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Khaled R, Elabed S, Masarani A, Almulla A, Almheiri S, Koniyath R, Semerjian L, Abass K. Human biomonitoring of environmental contaminants in Gulf Countries - current status and future directions. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 236:116650. [PMID: 37479209 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.116650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2023] [Revised: 06/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/11/2023] [Indexed: 07/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review aimed to evaluate the status of Human Biomonitoring (HBM) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region and provide recommendations for future research, considering the increased environmental contaminants that pose a threat to human health in this rapidly industrializing area. METHODS A thorough search was performed in PubMed and Web of Science databases up to February 2023 to identify biomonitoring studies on human exposure and levels in the GCC region. Two independent reviewers assessed study eligibility, conducted data extraction and risk of bias assessment. The NIH Quality Assessment Tools and PRISMA guidelines were utilized for quality evaluation and reporting of results. RESULTS A total of 38 eligible articles were included in this systematic review out of 662 articles screened. The majority of the publications were from Saudi Arabia (n = 24) and Kuwait (n = 10), while limited representation was found from Qatar (n = 3) and the UAE (n = 1). No articles were identified from Oman and Bahrain. The studies focused on metals, organohalogen compounds, pesticides, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, and phthalates. The findings revealed elevated levels of metals and established correlations between metal exposure and adverse health effects, including infant neurodevelopmental issues, vitamin D deficiency, and oxidative stress. The presence of organohalogen compounds and pesticides was prevalent in the GCC region, with significant associations between exposure to these compounds and negative health outcomes. Notably, high levels of perchlorate were observed in the Kuwaiti population, and a study from Saudi Arabia found an association between per- and polyfluorinated substances and increased odds of osteoporosis. CONCLUSIONS This review emphasizes the need to address environmental health challenges in the GCC region through improved HBM research methods and strategies. Implementing biomonitoring programs, conducting cohort studies, investing in tools and expertise, promoting collaboration, and engaging the community are crucial for reliable HBM data in the GCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raghad Khaled
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shahd Elabed
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Asmaa Masarani
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Anfal Almulla
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Shamsa Almheiri
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rinsha Koniyath
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lucy Semerjian
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Khaled Abass
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Sharjah Institute for Medical Research (SIMR), University of Sharjah, United Arab Emirates; Research Unit of Biomedicine and Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, Finland.
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Barr KJ, Johnson CL, Cohen J, D’Souza P, Gallegos EI, Tsai CC, Dunlop AL, Corwin EJ, Barr DB, Ryan PB, Panuwet P. Legacy Chemical Pollutants in House Dust of Homes of Pregnant African Americans in Atlanta. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10120755. [PMID: 36548588 PMCID: PMC9784423 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
We developed and applied a method for measuring selected persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (i.e., polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organochlorine pesticides, and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)) in dust collected from pregnant African Americans (AAs) in Atlanta using isotope dilution gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Limits of quantification were ranged from 0.10 to 2.50 ng/g dust. NIST standard reference material measurements demonstrated the robustness of our method. Our accuracies ranged from 82 to 108%, relative standard deviations ranged from 2 to 16%, and extraction recoveries ranged from 76 to 102%. We measured POPs in dust collected from 34 homes of pregnant AAs participating in the Atlanta AA birth cohort study who were enrolled from 2016 to 2019. Concentrations of POPs were detected in all samples with the frequencies of detection ranging from 8 to 100%. Concentrations of PBDE congeners 99 and 47, p,p'-DDT, and PCB153 were detected at some of the highest concentrations with geometric means of 1270, 730, 63.4 and 240 ng/g, respectively. The ratio of DDT/DDE was quite large (~2.7) indicating that p,p'-DDT remains intact in homes for long periods of time. These data demonstrate that care should be taken to remediate POPs in indoor dust, especially in vulnerable, disparate segments of the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn J. Barr
- Department of Environmental Sciences, College of Arts and Sciences, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Cierra L. Johnson
- Laboratory of Exposure Assessment and Development for Environmental Research, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Jordan Cohen
- Laboratory of Exposure Assessment and Development for Environmental Research, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Priya D’Souza
