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Assessment of Possible Health Risks Potential of Electromagnetic Fields from High Voltage Power Transmission Lines in Akure, Nigeria. JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCE & PROCESS ENGINEERING 2021. [DOI: 10.33736/jaspe.3033.2021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary objective of this paper is to assess and predict the health risk potential of extremely low-frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMFs) emitted from high voltage power transmission lines (HVPTLs) in Akure metropolis, Nigeria. The assessment was conducted using BENETECH GM3120 Electromagnetic Radiation Tester to measure both the electric field strength and magnetic flux density emitted from 33 kV, 132 kV, 132/330 kV and 330 kV power transmission lines within the metropolis. The data collected were analysed and compared with limiting tolerable values by the International Commission on Non-Ionizing Radiation Protection (ICNIRP) guidelines for both occupational and the general public. The comparative result shows that the maximum measured electric field strength and magnetic flux density in this study are lower than 40% of the limiting tolerable values in ICNIRP guidelines. Thus, the result of this study has shown clearly that the emitted ELF-EMFs from HVPTLs is not strong enough to cause any adverse effect health on human. In addition, analysis of the measured data also shows that the emitted ELF-EMFs from the HVPTLs vanish completely at about 60 m radius from the transmission lines, which implies that 60 m radius from transmission lines is an ideal experimental shortest possible distance residential building and people should be from HVPTLs in order to reduce the exposure level of people to EMFs radiations from HVPTLs.
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Dieudonné M. Electromagnetic hypersensitivity: a critical review of explanatory hypotheses. Environ Health 2020; 19:48. [PMID: 32375774 PMCID: PMC7201940 DOI: 10.1186/s12940-020-00602-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/20/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Electromagnetic hypersensitivity (EHS) is a condition defined by the attribution of non-specific symptoms to electromagnetic fields (EMF) of anthropogenic origin. Despite its repercussions on the lives of its sufferers, and its potential to become a significant public health issue, it remains of a contested nature. Different hypotheses have been proposed to explain the origin of symptoms experienced by self-declared EHS persons, which this article aims to review. METHODS As EHS is a multi-dimensional problem, and its explanatory hypotheses have far-reaching implications, a broad view was adopted, not restricted to EHS literature but encompassing all relevant bodies of research on related topics. This could only be achieved through a narrative approach. Two strategies were used to identify pertinent references. Concerning EHS, a complete bibliography was extracted from a 2018 report from the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety and updated with more recent studies. Concerning related topics, the appropriate databases were searched. Systematic reviews and expert reports were favored when available. FINDINGS Three main explanatory hypotheses appear in the literature: (1) the electromagnetic hypothesis, attributing EHS to EMF exposure; (2) the cognitive hypothesis, assuming that EHS results from false beliefs in EMF harmfulness, promoting nocebo responses to perceived EMF exposure; (3) the attributive hypothesis, conceiving EHS as a coping strategy for pre-existing conditions. These hypotheses are successively assessed, considering both their strengths and limitations, by comparing their theoretical, experimental, and ecological value. CONCLUSION No hypothesis proves totally satisfying. Avenues of research are suggested to help decide between them and reach a better understanding of EHS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maël Dieudonné
- Max Weber Center, Institut des Sciences de l'Homme, 14 avenue Berthelot, F-69007, Lyon, France.
- Health Services and Performance Research, University Hospital of Lyon, 162 avenue Lacassagne, F-69003, Lyon, France.
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Do High-Voltage Power Transmission Lines Affect Forest Landscape and Vegetation Growth: Evidence from a Case for Southeastern of China. FORESTS 2019. [DOI: 10.3390/f10020162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The rapid growth of the network of high-voltage power transmission lines (HVPTLs) is inevitably covering more forest domains. However, no direct quantitative measurements have been reported of the effects of HVPTLs on vegetation growth. Thus, the impacts of HVPTLs on vegetation growth are uncertain. Taking one of the areas with the highest forest coverage in China as an example, the upper reaches of the Minjiang River in Fujian Province, we quantitatively analyzed the effect of HVPTLs on forest landscape fragmentation and vegetation growth using Landsat imageries and forest inventory datasets. The results revealed that 0.9% of the forests became edge habitats assuming a 150 m depth-of-edge-influence by HVPTLs, and the forest plantations were the most exposed to HVPTLs among all the forest landscape types. Habitat fragmentation was the main consequence of HVPTL installation, which can be reduced by an increase in the patch density and a decrease in the mean patch area (MA), largest patch index (LPI), and effective mesh size (MESH). In all the landscape types, the forest plantation and the non-forest land were most affected by HVPTLs, with the LPI values decreasing by 44.1 and 20.8%, respectively. The values of MESH decreased by 44.2 and 32.2%, respectively. We found an obvious increasing trend in the values of the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) in 2016 and NDVI growth during the period of 2007 to 2016 with an increase in the distance from HVPTL. The turning points of stability were 60 to 90 meters for HVPTL corridors and 90 to 150 meters for HVPTL pylons, which indicates that the pylons have a much greater impact on NDVI and its growth than the lines. Our research provides valuable suggestions for vegetation protection, restoration, and wildfire management after the construction of HVPTLs.
