1
|
Guo Y, Lin C, Li J, Wei L, Ma Y, Yang Q, Li D, Wang H, Shen J. Persistent pollution episodes, transport pathways, and potential sources of air pollution during the heating season of 2016-2017 in Lanzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:852. [PMID: 34846562 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most important industrial cities in Northwest China, Lanzhou currently suffers from serious air pollution. This study analyzed the formation mechanism and potential source areas of persistent air pollution in Lanzhou during the heating period from November 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017 based on the air pollutant concentrations and relevant meteorological data. Our findings indicate that particulate pollution was extremely severe during the study period. The daily PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations had significantly negative correlations with daily temperature, wind speed, maximum daily boundary layer height, while the daily PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations showed significantly positive correlations with daily relative humidity. Five persistent pollution episodes were identified and classified as either stagnant accumulation or explosive growth types according to the mechanism of pollution formation and evolution. The PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and PM2.5/PM10 ratio followed a growing "saw-tooth cycle" pattern during the stagnant accumulation type event. Dust storms caused abrupt peaks in PM10 and a sharp decrease in the PM2.5/PM10 ratio in explosive growth type events. The potential sources of PM10 were mainly distributed in the Kumtag Desert in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Qaidam Basin and Hehuang Valley in Qinghai Province, and the western and eastern Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province. The contributions to PM10 were more than 120 μg/m3. The important potential sources of PM2.5 were located in Hehuang Valley in Qinghai and Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu; the concentrations of PM2.5 were more than 60 μg/m3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Guo
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Chunying Lin
- Qinghai Province Weather Modification Office, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Jiangping Li
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lingbo Wei
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qidong Yang
- Department of Atmosphere ScienceSchool of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Gansu Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Hang Wang
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jiahui Shen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
In recent years, frequent severe haze weather has formed in China, including some of the most populated areas. We found that these smog-prone areas are often relatively a “local climate” and aim to explore this series of scientific problems. This paper uses remote sensing and data mining methods to study the correlation between haze weather and local climate. First, we select Beijing, China and its surrounding areas (East longitude 115°20′11″–117°40′35″, North latitude 39°21′11″–41°7′51″) as the study area. We collected data from meteorological stations in Beijing and Xianghe from March 2014 to February 2015, and analyzed the meteorological parameters through correlation analysis and a grey correlation model. We study the correlation between the six influencing factors of temperature, dew point, humidity, wind speed, air pressure and visibility and PM2.5, so as to analyze the correlation between haze weather and local climate more comprehensively. The results show that the influence of each index on PM2.5 in descending order is air pressure, wind speed, humidity, dew point, temperature and visibility. The qualitative analysis results confirm each other. Among them, air pressure (correlation 0.771) has the greatest impact on haze weather, and visibility (correlation 0.511) is the weakest.
Collapse
|
3
|
Zhu W, Zhou M, Cheng Z, Yan N, Huang C, Qiao L, Wang H, Liu Y, Lou S, Guo S. Seasonal variation of aerosol compositions in Shanghai, China: Insights from particle aerosol mass spectrometer observations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 771:144948. [PMID: 33736152 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.144948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 12/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The variations of non-refractory submicron aerosol (NR-PM1) were characterized using an high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometer (HR-ToF-AMS) and other online instruments measurements sampled at an urban site in Shanghai from 2016 to 2017. Spring (from 18 May to 4 June 2017), summer (from 23 August to 10 September 2017) and winter (from 28 November 2016 to 23 January 2017) seasons were chosen for detail investigating the seasonal variations in the aerosol chemical characteristics. The average PM1 (NR-PM1 + BC) mass concentration showed little difference in the three seasons in Shanghai. The average mass concentrations of total PM1 during spring, summer, and winter observations in Shanghai were 23.9 ± 20.7 μg/m3, 28.5 ± 17.6 μg/m3, and 31.9 ± 22.7 μg/m3, respectively. The seasonal difference on chemical compositions was more significant between them. Organic aerosol (OA) and sulfate were dominant contributor of PM1 in summer, whereas OA and nitrate primarily contribution to the increase of PM1 mass loading in spring and winter. As an abundant component in PM1 (accounting for 39%-49%), OA were resolved into two primary organic aerosol (POA) factors and two secondary aerosol (SOA) factors by using positive matrix factorization (PMF), of which OA was overwhelmingly dominated by the SOA (50-60%) across the three seasons in Shanghai. Correlation analysis with relative humidity and odd oxygen indicated that aqueous-phase processing and played an important role in more aged SOA formation in summer and winter. In spring, both aqueous-phase and photochemical processing contributed significantly to fresh SOA formation. Our results suggest the significant role of secondary particles in PM pollution in Shanghai and highlight the importance of control measures for reducing emissions of gaseous precursors, especially need to consider seasonal characteristics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenfei Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China; School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (IJRC), Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Min Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Zhen Cheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Naiqiang Yan
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200240, China
| | - Cheng Huang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Liping Qiao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Hongli Wang
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Yucun Liu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China
| | - Shengrong Lou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Formation of Urban Air Pollution Complex, Shanghai Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shanghai 200233, China.
