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Pereira EC, Piai KDA, Salles FJ, Silva ASD, Olympio KPK. A comprehensive analysis of children's blood lead levels in Latin America and the Caribbean over the last eight years: Progress and recommendations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 928:172372. [PMID: 38604359 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2024] [Revised: 03/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024]
Abstract
In 2017 we published a review on blood lead levels (BLL) in children from Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) for data available up to 14th of March 2014 and recommended the identification and control of "lead hot spots". In the present study, an evaluation of progress toward reducing BLL in the region was carried out. A systematic review of the latest literature on lead exposure in the LAC region held on the PubMed, Web of Science and LILACS databases (January 2014 to March 2022) was conducted using the PRISMA methodology. Only original papers published in peer-reviewed English, Spanish, or Portuguese journals were eligible. A total of 558 papers were retrieved, 77 of which met the selection criteria and 31 (40.25 %) were carried out in Mexico. The prevalence of children with BLL above 10 μg. dL-1 was 22.08 % in the previous review versus 6.78 % in the current study. In the present review, the prevalence of children with BLL above 5 μg. dL-1 was 29.62 %, and only one study reported a BLL prevalence rate between 3.3 and 5 μg. dL-1. The highest BLLs were associated with well-known sources or occupational exposures. The number of countries (n = 13) that published data on BLL in children was lower compared to the previous review (n = 16). Most studies were conducted in areas with known lead exposure sources, similar to the earlier review. The percentage of children at risk of lead poisoning in the region remains unknown because few studies have published data on environmental exposure levels and most samples were relatively small. The recommendation to identify and control sources of lead exposure was maintained, while further suggestions for establishing a systematic public health surveillance system for lead were proposed to help reduce the knowledge gap and inform public health policy-making in LAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizeu Chiodi Pereira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Kamila de Almeida Piai
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Fernanda Junqueira Salles
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Faculdade de Saúde Pública, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Agnes Soares da Silva
- Departamento de Vigilância em Saúde Ambiental e Saúde do Trabalhador, Secretaria de Vigilância em Saúde e Ambiente, Ministério da Saúde, Brazil
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Arcega-Cabrera F, León-Aguirre K, Enseñat-Soberanis F, Giácoman-Vallejos G, Rodríguez-Fuentes G, Oceguera-Vargas I, Lamas-Cosío E, Simoes N. Use of Microbiological and Chemical Data to Evaluate the Effects of Tourism on Water Quality in Karstic Cenotes in Yucatan, Mexico. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2023; 111:6. [PMID: 37351721 PMCID: PMC10289987 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-023-03761-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/24/2023]
Abstract
Cenotes are spectacular karst formations in Yucatan, Mexico, often used for recreation. However, their impact on water quality has yet to be explored in detail. Therefore, during Easter, water samples were collected from four cenotes to identify variations in water quality associated with the presence of tourists. PCO of water quality, before (PH) and during Holy Week (HW) in 2019, explained 49.02% of the total variation. The indicators contributing to the first principal coordinate's variation were Sr, K, sulfate, and chloride (0.89). Whereas, alkalinity, temperature, conductivity, nitrate, and ORP contributed to the second PC. PERMANOVA indicated a significant interaction between "cenote" and "condition" factors, and post hoc paired comparisons indicated significant differences between PH and HW conditions. Significant correlations varied among the four cenotes as the result of hydrogeological differences. Whereas, numbers of visitors were correlated with at least one fecal-matter indicator, demonstrating anthropogenic influence on the cenotes' water quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flor Arcega-Cabrera
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo Sisal, Yucatán, 97355, México.