- Laboratory of Exposure Assessment and Development for Environmental Research, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Chia-Chen Tsai
- Laboratory of Exposure Assessment and Development for Environmental Research, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Anne L. Dunlop
- Division of Preventive Medicine, School of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | | | - Dana Boyd Barr
- Laboratory of Exposure Assessment and Development for Environmental Research, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - P. Barry Ryan
- Laboratory of Exposure Assessment and Development for Environmental Research, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
| | - Parinya Panuwet
- Laboratory of Exposure Assessment and Development for Environmental Research, Gangarosa Department of Environmental Health, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA
- Correspondence:
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Aslam I, Mumtaz M, Qadir A, Jamil N, Baqar M, Mahmood A, Ahmad SR, Zhang G. Organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in air-conditioner filter dust of indoor urban setting: Implication for health risk in a developing country. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:807-817. [PMID: 33247439 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This preliminary investigation highlights the occurrence of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) in the indoor environment of a megacity, Lahore, Pakistan using the dust ensnared by air-conditioner filters. The Σ16 OCPs concentration ranged from 7.53 to 1272.87 ng/g with the highest percent contribution by ΣDDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane; 87.21%) and aldrin (6.58%). The spatial variation of OCPs profile revealed relatively higher concentration from homes near to agricultural and abandoned DDT manufacturing sites. Calculated isomer ratios revealed historic sources of hexachlorocyclohexanes (HCHs) and the fresh input of technical DDT and chlordane by the dwellers. The air conditioner dust was helpful to better understand the health risk in the indoor environment. So far a high lifetime cancer risk (10-3 ) was predicted for toddlers via accidental ingestion, inhalation, and dermal exposure. Similarly, the non-carcinogenic risk-based hazard quotient was found to be high for toddlers (6.94) and within the permissible limit (<1) for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iqra Aslam
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Nadia Jamil
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Mujtaba Baqar
- Sustainable Development Study Centre, Government College University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Adeel Mahmood
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Government College for Women University, Sialkot, Pakistan
| | - Sajid Rashid Ahmad
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, China
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4
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Freitas LVPD, Alves LMG, Sicupira LC, Pinho GPD, Silvério FO. Determination of DDT in honey samples by liquid-liquid extraction with low-temperature purification (LLE-LTP) combined to HPLC-DAD. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2021; 13:1955-1964. [PMID: 33913942 DOI: 10.1039/d1ay00264c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Honey is widely consumed worldwide, however, this food can be contaminated by chemical contaminants, such as the insecticide dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT). Despite legal restrictions on DDT use, this organochlorine pesticide has been detected in honey collected in several developed and developing countries, representing risks to human health, animals, and the environment due to its high environmental persistence, potential carcinogenicity, and ecotoxicological effects. Thus, the development of an analytical method for DDT monitoring in this matrix is important to ensure food security. Therefore, this study aimed to optimize and validate a simple, low-cost, and efficient method using the liquid-liquid extraction with low-temperature purification (LLE-LTP) to determine DDT in honey samples by high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC-DAD). The proposed method was validated according to SANTE guidelines, being considered selective, precise, accurate, and linear in the range of 8.0-160 μg kg-1. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) achieved were 4.0 and 8.0 μg kg-1, respectively. This LOQ value is lower than the maximum residue limit established by the Brazilian and European Union legislation. Therefore, the LLE-LTP combined to HPLC-DAD allows the routine analysis of DDT in honey samples and can be widely applied in studies to monitor this pesticide, especially in developing countries, where DDT use is still allowed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Victor Pereira de Freitas
- Department of Physics and Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Levine M. Fluorescence-Based Sensing of Pesticides Using Supramolecular Chemistry. Front Chem 2021; 9:616815. [PMID: 33937184 PMCID: PMC8085505 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2021.616815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of pesticides in real-world environments is a high priority for a broad range of applications, including in areas of public health, environmental remediation, and agricultural sustainability. While many methods for pesticide detection currently exist, the use of supramolecular fluorescence-based methods has significant practical advantages. Herein, we will review the use of fluorescence-based pesticide detection methods, with a particular focus on supramolecular chemistry-based methods. Illustrative examples that show how such methods have achieved success in real-world environments are also included, as are areas highlighted for future research and development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mindy Levine
