe0/S0) core and FeS shell, which are significantly more reactive to trichloroethene (TCE) than nZVI. However, their reactivity is not as high as palladium-doped nZVI (Pd-nZVI). We synthesized S-nZVI by the co-precipitation of FeS and Fe0 by using Na2S during the borohydride reduction of FeSO4 (S-nZVIco). This resulted in FeS structures bridging the nZVI core and the surface, as confirmed by electron microscopy and X-ray analyses. The TCE degradation capacity of up to 0.46 mol TCE/mol Fe0 was obtained for S-nZVIco at a high S loading and was comparable to Pd-nZVI but 60% higher than the currently most reactive S-nZVI, in which FeS only coats the nZVI (S-nZVIpost). The high TCE degradation was due to complete utilization of Fe0 (2 e-/mol Fe0) toward the formation of acetylene. Although Pd-nZVI yielded 3 e-/mol Fe0, TCE degradation was comparable because it reduced acetylene further to ethene and ethane. Under Fe0-limited conditions, the S-nZVIco TCE degradation rate was 16 times higher than that of Pd-nZVI (0.5 wt % Pd) and 90 times higher than that of S-nZVIpost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sourjya Bhattacharjee
- Department of Civil Engineering , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0C3 , Canada
| | - Subhasis Ghoshal
- Department of Civil Engineering , McGill University , Montreal , Quebec H3A 0C3 , Canada
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He F, Li Z, Shi S, Xu W, Sheng H, Gu Y, Jiang Y, Xi B. Dechlorination of Excess Trichloroethene by Bimetallic and Sulfidated Nanoscale Zero-Valent Iron. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2018; 52:8627-8637. [PMID: 29952547 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b01735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Nanoscale zerovalent iron (nZVI) likely finds its application in source zone remediation. Two approaches to modify nZVI have been reported: bimetal (Fe-Me) and sulfidated nZVI (S-nZVI). However, previous research has primarily focused on enhancing particle reactivity with these two modifications under more plume-like conditions. In this study, we systematically compared the trichloroethene (TCE) dechlorination pathway, rate, and electron selectivity of Fe-Me (Me: Pd, Ni, Cu, and Ag), S-nZVI, and nZVI with excess TCE simulating source zone conditions. TCE dechlorination on Fe-Me was primarily via hydrogenolysis while that on S-nZVI and nZVI was mainly via β-elimination. The surface-area normalized TCE reduction rate ( k'SA) of Fe-Pd, S-nZVI, Fe-Ni, Fe-Cu, and Fe-Ag were ∼6800-, 190-, 130-, 20-, and 8-fold greater than nZVI. All bimetallic modification enhanced the competing hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) while sulfidation inhibited HER. Fe-Cu and Fe-Ag negligibly enhanced electron utilization efficiency (εe) while Fe-Pd, Fe-Ni, and S-nZVI dramatically increased εe from 2% to ∼100%, 69%, and 72%, respectively. Adsorbed atomic hydrogen was identified to be responsible for the TCE dechlorination on Fe-Me but not on S-nZVI. The enhanced dechlorination rate along with the reduced HER of S-nZVI can be explained by that FeS conducting major electrons mediated TCE dechlorination while Fe oxides conducting minor electrons mediated HER.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng He
- College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Zhenjie Li
- College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Shasha Shi
- College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Wenqiang Xu
- College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Hanzhen Sheng
- College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Yawei Gu
- College of Environment , Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014 , China
| | - Yonghai Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
| | - Beidou Xi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Simulation and Control of Groundwater Pollution , Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences , Beijing 100012 , China
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35
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Xin J, Tang F, Yan J, La C, Zheng X, Liu W. Investigating the efficiency of microscale zero valent iron-based in situ reactive zone (mZVI-IRZ) for TCE removal in fresh and saline groundwater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 626:638-649. [PMID: 29898552 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.01.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2017] [Revised: 01/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In this study, long-term column experiments were conducted in three media (Milli-Q water, fresh groundwater and saline groundwater) to evaluate the trichloroethylene (TCE) removal performance, electron efficiency (EE), and permeability loss of a microscale zero valent iron-based in situ reactive zone (mZVI-IRZ) under different field conditions. A potential scenario of in situ contamination plume remediation was simulated by adding a TCE-containing influent to columns filled with mixed mZVI particles and silica sand at a flow rate of 4 mL h-1 for 6 months. Results showed that, over the course of 100 pore volumes (PV) for 6 months, mZVI displayed the lowest TCE breakthrough rate (0.0026 PV-1) and highest TCE removal capacity (43.72 mg) but the poorest EE value (25-40%) in saline groundwater. Mineral characterization (SEM, XRD), ion concentration analysis, and geochemical modeling corroborated that different dominant solid precipitates (magnetite, siderite, dolomite/magnetite) were identified inside the three columns. The column containing saline groundwater experienced the greatest porosity loss, approximately 30.23 mL over the course of 100 PVs. This study illustrates that, to improve designs of mZVI-IRZs, EE as well as hydraulic conductivity should be taken into consideration for predictive evaluations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Xin
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China.
