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Subirana M, Sunyer J, Colom-Cadena A, Bordas A, Casabona J, Gascon M. Monitoring and assessment of CO 2 and NO 2 in schools within the Sentinel Schools Network of Catalonia during the COVID-19 era. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 362:142575. [PMID: 38852629 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024]
Abstract
In response to the global impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, international and national authorities, including those in Catalonia (Spain), recognized the crucial need to ensure proper ventilation in classrooms, emphasizing the importance of safe and healthy indoor environments for face-to-face learning. The present work, conducted within the COVID-19 Sentinel Schools Network of Catalonia (CSSNC) framework, aimed to monitor carbon dioxide (CO2) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) concentrations in 23 schools, ensuring a comprehensive sample regarding educational levels, daily scholar schedules, and classroom typologies distributed across the four provinces of Catalonia. The research spanned three study periods: March and April 2021, October 2021 to January 2022, and March to June 2022. Briefly, 28%, 25%, and 37% of classrooms surpassed the 700 parts per million (ppm) CO2 limit in each study period, respectively. Generally, CO2 averages were lower in preschool classrooms (mean ± SD = 486 ± 106 ppm), while high school classrooms displayed the highest CO2 concentrations (mean ± SD = 710 ± 253 ppm). Moreover, classrooms in towns (<30000 inhabitants) exhibited higher CO2 levels as compared to classrooms from schools located in cities. As for NO2, the highest averages were obtained in urban areas, particularly in the Barcelona metropolitan area (e.g. mean indoor levels of 24.56 μg m-3 as compared to 11.05 μg m-3 in towns). In addition, the Indoor/Outdoor ratio (I/O ratio) in towns was the lowest (0.60). These results, together with the higher concentration of CO2 indoors, could indicate poorer ventilation in town schools. The results of this study are anticipated to contribute to implementing evidence-based measures to improve indoor air quality (IAQ) in educational settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Subirana
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; IMIM (Hospital del Mar Medical Research Insititute), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Andreu Colom-Cadena
- Centre for Epidemiological Studies of Sexually Transmitted Disease and AIDS in Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Anna Bordas
- Centre for Epidemiological Studies of Sexually Transmitted Disease and AIDS in Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Casabona
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain; Centre for Epidemiological Studies of Sexually Transmitted Disease and AIDS in Catalonia (CEEISCAT), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain; Germans Trias i Pujol Research Institute (IGTP), Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mireia Gascon
- ISGlobal, Barcelona, Spain; Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain; CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Barcelona, Spain
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Heidari EA, Sarkhosh M, Alidadi H, Najafpoor AA, Esmaily H, Shamsara E. Assessing VOC emissions from different gas stations: impacts, variations, and modeling fluctuations of air pollutants. Sci Rep 2024; 14:16617. [PMID: 39026008 PMCID: PMC11258221 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-024-67542-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Gas stations distributed around densely populated areas are responsible for toxic pollutant emissions such as volatile organic compounds (VOCs). This study aims to measure VOCs emission from three different kinds of gas stations to determine the extent of pollution from the gas stations and the most frequent type of VOC compound emitted. The concentrations of ambient VOCs at three refueling stations with a different type of fuels in Mashhad were monitored. The result of this study showed that CNG fuel stations are less polluting than petrol stations. In all the studied sites, the highest concentrations were related to xylene isomers, irrespective of the fuel type. Total VOCs at the supply of both compressed natural gas (CNG) and gasoline stations was 482.36 ± 563.45 µg m-3. At a CNG station and a gasoline station, total VOC concentrations were 1363.4 ± 1975 µg m-3 and 410.29 ± 483.37 µg m-3, respectively. The differences in concentrations of toluene and m,p-xylene between the fuel stations can be related to the quality and type of fuel, vapor recovery technology, fuel reserves, dripless nozzles, traffic density in these stations, meteorological conditions and the location of sampling sites. The combination of a sine function and a quadratic function could model the fluctuation behavior of air pollutants like m,p-xylene. In all the sites, the highest concentrations were related to xylene isomers, irrespective of the type of fuel. The changing rate of m,p-xylene pollutant in each station was also modeled in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elham Alsadat Heidari
- Master of Environmental Health Engineering, Health Center of Torbat-e Heydarieh, Torbat-e Heydarieh University of Medical Sciences, Torbat-e Heydarieh, Iran
| | - Maryam Sarkhosh
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hosein Alidadi
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ali Asghar Najafpoor
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Habibollah Esmaily
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
- Department of Biostatistics, Research Health Center, School of Health, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Elham Shamsara
- Management and Social Determinants of Health Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, 91778-99191, Iran
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Tang KT, Chen YS, Lee MF, Chen TT, Lai CC, Lin CC, Chen YH. Exposure to Volatile Organic Compounds May Contribute to Atopic Dermatitis in Adults. Biomedicines 2024; 12:1419. [PMID: 39061993 PMCID: PMC11274632 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines12071419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 06/22/2024] [Accepted: 06/23/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Volatile organic compounds (VOC) are major indoor air pollutants. Previous studies reported an association between VOC exposure and allergic diseases. Here, we aimed to explore the relationship between VOC exposure and atopic dermatitis (AD) in adults. METHODS We prospectively enrolled 31 adult AD patients and 11 healthy subjects as controls. Urine metabolite levels of VOCs, including 1.3-butadiene, acrylamide, benzene, toluene, and xylene, were all determined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The relationship between AD and log-transformed urine levels of VOC metabolites were examined using a multivariate linear regression model adjusted for age and sex. We also treated mouse bone marrow-derived cells (BMMCs) with 1,3-butadiene and toluene and measured the release of β-hexosaminidase. RESULTS Our results demonstrated that creatinine-corrected urine levels of N-Acetyl-S- (3,4-dihydroxybutyl)-L-cysteine (DHBMA), N-Acetyl-S-(2-carbamoyl-2-hydroxyethyl)-L-cysteine (GAMA), and N-Acetyl-S-(benzyl)-L-cysteine (BMA) were all elevated in AD patients compared with controls. In a multivariate linear regression model, creatinine-corrected urine levels of BMA (a toluene metabolite) and DHBMA (a 1,3-butadiene metabolite) appeared elevated in AD patients, although statistical significance was not reached after correction for multiple comparisons. In addition, 1,3-butadiene and toluene could stimulate BMMCs to degranulate as much as compound 48/80. CONCLUSIONS Some VOCs, such as 1,3-butadiene and toluene, might be associated with AD pathogenesis in adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuo-Tung Tang
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Sin Chen
- Graduate Institute of Biotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Science, The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Mey-Fann Lee
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Ting Chen
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Structural Biology and Department of Medical Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 300, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Chen Lai
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Institute of Molecular Biology, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Chinese Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung 404, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Chien Lin
- Ph.D. Program in Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Institute of Biomedical Science, The iEGG and Animal Biotechnology Center, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 404, Taiwan
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsing Chen
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung 407, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Post-Baccalaureate Medicine, College of Medicine, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
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Wang DS, Zhang HZ, Wu SH, Qian ZM, McMillin SE, Bingheim E, Tan WH, Huang WZ, Zhou PE, Liu RQ, Hu LW, Chen GB, Yang BY, Zeng XW, Hu QS, Lin LZ, Dong GH. Association Between Home Renovation and Sleeping Problems Among Children Aged 6-18 Years: A Nationwide Survey in China. Epidemiology 2024; 35:408-417. [PMID: 38261409 DOI: 10.1097/ede.0000000000001719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although the indoor environment has been proposed to be associated with childhood sleep health, to our knowledge no study has investigated the association between home renovation and childhood sleep problems. METHODS The study included 186,470 children aged 6-18 years from the National Chinese Children Health Study (2012-2018). We measured childhood sleeping problems via the Chinese version of the Sleep Disturbance Scale for Children (C-SDSC). Information on home renovation exposure within the recent 2 years was collected via parent report. We estimated associations between home renovation and various sleeping problems, defined using both continuous and categorized (binary) C-SDSC t-scores, using generalized mixed models. We fitted models with city as a random effect variable, and other covariates as fixed effects. RESULTS Out of the overall participants, 89,732 (48%) were exposed to recent home renovations. Compared to the unexposed group, children exposed to home renovations had higher odds of total sleep disorder (odd ratios [OR] = 1.3; 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.2, 1.4). Associations varied when we considered different types of home renovation materials. Children exposed to multiple types of home renovation had higher odds of sleeping problems. We observed similar findings when considering continuous C-SDSC t-scores. Additionally, sex and age of children modified the associations of home renovation exposure with some of the sleeping problem subtypes. CONCLUSIONS We found that home renovation was associated with higher odds of having sleeping problems and that they varied when considering the type of renovation, cumulative exposure, sex, and age differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dao-Sen Wang
- From the Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hong-Zhi Zhang
- From the Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Si-Han Wu
- From the Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng-Min Qian
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO
| | | | - Elizabeth Bingheim
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, College for Public Health & Social Justice, Saint Louis University, Saint Louis, MO
| | - Wei-Hong Tan
- Department of Reproductive Medicine and Genetics Center, The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, China
| | - Wen-Zhong Huang
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Pei-En Zhou
- Department of Public Health & Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1TN, UK
| | - Ru-Qing Liu
- From the Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Wen Hu
- From the Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Gong-Bo Chen
- From the Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo-Yi Yang
- From the Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Wen Zeng
- From the Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian-Sheng Hu
- From the Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Li-Zi Lin
- From the Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Hui Dong
- From the Guangdong Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center of Environmental Pollution and Health Risk Assessment, Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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Wang Z, Yu T, Ye J, Tian L, Lin B, Leng W, Liu C. A novel low sampling rate and cost-efficient active sampler for medium/long-term monitoring of gaseous pollutants. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 461:132583. [PMID: 37741205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/17/2023] [Indexed: 09/25/2023]
Abstract
Active sampling is a dependable approach for gaseous pollutants monitoring, offering high accuracy and precision that is unaffected by environmental factors such as wind and temperature in comparison to passive sampling. To measure long-term average concentrations while minimizing the use of materials, a reduced sampling rate is necessary. Thus, this study aims to develop a novel low sampling rate (down to 1 mL/min) and cost-efficient active sampler (LASP) for medium/long-term monitoring of gaseous pollutants. The LASP mainly consisted of a syringe pump, a Y-shaped fitting with two one-way valves, and a control unit for intermittent operation. Results showed that LASP can obtain a sampling rate of less than 1 mL/min and sampling rate exhibited a high level of stability. Daily average concentrations measurements for nitrogen dioxide and formaldehyde by LASP had normalized mean biases of 2.8% and 5.2%, respectively. These numbers were - 5.8% and 6.1% for weekly-average samplings. This study demonstrated applications of LASP in real outdoor (daily-average) and indoor (weekly-average) air quality measurements. It worked well with low noise levels, and without interfering with occupants' daily activities. LASP can assist in improving our ability to monitor air quality and pollutants emissions, thereby supporting health research and policy development. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPLICATION: Gaseous air pollution is an important hazardous factor threatening human health. Medium/long-term air quality monitoring is essential for outdoor and indoor air quality assessment and control. However, air sampler for medium/long-term sampling is lacking. This study developed a novel low sampling rate and cost-efficient active sampler and applied it to medium/long-term air sampling. The sampler can work at a sampling rate of less than 1 mL/min. This technology provides a feasible strategy for medium/long-term monitoring of gaseous air pollutants in both environments and emission hotspots.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Wang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China