- Ariel University, Department of Chemical Sciences, Ariel, Israel
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Jin X, Kengara FO, Yue X, Wang F, Schroll R, Munch JC, Gu C, Jiang X. Shorter interval and multiple flooding-drying cycling enhanced the mineralization of 14C-DDT in a paddy soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 676:420-428. [PMID: 31048172 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.04.284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
DDT and its main metabolites (DDTs) are still the residual contaminants in soil. Sequential anaerobic-aerobic cycling has long been approved for enhancing the degradation of DDTs in soil. However, there is a lack of study investigating whether anaerobic-aerobic cycling would enhance the mineralization of DDT, and what a kind of anaerobic-aerobic management regimes would be optimal. To fill these gaps, the fate of 14C-DDT under different flooding-drying cycles was examined in a paddy soil by monitoring its mineralization and bioavailability. The results show the total mineralization of 14C-DDT in 314 days accounted for 1.01%, 1.30%, and 1.41%, individually for the treatments subjected to one, two, and three flooding-drying cycles. By comparison, the treatment subjected to the permanently aerobic phase had only 0.12% cumulative mineralization. Shorter intervals and multiple flooding-drying cycles enhanced the mineralization of 14C-DDT, however, reduced its bioavailability. Therefore, the enhanced mineralization was explained from an abiotic pathway as predicted by the one-electron reduction potential (E1), the Fukui function for nucleophilic attack (f+) and the steps for anaerobic decarboxylation. From a practical view, it is important to investigate how the anaerobic-aerobic interval and frequency would affect the degradation and mineralization of DDT, which is very essential in developing remediation strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jin
- School of the Environment Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210008, China; Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Neuherberg 85764, Germany.
| | - Fredrick O Kengara
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Neuherberg 85764, Germany; Department of Chemistry, Maseno University, Maseno 40105, Kenya
| | - Xianhui Yue
- School of the Environment Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Fang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Reiner Schroll
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Research Unit Microbe-Plant Interactions, Neuherberg 85764, Germany
| | - Jean C Munch
- Lehrstuhl für Grünlandlehre, Technische Universität München, Fresing D-85350, Germany
| | - Cheng Gu
- School of the Environment Nanjing University, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, Institute of Soil Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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7
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Chandra Yadav I, Devi NL, Li J, Zhang G. Examining the role of total organic carbon and black carbon in the fate of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in indoor dust from Nepal: Implication on human health. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 175:225-235. [PMID: 30903878 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.03.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2019] [Accepted: 03/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Despite the fact that the consumption and import of legacy persistent organic pollutants (POPs) have been stopped in Nepal since 2001, they are still of worry for human prosperity and the environment because of their persistence behavior and constant release from sources that are presently being used. The essential objective of this study was to assess the concentration and spatial distribution of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in residential dust from Nepal keeping in mind the end goal to evaluate the importance of total organic carbon (TOC) and black carbon (BC) in the fate of legacy POPs. Additionally, health risk exposure via dust ingestion and dermal absorption was estimated to evaluate the significance of dust media for human exposure. Results demonstrated that ∑OCPs in dust was 37 times greater than ∑PCBs. DDT was mostly dominated in the dust, and contributed 90% of the ∑OCPs, while hexa-CBs predominated among PCBs and represented 34% of ∑PCBs. Birgunj and Biratnagar had a relatively higher level of ∑OCPs and ∑PCBs than those of Kathmandu and Pokhara. TOC and BC showed a poor connection with OCPs, recommending little or no role. However, PCB in the dust, especially low congeners was strongly linked with TOC but not BC indicating the significant role of TOC. The daily risk exposure estimation indicated dermal absorption through dust as the principal means of OCPs/PCBs intake to both adult and children population. These estimated exposures were 2-4 orders of magnitude inferior to their corresponding reference dose showing insignificant risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishwar Chandra Yadav
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China; Department of International Environmental and Agricultural Science (IEAS), Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology (TUAT) 3-5-8, Saiwai-Cho, Fuchu-Shi, Tokyo, 1838509, Japan.