| | - Fenglin Tang
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Jing Yan
- North China Sea Maritime Engineering Prospecting Institute of State Oceanic Administration, Qingdao 266033, China
| | - Chenghong La
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xilai Zheng
- Key Lab of Marine Environmental Science and Ecology, Ministry of Education, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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Fan D, Gilbert EJ, Fox T. Current state of in situ subsurface remediation by activated carbon-based amendments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2017; 204:793-803. [PMID: 28233638 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2017.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The last decade has seen a growing interest in applying activated carbon (AC)-based amendments for in situ subsurface remediation of organic contaminants such as chlorinated solvents and petroleum hydrocarbons. This remedial technology has been promoted by several major AC-based product vendors on the market. These products involve impregnation or co-application of chemical or biological additives to facilitate various contaminant degradation processes in conjunction with contaminant adsorption. During field applications, rapid contaminant removal and limited rebound after emplacement have often been reported and considered as two major advantages for this remedial technology. Nevertheless, questions remain to be answered regarding its true effectiveness and longevity given the lack of subsequent field characterizations and evidence of the degradation process, especially biodegradation. Additional uncertainties reside in how subsurface heterogeneity may affect the design, implementation and performance monitoring of this technology. In light of these uncertainties, this review presents an independent analysis that focuses on both the scientific and practical aspects of AC-based remedial technology for in situ subsurface remediation by gathering and synthesizing the scientific knowledge and practical lessons from a broad range of contaminant removal processes involving adsorption and/or degradation. The analysis showed that the scientific soundness of combining adsorption and degradation proposed for all the AC-based products is well supported by the literature on ex situ treatment. However, the in situ effectiveness might be affected by additional factors, such as geological heterogeneity, amendment transport and distribution, and total contaminant mass, which require more thorough and quantitative evaluation. Overall, the technology may provide a viable tool in addressing major remediation challenges encountered in current practice, such as mitigation of back diffusion from residual sources in low permeability zones and treatment of low concentration plumes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimin Fan
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellow at the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, Arlington, VA, 22201, USA.
| | - Edward J Gilbert
- Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, U.S Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, VA 22202, USA
| | - Tom Fox
- Colorado Department of Labor and Employment, Division of Oil and Public Safety (OPS), Denver, CO 80202, USA
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Li J, Zhang X, Sun Y, Liang L, Pan B, Zhang W, Guan X. Advances in Sulfidation of Zerovalent Iron for Water Decontamination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13533-13544. [PMID: 29135239 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b02695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Sulfidation has gained increasing interest in recent years for improving the sequestration of contaminants by zerovalent iron (ZVI). In view of the bright prospects of the sulfidated ZVI (S-ZVI), this review comprehensively summarized the latest developments in sulfidation of ZVI, particularly that of nanoscale ZVI (S-nZVI). The milestones in development of S-ZVI technology including its background, enlightenment, synthesis, characterization, water remediation and treatment, etc., are summarized. Under most circumstances, sulfidation can enhance the sequestration of various organic compounds and metal(loid)s by ZVI to various extents. In particular, the reactivity of S-ZVI toward contaminants is strongly dependent on S/Fe molar ratio, sulfidation method, and solution chemistry. Additionally, sulfidation can improve the selectivity of ZVI toward targeted contaminant over water under anaerobic conditions. The mechanisms of sulfidation-induced improvement in contaminants sequestration by ZVI are also summarized. Finally, this review identifies the current knowledge gaps and future research needs of S-ZVI for environmental application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Xueying Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yuankui Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Liping Liang
- College of Life Science, Shaoxing University , Shaoxing 312000, P.R. China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Weiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security , Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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Fan D, Lan Y, Tratnyek PG, Johnson RL, Filip J, O'Carroll DM, Nunez Garcia A, Agrawal A. Sulfidation of Iron-Based Materials: A Review of Processes and Implications for Water Treatment and Remediation. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:13070-13085. [PMID: 29035566 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b04177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Iron-based materials used in water treatment and groundwater remediation-especially micro- and nanosized zerovalent iron (nZVI)-can be more effective when modified with lower-valent forms of sulfur (i.e., "sulfidated"). Controlled sulfidation for this purpose (using sulfide, dithionite, etc.) is the main topic of this review, but insights are derived by comparison with related and comparatively well-characterized processes such as corrosion of iron in sulfidic waters and abiotic natural attenuation by iron sulfide minerals. Material characterization shows that varying sulfidation protocols (e.g., concerted or sequential) and key operational variables (e.g., S/Fe ratio and sulfidation duration) result in materials with structures and morphologies ranging from core-shell to multiphase. A meta-analysis of available kinetic data for dechlorination under anoxic conditions, shows that sulfidation usually increases dechlorination rates, and simultaneously hydrogen production is suppressed. Therefore, sulfidation can greatly improve the efficiency of utilization of reducing equivalents for contaminant removal. This benefit is most likely due to inhibited corrosion as a result of sulfidation. Sulfidation may also favor desirable pathways of contaminant removal, such as (i) dechlorination by reductive elimination rather than hydrogenolysis and (ii) sequestration of metals as sulfides that could be resistant to reoxidation. Under oxic conditions, sulfidation is shown to enhance heterogeneous catalytic oxidation of contaminants. These net effects of sulfidation on contaminant removal by iron-based materials may substantially improve their practical utility for water treatment and remediation of contaminated groundwater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimin Fan
