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Delva S, De Baets B, Baetens JM, De Clerck O, Stock W. No bacterial-mediated alleviation of thermal stress in a brown seaweed suggests the absence of ecological bacterial rescue effects. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 876:162532. [PMID: 36870499 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2022] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
While microbiome alterations are increasingly proposed as a rapid mechanism to buffer organisms under changing environmental conditions, studies of these processes in the marine realm are lagging far behind their terrestrial counterparts. Here, we used a controlled laboratory experiment to examine whether the thermal tolerance of the brown seaweed Dictyota dichotoma, a common species in European coastal ecosystems, could be enhanced by the repeated addition of bacteria from its natural environment. Juvenile algae from three genotypes were subjected for two weeks to a temperature gradient, spanning almost the entire thermal range that can be tolerated by the species (11-30 °C). At the start of the experiment and again in the middle of the experiment, the algae were inoculated with bacteria from their natural environment or left untouched as a control. Relative growth rate was measured over the two-week period, and we assessed bacterial community composition prior to and at the end of the experiment. Since the growth of D. dichotoma over the full thermal gradient was not affected by supplementing bacteria, our results indicate no scope for bacterial-mediated stress alleviation. The minimal changes in the bacterial communities linked to bacterial addition, particularly at temperatures above the thermal optimum (22-23 °C), suggest the existence of a barrier to bacterial recruitment. These findings indicate that ecological bacterial rescue is unlikely to play a role in mitigating the effects of ocean warming on this brown seaweed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soria Delva
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Research Unit Knowledge-Based Systems (KERMIT), Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Bernard De Baets
- Research Unit Knowledge-Based Systems (KERMIT), Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Jan M Baetens
- Research Unit Knowledge-Based Systems (KERMIT), Department of Data Analysis and Mathematical Modelling, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Olivier De Clerck
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
| | - Willem Stock
- Phycology Research Group, Department of Biology, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281-S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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2
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Auguste M, Rahman FU, Balbi T, Leonessi M, Oliveri C, Bellese G, Vezzulli L, Furones D, Canesi L. Responses of Mytilus galloprovincialis to challenge with environmental isolates of the potential emerging pathogen Malaciobacter marinus. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2022; 131:1-9. [PMID: 36154890 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2022.09.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2022] [Revised: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/18/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Bacteria of the Arcobacter-like spp. represent emerging foodborne zoonotic pathogens in humans and animals. Their increasing presence in seafood, suggesting higher occurrence in seawater due to marine pollution, is raising some environmental concern. Although Arcobacter is frequently detected in diseased oysters and stressed bivalve species, no data are available so far on its potential pathogenicity or interactions with the immune system of the bivalve host. In this work, responses to challenge with two strains of Malaciobacter marinus IRTA-19-131 and IRTA-19-132, R1 and R2), isolated from adult Crassostrea gigas during a mortality event in 2019 in Spain, were investigated in the mussel Mytilus galloprovincialis. In vivo experiments were performed in larvae (48 h post-fertilization), and in adult mussels at 24 h post-injection, in order to evaluate the pathogenicity for early developmental stages, and the hemolymph immune responses, respectively. Both R1 and R2 were moderately pathogenic to early larvae, with significant decreases in the development of normal D-veligers from 104 and 103 CFU/mL, respectively. In adults, both strains decreased hemocyte lysosomal membrane stability (LMS), and stimulated extracellular defense responses (ROS production and lysozyme activity). The interactions between mussel hemocytes and M. marinus were investigated in in vitro short-term experiments (30-90 min) using the R1 strain (106-108 CFU/mL). R1 decreased LMS and induced lysosomal enlargement, but not cell detachment or death, and stimulated extracellular ROS production and lysozyme release, confirming in vivo data. Moreover, lysosomal internalization and degradation of bacteria were observed, together with changes in levels of activated mTor and LC3, indicating phagocytic activity. Overall, the results indicate the activation of both extracellular and intracellular immune defenses against M. marinus R1. Accordingly, these responses resulted in a significant hemolymph bactericidal activity, with a large contribution of hemolymph serum. The results represent the first data on the potential pathogenicity of Arcobacter isolated from a shellfish mortality to bivalve larvae and adults, and on their interactions with the immune system of the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manon Auguste
- DISTAV, Dept. of Environmental, Earth and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy.