| | - Tao Yu
- Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Jin Ye
- School of Energy and Power, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212100, China
| | - Lei Tian
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Bencheng Lin
- Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin 300050, China
| | - Wenjun Leng
- Wuhan Second Ship Design and Research Institute, Wuhan 430205, China
| | - Cong Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
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Gao C, Yao X, Wang X, Li Z, Wang Y, Xu X, Li L, Zhang X, Fang X. Effects of air pollutants and temperature on the number of asthma outpatient visits in Hohhot, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2024; 34:183-190. [PMID: 36288535 DOI: 10.1080/09603123.2022.2136364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2022] [Accepted: 10/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Although numerous studies have linked asthma to air temperature and pollution, few studies have examined their interactive effects on asthma outpatient visits. This study investigated how air pollutants and their interactions with temperature affect asthma outpatient visits in a city in northern Chinaduring the time period 2018 - 2020 . . As the results, 24,163 asthma outpatients were recorded, a 10-μg/m3 increase in PM10, PM2.5, SO2, and NO2 concentrations was associated with significant increases in visits of 3.47% (95% CI: 2.35%-4.60%), 0.83% (95% CI: 0.36%-1.30%), 3.17% (95% CI: 1.47%-4.90%), and 8.90% (95% CI: 6.09%-11.79%), respectively. The effect was stronger in females than males, and stronger in the elderly (≥65 years) than among the young. The interaction between low temperatures and high air pollution levels significantly increased the number of asthma outpatient visits. This study emphasizesthe importance of reducing air pollution in order to lessen the effects of cold.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenghua Gao
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xing Yao
- Outpatient Department of Medical Department, Inner Mongolia People's Hospital, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xue Wang
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Zichao Li
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Yaping Wang
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xiaoqian Xu
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Lehui Li
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xingguang Zhang
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
| | - Xin Fang
- Public Health College, Inner Mongolia Medical University, Hohhot, Inner Mongolia, China
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Isinkaralar K. Improving the adsorption performance of non-polar benzene vapor by using lignin-based activated carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:108706-108719. [PMID: 37752402 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-30046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
Both indoor and outdoor contamination continually contain benzene vapor. It has primary concerns about long-term health risks to the living environment. Benzene is a crucial airborne pollutant in the environment due to its apparent acute toxicity, high volatility, and poor degradability. It is especially urgent to restrain benzene emissions due to the persistent concentration increase and stringent processes. Benzene adsorption is a highly efficient mechanism with low cost, low energy consumption, and a simple process. In this study, biomass-derived porous carbon materials (TCACs) were synthesized by pyrolysis activation combined with H3PO4, HNO3, and HCl. TCAC44 has the best activation conclusion, showing that surface area and pore volume were 1107 m2/g and 0.58 cm3/g treated with H3PO4 and so was chosen for subsequent benzene adsorption/desorption tests. The adsorption capacities of benzene for TCAC44 were increased from 58 mg/g for 35 °C + 95% RH to 121 mg/g for 25 °C + 15% RH and presented a higher adsorption capacity of benzene than TCAC101 and TCAC133. Otherwise, well recyclability of TCAC44 was revealed as the benzene adsorption capacity reductions were 22.49% after five adsorption-desorption cycles. Furthermore, the present study established the property-application relationships to promote and encourage future research on the newly synthesized innovative TCAC44 for benzene removal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Isinkaralar
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Architecture, Kastamonu University, 37150, Kastamonu, Türkiye.
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Alghariri LA, Alanzi RS, Albalwi RO, Garot LF, Alqbali HS, Mohamed MS. Assessment of Saudi Society's Awareness of the Hazards of Scented Candles and Air Fresheners. Pak J Biol Sci 2023; 26:510-515. [PMID: 38110556 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2023.510.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
<b>Background and Objective:</b> Air fresheners and scented candles are dangerous for human health and the environment. They are associated with allergies and irritation for a weak respiratory system. This study was conducted to determine the extent of community awareness of the toxicity associated with scented candles and air fresheners. <b>Materials and Methods:</b> This study uses a questionnaire from March, 2023 to June, 2023. The study questionnaire, which was completed by 1667 participants, assesses the degree of knowledge, habits and diseases connected to scents and candles. Descriptive statistics, including percentages, were used. <b>Results:</b> It was discovered that, on average, 568 (34.1%) people are unaware that candles contain chemicals. As 1497 (89.8%) are prepared to replace them with natural and safer candles, while 163 (9.8%) consulted a doctor after exposure to candles because of respiratory allergies; 1093 (65.5%) do not care to check the ingredients before buying a candle and 854 (51.2%) are unaware that candles might cause long-term damage. <b>Conclusion:</b> A significant portion of participants were unaware of the dangers of scented candles and air fresheners. There is no link between respiratory allergies and the substances present in these candles, but it has been proven that most participants are ready to change and use natural alternatives.
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Hashim JH, Hashim Z, Hod R, Jalaludin J, Mohamed N, Karuppannan S, Mazeli AR, Sahrani S, Zulkaflli ZA. A priority list of environmental health issues for Malaysia. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2023; 38:349-359. [PMID: 35468665 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2022-0030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Environmental risk factors contribute to 24% of the global burden of disease from all causes in disability-adjusted life years (DALYs), and to 23% of all global deaths. Malaysia being an advanced developing country, there is a need to prioritise environmental health issues to enable environmental health practitioners to focus on the most significant and urgent environmental health concerns. CONTENT This project was undertaken by a Thematic Working Group on Environmental Health Experts (TWG 10) under the Malaysian National Environmental Health Action Plan. Sixteen pre-selected environmental health issues were presented to a two focus group discussions among 20 environmental health and related professionals who then scored each issue on its magnitude and severity scale. SUMMARY The total of these scores generated a list of priority environmental health issues for Malaysia. Children environmental health came out as the environmental health issue of the highest priority. OUTLOOK We hope that this list of priority environmental health issues will be used for prioritising academic and professional manpower training, research funding allocation and planning for intervention programmes by various stakeholders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jamal Hisham Hashim
- Department of Environmental Health and Occupational Safety, Universiti Selangor, Shah Alam Campus, Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zailina Hashim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Rozita Hod
- Department of Community Health, National University of Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Juliana Jalaludin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Norlen Mohamed
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Subramaniam Karuppannan
- Environmental Management and Research Association of Malaysia, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Ahmad Riadz Mazeli
- Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
| | - Suhaily Sahrani
- Engineering Services Division, Ministry of Health Malaysia, Putrajaya, Malaysia
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Al Khathlan N, Basuwaidan M, Al Yami S, Al-Saif F, Al-Fareed S, Ansari K. Extent of exposure to scented candles and prevalence of respiratory and non-respiratory symptoms amongst young university students. BMC Public Health 2023; 23:80. [PMID: 36631840 PMCID: PMC9832800 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-023-15001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Incense burning such as scented candles are commonly used in Arabian Gulf regions as it is thought to produce relaxing effects on people's mood. This study is conducted to examine the prevalence of scented candles' usage, extent of exposure and its effects on individuals' health based on symptoms prevalence in young university students. MATERIAL AND METHOD A cross-sectional study was conducted on university students from different regions in Saudi Arabia. Data was collected in March 2020 using an online questionnaire survey adapted from The European Community Respiratory Health Survey-II (ECRHS-II). Inclusion criterion for recruitment was students with non-smoking status. Descriptive statistics were used to report demographic data on the extent of exposure to scented candles (in terms of frequency and duration) and the presence of symptoms. Multiple logistic regression analysis was used to assess the relationship between scented candles exposure and respiratory and other health-related problems. RESULTS The prevalence of scented candles usage was 65.7% (472/718) among the respondents. However, its pervasiveness was significantly higher in females than in male respondents (74.9% vs. 28.4%; p = 0.0001). Among the scented candle users, 34.8% of the respondents used the scented candles more than 4 times a month and 40.2% of the respondents lit the scented candles for 20-40 min. A total of 117 (24.8%) respondents reported health-related problem and the top three health problems were headache 72 (15.2%), shortness of breath 42 (8.9%) and cough 37 (7.8%). The scented candle usage 5-6 times a week showed significantly lower wheezing (OR = 0.10, 95%CI 0.02-0.54, p = 0.008). The duration of more than 60 min of scented candle exposure showed higher occurrence of headache 1.42 times (95% CI = 0.68-2.96), sneezing 1.29 times (95% CI = 0.42-4.00) and wheezing 1.23 times (95% CI = 0.48-3.13), though the association was not significant. CONCLUSION The results show that scented candle usage is more prevalent among female university students in Saudi Arabia. The common health-related problems associated with scented candle exposure were headache, shortness of breath and coughing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Al Khathlan
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Respiratory Care, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Meaad Basuwaidan
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Respiratory Care, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sarah Al Yami
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Respiratory Care, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fatimah Al-Saif
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Respiratory Care, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Salam Al-Fareed
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Respiratory Care, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Ansari
- grid.411975.f0000 0004 0607 035XDepartment of Respiratory Care, College of Applied Medical Sciences, Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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Yang DL, Zhang ZN, Liu H, Yang ZY, Liu MM, Zheng QX, Chen W, Xiang P. Indoor air pollution and human ocular diseases: Associated contaminants and underlying pathological mechanisms. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 311:137037. [PMID: 36349586 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.137037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2022] [Revised: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
People spend a long time indoors, especially young children. The risk of indoor pollution on human health is one of the current hotspots in environmental and public health. The human ocular surface is highly susceptible to indoor environment quality. Epidemiological data have linked human ophthalmological disorders with exposure to indoor pollution. In this review, we summarized the adverse impacts of indoor pollution on the human ocular surface. Several studies demonstrated that indoor contaminants including particulate matter, volatile/semi-volatile organic compounds, heavy metals, and fuel combustion and cigarette smoke exposure were associated with the incidence of human dry eye, conjunctivitis, glaucoma, cataracts, age-related macular degeneration, and keratitis. In addition, toxicological investigations revealed that indoor pollution-induced induced chronic inflammation, oxidative damage, and disruption of tight junctions are the main underlying pathological mechanisms for ocular surface diseases. Taken together, this review may expand the understanding of pollution-induced eye disorder and highlight the importance of reducing associated contaminants to decrease their detrimental effects on human eyes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan-Lei Yang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Zhen-Ning Zhang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Hai Liu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Eye Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Zi-Yue Yang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China
| | - Mi-Mi Liu
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Qin-Xiang Zheng
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China
| | - Wei Chen
- The Affiliated Ningbo Eye Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Ningbo, 315040, China.