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education (ORISE) Fellow, Office of Superfund Remediation and Technology Innovation, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2777 Crystal Drive, Arlington, Virginia 22202, United States
| | - Ying Lan
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Paul G Tratnyek
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Richard L Johnson
- OHSU-PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Jan Filip
- Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Palacký University Olomouc , Šlechtitelů 27, CZ-78371 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Denis M O'Carroll
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Connected Water Initiative, University of New South Wales , Manly Vale, New South Wales 2093, Australia
| | - Ariel Nunez Garcia
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Western University , 1151 Richmond St., London, Ontario Canada
| | - Abinash Agrawal
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Wright State University, Wright State University , 3640 Colonel Glenn Highway, Dayton, Ohio 45435, United States
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Gu Y, Wang B, He F, Bradley MJ, Tratnyek PG. Mechanochemically Sulfidated Microscale Zero Valent Iron: Pathways, Kinetics, Mechanism, and Efficiency of Trichloroethylene Dechlorination. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:12653-12662. [PMID: 28984446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.7b03604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In water treatment processes that involve contaminant reduction by zerovalent iron (ZVI), reduction of water to dihydrogen is a competing reaction that must be minimized to maximize the efficiency of electron utilization from the ZVI. Sulfidation has recently been shown to decrease H2 formation significantly, such that the overall electron efficiency of (or selectivity for) contaminant reduction can be greatly increased. To date, this work has focused on nanoscale ZVI (nZVI) and solution-phase sulfidation agents (e.g., bisulfide, dithionite or thiosulfate), both of which pose challenges for up-scaling the production of sulfidated ZVI for field applications. To overcome these challenges, we developed a process for sulfidation of microscale ZVI by ball milling ZVI with elemental sulfur. The resulting material (S-mZVIbm) exhibits reduced aggregation, relatively homogeneous distribution of Fe and S throughout the particle (not core-shell structure), enhanced reactivity with trichloroethylene (TCE), less H2 formation, and therefore greatly improved electron efficiency of TCE dechlorination (εe). Under ZVI-limited conditions (initial Fe0/TCE = 1.6 mol/mol), S-mZVIbm gave surface-area normalized reduction rate constants (k'SA) and εe that were ∼2- and 10-fold greater than the unsulfidated ball-milled control (mZVIbm). Under TCE-limited conditions (initial Fe0/TCE = 2000 mol/mol), sulfidation increased kSA and εe ≈ 5- and 50-fold, respectively. The major products from TCE degradation by S-mZVIbm were acetylene, ethene, and ethane, which is consistent with dechlorination by β-elimination, as is typical of ZVI, iron oxides, and/or sulfides. However, electrochemical characterization shows that the sulfidated material has redox properties intermediate between ZVI and Fe3O4, mostly likely significant coverage of the surface with FeS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Gu
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Binbin Wang
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Feng He
- College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology , Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Miranda J Bradley
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Paul G Tratnyek
- School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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Qin H, Li J, Yang H, Pan B, Zhang W, Guan X. Coupled Effect of Ferrous Ion and Oxygen on the Electron Selectivity of Zerovalent Iron for Selenate Sequestration. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:5090-5097. [PMID: 28358503 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b04832] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although the electron selectivity (ES) of zerovalent iron (ZVI) for target contaminant and its utilization ratio (UR) decide the removal capacity of ZVI, little effort has been made to improve them. Taking selenate [Se(VI)] as a target contaminant, this study investigated the coupled influence of aeration gas and Fe(II) on the ES and UR of ZVI. Oxygen was necessary for effective removal of Se(VI) by ZVI without Fe(II) addition. Due to the application of 1.0 mM Fe(II), the ES of ZVI was increased from 3.2-3.6% to 6.2-6.8% and the UR of ZVI was improved by 5.0-19.4% under aerobic conditions, which resulted in a 100-180% increase in the Se(VI) removal capacity by ZVI. Se(VI) reduction by Fe0 was a heterogeneous redox reaction, and the enrichment of Se(VI) on ZVI surface was the first step of electron transfer from Fe0 core to Se(VI). Oxygen promoted the generation of iron (hydr)oxides, which facilitated the enrichment of Se(VI) on the ZVI particle surface. Therefore, the high oxygen fraction (25-50%) in the purging gas resulted in only a slight decrease in the ES of ZVI. Fe(II) addition resulted in a pH drop and promoted the generation of lepidocrocite and magnetite, which benefited Se(VI) adsorption and the following electron transfer from underlying Fe0 to surface-located Se(VI).
