1
|
Bora A, Thondi Rajan AS, Ponnuchamy K, Muthusamy G, Alagarsamy A. Microalgae to bioenergy production: Recent advances, influencing parameters, utilization of wastewater - A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174230. [PMID: 38942321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2024] [Revised: 06/12/2024] [Accepted: 06/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/30/2024]
Abstract
Fossil fuel limitations and their influence on climate change through atmospheric greenhouse gas emissions have made the excessive use of fossil fuels widely recognized as unsustainable. The high lipid content, carbon-neutral nature and potential as a biofuel source have made microalgae a subject of global study. Microalgae are a promising supply of biomass for third-generation biofuels production since they are renewable. They have the potential to produce significant amounts of biofuel and are considered a sustainable alternative to non-renewable energy sources. Microalgae are currently incapable to synthesize algal biofuel on an extensive basis in a sustainable manner, despite their significance in the global production of biofuels. Wastewater contains nutrients (both organic and inorganic) which is essential for the development of microalgae. Microalgae and wastewater can be combined to remediate waste effectively. Wastewater of various kinds such as industrial, agricultural, domestic, and municipal can be used as a substrate for microalgal growth. This process helps reduce carbon dioxide emissions and makes the production of biofuels more cost-effective. This critical review provides a detailed analysis of the utilization of wastewater as a growth medium for microalgal - biofuel production. The review also highlights potential future strategies to improve the commercial production of biofuels from microalgae.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhispa Bora
- Bioenergy and Bioremediation Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Angelin Swetha Thondi Rajan
- Bioenergy and Bioremediation Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kumar Ponnuchamy
- Department of Animal Health and Management, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Govarthanan Muthusamy
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 41566 Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Arun Alagarsamy
- Bioenergy and Bioremediation Laboratory, Department of Microbiology, Alagappa University, Karaikudi 630003, Tamil Nadu, India.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kong W, Kong J, Feng S, Yang T, Xu L, Shen B, Bi Y, Lyu H. Cultivation of microalgae-bacteria consortium by waste gas-waste water to achieve CO 2 fixation, wastewater purification and bioproducts production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS AND BIOPRODUCTS 2024; 17:26. [PMID: 38360745 PMCID: PMC10870688 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-023-02409-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/10/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
The cultivation of microalgae and microalgae-bacteria consortia provide a potential efficient strategy to fix CO2 from waste gas, treat wastewater and produce value-added products subsequently. This paper reviews recent developments in CO2 fixation and wastewater treatment by single microalgae, mixed microalgae and microalgae-bacteria consortia, as well as compares and summarizes the differences in utilizing different microorganisms from different aspects. Compared to monoculture of microalgae, a mixed microalgae and microalgae-bacteria consortium may mitigate environmental risk, obtain high biomass, and improve the efficiency of nutrient removal. The applied microalgae include Chlorella sp., Scenedesmus sp., Pediastrum sp., and Phormidium sp. among others, and most strains belong to Chlorophyta and Cyanophyta. The bacteria in microalgae-bacteria consortia are mainly from activated sludge and specific sewage sources. Bioengineer in CBB cycle in microalgae cells provide effective strategy to achieve improvement of CO2 fixation or a high yield of high-value products. The mechanisms of CO2 fixation and nutrient removal by different microbial systems are also explored and concluded, the importance of microalgae in the technology is proven. After cultivation, microalgae biomass can be harvested through physical, chemical, biological and magnetic separation methods and used to produce high-value by-products, such as biofuel, feed, food, biochar, fertilizer, and pharmaceutical bio-compounds. Although this technology has brought many benefits, some challenging obstacles and limitation remain for industrialization and commercializing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Engineering Research Center of Pollution Control in Power System, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China
| | - Jia Kong
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Engineering Research Center of Pollution Control in Power System, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuo Feng
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Engineering Research Center of Pollution Control in Power System, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China
| | - TianTian Yang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Engineering Research Center of Pollution Control in Power System, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China
| | - Lianfei Xu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China
- Hebei Engineering Research Center of Pollution Control in Power System, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China
| | - Boxiong Shen
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Engineering Research Center of Pollution Control in Power System, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China.
| | - Yonghong Bi
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, People's Republic of China.
| | - Honghong Lyu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Clean Energy and Pollution Control, School of Energy and Environmental Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China.
