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Dong Y, Yao X, Zhang W, Wu X. Development of Simultaneous Determination Method of Pesticide High Toxic Metabolite 3,4-Dichloroaniline and 3,5 Dichloroaniline in Chives Using HPLC-MS/MS. Foods 2023; 12:2875. [PMID: 37569143 PMCID: PMC10417142 DOI: 10.3390/foods12152875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and 3,5-dichloroaniline (3,5-DCA) are, respectively, the primary metabolites deriving from the breakdown of phenylurea herbicides and dicarboximide fungicides in both soils and plants, whose residues in vegetable products have a heightened concern considering their higher health risks to humans and greater toxicity than the parent compounds in the environment. In this study, a sensitive high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) method was developed for the simultaneous determination of 3,4-DCA and 3,5-DCA residues in chive products based on the optimization of HPLC-MS/MS chromatographic and mass-spectrometric conditions using the standard substances and the modified QuEChERS preparation technique. The preparation efficiency of 3,4-DCA and 3,5-DCA from chive samples showed that acetonitrile was the best extractant. The combination of the purification agent graphite carbon black + primary secondary amine and the eluting agent acetonitrile + toluene (4:1, v/v) had a satisfactory purification effect. The linear correlation coefficients (R2) were more than 0.996 with the six concentration range of 0.001-1.000 mg/L for 3,4-DCA and 3,5-DCA. The limit of detection and limit of quantitation of this method was 0.6 and 2.0 µg/kg for 3,4-DCA, as well as 1.0 and 3.0 µg/kg for 3,5-DCA, respectively. The matrix effect range of 3,4-DCA and 3,5-DCA in chive tissues was from -9.0% to -2.6% and from -4.4% to 2.3%, respectively. The fortified recovery of 3,4-DCA and 3,5-DCA in chive samples at four spiked levels of 0.001-1.000 mg/kg was 75.3-86.0% and 78.2-98.1%, with the relative standard deviation of 2.1-8.5% and 1.4-11.9%, respectively. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of the method were 0.6, 2.0, and 1.0, 3.03 for 4-DCA and 3,5-DCA, respectively. This study highlights that the analytical method established here can efficiently and sensitively detect residues of 3,4-DCA and 3,5-DCA residues for monitoring chive products. The method was successfully applied to 60 batches of actual vegetable samples from different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Dong
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.D.); (X.Y.)
| | - Xiaolong Yao
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.D.); (X.Y.)
| | - Wanping Zhang
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
| | - Xiaomao Wu
- Institute of Crop Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China; (Y.D.); (X.Y.)
- Institute of Vegetable Research, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
- Provincial Key Laboratory for Agricultural Pest Management in Mountainous Region, Guizhou University, Guiyang 550025, China
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Reproductive Toxicity of 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) on Javanese Medaka ( Oryziasjavanicus, Bleeker 1854). Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11030798. [PMID: 33809309 PMCID: PMC8000808 DOI: 10.3390/ani11030798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Compound 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) is a metabolite of several urea herbicides and intermediate chemical of several industrial products. Moreover, 3,4-DCA has been frequently detected in aquatic ecosystems around the world. This aniline is more toxic than the parent chemicals, and it affects non-target organisms. This study evaluated a 21-day reproductive response of an emerging aquatic vertebrate model, Javanese medaka (Oryzias javanicus), exposed to 3,4-DCA. Fecundity and gonads histopathology were observed. The spawning rate and fertilisation reduced significantly in the highest exposed-group (250 µg/L). Gonadosomatic index (GSI) was significantly low in females exposed to 250 µg/L. No substantial structural alteration of male gonads. However, oocyte development and ovarian cell structure were disrupted in 250 µg/L exposed females. The gonadal developmental was not affected in the males; however, a significant reduction in the developmental of female gonads was observed at 250 µg/L. These results show that 3,4-DCA interfere with the reproduction of Javanese medaka through fecundity and alteration of gonadal tissues.