| | - Faiz Ur Rahman
- IRTA_Sant Carles de la Ràpita Centre, Aquaculture Program, Spain; Unit of Microbiology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Teresa Balbi
- DISTAV, Dept. of Environmental, Earth and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Martina Leonessi
- DISTAV, Dept. of Environmental, Earth and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Caterina Oliveri
- DISTAV, Dept. of Environmental, Earth and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Grazia Bellese
- DIMES, Dept. of Experimental Medicine, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Luigi Vezzulli
- DISTAV, Dept. of Environmental, Earth and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
| | - Dolors Furones
- IRTA_Sant Carles de la Ràpita Centre, Aquaculture Program, Spain
| | - Laura Canesi
- DISTAV, Dept. of Environmental, Earth and Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Italy
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3
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The Prevalence of Arcobacteraceae in Aquatic Environments: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Pathogens 2022; 11:pathogens11020244. [PMID: 35215187 PMCID: PMC8880612 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens11020244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the family Arcobacteraceae are distributed widely in aquatic environments, and some of its species have been associated with human and animal illness. However, information about the diversity and distribution of Arcobacteraceae in different water bodies is still limited. In order to better characterize the health risk posed by members in the family Arcobacteraceae, a systematic review and meta-analysis-based method was used to investigate the prevalence of Arcobacteraceae species in aquatic environments based on available data published worldwide. The database search was performed using related keywords and considering studies up to February 2021. The pooled prevalence in aquatic environments was 69.2%, ranging from 0.6 to 99.9%. These bacteria have a wide geographical distribution, being found in diverse aquatic environments with the highest prevalence found in raw sewage and wastewater treatment plants (WWTP), followed by seawater, surface water, ground water, processing water from food processing plants and water for human consumption. Assessing the effectiveness of treatments in WWTP in eliminating this contamination, it was found that the wastewater treatment may not be efficient in the removal of Arcobacteraceae. Among the analyzed Arcobacteraceae species, Al. butzleri was the most frequently found species. These results highlight the high prevalence and distribution of Arcobacteraceae in different aquatic environments, suggesting a risk to human health. Further, it exposes the importance of identifying and managing the sources of contamination and taking preventive actions to reduce the burden of members of the Arcobacteraceae family.
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Mudadu A, Salza S, Melillo R, Mara L, Piras G, Spanu C, Terrosu G, Fadda A, Virgilio S, Tedde T. Prevalence and pathogenic potential of Arcobacter spp. isolated from edible bivalve molluscs in Sardinia. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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5
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Mudadu A, Melillo R, Salza S, Mara L, Marongiu L, Piras G, Spanu C, Tedde T, Fadda A, Virgilio S, Terrosu G. Detection of Arcobacter spp. in environmental and food samples collected in industrial and artisanal sheep's milk cheese-making plants. Food Control 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2021.108100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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6
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Improved culture enrichment broth for isolation of Arcobacter-like species from the marine environment. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14547. [PMID: 32884057 PMCID: PMC7471115 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71442-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter-like species are found associated with many matrices, including shellfish in marine environments. The culture media and conditions play a major role in the recovery of new Arcobacter-like species. This study was aimed to develop a culture media for isolation and enhanced growth of Arcobacter-like spp. from marine and shellfish matrices. For this purpose, 14 different Arcobacter-like spp. mostly isolated from shellfish, were grown in 24 different formulations of enrichment broths. The enrichment broths consisted of five main groups based on the organic contents (fresh oyster homogenate, lyophilized oyster either alone or in combination with other standard media), combined with artificial seawater (ASW) or 2.5% NaCl. Optical density (OD420nm) measurements after every 24 h were compared with the growth in control media (Arcobacter broth) in parallel. The mean and standard deviation were calculated for each species in each broth and statistical differences (p < 0.05) among broths were calculated by ANOVA. The results indicated that shellfish-associated Arcobacter-like species growth was significantly higher in Arcobacter broth + 50% ASW and the same media supplemented with lyophilized oysters. This is the first study to have used fresh or lyophilized oyster flesh in the enrichment broth for isolation of shellfish-associated Arcobacter-like spp.