| | - Song Guo
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, International Joint Laboratory for Regional Pollution Control (IJRC), Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Wang H, Miao Q, Shen L, Yang Q, Wu Y, Wei H. Air pollutant variations in Suzhou during the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19) lockdown of 2020: High time-resolution measurements of aerosol chemical compositions and source apportionment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 271:116298. [PMID: 33373898 PMCID: PMC7832523 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.116298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2020] [Revised: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
To control the spread of the 2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19), China imposed rigorous restrictions, which resulted in great reductions in pollutant emissions. This study examines the characteristics of air pollutants, including PM2.5 (particles with aerodynamic diameters < 2.5 μm), gas pollutants, water-soluble ions (WSIs), black carbon (BC) and elements, as well as the source apportionment of PM2.5 in Suzhou before, during and after the Chinese New Year (CNY) holiday of 2020 (when China was under an unprecedented state of lockdown to restrict the COVID-19 outbreak). Compared to those before CNY, PM2.5, BC, SNA (sulfate, nitrate and ammonium), other ions, elements, and NO2 and CO mass concentrations decreased by 9.9%-64.0% during CNY. The lockdown policy had strong (weak) effects on the diurnal variations in aerosol chemical compositions (gas pollutants). Compared to those before CNY, source concentrations and contributions of vehicle exhaust during CNY decreased by 72.9% and 21.7%, respectively. In contrast, increased contributions from coal combustion and industry were observed during CNY, which were recorded to be 2.9 and 1.7 times higher than those before CNY, respectively. This study highlights that the lockdown policy that was imposed in Suzhou during CNY not only reduced the mass concentrations of air pollutants but also modified their diurnal variations and the source contributions of PM2.5, which revealed the complex responses of PM2.5 sources to the rare, low emissions of anthropogenic pollutants that occurred during the COVID-19 lockdown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Honglei Wang
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Qing Miao
- Suzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Lijuan Shen
- Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science &Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Qian Yang
- Suzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Yezheng Wu
- Suzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Heng Wei
- Suzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Suzhou, 215000, China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Vlachogiannis DM, Xu Y, Jin L, González MC. Correlation networks of air particulate matter ( PM 2.5 ): a comparative study. APPLIED NETWORK SCIENCE 2021; 6:32. [PMID: 33907706 PMCID: PMC8062950 DOI: 10.1007/s41109-021-00373-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Over the last decades, severe haze pollution constitutes a major source of far-reaching environmental and human health problems. The formation, accumulation and diffusion of pollution particles occurs under complex temporal scales and expands throughout a wide spatial coverage. Seeking to understand the transport patterns of haze pollutants in China, we review a proposed framework of time-evolving directed and weighted air quality correlation networks. In this work, we evaluate monitoring stations' time-series data from China and California, to test the sensitivity of the framework to region size, climate and pollution magnitude across multiple years (2014-2020). We learn that the use of hourly PM 2.5 concentration data is needed to detect periodicities in the positive and negative correlations of the concentrations. In addition, we show that the standardization of the correlation function method is required to obtain networks with more meaningful links when evaluating the dispersion of a severe haze event at the North China Plain or a wildfire event in California during December 2017. Post COVID-19 outbreak in China, we observe a significant drop in the magnitude of the assigned weights, indicating the improved air quality and the slowed transport of PM 2.5 due to the lockdown. To identify regions where pollution transport is persistent, we extend the framework, partitioning the dynamic networks and reducing the networks' complexity through node subsampling. The end result separates the temporal series of PM 2.5 in set of regions that are similarly affected through the year.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dimitrios M. Vlachogiannis
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Yanyan Xu
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Ling Jin
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Marta C. González
- Energy Technologies Area, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
- Department of City and Regional Planning, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang T, Huang X, Wang Z, Liu Y, Zhou D, Ding K, Wang H, Qi X, Ding A. Secondary aerosol formation and its linkage with synoptic conditions during winter haze pollution over eastern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 730:138888. [PMID: 32402961 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Eastern China has been facing severe winter haze pollution due mainly to secondary aerosol. Existing studies have suggested that stagnant weather or fast chemical production led to frequent haze in this region. However, few works focus on the linkage between secondary production of sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium (SNA) and synoptic conditions, and their joint contribution to PM2.5. In this study, by combining in-situ measurements on meteorology and aerosol chemical composition at three main cities together with a regional model with improved diagnose scheme, we investigated the chemical formation and accumulation of main secondary composition, i.e. SNA under typical synoptic conditions. It is indicated that SNA did play a vital role in haze pollution across eastern China, contributing more than 40% to PM2.5 mass concentration. As most fast developing region, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) was slightly polluted during stable weather with local chemical production accounting for 61% SNA pollution. While under the influence of cold front, the pollution was aggravated and advection transport became the predominant contributive process (85%). Nevertheless, the chemical production of SNA was notably enhanced due to the uplift of air pollutant and elevated humidity ahead of the cold front, which then facilitated the heterogeneous and aqueous-phase oxidation of precursors. We also found the substantial difference in the phase equilibrium of nitrate over the land surface and ocean due to changes in temperature, ammonia availability and dry deposition. This study highlights the close link between synoptic weather and chemical production, and the resultant vertical and spatial heterogeneity of pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tianyi Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China.