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Oanh NT, Duc HD. Anaerobic Degradation of Propanil in Soil and Sediment Using Mixed Bacterial Culture. Curr Microbiol 2021; 78:1499-1508. [PMID: 33666750 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-021-02419-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The widespread use of the herbicide, propanil, causes severe environmental problems. In this study, the effects of propanil on the bacterial community in a sediment slurry were determined. Moreover, the degradation of the herbicide by pure and mixed cultures was first conducted under anaerobic conditions. The results showed that propanil caused significant changes in the bacterial community under anaerobic conditions. Four bacterial strains, i.e., Geobacter sp. Pr-1, Paracoccus denitrificans Pr-2, Pseudomonas sp. Pr-3, and Rhodococcus sp. Pr-4, isolated from the an enrichment sediment slurry were the first pure cultures that degraded propanil and 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) under anaerobic conditions. Some individual isolates showed the slow degradation of propanil and 3,4-DCA, but the mixture of the four strains increased the degradation rates of both compounds. The mixed culture of these isolates transformed more than 90% of propanil within 10 days in liquid media with the amendment of dextrose, glucose, or acetate. The determination of degradation pathway showed that propanil was transformed to 3,4-DCA and some other products before degrading completely. This study provides valuable information on the effects of propanil on the bacterial community and the synergistic degradation of propanil under anaerobic conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Thi Oanh
- Dong Thap University, 783 Pham Huu Lau Street, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam.
| | - Ha Danh Duc
- Dong Thap University, 783 Pham Huu Lau Street, Cao Lanh City, Dong Thap Province, Vietnam
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Vieira LR, Hissa DC, de Souza TM, Sá CA, Evaristo JAM, Nogueira FCS, Carvalho AFU, Farias DF. Proteomics analysis of zebrafish larvae exposed to 3,4-dichloroaniline using the fish embryo acute toxicity test. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2020; 35:849-860. [PMID: 32170993 DOI: 10.1002/tox.22921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) is a small teleost fish that is becoming increasingly popular in laboratories worldwide and several attributes have also placed the zebrafish under the spotlight of (eco)toxicological studies. Since the 1990s, international organizations such as ISO and OECD have published guidelines for the use of zebrafish in ecotoxicological assessment of environmental toxicants such as the Fish Embryo Acute Toxicity (FET) test, OECD n° 236 guideline. This protocol uses 3,4-dichloroaniline (DCA), an aniline pesticide whose toxicity to fish species at early life stages is well known, as a positive control. Despite its use, little is known about its molecular mechanisms, especially in the context of the FET test. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate such changes in zebrafish larvae exposed to DCA (4 mg/L) for 96 hours using gel-free proteomics. Twenty-four proteins detected in both groups were identified as significantly affected by DCA exposure, and, when considering group-specific entities, 48 proteins were exclusive to DCA (group-specific proteins) while 248 were only detected in the control group. Proteins modulated by DCA treatment were found to be involved in metabolic processes, especially lipids and hormone metabolism (eg, Apoa1 and Apoa1b and vitelogenins), as well as proteins important for developmental processes and organogenesis (eg, Myhc4, Acta2, Sncb, and Marcksb). The results presented here may therefore provide a better understanding of the relationships between molecular changes and phenotype in zebrafish larvae treated with DCA, the reference compound of the FET test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonardo R Vieira
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Denise C Hissa
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Terezinha Maria de Souza
- Department of Toxicogenomics, GROW School for Oncology and Developmental Oncology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Chayenne A Sá
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Joseph A M Evaristo