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7
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Oluwaseun Alegbeleye O, Sant’Ana AS. Understanding the public health burden of unconventional produce-associated enteropathogens. Curr Opin Food Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cofs.2020.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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8
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Carney RL, Brown MV, Siboni N, Raina JB, Kahlke T, Mitrovic SM, Seymour JR. Highly heterogeneous temporal dynamics in the abundance and diversity of the emerging pathogens Arcobacter at an urban beach. WATER RESEARCH 2020; 171:115405. [PMID: 31887546 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2019.115405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2019] [Revised: 12/08/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
While the significance of Arcobacter in clinical settings grows, the ecological dynamics of potentially pathogenic Arcobacter in coastal marine environments remains unclear. In this study, we monitored the temporal dynamics of Arcobacter at an urban beach subject to significant stormwater input and wet weather sewer overflows (WWSO). Weekly monitoring of bacterial communities over 24 months using 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing revealed large, intermittent peaks in the relative abundance of Arcobacter. Quantitative PCR was subsequently employed to track absolute abundance of Arcobacter 23S rRNA gene copies, revealing peaks in abundance reaching up to 108 gene copies L-1, with these increases statistically correlated with stormwater and WWSO intrusion. Notably, peaks in Arcobacter abundance were poorly correlated with enterococci plate counts, and remained elevated for one week following heavy rainfall. Using oligotyping we discriminated single nucleotide variants (SNVs) within the Arcobacter population, revealing 10 distinct clusters of SNVs that we defined as Arcobacter "ecotypes", with each displaying distinct temporal dynamics. The most abundant ecotype during stormwater and modelled WWSO events displayed 16S rRNA sequence similarity to A. cryaerophilius, a species previously implicated in human illness. Our findings highlight the diverse environmental drivers of Arcobacter abundance within coastal settings and point to a potentially important, yet overlooked exposure risk of these potential pathogens to humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Carney
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Australia.
| | - Mark V Brown
- School of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, NSW, 2308, Australia
| | - Nachshon Siboni
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Tim Kahlke
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Simon M Mitrovic
- School of Life Sciences, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
| | - Justin R Seymour
- Climate Change Cluster, University of Technology Sydney, Australia
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9
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Simultaneous bioelectricity generation, desalination, organics degradation, and nitrogen removal in air–cathode microbial desalination cells. SN APPLIED SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/s42452-020-1939-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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10
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Characterization of Arcobacter spp. isolated from retail seafood in Germany. Food Microbiol 2019; 82:254-258. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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11
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Mizutani Y, Iehata S, Mori T, Oh R, Fukuzaki S, Tanaka R. Diversity, enumeration, and isolation of Arcobacter spp. in the giant abalone, Haliotis gigantea. Microbiologyopen 2019; 8:e890. [PMID: 31168933 PMCID: PMC6813453 DOI: 10.1002/mbo3.890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 05/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter have been frequently detected in and isolated from bivalves, but there is very little information on the genus Arcobacter in the abalone, an important fishery resource. This study aimed to investigate the genetic diversity and abundance of bacteria from the genus Arcobacter in the Japanese giant abalone, Haliotis gigantea, using molecular methods such as Arcobacter‐specific clone libraries and fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH). Furthermore, we attempted to isolate the Arcobacter species detected. Twelve genotypes of clones were obtained from Arcobacter‐specific clone libraries. These sequences are not classified with any other known Arcobacter species including pathogenic Arcobacter spp., A. butzleri, A. skirrowii, and A. cryaerophilus, commonly isolated or detected from bivalves. From the FISH analysis, we observed that ARC94F‐positive cells, presumed to be Arcobacter, accounted for 6.96 ± 0.72% of all EUB338‐positive cells. In the culture method, three genotypes of Arcobacter were isolated from abalones. One genotype had a similarity of 99.2%–100.0% to the 16S rRNA gene of Arcobacter marinus, while the others showed only 93.3%–94.3% similarity to other Arcobacter species. These data indicate that abalones carry Arcobacter as a common bacterial genus which includes uncultured species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukino Mizutani
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Laboratory of Marine Microbiology, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Shunpei Iehata
- School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Tetsushi Mori