| | - Zilin Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yuliang Liu
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Derong Zhou
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ke Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Hongyue Wang
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Ximeng Qi
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Aijun Ding
- Joint International Research Laboratory of Atmospheric and Earth System Sciences, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Provincial Collaborative Innovation Center of Climate Change, Nanjing 210023, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ma T, Duan F, He K, Qin Y, Tong D, Geng G, Liu X, Li H, Yang S, Ye S, Xu B, Zhang Q, Ma Y. Air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the Yangtze River Delta region during 2014-2016. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 83:8-20. [PMID: 31221390 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2019.02.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2018] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
With rapid economic growth and urbanization, the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region in China has experienced serious air pollution challenges. In this study, we analyzed the air pollution characteristics and their relationship with emissions and meteorology in the YRD region during 2014-2016. In recent years, the concentrations of all air pollutants, except O3, decreased. Spatially, the PM2.5, PM10, SO2, and CO concentrations were higher in the northern YRD region, and NO2 and O3 were higher in the central YRD region. Based on the number of non-attainment days (i.e., days with air quality index greater than 100), PM2.5 was the largest contributor to air pollution in the YRD region, followed by O3, PM10, and NO2. However, particulate matter pollution has declined gradually, while O3 pollution worsened. Meteorological conditions mainly influenced day-to-day variations in pollutant concentrations. PM2.5 concentration was inversely related to wind speed, while O3 concentration was positively correlated with temperature and negatively correlated with relative humidity. The air quality improvement in recent years was mainly attributed to emission reductions. During 2014-2016, PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NOx, CO, NH3, and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions in the YRD region were reduced by 26.3%, 29.2%, 32.4%, 8.1%, 15.9%, 4.5%, and 0.3%, respectively. Regional transport also contributed to the air pollution. During regional haze periods, pollutants from North China and East China aggravated the pollution in the YRD region. Our findings suggest that emission reduction and regional joint prevention and control helped to improve the air quality in the YRD region.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tao Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Fengkui Duan
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Kebin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yu Qin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dan Tong
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Guannan Geng
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Xuyan Liu
- National Satellite Meteorological Center, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Hui Li
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Shuo Yang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Siqi Ye
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Beiyao Xu
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100094, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Earth System Modeling, Department of Earth System Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yongliang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Beijing Key Laboratory of Indoor Air Quality Evaluation and Control, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chemical Characteristics and Sources of Submicron Particles in a City with Heavy Pollution in China. ATMOSPHERE 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos9100388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Submicron particle (PM1) pollution has received increased attention in recent years; however, few studies have focused on such pollution in the city of Shijiazhuang (SJZ), which is one of the most polluted cities in the world. In this study, we conducted an intensive simultaneous sampling of PM1 and PM2.5 in autumn 2016, in order to explore pollution characteristics and sources in SJZ. The results showed that the average mass concentrations of PM1 and PM2.5 were 70.51 μg/m3 and 91.68 μg/m3, respectively, and the average ratio of PM1/PM2.5 was 0.75. Secondary inorganic aerosol (SIA) was the dominant component in PM1 (35.9%) and PM2.5 (32.3%). An analysis of haze episodes found that SIA had a significant influence on PM1 pollution, NH4+ promoted the formation of pollution, and SO42− and NO3− presented different chemical mechanisms. Additionally, the results of source apportionment implied that secondary source, biomass burning and coal combustion, traffic, industry, and dust were the major pollution sources for SJZ, accounting for 45.4%, 18.9%, 15.7%, 10.3%, and 9.8% of PM1, respectively, and for 42.4%, 18.8%, 12.2%, 10.2%, and 16.4% of PM2.5, respectively. Southern Hebei, mid-eastern Shanxi, and northern Henan were the major contribution regions during the study period. Three transport pathways of pollutants were put forward, including airflows from Shanxi with secondary source, airflows from the central Beijng–Tianjin–Hebei region with fossil fuel burning source, and airflows from the southern North China Plain with biomass burning source. The systematic analysis of PM1 could provide scientific support for the creation of an air pollution mitigation policy in SJZ and similar regions.