- Laboratory of Proteomics, LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Fábio C S Nogueira
- Laboratory of Proteomics, LADETEC, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Proteomics Unit, Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Ana F U Carvalho
- Department of Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
| | - Davi F Farias
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Ceara, Fortaleza, Brazil
- Department of Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraiba, João Pessoa, Brazil
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Booster Biocides Levels in the Major Blood Cockle (Tegillarca granosa L., 1758) Cultivation Areas along the Coastal Area of Peninsular Malaysia. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12061616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Booster biocides have been rapidly growing in use, mainly in the shipping industry and in agricultural activities. The use of booster biocides is known to cause adverse effects on marine ecosystems, such as by inhibiting the photosynthesis process in marine plants, and they have the potential to accumulate in marine organisms. In the present study, booster biocides of Irgarol 1051, diuron, 3,4-dichloroaniline (3,4-DCA) and chlorothalonil were measured in the major blood cockle (Tegillarca granosa) cultivation areas along the west coast of Peninsular Malaysia. The highest Irgarol 1051 mean was found in the blood cockle with a value of 98.92 ± 13.65 µg/kg in Kapar, Selangor, while the means of diuron and its metabolites and 3,4-DCA showed the highest values of 40.31 ± 7.61 and 41.42 ± 21.58 µg/kg in Kapar, Selangor and Sungai Ayam, Johor, respectively. Sungai Ayam, Johor also exhibited the highest amount of chlorothalonil of 29.76 ± 8.80 µg/kg. By referring to sediment quality guidelines, about 72% and more than 90% of sediment samples exceeded the environmental risk limits (ERLs) and maximum permissible concentration (MPC) for Irgarol 1051 and diuron, respectively. However, referring to the risk characterization ratio (RCR), none of the blood cockle samples exceeded 1, which means that there is no potential for adverse effects to occur. Thus, the contaminants in the marine ecosystem caused by booster biocides are highlighted as a serious issue, mainly in sediment.
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Alvarez Escalada FC, Ledesma AE. Impact of temperature changes and pH on aqueous solutions of TCAB, a derived propanil contaminant. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2019; 222:117146. [PMID: 31174153 DOI: 10.1016/j.saa.2019.117146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
3,4,3',4'-tetrachloroazobenzene known as TCAB is an unwanted product derivate from the degradation of propanil herbicide. In this work UV-visible and infrared spectroscopies were used to experimentally explore the impact of pH and temperature changes of TCAB in aqueous and ethanol solutions. Two isomeric forms, cis and trans, are present in solution. The density functional theory (DFT) with PCM methodology was used to analyze the stability of each isomer in solution phase by the evaluation of solvation energy and frontier orbital energies of TCBA at 25 and 40 °C. This compound has been studied from room temperature to 50 °C, revealing the weakening of trans form with an increment of cis form in ethanol and high temperature. Interestingly, under acid conditions the protonated azo compound was evidenced in solution. We found that the cis form is predominant in aqueous solution at 40 °C and 30 min. Finally, FTIR studies show that the increasing of the temperature promote irreversible structural changes via a trans to cis interconversion process. The derivative results from this study may contributed to understanding of transformation of TCAB in aqueous solution by pH and temperature changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny C Alvarez Escalada
- Departamento Académico de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnologías, FCEyT, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, UNSE, Av. Belgrano Sur 1912, 4200 Santiago del Estero, Argentina
| | - Ana E Ledesma
- CIBAAL-UNSE- CONICET, Departamento Académico de Química, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Tecnologías, Universidad Nacional de Santiago del Estero, Av. Belgrano Sur 1912, 4200 Santiago del Estero, Argentina.