| | - Ping Xiang
- Yunnan Province Innovative Research Team of Environmental Pollution, Food Safety, and Human Health, School of Ecology and Environment, Southwest Forestry University, Kunming, 650224, China.
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Isa KNM, Jalaludin J, Hashim Z, Than LTL, Hashim JH, Norbäck D. Fungi composition in settled dust associated with fractional exhaled nitric oxide in school children with asthma. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 853:158639. [PMID: 36089033 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Fungi exposure has been significantly linked to respiratory illness. However, numerous fungi taxa that are potentially allergenic still undocumented and leave a barrier to establishing a clear connection between exposure and health risks. This study aimed to evaluate the association of fungi composition in settled dust with fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) levels among school children with doctor-diagnosed asthma. A cross-sectional study was undertaken among secondary school students in eight schools in the urban area of Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 470 school children (aged 14 years old) were randomly selected and their FeNO levels were measured and allergic skin prick tests were conducted. The settled dust samples were collected and analysed by using metagenomic technique to determine the fungi composition. The general linear regression with complex sampling was employed to determine the interrelationship. In total, 2645 fungal operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were characterised from the sequencing process which belongs to Ascomycota (60.7 %), Basidiomycota (36.4 %), Glomeromycota (2.9 %) and Chytridiomycota (0.04 %). The top five mostly abundance in all dust samples were Aspergillus clavatus (27.2 %), followed by Hyphoderma multicystidium (12.2 %), Verrucoconiothyrium prosopidis (9.4 %), Ganoderma tuberculosum (9.2 %), and Heterochaete shearii (7.2 %). The regression results indicated that A. clavatus, Brycekendrickomyces acaciae, Candida parapsilosis, Hazslinszkyomyces aloes, H. multicystidium, H. shearii, Starmerella meliponinorum, V. prosopidis were associated in increased of FeNO levels among the asthmatic group at 0.992 ppb (95 % CI = 0.34-1.68), 2.887 ppb (95 % CI = 2.09-3.76), 0.809 ppb (95 % CI = 0.14-1.49), 0.647 ppb (95 % CI = 0.36-0.94), 1.442 ppb (95 % CI = 0.29-2.61), 1.757 ppb (95 % CI = 0.59-2.87), 1.092 ppb (95 % CI = 0.43-1.75) and 1.088 ppb (95 % CI = 0.51-1.62), respectively. To our knowledge, this is a new finding. The findings pointed out that metagenomics profiling of fungi could enhance our understanding of a complex interrelation between rare and unculturable fungi with airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Nizam Mohd Isa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia; Environmental Health Research Cluster (EHRc), Environmental Healthcare Section, Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, 43000 Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Juliana Jalaludin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Zailina Hashim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Medical Microbiology & Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, 43400 Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jamal Hisham Hashim
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Life Science, Universiti Selangor, Shah Alam Campus, Seksyen 7, 40000 Shah Alam, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Dan Norbäck
- Department of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Uppsala University Hospital, Uppsala University, 75185 Uppsala, Sweden
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Qiao R, Lou X, Sun Y, Liu Y. Effects of occupant behaviors on perceived dormitory air quality and sick building syndrome symptoms among female college students. INDOOR AIR 2022; 32:e13153. [PMID: 36437662 DOI: 10.1111/ina.13153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
We performed a cross-sectional survey of 2143 female students in a university in Tianjin, China regarding perceived air quality (PAQ) and sick building syndrome (SBS) symptoms in the student dormitory. The prevalence of general, mucosal, and skin symptoms was 22.1%, 21.9%, and 26.3%, respectively. The three most prevalent PAQ complaints were "dry air" (48.9% often), "stuffy odor" (18.2%), and "other unpleasant odors" (5.1%), and they were significant risk factors for 11-12 out of 12 SBS symptoms (adjusted odds ratios [AOR]: 1.6-5.8). Survey data of 1471 undergraduates, whose dorms were of uniform layout and furnishing, were used to further investigate the influences of occupancy level and occupant behaviors on PAQ and SBS symptoms. Frequent use of air freshener/perfume was a significant risk factor for "dry air," less frequent room cleaning and higher occupancy density were significant risk factors for "stuffy odor," and less natural ventilation was a significant risk factor for both "stuffy odor" and "pungent odor." These factors were also significantly associated with some SBS symptoms. In particular, the use of air freshener/perfume exhibited a significant dose-response pattern with "fatigue" (sometimes: AOR 1.3; often: AOR 2.0) and with "irritated, stuffy, or runny nose" (sometimes: AOR 1.6; often: AOR 2.2).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruohong Qiao
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
| | - Xinyuan Lou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Yingjun Liu
- College of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, China
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Effect of allergic rhinitis on sleep in children and the risk factors of an indoor environment. Sleep Breath 2022; 26:1265-1275. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-021-02546-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 11/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Surawattanasakul V, Sirikul W, Sapbamrer R, Wangsan K, Panumasvivat J, Assavanopakun P, Muangkaew S. Respiratory Symptoms and Skin Sick Building Syndrome among Office Workers at University Hospital, Chiang Mai, Thailand: Associations with Indoor Air Quality, AIRMED Project. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:10850. [PMID: 36078565 PMCID: PMC9518424 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191710850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Sick building syndrome (SBS) is the term used to describe the medical condition in which people in a building suffer from symptoms of illnesses for no apparent reason. SBS was found to be associated with indoor air quality (IAQ) but there are a variety of determinants (buildings, in particular). Identifying and controlling factors related to SBS is crucial for improving worker health and efficiency. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate (1) the prevalence of respiratory symptoms and skin SBS and (2) their associations with IAQ among office workers in administrative offices in an academic medical institute. A self-reporting questionnaire assessing the worker's characteristics, working conditions, and perception of working environments was used. The building assessment was via a walk-through survey and IAQ measurement. Of 290 office workers, 261 (90%) in 25 offices of 11 buildings took part in the survey. The highest prevalence of SBS was nasal symptoms (25.3%). We found that to reduce the risk of SBS, optimal air temperature levels in air-conditioned offices should be lower than 23 °C, with relative humidity between 60% and 70%. Lowering indoor CO2 levels below 700 ppm may be indicative of adequate ventilation to prevent SBS by reducing worker discomfort and indoor contaminants (e.g., formaldehyde).
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Affiliation(s)
- Vithawat Surawattanasakul
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Wachiranun Sirikul
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Center of Data Analytics and Knowledge Synthesis for Health Care, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Ratana Sapbamrer
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kampanat Wangsan
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Jinjuta Panumasvivat
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Pheerasak Assavanopakun
- Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Supang Muangkaew
- Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
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Mohd Isa KN, Jalaludin J, Mohd Elias S, Mohamed N, Hashim JH, Hashim Z. Evaluation of the Relationship between Fractional Exhaled Nitric Oxide (FeNO) with Indoor PM 10, PM 2.5 and NO 2 in Suburban and Urban Schools. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19084580. [PMID: 35457448 PMCID: PMC9031949 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19084580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Numerous epidemiological studies have evaluated the association of fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) and indoor air pollutants, but limited information available of the risks between schools located in suburban and urban areas. We therefore investigated the association of FeNO levels with indoor particulate matter (PM10 and PM2.5), and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) exposure in suburban and urban school areas. A comparative cross-sectional study was undertaken among secondary school students in eight schools located in the suburban and urban areas in the district of Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. A total of 470 school children (aged 14 years old) were randomly selected, their FeNO levels were measured, and allergic skin prick tests were conducted. The PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and carbon dioxide (CO2), temperature, and relative humidity were measured inside the classrooms. We found that the median of FeNO in the school children from urban areas (22.0 ppb, IQR = 32.0) were slightly higher as compared to the suburban group (19.5 ppb, IQR = 24.0). After adjustment of potential confounders, the two-level hierarchical multiple logistic regression models showed that the concentrations of PM2.5 were significantly associated with elevated of FeNO (>20 ppb) in school children from suburban (OR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.17−1.72) and urban (OR = 1.30, 95% CI = 1.10−1.91) areas. Despite the concentrations of NO2 being below the local and international recommendation guidelines, NO2 was found to be significantly associated with the elevated FeNO levels among school children from suburban areas (OR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.06−1.17). The findings of this study support the evidence of indoor pollutants in the school micro-environment associated with FeNO levels among school children from suburban and urban areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Nizam Mohd Isa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.N.M.I.); (S.M.E.); (Z.H.)
- Environmental Health Research Cluster (EHRc), Environmental Healthcare Section, Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Juliana Jalaludin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.N.M.I.); (S.M.E.); (Z.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +603-97692397
| | - Saliza Mohd Elias
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.N.M.I.); (S.M.E.); (Z.H.)
| | - Norlen Mohamed
- Environmental Health Unit, Level 2, E3, Disease Control Division, Ministry of Health, Putrajaya 62590, Wilayah Persekutuan Putrajaya, Malaysia;
| | - Jamal Hisham Hashim
- Department of Health Sciences, Faculty of Engineering and Life Science, Universiti Selangor, Shah Alam Campus, Seksyen 7, Shah Alam 40000, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Zailina Hashim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.N.M.I.); (S.M.E.); (Z.H.)