Collapse
|
9
|
Chen Y, Zang L, Du W, Xu D, Shen G, Zhang Q, Zou Q, Chen J, Zhao M, Yao D. Ambient air pollution of particles and gas pollutants, and the predicted health risks from long-term exposure to PM 2.5 in Zhejiang province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:23833-23844. [PMID: 29876857 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-2420-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/25/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, ambient air has been severely contaminated by particulate matters (PMs) and some gas pollutants (nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and sulfur dioxide (SO2)) in China, and many studies have demonstrated that exposure to these pollutants can induce great adverse impacts on human health. The concentrations of the pollutants were much higher in winter than those in summer, and the average concentrations in this studied area were lower than those in northern China. In the comparison between high-resolution emission inventory and spatial distribution of PM2.5, significant positive linear correlation was found. Though the pollutants had similar trends, NO2 and SO2 delayed with 1 h to PM2.5. Besides, PM2.5 had a lag time of 1 h to temperature and relative humidity. Significant linear correlation was found among pollutants and meteorological conditions, suggesting the impact of meteorological conditions on ambient air pollution other than emission. For the 24-h trend, lowest concentrations of PM2.5, NO2, and SO2 were found around 15:00-18:00. In 2015, the population attributable fractions (PAFs) for ischemic heart disease (IHD), cerebrovascular disease (stroke), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer (LC), and acute lower respiratory infection (ALRI) due to the exposure to PM2.5 in Zhejiang province were 25.82, 38.94, 17.73, 22.32, and 31.14%, respectively. The population-weighted mortality due to PM2.5 exposure in Zhejiang province was lower than the average level of the whole country-China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuanchen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Lu Zang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Wei Du
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Da Xu
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- Ministry of Education Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Qiaoli Zou
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China
| | - Jinyuan Chen
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Meirong Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology for Industrial Pollution Control of Zhejiang Province, College of Environment, Research Center of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou, 310032, China
| | - Defei Yao
- Zhejiang Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Hangzhou, 310012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Li TY, Deng XJ, Li Y, Song YS, Li LY, Tan HB, Wang CL. Transport paths and vertical exchange characteristics of haze pollution in Southern China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 625:1074-1087. [PMID: 29996404 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Transport paths and vertical exchange characteristics are important factors for understanding the long-term transport, dispersion capability for haze prediction. Many previous studies revealed that the Pearl River Delta (PRD) region, one of the major polluted areas in China, is largely affected by the long-range pollution transport. However, mostly of these studies focused on the source apportionment or horizontal transport path of pollutants by using short-term data, and the vertical exchange characteristics had been rarely analyzed. In this study, using HYSPLIT model, the transport paths and the vertical exchange characteristics of haze episodes over four sub-region of Guangdong (GD) Province in southern China of dry season and wet season were analyzed by using 10years data from 2005 to 2014. Three major transport paths can be statistically summarized based on the long-term data. The haze episodes in PRD and North-GD were distinguished by the characteristics of high frequency and long duration, while the West-GD and East-GD are relatively clean. The haze over North-GD and PRD were mainly influenced by the airflows from northern path, which could bring the pollution from Jiangxi, Anhui, and also influenced by the airflows from coastal path, which could bring the pollution of eastern coastal from Zhejiang and Fujian to Guangdong, while regional transport contributions from Guangdong province and adjacent areas can also be clearly observed. The haze pollution from the identified two major transport paths were mainly transported within the mixing layer (>80% trajectories, <500m), whereas the probability of haze trajectories across mixing layer was relatively low and generally associated with much longer transport distance and higher terrain height over Western China. Combing the vertical exchange analysis, results also show that Wuyi Mountains and Nanling Mountains played a role as barrier to obstruct the haze airflows from other regions of China to the Guangdong province.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Y Li
- Guangdong Ecological Meteorological Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - X J Deng
- Institute of Tropical and Marine Meteorology/Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Regional Numerical Weather Prediction, China Meteorological Administration, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Y Li