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7
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Shao Y, Xiao H, Di Paolo C, Deutschmann B, Brack W, Hollert H, Seiler TB. Integrated zebrafish-based tests as an investigation strategy for water quality assessment. WATER RESEARCH 2019; 150:252-260. [PMID: 30528920 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.11.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 09/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Water pollution risks to human health and the environment are emerging as serious concerns in the European Union and worldwide. With the aim to achieve good ecological and chemical status of all European water bodies, the "European Water Framework Directive" (WFD) was enacted. With the framework, bioanalytical techniques have been recognized as an important aspect. However, there are limitations to the application of bioassays directly for water quality assessment. Such approaches often fail to identify pollutants of concern, since the defined priority and monitored pollutants often fail to explain the observed toxicity. In this study, we integrated an effect-based risk assessment with a zebrafish-based investigation strategy to evaluate water sample extracts and fractions collected from the Danube. Four tiered bioassays were implemented, namely RNA-level gene expression assay, protein-level ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase (EROD) assay, cell-level micronucleus assay and organism-level fish embryo test (FET). The results show that teratogenicity and lethality during embryonic development might be induced by molecular or cellular damages mediated by the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) -mediated activity, estrogenic activity and genotoxic activity. With the combination of high-throughput fractionation, this effect-based strategy elucidated the major responsible mixtures of each specific toxic response. In particularly, the most toxic mixture in faction F4, covering a log Kow range from 2.83 to 3.42, was composed by 12 chemicals, which were then evaluated as a designed mixture. Our study applied tiered bioassays with zebrafish to avoid interspecies differences and highlights effect-based approaches to address toxic mixtures in water samples. This strategy can be applied for large throughput screenings to support the main toxic compounds identification in water quality assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Department of Cell Toxicology, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Hongxia Xiao
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Carolina Di Paolo
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn Deutschmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany
| | - Werner Brack
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Department for Effect-Directed Analysis, Permoserstraße 15, 04318, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Road Shapingba, 400044, Chongqing, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 200092, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, 200023, Nanjing, China
| | - Thomas Benjamin Seiler
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research (Biology V), ABBt - Aachen Biology and Biotechnology, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074, Aachen, Germany.
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Shao Y, Hollert H, Tarcai Z, Deutschmann B, Seiler TB. Integrating bioassays, chemical analysis and in silico techniques to identify genotoxicants in surface water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 650:3084-3092. [PMID: 30373085 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.09.288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2018] [Revised: 08/27/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Identification of hazardous compounds, as the first step of water protection and regulation, is still challenged by the difficulty to establish a linkage between toxic effects and suspected contaminants. Genotoxic compounds are one type of highly relevant toxicants in surface water, which may attack the DNA and lead to cancer in individual organism, or even damaged germ cells to be passed on to future generations. Thus, the establishment of a linkage between genotoxic effects and genotoxicant is important for environmental toxicologists and chemists. For this purpose, in the present study in silico methods were integrated with bioassays, chemical analysis and literature information to identify genotoxicants in surface water. Large volume water samples from 22 sampling sites of the Danube were collected and subjected to biological and chemical analysis. Samples from the most toxic sites (JDS32, JDS44 and JDS63) induced significant genotoxic effects in the micronucleus assay, and two of them caused mutagenicity in the Ames fluctuation assay. Chemical analysis showed that 68 chemicals were detected in these most toxic samples. Literature findings and in silico techniques using the OECD QSAR Toolbox and the ChemProp software package revealed genotoxic potentials for 29 compounds out of 68 targeted chemicals. To confirm the integrative technical data, the micronucleus assay and the Ames fluctuation assay were applied with artificial mixtures of those compounds and the raw water sample extracts. The results showed that 18 chemicals explained 48.5% of the genotoxicity in the micronucleus assay. This study highlights the capability of in silico techniques in linking adverse biological effect to suspicious hazardous compounds for the identification of toxicity drivers, and demonstrates the genotoxic potential of pollutants in the Danube.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Shao
- Institute for Environmental Research (Bio. V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Cell Toxicology, UFZ - Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research GmbH, Permoserstraße 15, 04318 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research (Bio. V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 174 Shazheng Road Shapingba, 400044 Chongqing, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, 20092 Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China
| | - Zsolt Tarcai
- Institute for Environmental Research (Bio. V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Björn Deutschmann
- Institute for Environmental Research (Bio. V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Institute for Environmental Research (Bio. V), RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany.