- Department of Biotechnology and Life Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Koganei, Japan
| | - Ryota Oh
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Laboratory of Marine Microbiology, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Satoshi Fukuzaki
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Laboratory of Marine Microbiology, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
| | - Reiji Tanaka
- Graduate School of Bioresources, Laboratory of Marine Microbiology, Mie University, Tsu, Japan
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12
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Kim NH, Park SM, Kim HW, Cho TJ, Kim SH, Choi C, Rhee MS. Prevalence of pathogenic Arcobacter species in South Korea: Comparison of two protocols for isolating the bacteria from foods and examination of nine putative virulence genes. Food Microbiol 2019; 78:18-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fm.2018.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Salas-Massó N, Linh QT, Chin WH, Wolff A, Andree KB, Furones MD, Figueras MJ, Bang DD. The Use of a DNA-Intercalating Dye for Quantitative Detection of Viable Arcobacter spp. Cells (v-qPCR) in Shellfish. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:368. [PMID: 30873146 PMCID: PMC6403187 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Arcobacter (Vandamme et al., 1991), comprised of Campylobacter-related species, are considered zoonotic emergent pathogens. The presence of Arcobacter in food products like shellfish, has an elevated incidence worldwide. In this study, we developed a specific viable quantitative PCR (v-qPCR), using the dye propidium monoazide (PMA), for quantification of the viable Arcobacter spp. cells in raw oysters and mussels. The high selectivity of primers was demonstrated by using purified DNA from 38 different species, 20 of them from the genus Arcobacter. The optimization of PMA concentration showed that 20 μM was considered as an optimal concentration that inhibits the signal from dead cells at different concentrations (OD550 from 0.2 to 0.8) and at different ratios of live: dead cells (50:50 and 90:10). The v-qPCR results from shellfish samples were compared with those obtained in parallel using several culture isolation approaches (i.e., direct plating on marine and blood agar and by post-enrichment culturing in both media). The enrichment was performed in parallel in Arcobacter-CAT broth with and without adding NaCl. Additionally, the v-qPCR results were compared to those obtained with traditional quantitative (qPCR). The v-qPCR and the qPCR resulted in c.a. 94% of positive detection of Arcobacter vs. 41% obtained by culture approaches. When examining the reduction effect resulting from the use of v-qPCR, samples pre-enriched in Arcobacter-CAT broth supplemented with 2.5% NaCl showed a higher reduction (3.27 log copies) than that of samples obtained directly and those pre-enriched in Arcobacter-CAT broth isolation (1.05 and 1.04). When the v-qPCR was applied to detect arcobacter from real shellfish samples, 15/17 samples tested positive for viable Arcobacter with 3.41 to 8.70 log copies 1g-1. This study offers a new tool for Arcobacter surveillance in seafood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Salas-Massó
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciènces Médiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.,IRTA-Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - Quyen Than Linh
- Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Anders Wolff
- Department of Bioengineering and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA-Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | | | - María José Figueras
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciènces Médiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Dang Duong Bang
- Division of Microbiology, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
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Pérez-Cataluña A, Salas-Massó N, Diéguez AL, Balboa S, Lema A, Romalde JL, Figueras MJ. Revisiting the Taxonomy of the Genus Arcobacter: Getting Order From the Chaos. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2077. [PMID: 30233547 PMCID: PMC6131481 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the description of the genus Arcobacter in 1991, a total of 27 species have been described, although some species have shown 16S rRNA similarities below 95%, which is the cut-off that usually separates species that belong to different genera. The objective of the present study was to reassess the taxonomy of the genus Arcobacter using information derived from the core genome (286 genes), a Multilocus Sequence Analysis (MLSA) with 13 housekeeping genes, as well as different genomic indexes like Average Nucleotide Identity (ANI), in silico DNA–DNA hybridization (isDDH), Average Amino-acid Identity (AAI), Percentage of Conserved Proteins (POCPs), and Relative Synonymous Codon Usage (RSCU). The study included a total of 39 strains that represent all the 27 species included in the genus Arcobacter together with 13 strains that are potentially new species, and the analysis of 57 genomes. The different phylogenetic analyses showed that the Arcobacter species grouped into four clusters. In addition, A. lekithochrous and the candidatus species ‘A. aquaticus’ appeared, as did A. nitrofigilis, the type species of the genus, in separate branches. Furthermore, the genomic indices ANI and isDDH not only confirmed that all the species were well-defined, but also the coherence of the clusters. The AAI and POCP values showed intra-cluster ranges above the respective cut-off values of 60% and 50% described for species belonging to the same genus. Phenotypic analysis showed that certain test combinations could allow the differentiation of the four clusters and the three orphan species established by the phylogenetic and genomic analyses. The origin of the strains showed that each of the clusters embraced species recovered from a common or related environment. The results obtained enable the division of the current genus Arcobacter in at least seven different genera, for which the names Arcobacter, Aliiarcobacter gen. nov., Pseudoarcobacter gen. nov., Haloarcobacter gen. nov., Malacobacter gen. nov., Poseidonibacter gen. nov., and Candidate ‘Arcomarinus’ gen. nov. are proposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Pérez-Cataluña