- Ocean Department of Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Y S Song
- Ocean Department of Science and Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China
| | - L Y Li
- Panyu Meteorological Service, Guangzhou, China
| | - H B Tan
- Guangdong Ecological Meteorological Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - C L Wang
- Guangzhou Climate and Agrometeorology Center, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
An J, Cao Q, Zou J, Wang H, Duan Q, Shi Y, Chen C, Wang J. Seasonal Variation in Water-Soluble Ions in Airborne Particulate Deposition in the Suburban Nanjing Area, Yangtze River Delta, China, During Haze Days and Normal Days. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 74:1-15. [PMID: 28889236 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-017-0447-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the seasonal variation and characterization of water-soluble ions (WSIs) present in airborne particle deposition (APD) during Haze Days (visibility ≤7.5 km) and Normal Days (visibility >7.5 km) in suburban Nanjing area, 151 filter samples were collected from 18 May 2013 to 26 May 2014. Ten different WSIs from the samples were determined by Ion Chromatography. The results indicated that secondary WSIs (NH4+, NO3-, and SO42-) were the main ions in the WSIs, averaging 17.2, 18.5, and 17.1 μg/m3, respectively, and accounting respectively 20.9, 22.5, and 20.8% of the total WSIs. On Haze Days, the concentration of WSIs increased dramatically in fine size (particle size <2.1 μm), especially for NH4+, NO3-, and SO42- (increased by 52.6, 71.3, and 73.1%, respectively), whereas the concentrations of WSIs increased slowly in coarse size (2.1 μm < particle size < 10 μm), in which NH4+, NO3-, and SO42- increased by 14.7, 27.2, and 54.5%, respectively. According to the backward trajectories and the principal component analysis analysis, Nanjing APD were mainly derived from the soil dust in northern China (35%) in the spring, from ocean air masses (61 and 55%) in the summer and the autumn, and from local air masses (73%) in the winter. On summer Haze Days, secondary components in PM2.1 consisted mainly of (NH4)2SO4 and NH4NO3, whereas secondary components in PM2.1-10 consisted mainly of (NH4)2SO4, NH4Cl, and NH4NO3. The increasing concentrations of secondary components increase the light extinction coefficients of aerosol on winter and autumn Haze Days. The concentrations of WSIs in fine size rose sharply on Haze Days, leading the visibility to exponential decline. Differently, the concentrations of WSIs in coarse size were not the main cause in the change of the visibility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Junlin An
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China.
| | - Qimin Cao
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Jianan Zou
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
- Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Changes and Disaster Reduction of Gansu Province, School of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Honglei Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Qing Duan
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Yuanzhe Shi
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Chen Chen
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Junxiu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Meteorological Disaster, Ministry of Education (KLME), Joint International Research Laboratory of Climate and Environment Change (ILCEC), Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast and Evaluation of Meteorological Disasters, Key Laboratory for Aerosol-Cloud-Precipitation of China Meteorological Administration, Nanjing University of Information Science and Technology, Nanjing, 210044, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Large-scale transport of PM 2.5 in the lower troposphere during winter cold surges in China. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13238. [PMID: 29038559 PMCID: PMC5643490 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13217-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
A comprehensive investigation using the air quality network and meteorological data of China in 2015 showed that PM2.5 driven by cold surges from the ground level could travel up to 2000 km from northern to southern China within two days. Air pollution is more severe and prominent during the winter in north China due to seasonal variations in energy usage, trade wind movements, and industrial emissions. In February 2015, two cold surges traveling from north China caused a temporary increase in the concentration of PM2.5 in Shanghai. Subsequently, the concentration of PM2.5 in Xiamen increased to a high of 80 µg/m3, which is double the average PM2.5 concentration in Xiamen during the winter. This finding is a new long-range transport mechanism comparing to the well-established mechanism, with long-range transport more likely to occur in the upper troposphere than at lower levels. These observations were validated by results from the back trajectory analysis and the RAMS- CMAQ model. While wind speed was found to be a major facilitator in transporting PM2.5 from Beijing to Xiamen, more investigation is required to understand the complex relationship between wind speed and PM2.5 and how it moderates air quality in Beijing, Shanghai, and Xiamen.