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Scholz-Starke B, Bo L, Holbach A, Norra S, Floehr T, Hollert H, Roß-Nickoll M, Schäffer A, Ottermanns R. Simulation-based assessment of the impact of fertiliser and herbicide application on freshwater ecosystems at the Three Gorges Reservoir in China. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 639:286-303. [PMID: 29791882 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Dams have profound impacts on river ecosystems, amongst them inundation of land, altered dynamics of the water body or uprising reservoir backwaters influencing tributary or upstream river sections. Along the outstandingly ecologically important Yangtze River in China, the Three Gorges Reservoir (TGR) is the largest project, covering an area of 1080 km2. From the beginning, the dam-project came in for criticism on increasing environmental risks due to sub-merging former industrial and urban areas. We simulated dynamics of biotic and abiotic components of the TGR ecosystem (trophic guilds of aquatic organisms, hydrodynamics, nutrients), as well as the behaviour of the herbicidal substance propanil and its metabolites 3,4-Dichloroaniline (DCA) and 3,3',4,4'-tetrachloroazoxybenzene (TCAB). A modelling environment, provided by the AQUATOX software, was adapted to the specific situation at a tributary reach to the Yangtze river 'Daning River'. As the simulated food web contained several interconnected trophic levels, a significant biomagnification of metabolites was demonstrated by our simulation studies. In particular, newly emerging stagnant downstream sections of tributaries exhibited high probabilities due to accumulating pesticides from upstream sources. The common problem of algal blooms in the TGR-region was addressed by dose-response simulation experiments with essential nutrients. Impacts on structure and abundance of populations of aquatic organisms were shown. However, even high nutrient loads resulted in only slight changes of densities of organisms of all trophic levels. Nevertheless, the probabilities for large-scale algal blooms affecting drinking water quality were considered low because of high flow velocities and discharge rates towards the Yangtze River. We see high potential of simulation-based assessments that provide information for risk managers dealing with whole catchment areas. They are put in the position to differentiate the magnitude of impacts of various factors and decide about the most effective remediation measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Scholz-Starke
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Li Bo
- Faculty of Architecture and Urban Planning, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Andreas Holbach
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Stefan Norra
- Institute of Applied Geosciences, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Tilman Floehr
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, PR China
| | - Martina Roß-Nickoll
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China
| | - Andreas Schäffer
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Chongqing, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, PR China
| | - Richard Ottermanns
- Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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Zhu L, Shao Y, Xiao H, Santiago-Schübel B, Meyer-Alert H, Schiwy S, Yin D, Hollert H, Küppers S. Electrochemical simulation of triclosan metabolism and toxicological evaluation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 622-623:1193-1201. [PMID: 29890587 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.11.317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2017] [Revised: 11/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/27/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Tricolsan (TCS), an antimicrobial agent, is considered as emerging pollutant due to its wide dispersive use in personal care products and high aquatic toxicity. In the present study, phase I metabolism of triclosan was investigated through laboratory electrochemical simulation studies. The products formed in the electrochemical (EC) cell were identified by online and offline coupling with QTRAP and high-resolution FTICR mass spectrometers, respectively. The sequential formation and disappearance of each product, with the continuous increase of voltage from 0 to 3500 mV, was observed to reveal the transformation pathways of TCS. The toxic potential of TCS and the identified products was estimated using Quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) modeling on 16 target proteins. The toxicity change of TCS during simulated metabolism and toxicological effects of reaction mixture were assessed by Fish embryo toxicity (FET) test (Danio rerio) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Eight metabolites formed during the simulated metabolism of TCS mainly via the mechanisms of hydroxylation, ether-bond cleavage and cyclization. In FET test, the reaction mixture (LC50, 48h=1.28 mg/L) after electrochemical reactions showed high acute toxicity on zebrafish embryos, which was comparable to that of triclosan (LC50, 48h=1.34 mg/L). According to the modeling data, less toxic products formed only via ether-bond cleavage of TCS while the products formed through other mechanisms showed high toxicity. AhR-mediated dioxin-like effects on zebrafish embryos, such as developmental retardation in skeleyton and malformations in cardiovascular system, were also observed after exposure to the TCS reaction mixture in FET test. Activation of the AhR by the reaction mixture in zebrafish embryos was further proved in cyp1a gene expression analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linyan Zhu
- Research Center Jülich, Department of Analytics (ZEA-3), Jülich 52425, Germany; RWTH -Aachen University, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen 52074, Germany.