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Nuria Salas-Massó
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Ana L Diéguez
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Sabela Balboa
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Alberto Lema
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Jesús L Romalde
- Departamento de Microbiología y Parasitología, CIBUS-Facultad de Biología, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Maria J Figueras
- Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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15
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Salas-Massó N, Figueras MJ, Andree KB, Furones MD. Do the Escherichia coli European Union shellfish safety standards predict the presence of Arcobacter spp., a potential zoonotic pathogen? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 624:1171-1179. [PMID: 29929229 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.12.178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Revised: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 12/16/2017] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The genus Arcobacter comprises Campylobacter-related species, considered zoonotic emergent pathogens, the presence of which in water has been associated with fecal pollution. Discharges of fecal polluted water into the sea have been considered as one of the main reasons for the presence of Arcobacter in shellfish, and this may represent a risk for public health. In this study, the European Union shellfish food safety criteria based on levels of Escherichia coli were studied in relation to their capacity to predict the presence of Arcobacter species. In addition, the accumulation factor (AF) that measures the concentration ratio between the microbes present in the shellfish and in the water, was also studied for both bacteria. The results show that the presence of E. coli correlated with the presence of the potentially pathogenic species A. butzleri and A. cryaerophilus. However, in 26.1% of the shellfish samples (corresponding to those taken during summer months) E. coli failed to predict the presence of, for instance A. butzleri and A. skirrowii, among other species. In the rest of the samples a significant correlation between the concentration of E. coli and Arcobacter spp. (mussels and oyster; R2=0.744) was found. This study indicates that the presence of E. coli can predict the presence of pathogenic Arcobacter species in shellfish samples harvested from water with temperatures lower than 26.2°C. Consumption of shellfish collected at higher temperatures which may not be permissive to the growth of E. coli but does allow growth of Arcobacter spp., may represent a risk for consumers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuria Salas-Massó
- IRTA Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera Poble Nou, Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain; Unit of Microbiology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - M José Figueras
- Unit of Microbiology, Department of Basic Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, IISPV, University Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain.
| | - Karl B Andree
- IRTA Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera Poble Nou, Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
| | - M Dolors Furones
- IRTA Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Carretera Poble Nou, Km 5.5, 43540 Sant Carles de la Ràpita, Spain
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16
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Pérez-Cataluña A, Salas-Massó N, Figueras MJ. Arcobacter canalis sp. nov., isolated from a water canal contaminated with urban sewage. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2018; 68:1258-1264. [PMID: 29488868 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Four bacterial strains recovered from shellfish (n=3) and from the water (n=1) of a canal contaminated with urban sewage were recognized as belonging to a novel species of the genus Arcobacter (represented by strain F138-33T) by using a polyphasic characterization. All the new isolates required 2 % NaCl to grow. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that all strains clustered together, with the most closely related species being Arcobacter marinus and Arcobactermolluscorum. However, phylogenetic analyses using the concatenated sequences of housekeeping genes (atpA, gyrB, hsp60, gyrA and rpoB) showed that all the novel strains formed a distinct lineage within the genus Arcobacter. Results of in silico DNA-DNA hybridization and the average nucleotide identity between the genome of strain F138-33T and those of the closely related species A. marinus and other relatively closely related species such as A. molluscorum and Arcobacterhalophilus were all below 70 and 96 %, respectively. All the above results, together with the 15 physiological and biochemical tests that could distinguish the newly isolated strains from the closely related species, confirmed that these strains represent a novel species for which the name Arcobacter canalis sp. nov. is proposed, with the type strain F138-33T (=CECT 8984T=LMG 29148T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Pérez-Cataluña