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Di G, Kim H, Xu Y, Kim J, Gu X. A comparative study on influences of static electric field and power frequency electric field on cognition in mice. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2019; 66:91-95. [PMID: 30639900 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 12/30/2018] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Recently, electromagnetic fields around ultra-high voltage transmission lines have received considerable attentions for their potential biological effects. This study aimed to investigate the effects of static electric field (SEF) and power frequency electric field (PFEF) on cognition. Mice were exposed to SEF and PFEF with the same strength (35 kV/m) for 49 days, respectively. Behaviors in Morris water maze test and amino acid neurotransmitter levels in hippocampus were examined during exposure. Results indicated that the exposure of 35 kV/m SEF would not cause significant influences on learning and memory ability in mice, while the exposure of 35 kV/m PFEF would cause significant positive effects on learning and memory ability in mice on day 33. This difference in effects from SEF and PFEF on cognition was possibly induced by the difference in the degree of molecular polarization and ion migration in organisms under exposure of two kinds of electric fields with different frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoqing Di
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
| | - Hakbong Kim
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China; Kim Chaek University of Technology, Pyongyang, Democratic People's Republic of Korea
| | - Yaqian Xu
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Jonghyok Kim
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Xiaoyu Gu
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
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Schulz M, Romppel M, Grande G. Is the built environment associated with morbidity and mortality? A systematic review of evidence from Germany. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2018; 28:697-706. [PMID: 30132363 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2018.1509950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/20/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The empirical evidence on this relationship mainly comes from Anglo-American countries whereas evidence from Germany is only emerging. Our objective is to provide a narrative overview and critical appraisal of the existing empirical evidence on the relationship between the built environment and morbidity/mortality in Germany. We conducted a systematic literature search where we included all empirical studies that linked the built environment aspects with morbidity or mortality outcomes. Findings were summarized and critically evaluated according to the Newcastle Ottawa Scale. Eighteen studies met the inclusion criteria and underwent in-depth analysis. Findings indicate that traffic exposure and green space tend to be associated with acute respiratory symptoms but not with chronic respiratory conditions. Evidence was inconsistent for the role of infrastructural aspects and urbanicity. Our review confirms the well-established association between traffic and respiratory health. Yet, the consistency between self-reported and objective measures of respiratory health should be investigated in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maike Schulz
- a Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (IPP) , University of Bremen , Bremen , Germany
- b SOCIUM Research Center on Inequality and Social Policy , University of Bremen , Bremen , Germany
| | - Matthias Romppel
- a Institute for Public Health and Nursing Research (IPP) , University of Bremen , Bremen , Germany
- c Department of Health Data, Analysis and Health Services , NRW Centre for Health (LZG.NRW) , Bochum , Germany
| | - Gesine Grande
- d Rectorate/Management , Leipzig University of Applied Sciences , Leipzig , Germany
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Lin Q, Dong L, Xu Y, Di G. Studies on effects of static electric field exposure on liver in mice. Sci Rep 2018; 8:15507. [PMID: 30341322 PMCID: PMC6195622 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-33447-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
With the development of ultra-high-voltage direct-current transmission, the intensity of static electric field (SEF) under transmission lines increased, which has aroused public attention on its potential health effects. In order to examine effects of SEF exposure on liver, institute of cancer research mice were exposed to SEF with intensities of 27.5 kV/m, 34.7 kV/m and 56.3 kV/m, respectively. In each intensity of SEF exposure, a corresponding sham exposure group was used. Several indices relating to liver function (aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT)) and oxidative stress (superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA)) were tested after exposure of 7, 14, 21 and 35 days. Results showed that exposure to SEF with intensities of 27.5 kV/m and 34.7 kV/m for 35 days did not significantly influence any detected indices above. Under SEF exposure with intensity of 56.3 kV/m, the SOD activity in liver was significantly increased after exposure of 7 and 14 days. However, no significant increase was found in MDA content as well as the activities of AST and ALT between exposure group and sham exposure group during SEF exposure of 56.3 kV/m. It suggested that from three SEF intensities, only exposure to SEF with intensity of 56.3 kV/m (7 and 14 days) caused a temporary oxidative stress response in liver expressed by the increase in activity of SOD, but it did not produce oxidative damage. This biological effect may be related to the increase of mitochondrial membrane potential of hepatocytes caused by SEF exposure. When the membrane potential exceeds a threshold, Q cycle in mitochondria will be affected, which will result in an increase of superoxide anion concentration and ultimately an oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qinhao Lin
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | - Li Dong
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China
| | | | - Guoqing Di
- Institute of Environmental Process, College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, PR China.