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He Y, Zhang S, Wei X, Shang S, Wang Y, Zhang R, Guo J, Sun M, Li Y, Ma Y. A high environmental composite quality factor score was associated with the risk of sick building syndrome among adults in northeast China. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2022; 306:114458. [PMID: 35045379 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.114458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Epidemiological evidence regarding the association between the combination of indoor and outdoor neighborhood pollution and sick building syndrome (SBS) among adults is limited and inconsistent. A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the association between the environmental composite quality factor score and SBS among adults. METHODS This study included 2594 females and 666 males aged 18-77 years enrolled from the Northeast China. The environmental composite quality factor score was computed based on factors potentially associated with SBS risk, including the outdoor neighborhood pollution sources (the housing on the street, the presence of pollutants within 100 m of the house (gutters, garbage stations, noise, chemical pollution, and dust pollution), and the presence of arterial roads, factories, and chimneys) and indoor pollution sources (redecoration, clean fuel used for heating/cooking, cooking oil fume (COF) outside kitchen, using of mosquito coil or repellent, and using of incense). We performed multivariate logistic regression analysis to calculate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95%CIs) between environmental composite quality factor score, indoor pollution composite factor score, outdoor neighborhood pollution composite factor score, and SBS adjustment for covariates. Further, we also did the stratified analysis and constructed a weighted score to verify the results. RESULTS Compared with the lowest environmental composite quality factor score, the ORs of the highest scores were: 1.58 (95% CI, 1.20-2.27, Ptrend = 0.001) for general symptoms; 1.73 (95% CI, 1.35-2.23, Ptrend < 0.001) for mucosal symptoms and 1.75 (95% CI, 1.34-2.29, Ptrend < 0.001) for dermal symptoms and 1.81 (95% CI, 1.36-2.42, Ptrend < 0.001) for all of the three symptoms. We also observed similar patterns with the using of weighted scores and stratified analysis. CONCLUSION Higher exposure to indoor pollution sources and outdoor pollution sources near the residence may be associated with a higher risk of SBS in adults in northeast China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu He
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shen Zhang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Xinzhe Wei
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Shufei Shang
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Yewei Wang
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
| | - Ruochen Zhang
- Department of Chronic Disease Epidemiology, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, USA
| | - Jia Guo
- Clinical Medicine Science, Second Clinical College of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Mingli Sun
- General Party Branch of the Second Clinical Department, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Ye Li
- Department of Social Medicine, School of Health Management, Harbin Medical University, Heilongjiang, PR China
| | - Yanan Ma
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Public Health, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China.
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Hu D, Tobon Y, Agostini A, Grosselin B, Chen Y, Robin C, Yahyaoui A, Colin P, Mellouki A, Daële V. Diurnal variation and potential sources of indoor formaldehyde at elementary school, high school and university in the Centre Val de Loire region of France. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152271. [PMID: 34902409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is one of the abundant indoor pollutants and has been classified as a human carcinogen by the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). Indoor HCHO at schools is particularly important due to the high occupancy density and the health effects on children. In this study, high time resolved measurement of formaldehyde concentration was conducted in the classrooms at elementary school, high school and university under normal students' activities in three different locations in the Region Centre Val de Loire-France. Indoor average formaldehyde concentrations at those three educational institutions were observed to be in the range 10.96-17.95 μg/m3, not exceeding the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline value of 100 μg/m3. As expected, ventilation was found playing an important role in the control of indoor formaldehyde concentration. After opening windows for 30 min, formaldehyde level decreased by ~25% and 38% in the classroom at the elementary school and the high school, respectively. In addition to the primary sources, the objective of this study was also to determine potential secondary sources of indoor formaldehyde in these schools by measuring the other volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in the classrooms by a Proton Transfer Reaction Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (PTR-ToF-MS). The measurements suggest that the release of residue from tobacco smokers is one of the major sources of indoor HCHO at the high school, which increases HCHO by ~55% averagely within 1 h. Moreover, the control experiments conducted in the university suggests that VOCs such as that released from cleaning products like terpenes, can contribute to the increase of indoor formaldehyde levels through chemical reactions with ozone. This study confirms simple recommendations to reduce the indoors HCHO concentration in schools: use ventilation systems, limit the emissions like cigarette smoke or cleaning products. It also points out that the secondary sources of formaldehyde must be also considered in the classroom.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dawei Hu
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ICARE-CNRS/INSIS, 1C, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France; Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Manchester, UK.
| | - Yeny Tobon
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ICARE-CNRS/INSIS, 1C, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Aymeric Agostini
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ICARE-CNRS/INSIS, 1C, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Benoit Grosselin
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ICARE-CNRS/INSIS, 1C, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Ying Chen
- Lancaster Environment Centre (LEC), Lancaster University, UK
| | - Corinne Robin
- Lig'Air - Réseau de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre, 260, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Abderrazak Yahyaoui
- Lig'Air - Réseau de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre, 260, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Patrice Colin
- Lig'Air - Réseau de surveillance de la qualité de l'air en région Centre, 260, Avenue de la Pomme de Pin, 45590 Saint-Cyr-en-Val, France
| | - Abdelwahid Mellouki
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ICARE-CNRS/INSIS, 1C, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France
| | - Véronique Daële
- Institut de Combustion, Aérothermique, Réactivité et Environnement, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, ICARE-CNRS/INSIS, 1C, Avenue de la Recherche Scientifique, 45071 Orléans cedex 2, France.
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Synthesis and Characterization of ZnO/CuO Nanocomposites as an Effective Photocatalyst and Gas Sensor for Environmental Remediation. J Inorg Organomet Polym Mater 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s10904-021-02178-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Experimental Research on NO 2 Viscosity and Absorption for (1-Ethyl-3-methylimidazolium Trifluoroacetate + Triethanolamine) Binary Mixtures. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26226953. [PMID: 34834045 PMCID: PMC8620407 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26226953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Revised: 11/01/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The viscosity (9.34–405.92 mPa·s) and absorption capacity (0.4394–1.0562 g·g−1) of (1-ethyl-3-methylidazolium trifluoroacetate + triethanolamine) binary blends atmospheric pressure in the temperature range of 303.15–343.15 K and at different mole fractions of [EMIM] [TFA] have been carried out. The molar fraction of [EMIM] [TFA] dependence of the viscosity and absorption capacity was demonstrated. The addition of a small amount of [EMIM] [TFA] into TEA led to rapidly decreased rates of binary blends’ viscosity and absorption capacity. However, the viscosity and absorption of binary blends did not decrease significantly when [EMIM] [TFA] was increased to a specific value. Compared with the molar fraction of the solution, the temperature had no obvious effect on viscosity and absorption capacity. By modeling and optimizing the ratio of viscosity and absorption capacity of ([EMIM] [TFA] + TEA), it is proven that when the mole fraction of [EMIM] [TFA] is 0.58, ([EMIM] [TFA] + TEA) has the best viscosity and absorption capacity at the same time. In addition, at 303.15 K, ([EMIM] [TFA] + TEA) was absorbed and desorbed six times, the absorption slightly decreased, and the desorption increased.
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21
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Vollet Martin KA, Lin EZ, Hilbert TJ, Godri Pollitt KJ, Haynes EN. Survey of airborne organic compounds in residential communities near a natural gas compressor station: Response to community concern. ENVIRONMENTAL ADVANCES 2021; 5:100076. [PMID: 36185588 PMCID: PMC9523739 DOI: 10.1016/j.envadv.2021.100076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Natural gas compressor stations are located throughout the country and are used to maintain gas flow and ensure continuous distribution through the pipeline network. Compressor stations emit many air contaminants including volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs). While the serious health effects associated with the inhalation of elevated pollutant levels are clear, the relationship between proximity to natural gas compressor stations and residential health effects is not well understood. Community members living near a natural gas compressor station in Eastern Ohio expressed concerns regarding their air quality; therefore, the objective of this study was to assess exposure to airborne organics in residential air near the compressor station. METHODS Our team conducted a 24-hour air sampling campaign to assess outdoor and indoor air contaminant levels at 4 homes near the Williams Salem Compressor Station in Jefferson County, Ohio. Air quality was assessed using two techniques: 1) summa canisters to quantify VOC concentrations and 2) passive air samplers to evaluate a broader panel of VOCs and SVOCs. RESULTS Among the three homes situated < 2 km from the compressor station, indoor benzene levels were 2-17 times greater than the Ohio Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) indoor standard due to vapor intrusion. Multiple other VOCs, including ethylbenzene, 1,2,4-trimethylbenzene, 1,2 dichloroethane, 1,3 butadiene, chloroform, and naphthalene also exceeded state standards for indoor concentrations. Several SVOCs were also detected inside and outside participants' homes, including benzene and naphthalene derivatives. CONCLUSION Our results validate the community members' concerns and necessitate a more comprehensive epidemiological investigation into the exposures associated with natural gas compressor stations and methods to mitigate elevated exposures.Alarming levels of VOCS were detected inside of homes. Further research is needed to determine the source of VOC exposure and potential health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlin A. Vollet Martin
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
| | - Elizabeth Z. Lin
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Timothy J. Hilbert
- College of Medicine, Department of Environmental Health, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, United States
| | - Krystal J. Godri Pollitt
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Yale School of Public Health, New Haven, CT 06520, United States
| | - Erin N. Haynes
- Department of Epidemiology, College of Public Health, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, United States
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Fu X, Yuan Q, Zhu X, Li Y, Meng Y, Hashim JH, Hashim Z, Ali F, Zheng YW, Lai XX, Spangfort MD, Wen H, Wang L, Deng F, Hu Q, Norbäck D, Sun Y. Associations between the indoor microbiome, environmental characteristics and respiratory infections in junior high school students of Johor Bahru, Malaysia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2021; 23:1171-1181. [PMID: 34278392 DOI: 10.1039/d1em00115a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Pathogens are commonly present in the human respiratory tract, but symptoms are varied among individuals. The interactions between pathogens, commensal microorganisms and host immune systems are important in shaping the susceptibility, development and severity of respiratory diseases. Compared to the extensive studies on the human microbiota, few studies reported the association between indoor microbiome exposure and respiratory infections. In this study, 308 students from 21 classrooms were randomly selected to survey the occurrence of respiratory infections in junior high schools of Johor Bahru, Malaysia. Vacuum dust was collected from the floor, chairs and desks of these classrooms, and high-throughput amplicon sequencing (16S rRNA and ITS) and quantitative PCR were conducted to characterize the absolute concentration of the indoor microorganisms. Fifteen bacterial genera in the classes Actinobacteria, Alphaproteobacteria, and Cyanobacteria were protectively associated with respiratory infections (p < 0.01), and these bacteria were mainly derived from the outdoor environment. Previous studies also reported that outdoor environmental bacteria were protectively associated with chronic respiratory diseases, such as asthma, but the genera identified were different between acute and chronic respiratory diseases. Four fungal genera from Ascomycota, including Devriesia, Endocarpon, Sarcinomyces and an unclassified genus from Herpotrichillaceae, were protectively associated with respiratory infections (p < 0.01). House dust mite (HDM) allergens and outdoor NO2 concentration were associated with respiratory infections and infection-related microorganisms. A causal mediation analysis revealed that the health effects of HDM and NO2 were partially or fully mediated by the indoor microorganisms. This is the first study to explore the association between environmental characteristics, microbiome exposure and respiratory infections in a public indoor environment, expanding our understanding of the complex interactions among these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi Fu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Protein Function and Regulation in Agricultural Organisms, College of Life Sciences, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510642, PR China.