| | - Karina León-Aguirre
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo Sisal, Yucatán, 97355, México
| | - Fernando Enseñat-Soberanis
- Facultad de Ciencias Antropológicas, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Km 1 Carr. Mérida-Tizimin, Mérida, Yucatán, 97305, México
| | - Germán Giácoman-Vallejos
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Industrias No Contaminantes por Anillo Periférico Norte, Apdo. Postal 150, Mérida, Yucatán, México
| | - Gabriela Rodríguez-Fuentes
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo Sisal, Yucatán, 97355, México
| | - Ismael Oceguera-Vargas
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo Sisal, Yucatán, 97355, México
| | - Elizabeth Lamas-Cosío
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo Sisal, Yucatán, 97355, México
| | - Nuno Simoes
- Facultad de Ciencias, UMDI-Sisal, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, Sisal, 97356, Mexico
- International Chair for Coastal and Marine Studies, Harte Research Institute for Gulf of Mexico Studies, Texas A and M University-Corpus Christi, Corpus Christi, TX, 78412, USA
- Laboratorio Nacional de Resiliencia Costera (LANRESC), Laboratorios Nacionales, CONACYT, Sisal, 97356, Mexico
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Arcega-Cabrera F, Sickman JO, Fargher L, Herrera-Silveira J, Lucero D, Oceguera-Vargas I, Lamas-Cosío E, Robledo-Ardila PA. Groundwater Quality in the Yucatan Peninsula: Insights from Stable Isotope and Metals Analysis. GROUND WATER 2021; 59:878-891. [PMID: 33948945 DOI: 10.1111/gwat.13109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 05/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
High surface water-groundwater connectivity characterizes watersheds underlain by karsts, increasing contaminant transport risks. However, karsts are highly complex, making research necessary to understand the transport of contaminants from the surface, through the aquifer, to discharge areas. In Yucatan, the lack of waste water treatment raises the risk of groundwater contamination. We monitored stable isotopes (δ18 O-NO3 and δ15 N-NO3 ), cadmium, and lead to document waste water contamination and transport during the rainy and dry seasons, using water samples collected along the Ring of Cenotes during each season. Specific conductance and pH showed no consistent seasonality, with conductance ranging from 0.5 to 55 mS/cm and pH ranging from 6.6 to 8.6 for most samples. Nitrate concentrations in the cenotes averaged 205 ± 260 μM and no seasonal pattern was observed. Cd and Pb concentrations were 0.1 to 37.9 μg/L and 0.2 to 243.2 μg/L, respectively. Nitrate stable isotope values were 2.6 to 27.2‰ for δ18 O and 1.2 to 20.7‰ for δ15 N. The statistical relationship between δ15 N and δ18 O, in dry season samples, indicated that denitrification was occurring. A scale measure for waste water recognition showed: (1) high variability among sites probably related with dry/rainy seasons and/or diverse anthropogenic activities; and (2) specific water quality variables that contribute to contamination at each site during each season. Importantly, our analyses indicate that in the area surrounding the Ring of Cenotes, waste water exhibits spatial and temporal patterns related to complex transport and dilution processes, as is the case in karsts in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - J O Sickman
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | - L Fargher
- Ecología Humana, Cinvestav del IPN-Unidad Mérida, Km 6 antigua carretera a Progreso, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, Mexico
| | - J Herrera-Silveira
- Recursos del Mar, Cinvestav del IPN-Unidad Mérida, Km 6 antigua carretera a Progreso, Mérida, Yucatán, 97310, Mexico
| | - D Lucero
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of California, Riverside, 900 University Avenue, Riverside, CA, 92521, USA
| | | | | | - P A Robledo-Ardila
- Instituto Geológico y Minero de España, Unidad del IGME en las Islas Baleares, Calle Feliciá Fuster No. 7, Palma de Mallorc, Baleares, 07006, España
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Polanco-Rodríguez AG, Arcega-Cabrera F, Araujo-León JA, Lamas-Cosío E. Organochlorine Pesticides and Potentially Toxic Elements in Groundwater from a Protected Reserve in the Maya Region of Hopelchen, Mexico. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2020; 104:568-574. [PMID: 32322933 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-020-02848-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Water quality degradation by organochlorine pesticides and potentially toxic elements is of worldwide concern. This research explores groundwater conditions, regarding organochlorine pesticides and potentially toxic elements, in Hopelchen, Campeche, which is located in the buffer zone of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve. Unfortunately, agriculture is allowed and agrochemical use is not monitored and sanctioned. Results show that Heptachlor, Endosulfan, and Dieldrin, all recognized carcinogens, had concentrations above the Mexican normative recommended values. Conversely, Cd and Ni concentrations were below recommended values. These results demonstrate that government intervention involving immediate control over agrochemical use is mandatory. Also, the results underscore the contamination of groundwater in several of the Calakmul Biosphere Reserve's buffer zones by organochlorine pesticides concentrations, posing a probable threat for local inhabitants who consume this water and use it for recreation.
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Affiliation(s)
- A G Polanco-Rodríguez
- Centro de Investigaciones Regionales, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - F Arcega-Cabrera
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, 97355, Sisal, Yucatán, México.