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - Nuria Salas-Massó
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
| | - María José Figueras
- Unitat de Microbiologia, Departament de Ciències Mèdiques Bàsiques, Facultat de Medicina i Ciències de la Salut, IISPV, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Spain
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Ramees TP, Dhama K, Karthik K, Rathore RS, Kumar A, Saminathan M, Tiwari R, Malik YS, Singh RK. Arcobacter: an emerging food-borne zoonotic pathogen, its public health concerns and advances in diagnosis and control - a comprehensive review. Vet Q 2017; 37:136-161. [PMID: 28438095 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2017.1323355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Arcobacter has emerged as an important food-borne zoonotic pathogen, causing sometimes serious infections in humans and animals. Newer species of Arcobacter are being incessantly emerging (presently 25 species have been identified) with novel information on the evolutionary mechanisms and genetic diversity among different Arcobacter species. These have been reported from chickens, domestic animals (cattle, pigs, sheep, horses, dogs), reptiles (lizards, snakes and chelonians), meat (poultry, pork, goat, lamb, beef, rabbit), vegetables and from humans in different countries. Arcobacters are implicated as causative agents of diarrhea, mastitis and abortion in animals, while causing bacteremia, endocarditis, peritonitis, gastroenteritis and diarrhea in humans. Three species including A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus and A. skirrowii are predominantly associated with clinical conditions. Arcobacters are primarily transmitted through contaminated food and water sources. Identification of Arcobacter by biochemical tests is difficult and isolation remains the gold standard method. Current diagnostic advances have provided various molecular methods for efficient detection and differentiation of the Arcobacters at genus and species level. To overcome the emerging antibiotic resistance problem there is an essential need to explore the potential of novel and alternative therapies. Strengthening of the diagnostic aspects is also suggested as in most cases Arcobacters goes unnoticed and hence the exact epidemiological status remains uncertain. This review updates the current knowledge and many aspects of this important food-borne pathogen, namely etiology, evolution and emergence, genetic diversity, epidemiology, the disease in animals and humans, public health concerns, and advances in its diagnosis, prevention and control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thadiyam Puram Ramees
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kuldeep Dhama
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Kumaragurubaran Karthik
- c Central University Laboratory , Tamil Nadu Veterinary and Animal Sciences University , Chennai , India
| | - Ramswaroop Singh Rathore
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ashok Kumar
- a Division of Veterinary Public Health , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Mani Saminathan
- b Division of Pathology , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Ruchi Tiwari
- d Department of Veterinary Microbiology and Immunology, College of Veterinary Sciences , UP Pandit Deen Dayal Upadhayay Pashu Chikitsa Vigyan Vishwavidyalay Evum Go-Anusandhan Sansthan (DUVASU) , Mathura , India
| | - Yashpal Singh Malik
- e Division of Biological Standardization , ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- f ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute (IVRI) , Bareilly , India
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18
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Ferreira S, Oleastro M, Domingues FC. Occurrence, genetic diversity and antibiotic resistance of Arcobacter sp. in a dairy plant. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:1019-1026. [PMID: 28712149 DOI: 10.1111/jam.13538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence, diversity and resistance to antibiotics of Arcobacter sp. in a dairy plant samples. METHODS AND RESULTS A total of 75 samples from dairy plant surfaces and materials and several food products collected in different steps of the cheese production process were analysed by culture, under aerobic and microaerobic atmospheric conditions, and by enrichment molecular detection. Isolates were identified and genotyped by ERIC-PCR, and their susceptibility to nine antibiotics was evaluated by agar dilution. Global prevalence of Arcobacter sp. was 42·7%, where 20 of the 42 food samples analysed were positive for A. butzleri by both culture and molecular detection, one for A. marinus by culture and one for A. cryaerophilus by molecular detection only; 10 of the 30 analysed materials and plant surfaces were positive for A. butzleri. All A. butzleri isolates were resistant to nalidixic acid and showed high resistance rates to ampicillin (56·2%) and cefotaxime (97·9%), being all strains susceptible to gentamicin and erythromycin. CONCLUSIONS Contamination of dairy plant environment with A. butzleri and its progression along cheese production process were observed, however, the cheese ripening process may have a relevant role in the reduction of the contamination. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY This study showed the presence of Arcobacter sp. in a dairy plant, displaying its high prevalence and genetic diversity and highlighting its high resistance rates. The data obtained could contribute to further acknowledge the Arcobacter food contamination as a potential health hazard.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ferreira