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Martens AL, Reedijk M, Smid T, Huss A, Timmermans D, Strak M, Swart W, Lenters V, Kromhout H, Verheij R, Slottje P, Vermeulen RCH. Modeled and perceived RF-EMF, noise and air pollution and symptoms in a population cohort. Is perception key in predicting symptoms? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:75-83. [PMID: 29778684 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 04/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Psychosocial research has shown that perceived exposure can influence symptom reporting, regardless of actual exposure. The impact of this phenomenon on the interpretation of results from epidemiological research on environmental determinants of symptoms is unclear. OBJECTIVE Our aim was to compare associations between modeled exposures, the perceived level of these exposures and reported symptoms (non-specific symptoms, sleep disturbances, and respiratory symptoms) for three different environmental exposures (radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF), noise, and air pollution). These environmental exposures vary in the degree to which they can be sensorially observed. METHODS Participant characteristics, perceived exposures, and self-reported health were assessed with a baseline (n = 14,829, 2011/2012) and follow-up (n = 7905, 2015) questionnaire in the Dutch population-based Occupational and Environmental Health Cohort (AMIGO). Environmental exposures were estimated at the home address using spatial models. Cross-sectional and longitudinal regression models were used to examine the associations between modeled and perceived exposures, and reported symptoms. RESULTS The extent to which exposure sources could be observed by participants likely influenced correlations between modeled and perceived exposure as correlations were moderate for air pollution (rSp = 0.34) and noise (rSp = 0.40), but less so for RF-EMF (rSp = 0.11). Perceived exposures were consistently associated with increased symptom scores (respiratory, sleep, non-specific). Modeled exposures, except RF-EMF, were associated with increased symptom scores, but these associations disappeared or strongly diminished when accounted for perceived exposure in the analyses. DISCUSSION Perceived exposure has an important role in symptom reporting. When environmental determinants of symptoms are studied without acknowledging the potential role of both modeled and perceived exposures, there is a risk of bias in health risk assessment. However, the etiological role of exposure perceptions in relation to symptom reporting requires further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid L Martens
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Marije Reedijk
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Tjabe Smid
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Anke Huss
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Danielle Timmermans
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands; National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Maciej Strak
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Wim Swart
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3721MA Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
| | - Virissa Lenters
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Hans Kromhout
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Robert Verheij
- NIVEL, Netherlands Institute for Health Services Research, Otterstraat 118-124, 3513CR Utrecht, The Netherlands.
| | - Pauline Slottje
- Amsterdam Public Health Research Institute, VU University Medical Center, Van der Boechorstraat 7, 1081BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Roel C H Vermeulen
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Division of Environmental Epidemiology, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 2, 3508TD Utrecht, The Netherlands; Julius Center for Health Sciences and Primary Care, University Medical Center Utrecht (UMCU), Universiteitsweg 100, 3584CG Utrecht, The Netherlands; Imperial College, Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, South Kensington Campus, SW7 2AZ London, United Kingdom.