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Norbäck D, Hashim Z, Ali F, Hashim JH. Asthma symptoms and respiratory infections in Malaysian students-associations with ethnicity and chemical exposure at home and school. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 197:111061. [PMID: 33785322 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Revised: 02/20/2021] [Accepted: 03/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Little is known on respiratory effects of indoor chemicals in the tropics. We investigated associations between asthma and respiratory infections in Malaysian students and chemical exposure at home and at school. Moreover, we investigated differences in home environment between the three main ethnic groups in Malaysia (Malay, Chinese, Indian). Totally, 462 students from 8 junior high schools in Johor Bahru participated (96% participation rate). The students answered a questionnaire on health and home environment. Climate, carbon dioxide (CO2), volatile organic compounds (VOC), formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide (NO2) were measured inside and outside the schools. Multilevel logistic regression was applied to study associations between exposure and health. Totally 4.8% were smokers, 10.3% had wheeze, 9.3% current asthma, and had 18.8% any respiratory infection in the past 3 months. Malay students had more dampness or mould (p < 0.001), more environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) (p < 0.001) and more cats (p < 0.001) at home as compared to Chinese or Indian students. Wheeze was associated with ethnicity (p = 0.02; lower in Indian), atopy (p = 0.002), current smoking (p = 0.02) and recent indoor painting at home (p = 0.03). Current asthma was associated with ethnicity (p = 0.001; lower in Chinese) and para-dichlorobenzene in classroom air (p = 0.008). Respiratory infections were related to atopy (p = 0.002), ethylbenzene (p = 0.02) and para-dichlorobenzene (p = 0.01) in classroom air. Para-dichlorobenzene is used in Asia against insects. In conclusion, chemical emissions from recent indoor painting at home can increase the risk of wheeze. In schools, para-dichlorobenzene can increase the risk of current asthma and respiratory infections while ethylbenzene can increase the risk of respiratory infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Norbäck
- Uppsala University, Department of Medical Science, Occupational and Environmental Medicine, University Hospital, 75185, Uppsala, Sweden.
| | - Zailina Hashim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400, UPM, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Faridah Ali
- Primary Care Unit, Johor State Health Department, 80100, Johor Bahru, Malaysia
| | - Jamal Hisham Hashim
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Universiti Selangor, 40000, Shah Alam, Malaysia; Department of Community Health, National University of Malaysia, 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Sheng Q, Song M, Zhu Z, Cao F. Physiological and biochemical responses of two precious Carpinus species to high-concentration NO 2 stress and their natural recovery. Sci Rep 2021; 11:9500. [PMID: 33947881 PMCID: PMC8096962 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84702-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Carpinus betulus and Carpinus putoensis are precious species in the world. Studies on the ecosystem function of the two species are rare. This study investigated the physiological and biochemical responses of C. betulus and C. putoensis to NO2 stress and their natural recovery. C. betulus and C. putoensis seedlings underwent fumigation with 12.0 mg/m3 NO2 for 0, 1, 6, 12, 24, 48, and 72 h, respectively. Then, the plants were allowed to recover at room temperature for 30 d. Physiological and biochemical changes in the leaves were compared between the two species. In terms of peroxidase (POD) activity, the damage response of C. betulus under NO2 stress appeared later than that of C. putoensis. The soluble protein content of C. betulus was noticeably higher than that of C. putoensis, and C. betulus exhibited more stable membrane lipoperoxidation. The tendency of the changes in nitrate reductase of C. betulus was less noticeable than that of C. putoensis. The variation amplitudes of N, K, Mg, Zn and Mn in the leaves of C. putoensis were greater than those of C. betulus. C. putoensis showed more sensitive metabolisms in response to NO2 stress compared with C. betulus. High-concentration NO2 caused damage to C. betulus and C. putoensis was reversible, and both species returned to normal growth via their own metabolism after 30-d recovery. The results of this study may provide useful reference data for quantitative assessment of the ecosystem function of C. betulus and C. putoensis and for their scientific application in urban greening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Sheng
- College of Landscape Architecture, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Min Song
- College of Landscape Architecture, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China
| | - Zunling Zhu
- College of Landscape Architecture, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, College of Art and Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing, 210037, China.
| | - Fuliang Cao
- College of Forestry, Co-Innovation Center for Sustainable Forestry in Southern China, Nanjing Forestry of University, Nanjing, 210037, China
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Ling J, Chang A, Ye H, Zhao H, Zhuo X. TXNIP, CXCL1, and AREG as key genes in formaldehyde-induced head and neck carcinoma: an in silico analysis. Inhal Toxicol 2021; 33:113-120. [PMID: 33821754 DOI: 10.1080/08958378.2021.1908461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reports have shown that formaldehyde (FA) can induce malignant transformation in cells via complicated mechanisms. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the possible molecules, pathways, and therapeutic agents for FA-induced head and neck cancer (HNC) by using bioinformatics approaches. METHODS High throughput data were analyzed to screen the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between FA-treated nasal epithelium cells and controls. Then, the functions of the DEGs were annotated and the hub genes, as well as the key genes, were further screened out. Afterwards, potential drugs were predicted by using the connectivity map (CMAP) tool. RESULTS The information of a microarray-based dataset GSE21477 was extracted and analyzed. A total of 210 upregulated and 83 downregulated DEGs were generated, which might be enriched in various pathways, such as Cytokine-cytokine receptor interaction, Jak-STAT signaling pathway, and Toll-like receptor signaling pathway. Among these DEGs, three hub genes including TXNIP, CXCL1, and AREG, were identified as the key genes because they might affect the prognosis of HNC. Finally, a major active ingredient of blister beetles, Cantharidin, was predicted to be one of the potential drugs reversing FA-induced malignant transformation in head and neck epithelium cells. CONCLUSION The present analysis gave us a novel insight into the mechanisms of FA-induced malignant transformation in head and neck epithelium cells, and predicted several small agents for the prevention or treatment of HNC. Future experiment studies are warranted to validate the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ling
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Aoshuang Chang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Huiping Ye
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Houyu Zhao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xianlu Zhuo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
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26
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Huang SC, Chung TW, Wu HT. Effects of Molecular Properties on Adsorption of Six-Carbon VOCs by Activated Carbon in a Fixed Adsorber. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:5825-5835. [PMID: 33681621 PMCID: PMC7931418 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.0c06260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Gravimetric adsorption equipment with a microbalance was used to measure the adsorption of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) by activated carbon from 288 to 313 K. VOCs [n-hexane, cyclohexane, 1-hexene, 2-methylpentane, 3-methylpentane, 2,2-dimethylbutane, acetone, butanone, and 2-pentanone (Pentan-2-one)] were used as adsorbates in the adsorption system. Considering the geometric barrier, the critical diameter, and the boiling point, the adsorption capacities for six-carbon (C6) alkane isomers decrease in the order of n-hexane, 3-methylpentane, and 2-methylpentane. The adsorbates, including nonpolar or weakly polar substances, and substances with smaller geometric obstacles and smaller molecular weights, were more easily adsorbed by the activated carbon. However, the dipole-dipole interactive force at higher pressures resulted in a higher adsorption capacity for 1-hexene than for n-hexane. Both polarity and molecular size should be considered in the analysis of the adsorption of ketones by activated carbon. The adsorption equilibrium constants decreased with increases in temperature because a higher temperature was unfavorable for adsorption. The results for the Toth adsorption isotherm model fitted by the adsorption data showed that the experimental data and the Toth adsorption isotherm model were consistent with each other, as evidenced by the low deviation between the experimental data and those from the fitted model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Show-Chu Huang
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian
University, No. 200, Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tsair-Wang Chung
- Department
of Chemical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian
University, No. 200, Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City 32023, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hung-Ta Wu
- Department
of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National
Ilan University, No. 1, Section 1, Shennong Road, Yilan City, Yilan County, Taiwan 260, ROC
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27
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Sakellaris I, Saraga D, Mandin C, de Kluizenaar Y, Fossati S, Spinazzè A, Cattaneo A, Mihucz V, Szigeti T, de Oliveira Fernandes E, Kalimeri K, Mabilia R, Carrer P, Bartzis J. Association of subjective health symptoms with indoor air quality in European office buildings: The OFFICAIR project. INDOOR AIR 2021; 31:426-439. [PMID: 32966653 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12749] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the association between the building-related occupants' reported health symptoms and the indoor pollutant concentrations in a sample of 148 office rooms, within the framework of the European OFFICAIR research project. A large field campaign was performed in 37 office buildings among eight countries, which included (a) 5-day air sampling of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), aldehydes, ozone, and NO2 (b) collection of information from 1299 participants regarding their personal characteristics and health perception at workplace using online questionnaires. Stepwise and multilevel logistic regressions were applied to investigate associations between health symptoms and pollutant concentrations considering personal characteristics as confounders. Occupants of offices with higher pollutant concentrations were more likely to report health symptoms. Among the studied VOCs, xylenes were associated with general (such as headache and tiredness) and skin symptoms, ethylbenzene with eye irritation and respiratory symptoms, a-pinene with respiratory and heart symptoms, d-limonene with general symptoms, and styrene with skin symptoms. Among aldehydes, formaldehyde was associated with respiratory and general symptoms, acrolein with respiratory symptoms, propionaldehyde with respiratory, general, and heart symptoms, and hexanal with general SBS. Ozone was associated with almost all symptom groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Sakellaris
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, INRASTES, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Athens, Greece
| | - Dikaia Saraga
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
- Atmospheric Chemistry & Innovative Technologies Laboratory, INRASTES, National Center for Scientific Research "DEMOKRITOS", Athens, Greece
| | - Corinne Mandin
- CSTB-Centre Scientifique et Technique du Bâtiment, Université Paris Est, Marne-la-Vallée Cedex 2, France