| | - Ningombam Linthoingambi Devi
- Centre for Environmental Sciences, Central University of South Bihar, SH-7, Gaya-Panchanpur, Post-Fatehpur, P.S-Tekari, District-Gaya, 824236, Bihar, India
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
| | - Gan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, PR China
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Demirtepe H, Melymuk L, Diamond ML, Bajard L, Vojta Š, Prokeš R, Sáňka O, Klánová J, Palkovičová Murínová Ľ, Richterová D, Rašplová V, Trnovec T. Linking past uses of legacy SVOCs with today's indoor levels and human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 127:653-663. [PMID: 30991221 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) emitted from consumer products, building materials, and indoor and outdoor activities can be highly persistent in indoor environments. Human exposure to and environmental contamination with polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) was previously reported in a region near a former PCB production facility in Slovakia. However, we found that the indoor residential PCB levels did not correlate with the distance from the facility. Rather, indoor levels in this region and those reported in the literature were related to the historic PCB use on a national scale and the inferred presence of primary sources of PCBs in the homes. Other SVOCs had levels linked with either the activities in the home, e.g., polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with wood heating; or outdoor activities, e.g., organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) with agricultural land use and building age. We propose a classification framework to prioritize SVOCs for monitoring in indoor environments and to evaluate risks from indoor SVOC exposures. Application of this framework to 88 measured SVOCs identified several PCB congeners (CB-11, -28, -52), hexachlorobenzene (HCB), benzo(a)pyrene, and γ-HCH as priority compounds based on high exposure and toxicity assessed by means of toxicity reference values (TRVs). Application of the framework to many emerging compounds such as novel flame retardants was not possible because of either no or outdated TRVs. Concurrent identification of seven SVOC groups in indoor environments provided information on their comparative levels and distributions, their sources, and informed our assessment of associated risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hale Demirtepe
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, and Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lola Bajard
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Šimon Vojta
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokeš
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, pavilion A29, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ľubica Palkovičová Murínová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Denisa Richterová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Vladimíra Rašplová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Tomáš Trnovec
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia
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Grizca Boelan E, Setyo Purnomo A. Abilities of Co-Cultures of White-Rot Fungus Ganoderma lingzhi and Bacteria Bacillus subtilis on Biodegradation DDT. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1088/1742-6596/1095/1/012015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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10
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Omidvarborna H, Baawain M, Al-Mamun A. Ambient air quality and exposure assessment study of the Gulf Cooperation Council countries: A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 636:437-448. [PMID: 29709861 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.04.296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
With rapid urbanization and economic growth, many developing countries have faced a greater share of air pollutants in recent years. An increasing number of exposure studies on air pollutants have been reported lately. However, due to lack of strict regulations and monitoring stations among developing countries, such as Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries, limited air pollution and exposure assessment studies have been conducted in this region. Thus, the objective of this critical review was to identify the major sources of air pollutants in the region with hot and arid/semiarid climate for the main categories contributing to specific pollutants. Finally, a summary of the limitations and knowledge gaps were discussed. Additionally, the current available regulations, emission inventories and source apportionment studies in this region were discussed. In this study, the concentration levels of carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), particulate matter (PM), metal elements, nitrogen oxides (NOx), ozone (O3), sulfur dioxide (SO2), volatile organic compounds (VOCs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) were reviewed. Due to lack of scientific studies, various databases and indexed journals from early 2000 (sometimes prior that time) were considered. The review findings clearly indicated that the sand, dust (natural and anthropogenic, such as cement, metal, stone cutting industries), chemical industries (refinery, petrochemical, etc.) and transportation activities were the major contributors to the overall air pollution in the GCC countries. Besides, the study recommended that the difference between anthropogenic pollution and natural events in dust formation should be explored extensively. Furthermore, possible suggestions for future researches in the region were proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Omidvarborna
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khodh, 123 Muscat, Oman
| | - Mahad Baawain
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khodh, 123 Muscat, Oman.