Collapse
|
13
|
Xiao H, Huang Z, Zhang J, Zhang H, Chen J, Zhang H, Tong L. Identifying the impacts of climate on the regional transport of haze pollution and inter-cities correspondence within the Yangtze River Delta. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 228:26-34. [PMID: 28505512 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Regional haze pollution has become an important environmental issue in the Yangtze River Delta (YRD) region. Regional transport and inter-influence of PM2.5 among cities occurs frequently as a result of the subtropical monsoon climate. Backward trajectory statistics indicated that a north wind prevailed from October to March, while a southeast wind predominated from May to September. The temporal relationships of carbon and nitrogen isotopes among cities were dependent on the prevailing wind direction. Regional PM2.5 pollution was confirmed in the YRD region by means of significant correlations and similar cyclical characteristics of PM2.5 among Lin'an, Ningbo, Nanjing and Shanghai. Granger causality tests of the time series of PM2.5 values indicate that the regional transport of haze pollutants is governed by prevailing wind direction, as the PM2.5 concentrations from upwind area cities generally influence that of the downwind cities. Furthermore, stronger correlation coefficients were identified according to monsoon pathways. To clarify the impacts of the monsoon climate, a vector autoregressive (VAR) model was introduced. Variance decomposition in the VAR model also indicated that the upwind area cities contributed significantly to PM2.5 in the downwind area cities. Finally, we attempted to predict daily PM2.5 concentrations in each city based on the VAR model using data from all cities and obtained fairly reasonable predictions. These indicate that statistical methods of the Granger causality test and VAR model have the potential to evaluate inter-influence and the relative contribution of PM2.5 among cities, and to predict PM2.5 concentrations as well.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hang Xiao
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China.
| | - Zhongwen Huang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jingjing Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Huiling Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinsheng Chen
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Han Zhang
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China
| | - Lei Tong
- Center for Excellence in Regional Atmospheric Environment, Institute of Urban Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiamen 361021, China; Ningbo Urban Environment Observation and Research Station-NUEORS, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315830, China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Temporal and Spatial Patterns of China’s Main Air Pollutants: Years 2014 and 2015. ATMOSPHERE 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos8080137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
15
|
Zhuo S, Shen G, Zhu Y, Du W, Pan X, Li T, Han Y, Li B, Liu J, Cheng H, Xing B, Tao S. Source-oriented risk assessment of inhalation exposure to ambient polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and contributions of non-priority isomers in urban Nanjing, a megacity located in Yangtze River Delta, China. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 224:796-809. [PMID: 28153418 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.01.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Sixteen U.S. EPA priority polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and eleven non-priority isomers including some dibenzopyrenes were analyzed to evaluate health risk attributable to inhalation exposure to ambient PAHs and contributions of the non-priority PAHs in a megacity Nanjing, east China. The annual average mass concentration of the total 16 EPA priority PAHs in air was 51.1 ± 29.8 ng/m3, comprising up to 93% of the mass concentration of all 27 PAHs, however, the estimated Incremental Lifetime Cancer Risk (ILCR) due to inhalation exposure would be underestimated by 63% on average if only accounting the 16 EPA priority PAHs. The risk would be underestimated by 13% if only particulate PAHs were considered, though gaseous PAHs made up to about 70% of the total mass concentration. During the last fifteen years, ambient Benzo[a]pyrene decreased significantly in the city which was consistent with the declining trend of PAHs emissions. Source contributions to the estimated ILCR were much different from the contributions for the total mass concentration, calling for the introduce of important source-oriented risk assessments. Emissions from gasoline vehicles contributed to 12% of the total mass concentration of 27 PAHs analyzed, but regarding relative contributions to the overall health risk, gasoline vehicle emissions contributed 45% of the calculated ILCR. Dibenzopyrenes were a group of non-priority isomers largely contributing to the calculated ILCR, and vehicle emissions were probably important sources of these high molecular weight isomers. Ambient dibenzo[a,l]pyrene positively correlated with the priority PAH Benzo[g,h,i]perylene. The study indicates that inclusion of non-priority PAHs could be valuable for both PAH source apportionment and health risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaojie Zhuo
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Guofeng Shen
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China; Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Environmental Engineering, Jiangsu Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Nanjing 210036, China.