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
| | - M Oleastro
- Department of Infectious Diseases, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, National Reference Laboratory for Gastrointestinal Infections, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - F C Domingues
- CICS-UBI-Health Sciences Research Centre, Universidade da Beira Interior, Covilhã, Portugal
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Tanaka R, Cleenwerck I, Mizutani Y, Iehata S, Bossier P, Vandamme P. Arcobacter haliotis sp. nov., isolated from abalone species Haliotis gigantea. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2017; 67:3050-3056. [PMID: 28820118 DOI: 10.1099/ijsem.0.002080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A Gram-negative, aerobic, polar-flagellated and rod-shaped, sometimes slightly curved bacterium, designated MA5T, was isolated from the gut of an abalone of the species Haliotis gigantea collected in Japan. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA, gyrB, hsp60 and rpoB gene sequences placed strain MA5T in the genus Arcobacter in an independent phylogenetic line. Comparison of the 16S rRNA gene sequence of this strain with those of the type strains of the established Arcobacter species revealed A. nitrofigilis (95.1 %) as nearest neighbour. Strain MA5T grew optimally at 25 °C, pH 6.0 to 9.0 and in the presence of 2 to 5 % (w/v) NaCl under both aerobic and microaerobic conditions. The predominant fatty acids found were summed feature 3 (iso-C15 : 0 2-OH and/or C16 : 1 ω7c), C12 : 0 3-OH and C18 : 1 ω7c. Menaquinone-6 (MK-6) and menaquinone-7 (MK-7) were found as the major respiratory quinones. The major polar lipids detected were phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylglycerol. Strain MA5T could be differentiated phenotypically from the phylogenetic closest Arcobacter species by its ability to grow on 0.05 % safranin and 0.01 % 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride (TTC), but not on 0.5 % NaCl. The obtained DNA G+C content of strain MA5T was 27.9 mol%. Based on the phylogenetic, chemotaxonomic and phenotypic distinctiveness of MA5T, this strain is considered to represent a novel species of the genus Arcobacter, for which the name Arcobacter haliotis sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is MA5T (=LMG 28652T=JCM 31147T).
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Affiliation(s)
- Reiji Tanaka
- Laboratory of Marine Microbiology, Mie University, Kurima-machiya 1577, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Ilse Cleenwerck
- BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Campus Ledeganck, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Yukino Mizutani
- Laboratory of Marine Microbiology, Mie University, Kurima-machiya 1577, Tsu, Mie, 514-8507, Japan
| | - Shunpei Iehata
- School of Fisheries and Aquaculture Science, University Malaysia Terengganu, 21030 Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Peter Bossier
- Laboratory of Aquaculture and Artemia Reference Center, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure Links 653, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandamme
- BCCM/LMG Bacteria Collection, Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Ghent University, Campus Ledeganck, K. L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, Campus Ledeganck, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
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20
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Rathlavath S, Kumar S, Nayak BB. Comparative isolation and genetic diversity of Arcobacter sp. from fish and the coastal environment. Lett Appl Microbiol 2017; 65:42-49. [PMID: 28394467 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Arcobacter species are emerging food-borne and water-borne human pathogens associated mostly with food animals and their environment. The present study was aimed to isolate Arcobacter species from fish, shellfish and coastal water samples using two methods and to determine their genetic diversity. Of 201 samples of fish, shellfish and water samples analysed, 66 (32·8%) samples showed the presence of Arcobacter DNA from both Arcobacter enrichment broth and Bolton broth. Arcobacters were isolated from 58 (87·8%) and 38 (57·5%) of Arcobacter DNA-positive samples using Arcobacter blood agar and Preston blood agar, respectively. Arcobacter sp. identified by biochemical tests were further analysed by a genus-specific PCR, followed by a multiplex-PCR and 16S rRNA-RFLP. From both the methods, four different Arcobacter species namely Arcobacter butzleri, Arcobacter skirrowii, Arcobacter mytili and Arcobacter defluvii were isolated, of which A. butzleri was the predominant species. Enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus (ERIC)-PCR fingerprint analysis revealed that the arcobacters isolated in this study were genetically very diverse and no specific genotype was found associated with a specific source (seafood or water). Since pathogenic arcobacters are not known to be natural inhabitants of coastal marine environment, identifying the sources of contamination will be crucial for effective management of this problem. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Arcobacter sp. are emerging food- and water-borne human pathogens. In this study, comparison of two selective media suggested Arcobacter blood agar to be more efficient in yielding Arcobacter sp. from seafood. Furthermore, the isolation of Arcobacter sp. such as Arcobacter butzleri, A. skirrowii, A. mytili and A. defluvii from seafood suggests diverse sources of contamination of seafood by Arcobacter sp. Analysis of enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-PCR patterns of A. butzleri showed high genetic diversity and lack of clonality among the isolates. Arcobacter contamination of seafood is an emerging issue both from seafood safety and seafood trade point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Rathlavath