| | - Ying Shao
- RWTH -Aachen University, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Hongxia Xiao
- RWTH -Aachen University, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | | | - Henriette Meyer-Alert
- RWTH -Aachen University, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Sabrina Schiwy
- RWTH -Aachen University, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen 52074, Germany
| | - Daqiang Yin
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China
| | - Henner Hollert
- RWTH -Aachen University, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology - ABBt, Institute for Environmental Research, Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Aachen 52074, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, Tiansheng Road Beibei 1, Chongqing 400030, People's Republic of China; Key Laboratory of Yangtze Water Environment, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Siping Road 1239, Shanghai 200092, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control & Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Xianlin Avenue 163, Nanjing 210046, People's Republic of China
| | - Stephan Küppers
- Research Center Jülich, Department of Analytics (ZEA-3), Jülich 52425, Germany
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Di Paolo C, Müller Y, Thalmann B, Hollert H, Seiler TB. p53 induction and cell viability modulation by genotoxic individual chemicals and mixtures. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:4012-4022. [PMID: 28303539 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-8790-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The binding of the p53 tumor suppression protein to DNA response elements after genotoxic stress can be quantified by cell-based reporter gene assays as a DNA damage endpoint. Currently, bioassay evaluation of environmental samples requires further knowledge on p53 induction by chemical mixtures and on cytotoxicity interference with p53 induction analysis for proper interpretation of results. We investigated the effects of genotoxic pharmaceuticals (actinomycin D, cyclophosphamide) and nitroaromatic compounds (4-nitroquinoline 1-oxide, 3-nitrobenzanthrone) on p53 induction and cell viability using a reporter gene and a colorimetric assay, respectively. Individual exposures were conducted in the absence or presence of metabolic activation system, while binary and tertiary mixtures were tested in its absence only. Cell viability reduction tended to present direct correlation with p53 induction, and induction peaks occurred mainly at chemical concentrations causing cell viability below 80%. Mixtures presented in general good agreement between predicted and measured p53 induction factors at lower concentrations, while higher chemical concentrations gave lower values than expected. Cytotoxicity evaluation supported the selection of concentration ranges for the p53 assay and the interpretation of its results. The often used 80% viability threshold as a basis to select the maximum test concentration for cell-based assays was not adequate for p53 induction assessment. Instead, concentrations causing up to 50% cell viability reduction should be evaluated in order to identify the lowest observed effect concentration and peak values following meaningful p53 induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Di Paolo
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.
| | - Yvonne Müller
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Beat Thalmann
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 1 Tiansheng Road, Beibei, Chongqing, 400715, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, Aachen Biology and Biotechnology (ABBt), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
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12
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Velki M, Di Paolo C, Nelles J, Seiler TB, Hollert H. Diuron and diazinon alter the behavior of zebrafish embryos and larvae in the absence of acute toxicity. CHEMOSPHERE 2017; 180:65-76. [PMID: 28391154 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The use of zebrafish for aquatic vertebrate (eco)toxicity testing allows the assessment of effects on a wide range of biological levels - from enzymes to sensory organs and behavioral endpoints. The present study investigated the effects of the insecticide diazinon and the herbicide diuron regarding the acute toxicity and behavior of zebrafish embryos and larvae. After conducting the fish embryo toxicity test, three concentrations (1, 2 and 3.5 mg L-1 for diazinon and 1, 2 and 3.8 mg L-1 for diuron) were evaluated for effects on embryonic spontaneous movement and heartbeat, larval light-dark transition response, and thigmotaxis. Although the modes-of-action are different, both pesticides proved to be moderately toxic to early life stages of zebrafish with 96 h LC50 of approximately 6.5 mg L-1 and similar EC50 values of approximately 4 mg L-1. Changes in behavioral endpoints were detected 24 h of exposure, suggesting that behavioral measurements can serve as sensitive and early indicators of pesticide exposure. Changes in behavior, such as decrease in spontaneous coiling movements of embryos and reduction of thigmotaxis in larvae, were pronounced for diuron, indicating the usefulness of the application of behavioral endpoints to assess the effects of other herbicides. In the case of diazinon, the effects were less prominent, but the detected changes in ratios between activity in light and darkness also point to the possibility of using behavioral changes for evaluation of insecticide effects. The obtained results support the usage of behavioral endpoints in zebrafish embryos and larvae for the detection of early effects of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirna Velki
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; Department of Biology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Cara Hadrijana 8/A, 31000 Osijek, Croatia.