| | - Ying Zhu
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, United Kingdom
| | - Wei Du
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xuelian Pan
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Tongchao Li
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yang Han
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Bengang Li
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Junfeng Liu
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Hefa Cheng
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, United States
| | - Shu Tao
- College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang X, Zhang Y, Sun J, Yu Y, Canonaco F, Prévôt ASH, Li G. Chemical characterization of submicron aerosol particles during wintertime in a northwest city of China using an Aerodyne aerosol mass spectrometry. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2017; 222:567-582. [PMID: 28082133 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/05/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
An Aerodyne quadrupole aerosol mass spectrometry (Q-AMS) was utilized to measure the size-resolved chemical composition of non-refractory submicron particles (NR-PM1) from October 27 to December 3, 2014 at an urban site in Lanzhou, northwest China. The average NR-PM1 mass concentration was 37.3 μg m-3 (ranging from 2.9 to 128.2 μg m-3) under an AMS collection efficiency of unity and was composed of organics (48.4%), sulfate (17.8%), nitrate (14.6%), ammonium (13.7%), and chloride (5.7%). Positive matrix factorization (PMF) with the multi-linear engine (ME-2) solver identified six organic aerosol (OA) factors, including hydrocarbon-like OA (HOA), coal combustion OA (CCOA), cooking-related OA (COA), biomass burning OA (BBOA) and two oxygenated OA (OOA1 and OOA2), which accounted for 8.5%, 20.2%, 18.6%, 12.4%, 17.8% and 22.5% of the total organics mass on average, respectively. Primary emissions were the major sources of fine particulate matter (PM) and played an important role in causing high chemically resolved PM pollution during wintertime in Lanzhou. Back trajectory analysis indicated that the long-range regional transport air mass from the westerly was the key factor that led to severe submicron aerosol pollution during wintertime in Lanzhou.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of CMA, Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China; State Key Laboratory of Cryospheric Science, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Yangmei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China.
| | - Junying Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Severe Weather & Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry of CMA, Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Yangchun Yu
- Shandong Academy for Environmental Planning, Jinan 250101, China
| | - Francesco Canonaco
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland
| | - Andre S H Prévôt
- Laboratory of Atmospheric Chemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), Villigen 5232, Switzerland; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology and Key Laboratory of Aerosol Chemistry and Physics, Institute of Earth Environment, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an 710075, China
| | - Gang Li
- Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Reducing Disaster of Gansu Province, Key Laboratory of Arid Climatic Change and Disaster Reduction of CMA, Institute of Arid Meteorology, China Meteorological Administration, Lanzhou 730020, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Sun J, Zhou T. Health risk assessment of China's main air pollutants. BMC Public Health 2017; 17:212. [PMID: 28219424 PMCID: PMC5319161 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-017-4130-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background With the rapid development of China’s economy, air pollution has attracted public concern because of its harmful effects on health. Methods The source apportioning of air pollution, the spatial distribution characteristics, and the relationship between atmospheric contamination, and the risk of exposure were explored. The in situ daily concentrations of the principal air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, SO2, NO2, CO and O3) were obtained from 188 main cities with many continuous air-monitoring stations across China (2014 and 2015). Results The results indicate positive correlations between PM2.5 and SO2 (R2 = 0.395/0.404, P < 0.0001), CO (R2 = 0.187/0.365, P < 0.0001), and NO2 (R2 = 0.447/0.533, P < 0.0001), but weak correlations with O3 (P > 0.05) for both 2014 and 2015. Additionally, a significant relationship between SO2, NO2, and CO was discovered using regression analysis (P < 0.0001), indicating that the origin of air pollutants is likely to be vehicle exhaust, coal consumption, and biomass open-burning. For the spatial pattern of air pollutants, we found that the highest concentration of SO2, NO2, and CO were mainly distributed in north China (Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei regions), Shandong, Shanxi and Henan provinces, part of Xinjiang and central Inner Mongolia (2014 and 2015). Conclusions The highest concentration and risk of PM2.5 was observed in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei economic belts, and Shandong, Henan, Shanxi, Hubei and Anhui provinces. Nevertheless, the highest concentration of O3 was irregularly distributed in most areas of China. A high-risk distribution of PM10, SO2 and NO2 was also observed in these regions, with the high risk of PM10 and NO2 observed in the Hebei and Shandong province, and high-risk of PM10 in Urumchi. The high-risk of NO2 distributed in Beijing-Yangtze River Delta region-Pearl River Delta region-central. Although atmospheric contamination slightly improved in 2015 compared to 2014, humanity faces the challenge of reducing the environmental and public health effects of air pollution by altering the present mode of growth to achieve sustainable social and economic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Sun
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.