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Longitudinal associations between risk appraisal of base stations for mobile phones, radio or television and non-specific symptoms. J Psychosom Res 2018; 112:81-89. [PMID: 30097140 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2018.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Revised: 06/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Studies found that higher risk appraisal of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields is associated with reporting more non-specific symptoms such as headache and back pain. There is limited data available on the longitudinal nature of such associations and what aspects of risk appraisal and characteristics of subjects are relevant. OBJECTIVE To examine cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between risk appraisal measures and non-specific symptoms, and assess the role of subject characteristics (sex, age, education, trait negative affect) in a general population cohort. METHODS This study was nested in the Dutch general population AMIGO cohort that was established in 2011/2012, when participants were 31-65 years old. We studied a sample of participants (n = 1720) who filled in two follow-up questionnaires in 2013 and 2014, including questions about perceived exposure, perceived risk, and health concerns as indicators of risk appraisal of base stations, and non-specific symptoms. RESULTS Perceived exposure, perceived risk, and health concerns, respectively, were associated with higher symptom scores in cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses. Only health concerns (not perceived exposure and perceived risk) temporally preceded high symptom scores and vice versa. Female sex, younger age, higher education, and higher trait negative affect were associated with higher risk appraisal of mobile phone base stations. DISCUSSION The findings in this study strengthen the evidence base for cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between higher risk appraisal and non-specific symptoms in the general population. However, the directionality of potential causal relations in non-sensitive general population samples should be examined further in future studies, providing information to the benefit of risk communication strategies.
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Martens AL, Slottje P, Timmermans DRM, Kromhout H, Reedijk M, Vermeulen RCH, Smid T. Modeled and Perceived Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Fields From Mobile-Phone Base Stations and the Development of Symptoms Over Time in a General Population Cohort. Am J Epidemiol 2017; 186:210-219. [PMID: 28398549 DOI: 10.1093/aje/kwx041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We assessed associations between modeled and perceived exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (RF-EMF) from mobile-phone base stations and the development of nonspecific symptoms and sleep disturbances over time. A population-based Dutch cohort study, the Occupational and Environmental Health Cohort Study (AMIGO) (n = 14,829; ages 31-65 years), was established in 2011/2012 (T0), with follow-up of a subgroup (n = 3,992 invited) in 2013 (T1; n = 2,228) and 2014 (T2; n = 1,740). We modeled far-field RF-EMF exposure from mobile-phone base stations at the home addresses of the participants using a 3-dimensional geospatial model (NISMap). Perceived exposure (0 = not at all; 6 = very much), nonspecific symptoms, and sleep disturbances were assessed by questionnaire. We performed cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, including fixed-effects regression. We found small correlations between modeled and perceived exposure in AMIGO participants at baseline (n = 14,309; rSpearman = 0.10). For 222 follow-up participants, modeled exposure increased substantially (>0.030 mW/m2) between T0 and T1. This increase in modeled exposure was associated with an increase in perceived exposure during the same time period. In contrast to modeled RF-EMF exposure from mobile-phone base stations, perceived exposure was associated with higher symptom reporting scores in both cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses, as well as with sleep disturbances in cross-sectional analyses.
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Zhang Y, Zhang D, Zhu B, Zhang H, Sun Y, Sun C. Effects of dietary green tea polyphenol supplementation on the health of workers exposed to high-voltage power lines. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2016; 46:183-187. [PMID: 27490209 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2016.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/23/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Although it has been several decades since the focus on the effect of extremely low frequency electromagnetic fields (ELF-EMF) of high-voltage power lines on human health, no consistent conclusion has been drawn. The present study aimed to investigate the change in oxidative stress after exposure to ELF-EMFs, and potential protective effects of green tea polyphenol supplementation (GTPS) on ELF-EMFs induced oxidative stress. A total of 867 subjects, including workers with or without exposure to ELF-EMFs of 110-420kV power lines, participated and were randomized into GTPS and placebo treatment groups. Oxidative stress and oxidative damage to DNA were assessed by urinary tests of 8-isoprostane and 8-OHdG. Significant increased urinary 8-isoprostane and 8-OHdG were observed in workers with ELF-EMFs exposure, which were diminished after 12 months of GTPS. No protective effects of GTPS on oxidative stress and oxidative damage to DNA were observed after three months of GTPS withdraw. We found a negative impact of high-voltage power lines on the health of workers. Long-term GTPS could be an efficient protection against the health issues induced by high-voltage power lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Electrical Power Research Institute, Jilin Electrical Power Company Limited, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Dan Zhang
- Electrical Power Research Institute, Jilin Electrical Power Company Limited, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Baoyu Zhu
- Electrical Power Research Institute, Jilin Electrical Power Company Limited, Changchun 130021, China
| | - He Zhang
- Electrical Power Research Institute, Jilin Electrical Power Company Limited, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Ye Sun
- Electrical Power Research Institute, Jilin Electrical Power Company Limited, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chengxun Sun
- Electrical Power Research Institute, Jilin Electrical Power Company Limited, Changchun 130021, China.
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