| | - Carolina Di Paolo
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Jonas Nelles
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Thomas-Benjamin Seiler
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Henner Hollert
- Department of Ecosystem Analysis, Institute for Environmental Research, RWTH Aachen University, Worringerweg 1, 52074 Aachen, Germany; College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University, 1 Tiansheng Road Beibei, Chongqing 400715, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University, 1239 Siping Road, Shanghai, China; State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, China
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13
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Xiao H, Brinkmann M, Thalmann B, Schiwy A, Große Brinkhaus S, Achten C, Eichbaum K, Gembé C, Seiler TB, Hollert H. Toward Streamlined Identification of Dioxin-like Compounds in Environmental Samples through Integration of Suspension Bioassay. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2017; 51:3382-3390. [PMID: 28190338 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.6b06003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Effect-directed analysis (EDA) is a powerful strategy to identify biologically active compounds in environmental samples. However, in current EDA studies, fractionation and handling procedures are laborious, consist of multiple evaporation steps, and thus bear the risk of contamination and decreased recoveries of the target compounds. The low resulting throughput has been one of the major bottlenecks of EDA. Here, we propose a high-throughput EDA (HT-EDA) work-flow combining reversed phase high-performance liquid chromatography fractionation of samples into 96-well microplates, followed by toxicity assessment in the micro-EROD bioassay with the wild-type rat hepatoma H4IIE cells, and chemical analysis of bioactive fractions. The approach was evaluated using single substances, binary mixtures, and extracts of sediment samples collected at the Three Gorges Reservoir, Yangtze River, China, as well as the rivers Rhine and Elbe, Germany. Selected bioactive fractions were analyzed by highly sensitive gas chromatography-atmospheric pressure laser ionization-time-of-flight-mass spectrometry. In addition, we optimized the work-flow by seeding previously adapted suspension-cultured H4IIE cells directly into the microplate used for fractionation, which makes any transfers of fractionated samples unnecessary. The proposed HT-EDA work-flow simplifies the procedure for wider application in ecotoxicology and environmental routine programs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Markus Brinkmann
- Toxicology Centre and School of Environment and Sustainability, University of Saskatchewan , Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5B3, Canada
| | | | | | - Sigrid Große Brinkhaus
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology-Applied Geology, University of Münster , 48149 Münster, Germany
| | - Christine Achten
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology-Applied Geology, University of Münster , 48149 Münster, Germany
| | | | | | | | - Henner Hollert
- College of Resources and Environmental Science, Chongqing University , 400030 Chongqing, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University , 210023 Nanjing, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering and State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, Tongji University , 200092 Shanghai, China
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Guyton KZ, Loomis D, Grosse Y, El Ghissassi F, Bouvard V, Benbrahim-Tallaa L, Guha N, Mattock H, Straif K. Carcinogenicity of pentachlorophenol and some related compounds. Lancet Oncol 2016; 17:1637-1638. [PMID: 27784619 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(16)30513-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Dana Loomis
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Yann Grosse
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | | | | | | | - Neela Guha
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Heidi Mattock
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
| | - Kurt Straif
- International Agency for Research on Cancer, Lyon, France
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