| | - Yvonne de Kluizenaar
- The Netherlands Organization for Applied Scientific Research (TNO), The Hague, The Netherlands
| | | | - Andrea Spinazzè
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Andrea Cattaneo
- Department of Science and High Technology, University of Insubria, Como, Italy
| | - Victor Mihucz
- Cooperative Research Centre for Environmental Sciences, Eötvös Loránd University, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | - Krystallia Kalimeri
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
| | - Rosanna Mabilia
- Department of Biology, Agriculture and Food Science, National Research Council, Roma, Italy
| | - Paolo Carrer
- Department of Biomedical and Clinical Sciences-Hospital "L. Sacco", University of Milan, Milano, Italy
| | - John Bartzis
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Western Macedonia, Kozani, Greece
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Pulmonary Health Effects of Indoor Volatile Organic Compounds-A Meta-Analysis. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph18041578. [PMID: 33562372 PMCID: PMC7914726 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18041578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 02/01/2021] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are commonly found in consumer products, including furniture, sealants and paints. Thus, indoor VOCs have become a public health concern, especially in high-income countries (HICs), where people spend most of their time indoors, and indoor and outdoor air exchange is minimal due to a lack of ventilation. VOCs produce high levels of reaction with the airway epithelium and mucosa membrane and is linked with pulmonary diseases. This paper takes a stock of the literature to assess the strength of association (measured by effect size) between VOCs and pulmonary diseases with the focus on asthma and its related symptoms by conducting a meta-analysis. The literature was searched using the PubMed database. A total of 49 studies that measured VOCs or VOC types and pulmonary health outcomes were included in the analysis. The results of these studies were tabulated, and standard effect size of each study was computed. Most studies were conducted in high-income countries, including France (n = 7), Japan (n = 7) and the United States (n = 6). Our analysis suggests that VOCs have a medium-sized effect on pulmonary diseases, including the onset of asthma (effect size (or Cohen's d) ~0.37; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.25-0.49; n = 23) and wheezing (effective size ~0.26; 95% CI = 0.10-0.42; n = 10). The effect size also varied by country, age and disease type. Multiple stakeholders must be engaged in strategies to mitigate and manage VOC exposure and its associated pulmonary disease burden.
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Zhao S, Liu S, Sun Y, Liu Y, Beazley R, Hou X. Assessing NO 2-related health effects by non-linear and linear methods on a national level. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 744:140909. [PMID: 32702544 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/10/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to NO2 pollution has a significant adverse effect on residents' health. However, few studies have assessed the health effects associated with NO2 pollution. Compared with PM2.5 pollution, the harmfulness of NO2 pollution has not been quantitatively studied or clearly identified. In this study, we assessed the NO2 exposure-related health effects by non-linear and linear methods, taking advantage of online monitoring and survey data. We also assessed the economic cost of NO2 pollution in 338 cities in China. Our results showed that the average annual concentration of NO2 in the top fifteen cities with more than ten million permanent residents (except for Shenzhen, in the Guangdong province) exceeded the annual Grade II standards (40 μg/m3). The estimated national NO2-related all-cause mortality for non-linear and linear methods were 388.5 × 103 (95% CI: 198.1 × 103-748.2 × 103) and 374.1 × 103 (95% CI: 194.3 × 103-695.9 × 103), respectively. The total calculated national economic cost was about 28.8 billion US$ (95% CI: 14.7-55.4) in 2016. In addition, the comparison results showed that the harm caused by PM2.5 pollution was about four times that of NO2 pollution. Our statistics contribute to the limited research on NO2 pollution's effects on health and the economy in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuang Zhao
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shiliang Liu
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Yongxiu Sun
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yixuan Liu
- School of Environment, State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Robert Beazley
- Department of Natural Resources, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Fernow Hall 302, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Hou
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhejiang Sci-Tech University, Hangzhou 310016, China
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30
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Impact of Air Pollution and Weather on Dry Eye. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113740. [PMID: 33233863 PMCID: PMC7699870 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Air pollution has broad effects on human health involving many organ systems. The ocular surface is an excellent model with which to study the effects of air pollution on human health as it is in constant contact with the environment, and it is directly accessible, facilitating disease monitoring. Effects of air pollutants on the ocular surface typically manifest as dry eye (DE) symptoms and signs. In this review, we break down air pollution into particulate matter (organic and inorganic) and gaseous compounds and summarize the literature regarding effects of various exposures on DE. Additionally, we examine the effects of weather (relative humidity, temperature) on DE symptoms and signs. To do so, we conducted a PubMed search using key terms to summarize the existing literature on the effects of air pollution and weather on DE. While we tried to focus on the effect of specific exposures on specific aspects of DE, environmental conditions are often studied concomitantly, and thus, there are unavoidable interactions between our variables of interest. Overall, we found that air pollution and weather conditions have differential adverse effects on DE symptoms and signs. We discuss these findings and potential mitigation strategies, such as air purifiers, air humidifiers, and plants, that may be instituted as treatments at an individual level to address environmental contributors to DE.
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31
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Huang C, Zhang J, Sun C, Liu W, Zhang Y, Li B, Zhao Z, Deng Q, Zhang X, Qian H, Zou Z, Yang X, Sun Y, Xia Z, Weschler LB, Sundell J. Associations between household renovation and rhinitis among preschool children in China: A cross-sectional study. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:827-840. [PMID: 32297363 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2019] [Revised: 02/12/2020] [Accepted: 04/08/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
During 2010-2012, we surveyed 40,010 3- to 6-year-old children in seven Chinese cities (Beijing, Taiyuan, Urumqi, Shanghai, Nanjing, Changsha, and Chongqing). Their parents reported information on household renovation, including the timing of renovation and the choice of materials for walls and floors in the child's room, and the incidence of their child's rhinitis. Multivariate and two-level (city-child) logistic regression analyses yielding adjusted odds ratios (AOR) with 95% confidence intervals were performed. Sensitivity analyses stratifying data for location and economic level were also performed. About 48.0% of the children had ever had allergic rhinitis, 41.2% had current allergic rhinitis, and 9.0% had had doctor-diagnosed rhinitis. Exposure to household renovation during early lifetime (birth to 1-year-old) had an AOR of 1.43 (1.04-1.9) for allergic rhinitis. The incidence of allergic rhinitis was significantly different in children exposed to different floor and wall covering materials. Floor or wall covering material composed of organic materials significantly increased the risk of childhood allergic rhinitis compared with tile flooring or lime wall covering. Oil paint had an AOR of 1.66 (1.28-2.14) for diagnosed rhinitis compared with lime wall covering. Adding new furniture the year before pregnancy was associated with an AOR of 1.18 (1.10-1.27) and 1.18 (1.11-1.25) for lifetime and current rhinitis. Solid wood or tiles/ceramic as floor materials, and using wallpaper, oil paint, or emulsion panels as wall materials were risk factors for doctor-diagnosed rhinitis. Sensitivity analyses showed that children living in southern or higher economic level China cities were more likely to have allergic rhinitis with household renovation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Huang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jialing Zhang
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Chanjuan Sun
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Liu
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Yinping Zhang
- School of Architecture, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Baizhan Li
- Key Laboratory of Three Gorges Reservoir Region's Eco-Environment, Chongqing University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhuohui Zhao
- School of Public Health, Key Lab of Public Health Safety of the Ministry of Education, Key Lab of Health Technology Assessment, National Health and Family Planning Commission of the People's Republic of China, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qihong Deng
- School of Public Health, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Xin Zhang
- Research Center for Environmental Science and Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hua Qian
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Zhijun Zou
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuexia Sun
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenzhen Xia
- School of Environment and Architecture, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Jan Sundell
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China
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Mohd Isa KN, Hashim Z, Jalaludin J, Lung Than LT, Hashim JH. The Effects of Indoor Pollutants Exposure on Allergy and Lung Inflammation: An Activation State of Neutrophils and Eosinophils in Sputum. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:E5413. [PMID: 32731346 PMCID: PMC7432088 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17155413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To explore the inflammation phenotypes following indoor pollutants exposure based on marker expression on eosinophils and neutrophils with the application of chemometric analysis approaches. METHODS A cross-sectional study was undertaken among secondary school students in eight suburban and urban schools in the district of Hulu Langat, Selangor, Malaysia. The survey was completed by 96 students at the age of 14 by using the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Children (ISAAC) and European Community Respiratory Health Survey (ECRHS) questionnaires. The fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) was measured, and an allergic skin prick test and sputum induction were performed for all students. Induced sputum samples were analysed for the expression of CD11b, CD35, CD63, and CD66b on eosinophils and neutrophils by flow cytometry. The particulate matter (PM2.5 and PM10), NO2, CO2, and formaldehyde were measured inside the classrooms. RESULTS Chemometric and regression results have clustered the expression of CD63 with PM2.5, CD11b with NO2, CD66b with FeNO levels, and CO2 with eosinophils, with the prediction accuracy of the models being 71.88%, 76.04%, and 76.04%, respectively. Meanwhile, for neutrophils, the CD63 and CD66b clustering with PM2.5 and CD11b with FeNO levels showed a model prediction accuracy of 72.92% and 71.88%, respectively. CONCLUSION The findings indicated that the exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 was likely associated with the degranulation of eosinophils and neutrophils, following the activation mechanisms that led to the inflammatory reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khairul Nizam Mohd Isa
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.N.M.I.); (J.J.)