- Quality Control Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology Department, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, India
| | - S Kumar
- Quality Control Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology Department, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, India
| | - B B Nayak
- Quality Control Laboratory, Post-Harvest Technology Department, ICAR-Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, India
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Leoni F, Chierichetti S, Santarelli S, Talevi G, Masini L, Bartolini C, Rocchegiani E, Naceur Haouet M, Ottaviani D. Occurrence of Arcobacter spp. and correlation with the bacterial indicator of faecal contamination Escherichia coli in bivalve molluscs from the Central Adriatic, Italy. Int J Food Microbiol 2017; 245:6-12. [PMID: 28113092 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2017.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 01/15/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
A total of 162 samples of bivalve molluscs (45 mussels and 117 clams) collected between December 2012 and 2014 from harvesting areas of the Central Adriatic were analysed by a culturing method for the presence of Arcobacter spp. Species identification was performed by PCR and sequencing analysis of a fragment of the rpoB gene. Overall, Arcobacter species were detected in 30% of samples, specifically 33% clams and 22% mussels. A. butzleri was the most common species (20% of the samples), followed by A. cryaerophilus (9%) and A. skirrowii (1%). A seasonal association of A. butzleri contamination was detected. A. butzleri was significantly more commonly recovered from samples collected during the winter-spring period (29%) than from those of the summer-autumn (8%). A. cryaerophilus was cultured from 6% to 11% of the samples collected in summer-autumn and winter-spring, respectively, but these differences were not statistically significant. A. skirrowii was recovered from a sample of mussels harvested in May 2014. To identify associations between the occurrence of Arcobacter spp. and E. coli levels, samples were divided into groups generating results with E. coli at >230MPN/100g and E. coli at ≤230MPN/100g, the latter corresponding to EU microbiological criteria allowed for live bivalve molluscs at retail level. A. butzleri was significantly more commonly detected in samples with higher E. coli levels (48%) than in those with lower levels of E. coli (10%), providing evidence for considering E. coli as an index organism for A. butzleri contamination in bivalve molluscs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Leoni
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy.
| | - Serena Chierichetti
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Sabrina Santarelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Giulia Talevi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Laura Masini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Bartolini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Elena Rocchegiani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - M Naceur Haouet
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
| | - Donatella Ottaviani
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale dell'Umbria e delle Marche, Sezione di Ancona, Laboratorio Nazionale di Riferimento (LNR) per il Controllo delle Contaminazioni Batteriche dei Molluschi Bivalvi Vivi, Via Cupa di Posatora 3, 60126 Ancona, Italy
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The Use of Two Culturing Methods in Parallel Reveals a High Prevalence and Diversity of Arcobacter spp. in a Wastewater Treatment Plant. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:8132058. [PMID: 27981053 PMCID: PMC5131228 DOI: 10.1155/2016/8132058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The genus Arcobacter includes species considered emerging food and waterborne pathogens. Despite Arcobacter has been linked to the presence of faecal pollution, few studies have investigated its prevalence in wastewater, and the only isolated species were Arcobacter butzleri and Arcobacter cryaerophilus. This study aimed to establish the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. at a WWTP using in parallel two culturing methods (direct plating and culturing after enrichment) and a direct detection by m-PCR. In addition, the genetic diversity of the isolates was established using the ERIC-PCR genotyping method. Most of the wastewater samples (96.7%) were positive for Arcobacter and a high genetic diversity was observed among the 651 investigated isolates that belonged to 424 different ERIC genotypes. However, only few strains persisted at different dates or sampling points. The use of direct plating in parallel with culturing after enrichment allowed recovering the species A. butzleri, A. cryaerophilus, Arcobacter thereius, Arcobacter defluvii, Arcobacter skirrowii, Arcobacter ellisii, Arcobacter cloacae, and Arcobacter nitrofigilis, most of them isolated for the first time from wastewater. The predominant species was A. butzleri, however, by direct plating predominated A. cryaerophilus. Therefore, the overall predominance of A. butzleri was a bias associated with the use of enrichment.
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