| | - Abdullah Al-Mamun
- Department of Civil and Architectural Engineering, College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University, P.O. Box 33, Al-Khodh, 123 Muscat, Oman
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Audy O, Melymuk L, Venier M, Vojta S, Becanova J, Romanak K, Vykoukalova M, Prokes R, Kukucka P, Diamond ML, Klanova J. PCBs and organochlorine pesticides in indoor environments - A comparison of indoor contamination in Canada and Czech Republic. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 206:622-631. [PMID: 29778940 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 05/01/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) are restricted compounds that are ubiquitously detected in the environment, including indoor matrices such as air and residential dust. We report concentrations of PCBs and selected OCPs in indoor air and dust from homes in Canada (23 homes) and Czech Republic (20 homes). Indoor air concentrations of PCBs and OCPs were ∼10 times higher than that outdoors. PCB concentrations of ∼450 ng/m3 were similar in both countries, higher in homes built before the restrictions on PCBs, and had congener profiles consistent with PCB mixtures manufactured or used in each country. All OCP air concentrations were higher in the Czech Republic than in the Canadian samples, suggesting greater indoor use of, for example, DDT and HCH. These data emphasize the persistence of these organochlorine compounds indoors and their presence in homes even decades after new usage was prohibited. Indoor levels of these legacy POPs remain at similar concentrations to compounds of current concern, such as brominated flame retardants and perfluorinated alkyl substances, emphasizing that they deserve ongoing attention in view of knowledge of PCB and OCP toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondrej Audy
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Marta Venier
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702 Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Simon Vojta
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jitka Becanova
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Kevin Romanak
- School of Public and Environmental Affairs, Indiana University, 702 Walnut Grove Avenue, Bloomington, IN, 47405, United States
| | - Martina Vykoukalova
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Prokes
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Petr Kukucka
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Russell Street, Toronto, M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Jana Klanova
- RECETOX, Masaryk University, Kamenice 753/5, Pavilion A29, 62500, Brno, Czech Republic
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Kang L, He QS, He W, Kong XZ, Liu WX, Wu WJ, Li YL, Lan XY, Xu FL. Current status and historical variations of DDT-related contaminants in the sediments of Lake Chaohu in China and their influencing factors. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2016; 219:883-896. [PMID: 27613328 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2016.08.072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2016] [Accepted: 08/26/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The temporal-spatial distributions of DDT-related contaminants (DDXs), including DDT (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane), DDE (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene) and DDD (dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane), in the sediments of Lake Chaohu and their influencing factors were studied. p,p-DDE and p,p-DDD were found to be the two dominant components of DDXs in both surface and core sediments. The parent DDT compounds were still detectable in sediment cores after the late 1930s. Historical usage of technical DDT was identified as the primary source of DDXs in sediments, as indicated by DDT/(DDD + DDE) ratios of less than one. The residual levels of DDXs were higher in the surface and core sediments in the western lake area than in other lake areas, which might be due to the combined inflow effects of municipal sewage, industrial wastewater and agricultural runoff. The DDX residues in the sediment cores reached peak values in the late 1970s or early 1980s. There were significant positive relationships between DDX residues in sediment cores with annual DDT production and with fine particulate sizes (<4.5 μm). The relationship between the DDXs and TOC in sediment was complex, as indicated by the significant differences among the surface and core sediments. The algae-derived organic matter significantly influenced the amount of residue, composition and distribution of DDXs in the sediments. The DDD/DDE ratios responded well to the anaerobic conditions in the sediments that were caused by algal blooms after the late 1970s in the western lake area. This suggests that the algae-derived organic matter was an important factor and served as a biomarker of eutrophication and also affected the DDX residues and lifecycle in the lake ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Kang
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Qi-Shuang He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wei He
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Xiang-Zhen Kong
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Xiu Liu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Wen-Jing Wu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Yi-Long Li
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xin-Yu Lan
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Fu-Liu Xu
- MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban & Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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