- Environmental Health Research Cluster (EHRc), Environmental Healthcare Section, Institute of Medical Science Technology, Universiti Kuala Lumpur, Kajang 43000, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Zailina Hashim
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.N.M.I.); (J.J.)
| | - Juliana Jalaludin
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia; (K.N.M.I.); (J.J.)
| | - Leslie Thian Lung Than
- Department of Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM, Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia;
| | - Jamal Hisham Hashim
- IIGH United Nations University, UKM Medical Centre, Cheras 56000, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia;
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Ketema RM, Araki A, Ait Bamai Y, Saito T, Kishi R. Lifestyle behaviors and home and school environment in association with sick building syndrome among elementary school children: a cross-sectional study. Environ Health Prev Med 2020; 25:28. [PMID: 32652952 PMCID: PMC7354679 DOI: 10.1186/s12199-020-00869-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sick building syndrome (SBS) refers to the combination of symptoms experienced by occupants of specific building characteristics. This study investigated the associations of children’s lifestyle behaviors, allergies, home, and school environment with SBS symptoms. Methods A total of 4408 elementary school children living in Sapporo City, Japan participated in this study. SBS was determined on parental answers to MM080 standardized school questionnaires on symptoms that were weekly experienced by these children, and if the symptom is attributed to their home or school environment. The Japanese version of the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood questionnaire was used to assess wheeze, rhino-conjunctivitis, and eczema. A logistic regression analysis was conducted to evaluate the associations between SBS symptoms and variables by controlling the potential confounders (gender, grade, school, and parental history of allergies). A stepwise backward elimination was conducted to assess independent variables related to SBS. Results Participants revealed mucosal (6.9%), skin (2.0%), and general (0.8%) symptoms. The presence of one or more allergy was associated with increased mucosal and skin symptoms. Children who skipped breakfast, displayed faddiness (like/dislike of food), had constipation, have insufficient sleep, did not feel refreshed after sleep, and lacked deep sleep showed significantly high odds ratios with SBS symptoms. The stepwise analysis showed faddiness for mucosal symptoms and not feeling refreshed after sleep for mucosal and skin symptoms, whereas constipation and lacking deep sleep for general symptoms were independent variables in increasing the symptoms. We found no significant relationship between SBS in children and schools. Considering children’s home, old building, no ventilation, wall-to-wall carpet, and heavy nearby traffic were associated with elevated mucosal symptom, while living in a multifamily home increased general symptoms. Home dampness was an independent variable in increasing all SBS symptoms. Conclusions Allergies and lifestyle behaviors were associated with increased SBS in children, including skipping breakfast, displaying faddiness, constipation, insufficient sleep, not feeling refreshed after sleep, and the lack of deep sleep. Further, dampness at home was associated with increase in all SBS symptoms. Lifestyle (e.g., eating and sleeping habits) and home (i.e., dampness) improvements might alleviate SBS symptoms in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahel Mesfin Ketema
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.,Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Saito
- Graduate School of Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan.
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Liu C, Huang X, Li J. Outdoor benzene highly impacts indoor concentrations globally. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 720:137640. [PMID: 32146409 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.137640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is a carcinogen. Exposure to benzene severely threatens people's health. While its indoor sources such as paint and solvent have been tightly regulated as a result of its inclusion into indoor air standards globally, its outdoor emission from traffic and industry is less addressed. Since human's exposure to benzene mainly occurs indoors, how outdoor benzene affects indoor concentrations is a critical issue, but not well discussed yet. This study summarized 118 pairs of outdoor-indoor measurement of benzene concentrations mainly published in the past five years. We found that the outdoor benzene concentrations measured in developing countries exceed 5 μg/m3, an annual concentration limit recommended by Europe Union, more often than developed ones. It implies a worse benzene pollution situation in the developing places, probably due to strong emission from traffic and industry. The outdoor/indoor concentration ratio is 0.69 and 0.84 for the developing and developed places, respectively. It indicates a significant, if not dominant, role of outdoor benzene in formulating indoor concentrations over indoor sources. Controlling outdoor benzene emission is therefore highlighted. Actions should be taken to regulate benzene emission sources such as traffic and industry. This is particularly urgent to protect occupants in buildings close to roads and factories.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Liu
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China.
| | - Xinjie Huang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210096, China
| | - Jingguang Li
- Shanghai Research Institute of Building Sciences (Group) Co., Ltd, Shanghai 201108, China
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Hamid HHA, Latif MT, Uning R, Nadzir MSM, Khan MF, Ta GC, Kannan N. Observations of BTEX in the ambient air of Kuala Lumpur by passive sampling. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2020; 192:342. [PMID: 32382809 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-020-08311-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) are well known hazardous volatile organic compounds (VOCs) due to their human health risks and photochemical effects. The main objective of this study was to estimate BTEX levels and evaluate interspecies ratios and ozone formation potentials (OFP) in the ambient air of urban Kuala Lumpur (KL) based on a passive sampling method with a Tenax® GR adsorbent tube. Analysis of BTEX was performed using a thermal desorption (TD)-gas chromatography mass spectrometer (GCMS). OFP was calculated based on the Maximum Incremental Reactivity (MIR). Results from this study showed that the average total BTEX during the sampling period was 66.06 ± 2.39 μg/m3. Toluene (27.70 ± 0.97 μg/m3) was the highest, followed by m,p-xylene (13.87 ± 0.36 μg/m3), o-xylene (11.49 ± 0.39 μg/m3), ethylbenzene (8.46 ± 0.34 μg/m3) and benzene (3.86 ± 0.31 μg/m3). The ratio of toluene to benzene (T:B) is > 7, suggesting that VOCs in the Kuala Lumpur urban environment are influenced by vehicle emissions and other anthropogenic sources. The average of ozone formation potential (OFP) value from BTEX was 278.42 ± 74.64 μg/m3 with toluene and xylenes being the major contributors to OFP. This study also indicated that the average of benzene concentration in KL was slightly lower than the European Union (EU)-recommended health limit value for benzene of 5 μg/m3 annual exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haris Hafizal Abd Hamid
- Institute for Environmental and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Talib Latif
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
| | - Royston Uning
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Mohd Shahrul Mohd Nadzir
- Department of Earth Sciences and Environment, Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
- Centre for Tropical Climate Change System, Institute of Climate Change, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Md Firoz Khan
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Goh Choo Ta
- Institute for Environmental and Development (LESTARI), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, 43600, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Narayanan Kannan
- Smart Green Consultancy Sdn Bhd, 20A Jalan Ipoh Kecil, Off Jalan Ipoh, 50350, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Abstract
People spend most of their time in various indoor spaces and their health is exposed to different kinds of air pollutants. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) belong to a group of chemical substances polluting the indoor environment. They come into the interior of buildings mainly from internal sources in the form of building materials, flooring, composite wood products, adhesives and other consumer products. Their presence in indoor air is monitored, due to their carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on human health. Many studies of indoor environment contaminated by VOC have been published during the last years. The present study provides general overview of the occurrence and emission sources of VOCs in the indoor environment of different types of buildings. The most frequently monitored indoor organic pollutants in terms of their occurrence and health risk are BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes), terpenes (α-pinene and d-limonene) and aldehydes (formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and benzaldehyde). Their concentrations in different indoor environments are variable and depend on factors such as emission characteristics of sources, microclimatic and ventilation conditions. Formaldehyde and toluene levels increased significantly with increasing room temperature. Benzene enters the indoor environment of buildings from external sources, especially from traffic or industrial areas. Formaldehyde, α-pinene and d-limonene originate from indoor sources as a part of building materials, furniture and household products.