| | - Tiancai Zhou
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 11A, Datun Road, Chaoyang District, Beijing, 100101, China.,Chengdu University of Technology, Chengdu, 610000, China
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Fu H, Chen J. Formation, features and controlling strategies of severe haze-fog pollutions in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2017; 578:121-138. [PMID: 27836344 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.10.201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
With rapid industrialization and urbanization, China is facing a great challenge with regard to severe fog-haze pollutions, which were characterized by high fine particulate concentration level and visibility impairment. The control strategies for atmosphere pollutions in China were not only cutting-edge topics of atmospheric research, but also an urgent issue to be addressed by the Chinese government and the public. Focused on the core scientific issues of the haze and fog pollution, this paper reviews the main studies conducted in China, especially after 2010, including formation mechanisms, evolution features, and factors contributing to the fog-haze pollutions. Present policy and control strategies were synoptically discussed. The major challenges ahead will be stated and recommendations for future research directions are proposed at the end of this Review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hongbo Fu
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Jianmin Chen
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Atmospheric Particle Pollution and Prevention, Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
|
20
|
Liang CS, Liu H, He KB, Ma YL. Assessment of regional air quality by a concentration-dependent Pollution Permeation Index. Sci Rep 2016; 6:34891. [PMID: 27731344 PMCID: PMC5059628 DOI: 10.1038/srep34891] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although air quality monitoring networks have been greatly improved, interpreting their expanding data in both simple and efficient ways remains challenging. Therefore, needed are new analytical methods. We developed such a method based on the comparison of pollutant concentrations between target and circum areas (circum comparison for short), and tested its applications by assessing the air pollution in Jing-Jin-Ji, Yangtze River Delta, Pearl River Delta and Cheng-Yu, China during 2015. We found the circum comparison can instantly judge whether a city is a pollution permeation donor or a pollution permeation receptor by a Pollution Permeation Index (PPI). Furthermore, a PPI-related estimated concentration (original concentration plus halved average concentration difference) can be used to identify some overestimations and underestimations. Besides, it can help explain pollution process (e.g., Beijing’s PM2.5 maybe largely promoted by non-local SO2) though not aiming at it. Moreover, it is applicable to any region, easy-to-handle, and able to boost more new analytical methods. These advantages, despite its disadvantages in considering the whole process jointly influenced by complex physical and chemical factors, demonstrate that the PPI based circum comparison can be efficiently used in assessing air pollution by yielding instructive results, without the absolute need for complex operations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Sheng Liang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,Institute of Atmospheric Environment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Huan Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Ke-Bin He
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Yong-Liang Ma
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.,State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Sources and Control of Air Pollution Complex, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Tambo E, Duo-Quan W, Zhou XN. Tackling air pollution and extreme climate changes in China: Implementing the Paris climate change agreement. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2016; 95:152-6. [PMID: 27107974 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2016.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
China still depends on coal for more than 60% of its power despite big investments in the process of shifting to nuclear, solar and wind power renewable energy resources alignment with Paris climate change agreement (Paris CCA). Chinese government through the Communist Party Central Committee (CPCC) ascribes great importance and commitment to Paris CCA legacy and history landmark implementation at all levels. As the world's biggest carbon dioxide emitter, China has embarked on "SMART" pollution and climate changes programs and measures to reduce coal-fired power plants to less than 50% in the next five years include: new China model of energy policies commitment on CO2 and greenhouse gas emissions reductions to less than 20% non-fossil energy use by 2030 without undermining their economic growth, newly introduced electric vehicles transportation benefits, interactive and sustained air quality index (AQI) monitoring systems, decreasing reliance on fossil fuel economic activities, revision of energy price reforms and renewable energy to less energy efficient technologies development. Furthermore, ongoing CPCC improved environmental initiatives, implemented strict regulations and penalties on local companies and firms' pollution production management, massive infrastructures such as highways to reduce CO2 expansion of seven regional emissions trading markets and programs for CO2 emissions and other pollutants are being documented. Maximizing on the centralized nature of the China's government, implemented Chinese pollution, climate changes mitigation and adaptation initiatives, "SMART" strategies and credible measures are promising. A good and practical example is the interactive and dynamic website and database covering 367 Chinese cities and providing real time information on environmental and pollution emissions AQI. Also, water quality index (WQI), radiation and nuclear safety monitoring and management systems over time and space. These are ongoing Chinese valuable and exemplary leadership in Paris CCA implementation to the global community. Especially to pragmatic and responsible efforts to support pollution and climate changes capacity development, technology transfer and empowerment in emissions surveillance and monitoring systems and "SMART" integrated climate changes mitigation packages in global Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) context, citizenry health and wellbeing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ernest Tambo
- Higher Institute of Health Sciences, Université des Montagnes, Bangangté, Cameroon; Africa Disease Intelligence and Surveillance, Communication and Response (Africa DISCoR) Foundation, Yaoundé, Cameroon.
| | - Wang Duo-Quan
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, PR China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, PR China
| | - Xiao-Nong Zhou
- National Institute of Parasitic Diseases, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shanghai 200025, PR China; Key Laboratory of Parasite and Vector Biology of the Chinese Ministry of Health, Shanghai 200025, PR China; WHO Collaborating Centre for Tropical Diseases Research, Shanghai 200025, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|