| | - J A Araujo-León
- Laboratorio de Cromatografía, Facultad de Química, Universidad Autonoma de Yucatan, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - E Lamas-Cosío
- Unidad de Química en Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo S/N, 97355, Sisal, Yucatán, México
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Limón-Pacheco JH, Jiménez-Córdova MI, Cárdenas-González M, Sánchez Retana IM, Gonsebatt ME, Del Razo LM. Potential Co-exposure to Arsenic and Fluoride and Biomonitoring Equivalents for Mexican Children. Ann Glob Health 2018; 84:257-273. [PMID: 30873793 PMCID: PMC6748235 DOI: 10.29024/aogh.913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mexico is included in the list of countries with concurrent arsenic and fluoride contamination in drinking water. Most of the studies have been carried out in the adult population and very few in the child population. Urinary arsenic and urinary fluoride levels have been accepted as good biomarkers of exposure dose. The Biomonitoring Equivalents (BE) values are useful tools for health assessment using human biomonitoring data in relation to the exposure guidance values, but BE information for children is limited. METHODS We conducted a systematic review of the reported levels of arsenic and fluoride in drinking water, urinary quantification of speciated arsenic (inorganic arsenic and its methylated metabolites), and urinary fluoride levels in child populations. For BE values, urinary arsenic and fluoride concentrations reported in Mexican child populations were revised discussing the influence of factors such as diet, use of dental products, sex, and metabolism. RESULTS Approximately 0.5 and 6 million Mexican children up to 14 years of age drink water with arsenic levels over 10 μg/L and fluoride over 1.5 mg/L, respectively. Moreover, 40% of localities with arsenic levels higher than 10 μg/L also present concurrent fluoride exposure higher than 1.5 mgF/L. BE values based in urinary arsenic of 15 μg/L and urinary fluoride of 1.2 mg/L for the environmentally exposed child population are suggested. CONCLUSIONS An actual risk map of Mexican children exposed to high levels of arsenic, fluoride, and both arsenic and fluoride in drinking water was generated. Mexican normativity for maximum contaminant level for arsenic and fluoride in drinking water should be adjusted and enforced to preserve health. BE should be used in child populations to investigate exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jorge H Limón-Pacheco
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MX
| | | | | | - Ilse M Sánchez Retana
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MX
| | - María E Gonsebatt
- Departamento de Medicina Genómica y Toxicología Ambiental, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, MX
| | - Luz M Del Razo
- Departamento de Toxicología, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, MX
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Zhang X, Wang B, Cui X, Lin C, Liu X, Ma J. Total arsenic concentrations in Chinese children's urine by different geographic locations, ages, and genders. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2018; 40:1027-1036. [PMID: 28447233 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-017-9963-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Little is known about the variation of Chinese children's exposure to arsenic by geography, age, gender, and other potential factors. The main objective of this study was to investigate the total arsenic concentration in Chinese children's urine by geographic locations, ages, and genders. In total, 259 24-h urine samples were collected from 210 2- to 12-year-old children in China and analyzed for total arsenic and creatinine concentrations. The results showed that the upper limit (upper limit of the 90% confidence interval for the 97.5 fractile) was 27.51 µg/L or 55.88 µg/g creatinine for Chinese children. The total urinary arsenic levels were significantly different for children in Guangdong, Hubei, and Gansu provinces (P < 0.05), where the upper limits were 24.29, 58.70, and 44.29 µg/g creatinine, respectively. In addition, the total urinary arsenic levels were higher for 2- to 7-year-old children than for 7- to 12-year-old children (P < 0.05; the upper limits were 59.06 and 44.29 µg/g creatinine, respectively) and higher for rural children than for urban children (P < 0.05; the upper limits were 59.06 and 50.44 µg/g creatinine, respectively). The total urinary arsenic levels for boys were not significantly different from those for girls (P > 0.05), although the level for boys (the upper limit was 59.30 µg/g) was slightly higher than that for girls (the upper limit was 58.64 µg/g creatinine). Because the total urinary arsenic concentrations are significantly different for general populations of children in different locations and age groups, the reference level of total urinary arsenic might be dependent on the geographic site and the child's age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19th, Xinjiekouwai St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Beibei Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19th, Xinjiekouwai St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Xiaoyong Cui
- College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Chunye Lin
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19th, Xinjiekouwai St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Xitao Liu
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, 19th, Xinjiekouwai St, Haidian District, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100875, China
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Arcega-Cabrera F, Fargher L, Quesadas-Rojas M, Moo-Puc R, Oceguera-Vargas I, Noreña-Barroso E, Yáñez-Estrada L, Alvarado J, González L, Pérez-Herrera N, Pérez-Medina S. Environmental Exposure of Children to Toxic Trace Elements (Hg, Cr, As) in an Urban Area of Yucatan, Mexico: Water, Blood, and Urine Levels. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2018; 100:620-626. [PMID: 29508017 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-018-2306-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Merida is the largest urban center in the Mexican State of Yucatan. Here domestic sewage is deposited in poorly built septic tanks and is not adequately treated. Because of contamination from such waste, water from the top 20 m of the aquifer is unsuitable for human consumption. Given this situation and because children are highly vulnerable to environmental pollution, including exposure to toxic trace elements, this study focused on evaluating the exposure of children to arsenic (As), chromium (Cr), and mercury (Hg) in water. It also evaluated the relationship between the levels of these elements in water and their concentrations in urine and blood. Among the 33 children monitored in the study, arsenic surpassed WHO limits for blood in 37% of the cases, which could result from the ingestion of poultry contaminated with organoarsenic compounds. In the case of WHO limits for Mercury, 65% of the water samples analyzed, 28% of urine samples, and 12% of blood samples exceeded them. Mercury exposure was correlated with biological sex, some lifestyle factors, and the zone in Merida in which children live. These data suggest that the levels of some toxic metals in children may be affected by water source, socioeconomic factors, and individual behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Arcega-Cabrera
- Unidad de Química Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo Sisal, 97355, Yucatán, Mexico.
- Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Mérida, km 6 Antigua carretera a Progreso, Cordemex, 97310, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - L Fargher
- Ecología Humana, CINVESTAV-IPN Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Mérida, 97310, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M Quesadas-Rojas
- Unidad de Química Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo Sisal, 97355, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - R Moo-Puc
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional "Ignacio García Téllez" Mérida, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Calle 41 No. 439, Col. Industrial, Mérida, 97150, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - I Oceguera-Vargas
- Unidad de Química Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo Sisal, 97355, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - E Noreña-Barroso
- Unidad de Química Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Puerto de Abrigo Sisal, 97355, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - L Yáñez-Estrada
- Laboratorio de Género, Salud y Ambiente, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, San Luis Potosí, 78210, Mexico
| | - J Alvarado
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Av Itzaes 498, Mérida, 97100, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - L González
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Av Itzaes 498, Mérida, 97100, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - N Pérez-Herrera
- Unidad Interinstitucional de Investigación Clínica y Epidemiológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzaes No. 498 x 59-A, Colonia Centro, Mérida, 97000, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - S Pérez-Medina
- Ecología Humana, CINVESTAV-IPN Mérida, Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso, Mérida, 97310, Yucatán, Mexico
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Arcega-Cabrera F, Fargher LF, Oceguera-Vargas I, Noreña-Barroso E, Yánez-Estrada L, Alvarado J, González L, Moo-Puc R, Pérez-Herrera N, Quesadas-Rojas M, Pérez-Medina S. Water Consumption as Source of Arsenic, Chromium, and Mercury in Children Living in Rural Yucatan, Mexico: Blood and Urine Levels. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2017; 99:452-459. [PMID: 28776191 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-017-2147-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Studies investigating the correlation between metal content in water and metal levels in children are scarce worldwide, but especially in developing nations. Therefore, this study investigates the correlation between arsenic, chromium, and mercury concentrations in drinking and cooking water and in blood and urine samples collected from healthy and supposedly non-exposed children from a rural area in Yucatan, Mexico. Mercury in water shows concentrations above the recommended World Health Organization (WHO) value for drinking and cooking water. Also, 25% of the children show mercury in urine above the WHO recommended value. Multivariate analyses show a significant role for drinking and cooking water as a vector of exposure in children. Also, the factor analysis shows chronic exposure in the case of arsenic, as well as an ongoing detoxification process through urine in the case of mercury. Further studies should be done in order to determine other potential metal exposure pathways among children.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Arcega-Cabrera
- Unidad de Química Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 97355, Puerto de Abrigo Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico.
| | - L F Fargher
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Mérida, Km 6 antigua carretera a Progreso, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - I Oceguera-Vargas
- Unidad de Química Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 97355, Puerto de Abrigo Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - E Noreña-Barroso
- Unidad de Química Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 97355, Puerto de Abrigo Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - L Yánez-Estrada
- Laboratorio de Género, Salud y Ambiente, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, 78210, San Luis Potosí, Mexico
| | - J Alvarado
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Av Itzaes 498, 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - L González
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatan, Av Itzaes 498, 97100, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - R Moo-Puc
- Unidad de Investigación Médica Yucatán, Unidad Médica de Alta Especialidad Hospital de Especialidades Centro Médico Nacional "Ignacio García Téllez" Mérida, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS), Calle 41 No. 439, Col. Industrial, 97150, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - N Pérez-Herrera
- Unidad Interinstitucional de Investigación Clínica y Epidemiológica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Av. Itzaes No. 498 x 59-A, Colonia Centro, 97000, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - M Quesadas-Rojas
- Unidad de Química Sisal, Facultad de Química, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, 97355, Puerto de Abrigo Sisal, Yucatán, Mexico
| | - S Pérez-Medina
- Departamento de Ecología Humana, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN-Unidad Mérida, Km 6 antigua carretera a Progreso, 97310, Mérida, Yucatán, Mexico
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