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Abdullah R. Malaysia: country report on children's environmental health. REVIEWS ON ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 2020; 35:49-52. [PMID: 31926104 DOI: 10.1515/reveh-2019-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Children's environmental health (CEH) has become a main agenda in the National Environmental Health Action Plan (NEHAP) 2019 in Malaysia. Children are affected by exposure to many environmental hazards because they are uniquely vulnerable due to their immature immune systems and organs. This country report aims to review the environmental threats to CEH in Malaysia. There are a few key issues that have been identified, including air pollution, pesticides in food and water pollution. However, air pollution has been recognized as one of the major concerns in CEH, coming from both localized and transboundary sources. The localized sources include traffic-related air pollutants, industrial waste incinerators, land clearing and open burning. In addition, due to the tropical climate, children are exposed to fungal toxins, mycotoxins, endotoxins and allergens from classroom dust. Transboundary pollutants from neighboring countries result in recurring haze episodes in Malaysia, causing a negative impact on public health, especially in children. All in all, improving CEH in Malaysia requires all stakeholders and related agencies to recognize the issue as a problem, to develop a harmonized action plan and to work together to promote the protection of human health, specifically of children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rozaini Abdullah
- Universiti Putra Malaysia, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Serdang, Malaysia
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Gallego E, Folch J, Teixidor P, Roca FJ, Perales JF. Outdoor air monitoring: Performance evaluation of a gas sensor to assess episodic nuisance/odorous events using active multi-sorbent bed tube sampling coupled to TD-GC/MS analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133752. [PMID: 31401501 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2019] [Revised: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 08/02/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In order to evaluate the performance of a commercially available metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor (TGS 2602, Figaro Engineering Inc.) for activating a monitoring system when a nuisance/odorous pollution episode of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) occur, a widely used active sampling methodology based on multi-sorbent bed tubes (Carbotrap, Carbopack X and Carboxen 569) and analysis through automatic thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry was used. Daily 24 h samples of multi-sorbent bed tubes were taken over a period of 14 days using an air collector pump sampler specially designed in the LCMA-UPC laboratory. Simultaneously, daily episodic samples were taken according to the activation of another LCMA-UPC sampler by the metal oxide semiconductor gas sensor. Sampling was done throughout January-February 2019 at El Morell (Tarragona, Spain), near the petrochemical area. All episode samples present higher concentrations of VOCs than 24 h samples, with an average ratio of 3.5 times for Total VOCs. VOC familial distributions present very similar values in 24 h and episode samples (r2 = 0.7466), correlating significatively (F-Snedecor, p < 0.05). A higher level of VOCs in the atmosphere in general, not derived from a specific compound or a VOC/s family/ies, seems to be the trigger of the activation of the sampler by the sensor. On the other hand, no significant correlations are observed between alcohols concentrations and relative humidity (F-Snedecor, p < 0.05). Additionally, Total VOCs concentrations in episode samples are in agreement with higher percentages of NE-SSE wind directions, coming from the petrochemical complex. Hence, these aspects validate the use of the evaluated sensor for its application for the activation of samplers in air quality evaluations when episodic events occur, an interesting and innovative technique. Thus, this study is an important contribution to the understanding of the performance of gas sensors and proposes an expansion of their field of use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Gallego
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Jaume Folch
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pilar Teixidor
- Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona (CCiTUB), Lluís Solé Sabarís 1-3, E 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francisco Javier Roca
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Francisco Perales
- Laboratori del Centre de Medi Ambient, Escola Tècnica Superior d'Enginyeria Industrial de Barcelona (ETSEIB), Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya (LCMA-UPC), Avda. Diagonal, 647, E 08028 Barcelona, Spain
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Salonen H, Salthammer T, Morawska L. Human exposure to NO 2 in school and office indoor environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 130:104887. [PMID: 31195224 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.05.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although nitrogen dioxide (NO2) is one of the most common air pollutants encountered indoors, and extensive literature has examined the link between NO2 exposure and duration causing adverse respiratory effects in susceptible populations, information about global and local exposure to NO2 in different indoor environments is limited. To synthesize the existing knowledge, this review analyzes the magnitude of and the trends in global and local exposure to NO2 in schools and offices, and the factors that control exposure. METHODS For the literature review, Web of Science, SCOPUS, Google Scholar, and PubMed were searched using 42 search terms and their combinations to identify manuscripts, reports, and directives published between 1971 and 2019. The search was then extended to the reference lists of relevant articles. RESULTS The calculated median, as well as the mean, concentration of NO2 in school (median 21.1 μg/m3; mean 29.4 μg/m3) and office settings (median 22.7 μg/m3; mean 25.1 μg/m3) was well below the World Health Organization (WHO) guideline of 40 μg/m3 for the annual mean NO2 concentration. However, a large range of average concentrations of NO2 were reported, from 6.00 to 68.5 μg/m3 and from 3.40 to 56.5 μg/m3 for school and office environments, respectively, indicating situations where the WHO guidelines are exceeded. Outdoor levels of NO2 are a reliable predictor of indoor NO2 levels across seasons, with mean and median Indoor/Outdoor (I/O) ratios of 0.9 and 0.7 in school and 0.9 and 0.8 in office environments, respectively. The absence of major indoor NO2 emission sources and NO2 sinks, including chemical reactions and deposition, are the reasons for lower indoor NO2 concentrations. During the winter, outdoor NO2 concentrations are generally higher than during the summer. In addition, various building and indoor environment characteristics, such as type of ventilation, air exchange rates, airtightness of the envelope, furnishing and surface characteristics of the building, location of the building (urban versus suburban and proximity to traffic routes), as well as occupants' behavior (such as opening windows), have been statistically significantly associated with indoor NO2 levels in school and office environments. CONCLUSIONS Indoor exposure to NO2 from the infiltration of ambient air can be significant in urban areas, and in the case of high traffic volume. Although reducing transportation emissions is challenging, there are several easier means to reduce indoor NO2 concentrations, including a ventilation strategy with suitable filters; location planning of new schools, classrooms, and ventilating windows or intakes; traffic planning (location and density); and reducing the use of NO2-releasing indoor sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heidi Salonen
- Aalto University, Department of Civil Engineering, PO Box 12100, FI-00076 Aalto, Finland; Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia.
| | - Tunga Salthammer
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia; Fraunhofer WKI, Department of Material Analysis and Indoor Chemistry, 38108 Braunschweig, Germany.
| | - Lidia Morawska
- Queensland University of Technology, International Laboratory for Air Quality and Health, 2 George Street, Brisbane Q 4001, Australia
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Santana FO, Campos VP, Santos IF, Cruz LP, Brito AVS. Seasonal quimiometric study of formaldehyde and acetaldehyde atmospheric levels and health risk assessment, in urban areas of Salvador-Bahia, Brazil. Microchem J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2019.03.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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Lara-Lbeas I, Rodríguez-Cuevas A, Andrikopoulou C, Person V, Baldas L, Colin S, Le Calvé S. Sub-ppb Level Detection of BTEX Gaseous Mixtures with a Compact Prototype GC Equipped with a Preconcentration Unit. MICROMACHINES 2019; 10:E187. [PMID: 30871284 PMCID: PMC6470503 DOI: 10.3390/mi10030187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a compact gas chromatograph prototype for near real-time benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene and xylenes (BTEX) detection at sub-ppb levels has been developed. The system is composed of an aluminium preconcentrator (PC) filled with Basolite C300, a 20 m long Rxi-624 capillary column and a photoionization detector. The performance of the device has been evaluated in terms of adsorption capacity, linearity and sensitivity. Initially, PC breakthrough time for an equimolar 1 ppm BTEX mixture has been determined showing a remarkable capacity of the adsorbent to quantitatively trap BTEX even at high concentrations. Then, a highly linear relationship between sample volume and peak area has been obtained for all compounds by injecting 100-ppb samples with volumes ranging from 5⁻80 mL. Linear plots were also observed when calibration was conducted in the range 0⁻100 ppb using a 20 mL sampling volume implying a total analysis time of 19 min. Corresponding detection limits of 0.20, 0.26, 0.49, 0.80 and 1.70 ppb have been determined for benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m/p-xylenes and o-xylene, respectively. These experimental results highlight the potential applications of our device to monitor indoor or outdoor air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Lara-Lbeas
- ICPEES UMR 7515, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
- Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Université de Toulouse/CNRS, INSA, ISAE-SUPAERO, Mines-Albi, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | | | | | - Vincent Person
- In'Air Solutions, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
| | - Lucien Baldas
- Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Université de Toulouse/CNRS, INSA, ISAE-SUPAERO, Mines-Albi, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Stéphane Colin
- Institut Clément Ader (ICA), Université de Toulouse/CNRS, INSA, ISAE-SUPAERO, Mines-Albi, UPS, 31400 Toulouse, France.
| | - Stéphane Le Calvé
- ICPEES UMR 7515, Université de Strasbourg/CNRS, F-67000 Strasbourg, France.
- In'Air Solutions, 25 rue Becquerel, 67087 Strasbourg, France.
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Hamid HHA, Latif MT, Nadzir MSM, Uning R, Khan MF, Kannan N. Ambient BTEX levels over urban, suburban and rural areas in Malaysia. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE & HEALTH 2019; 12:341-351. [DOI: 10.1007/s11869-019-00664-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 09/02/2023]
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Zain SMSM, Azmi WNFW, Veloo Y, Shaharudin R. Formaldehyde Exposure, Health Symptoms and Risk Assessment among Hospital Workers in Malaysia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.4236/jep.2019.106051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Nduka DO, Ogunbayo B, Ajao A, Ogundipe K, Babalola B. Survey datasets on sick building syndrome: Causes and effects on selected public buildings in Lagos, Nigeria. Data Brief 2018; 20:1340-1346. [PMID: 30246114 PMCID: PMC6146451 DOI: 10.1016/j.dib.2018.08.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This dataset focuses on the causes and effects of sick building syndrome among users of selected facilities in Lagos. A mixed research approach of field measurement and cross-sectional survey was adopted. Descriptive statistics were implemented on the data acquired and are reported on tables and figures. The significance of this data leverages on providing insight and consciousness of sick building syndrome to users and occupants of constructed facilities. The survey dataset when analyzed can show direction on physical quantities levels that can be experienced in public buildings in tropical region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adekunle Ajao
- Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Kunle Ogundipe
- Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
| | - Benjamin Babalola
- Department of Building Technology, Covenant University, Ota, Nigeria
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Lu CY, Tsai MC, Muo CH, Kuo YH, Sung FC, Wu CC. Personal, Psychosocial and Environmental Factors Related to Sick Building Syndrome in Official Employees of Taiwan. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 15:ijerph15010007. [PMID: 29271881 PMCID: PMC5800107 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Revised: 12/18/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Sick building syndrome (SBS) is a combination of symptoms that can be attributed to exposure to specific building conditions. The present study recruited 389 participants aged 20–65 years from 87 offices of 16 institutions to examine if personal factors, work-related psychosocial stress, and work environments, were associated with five groups of SBS symptoms, including symptoms for eyes, upper respiratory tract, lower respiratory tract, skin, and non-specific systems. Indoor environmental conditions were monitored. Data were analyzed using multivariate logistic regression (MLR) analyses and were reported as adjusted Odds Ratios (aOR). SBS symptoms for eyes were associated with older age, sensitivity to tobacco, and low indoor air flow. Upper respiratory symptoms were related to smoking, low social support, longer work days, and dry air. High indoor air flow was associated with reduced upper respiratory symptoms (aOR = 0.29; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.13–0.67). Lower respiratory symptoms were associated with high work pressure, longer work hours, chemical exposure, migraine, and exposure to new interior painting. Recent interior painting exposure was associated with a high estimated relative risk of low respiratory symptoms (aOR = 20.6; 95% CI = 2.96–143). Smoking, longer work days, low indoor air flow, indoor dryness, and volatile organics exposure, were associated with other non-specified symptoms including headache, tiredness, difficulty concentrating, anger, and dizziness. In conclusion, there are various SBS symptoms associated with different personal characteristics, psychosocial, and environmental factors. Psychosocial factors had stronger relationships with lower respiratory symptoms than with other types of SBS symptoms. Good ventilation could reduce risk factors and may relieve SBS symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Yen Lu
- Department of Sport and Health Management, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 51591, Taiwan.
| | - Meng-Chuan Tsai
- Department of Sport and Health Management, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 51591, Taiwan.
| | - Chih-Hsin Muo
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Yu-Hsien Kuo
- Department of Chinese Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
| | - Fung-Chang Sung
- Management Office for Health Data, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung 40447, Taiwan.
- Department of Health Services Administration, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
| | - Chin-Ching Wu
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 40402, Taiwan.
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Monitoring, Human Health Risk Assessment and Optimized Management for Typical Pollutants in Indoor Air from Random Families of University Staff, Wuhan City, China. SUSTAINABILITY 2017. [DOI: 10.3390/su9071115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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