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Affiliation(s)
- Hejie Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Jinxiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Hongyi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Bingcai Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Weiming Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, School of Environment, Nanjing University , Nanjing 210023, Jiangsu, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohong Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resources Reuse, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University , Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Exposure and Health, School of Environment, Jinan University , Guangzhou 510632, Guandong, P.R. China
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Floris B, Galloni P, Sabuzi F, Conte V. Metal systems as tools for soil remediation. Inorganica Chim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ica.2016.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Fan D, O'Brien Johnson G, Tratnyek PG, Johnson RL. Sulfidation of Nano Zerovalent Iron (nZVI) for Improved Selectivity During In-Situ Chemical Reduction (ISCR). ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2016; 50:9558-9565. [PMID: 27454131 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b02170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The high reactivity of nano zerovalent iron (nZVI) leads to inefficient treatment due to competition with various natural reductant demand (NRD) processes, especially the reduction of water to hydrogen. Here we show that this limitation can be alleviated by sulfidation (i.e., modification by reducing sulfur compounds). nZVI synthesized on carboxylmethylcelluose (CMC-nZVI) was sulfidated with either sulfide or dithionite. The reactivity of the resulting materials was examined with three complementary assays: (i) direct measurement of hydrogen production, (ii) reduction of a colorimetric redox probe (indigo disulfonate, I2S), and (iii) dechlorination of trichloroethylene (TCE). The results indicate that sulfidation at S/Fe molar ratios of ≥0.3, effectively eliminates reaction with water, but retains significant reactivity with TCE. However, sulfidation with sulfide leaves most of the nZVI as Fe(0), whereas dithionite converts a majority of the nZVI to FeS (thus consuming much of the reducing capacity originally provided by the Fe(0)). Simplified numerical models show that the reduction kinetics of I2S and TCE are mainly dependent on the initial reducing equivalents and that the TCE reduction rate is affected by the aging of FeS. Overall, the results suggest that pretreatment of nZVI with reducing sulfur compounds could result in substantial improvement in nZVI selectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dimin Fan
- Institute of Environmental Health ‡OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Graham O'Brien Johnson
- Institute of Environmental Health ‡OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Paul G Tratnyek
- Institute of Environmental Health ‡OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
| | - Richard L Johnson
- Institute of Environmental Health ‡OHSU/PSU School of Public Health, Oregon Health & Science University , 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Road, Portland, Oregon 97239, United States
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Fan D, O'Carroll DM, Elliott DW, Xiong Z, Tratnyek PG, Johnson RL, Garcia AN. Selectivity of Nano Zerovalent Iron in
In Situ
Chemical Reduction: Challenges and Improvements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/rem.21481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dimin Fan
- Office of Land and Emergency Management of the USEPA
| | - Denis M. O'Carroll
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering and Connective Waters Initiative, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | | | | | - Paul G. Tratnyek
- Division of Environmental and Biomolecular Systems, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Schaumann GE, Baumann T, Lang F, Metreveli G, Vogel HJ. Engineered nanoparticles in soils and waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2015; 535:1-2. [PMID: 26087855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele E Schaumann
- Universität Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Working Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, Fortstr. 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Thomas Baumann
- Technische Universität München, Institute of Hydrochemistry, Munich, Germany..
| | - Friederike Lang
- Albert-Ludwigs-Universität Freiburg, Institute of Forest Sciences, Chair of Soil Ecology, 79085 Freiburg i.Br., Germany.
| | - George Metreveli
- Universität Koblenz-Landau, Institute for Environmental Sciences, Working Group of Environmental and Soil Chemistry, Fortstr. 7, D-76829 Landau, Germany.
| | - Hans-Jörg Vogel
- Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research - UFZ, Department Soil Physics, Theodor-Lieser-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle, Germany; Martin-Luther-University Halle-Wittenberg, Institute of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, Von-Seckendorff-Platz 3, 06120 Halle/Saale, Germany.
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