- Hebei Engineering Research Center of Pollution Control in Power System, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, 300401, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gaysina LA. Influence of pH on the Morphology and Cell Volume of Microscopic Algae, Widely Distributed in Terrestrial Ecosystems. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:357. [PMID: 38337891 PMCID: PMC10857513 DOI: 10.3390/plants13030357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/22/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Terrestrial algae are a group of photosynthetic organisms that can survive in extreme conditions. pH is one of the most important factors influencing the distribution of algae in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. The impact of different pH levels on the cell volume and other morphological characteristics of authentic and reference strains of Chlorella vulgaris, Bracteacoccus minor, Pseudoccomyxa simplex, Chlorococcum infusionum, and Vischeria magna were studied. Chlorella vulgaris, Pseudoccomyxa simplex, and Vischeria magna were the most resistant species, retaining their morphology in the range of pH 4-11.5 and pH 3.5-11, respectively. The change in pH towards acidic and alkaline levels caused an increase in the volume of Pseudoccomixa simplex and Vischeria magna cells, according to a polynomial regression model. The volume of Chlorella vulgaris cells increased from a low to high pH according to a linear regression model. Changes in pH levels did not have a significant impact on the volume of Bracteacoccus minor and Chlorococcum infusionum cells. Low and high levels of pH caused an increase in oil-containing substances in Vischeria magna and Bracteacoccus minor cells. Our study revealed a high resistance of the studied species to extreme pH levels, which allows for us to recommend these strains for broader use in biotechnology and conservation studies of natural populations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lira A. Gaysina
- Department of Bioecology and Biological Education, M. Akmullah Bashkir State Pedagogical University, 450008 Ufa, Russia;
- All-Russian Research Institute of Phytopathology, 143050 Bolshye Vyazemy, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Hoyos EG, Kuri R, Toda T, Muñoz R. Innovative design and operational strategies to improve CO 2 mass transfer during photosynthetic biogas upgrading. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2024; 391:129955. [PMID: 37918489 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2023.129955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2023] [Revised: 10/29/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023]
Abstract
Several innovative strategies of design and operation, such as biogas recirculation, centrate pH manipulation and liquid nanoparticle addition, were tested to assess their potential to improve CO2 mass transfer during photosynthetic purification of biogas in a microalgae-bacteria pond connected to a biogas scrubbing column. Biogas recirculation in the column was not effective since the biogas and cultivation broth had reached chemical equilibrium under the operational conditions and configuration without biogas recirculation. Feeding the centrate at pH 10 (with and without ammonium desorption) directly to the absorption column substantially improved CO2 removal efficiency (from 58 to 91 %) achieving a biomethane complying with European standards. The supplementation of liquid nanoparticles considerably increased biomass concentration in the pond (from 1.2 to 3.5 g/L), revealing an enhanced photosynthetic activity. However, this promising approach requires additional research to elucidate the best conditions to boost CO2 absorption and guarantee a biomethane fulfilling most international standards.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Edwin G Hoyos
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Rentaro Kuri
- Laboratory of Restoration Ecology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Soka University, 1-236, Tangi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Tatsuki Toda
- Laboratory of Restoration Ecology, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Soka University, 1-236, Tangi, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-8577, Japan
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Velasco A, Murillo-Martínez MM, Granada-Moreno CI, Aizpuru A, Vigueras-Ramírez G, González-Sánchez A. Short-term tuning of microalgal composition by exposition to different irradiance and small doses of sulfide. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 2023:10.1007/s12010-023-04338-8. [PMID: 36689159 DOI: 10.1007/s12010-023-04338-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Suitability of microalgae valorization mainly depends on its biochemical composition. Overall, among all microalgal derivatives, pigments currently stand out as the major added-value component. While it is well recognized that microalgal growth conditions strongly affect biomass composition, final tuning of already grown microalgae has been scarcely studied. Herein, pigment crude extract and debris biomass composition of an already grown microalgal consortium was evaluated after a short-term exposure (90 min) to different levels of irradiance (15, 50, 120 μmol m-2 s-1) and sulfide concentrations (0, 3.2, 16 mg L-1). Although lipid, protein, and carbohydrate contents of debris biomass were not decisively modified by the short-term exposures, pigments content of the crude extracts were strongly modified after 90-min exposure at given sulfide and irradiance conditions. Particularly, a higher content of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids was estimated at an optimal sulfide concentration of 5 mg L-1, and the higher irradiance of 120 μmol m-2 s-1. Contrarily, the average irradiation level of 50 μmol m-2 s-1 and the absence of sulfide stimulated the production of phycoerythrin and phycocyanin which could be increased by 65 and 50%, respectively. Thus, a final qualitative and quantitative tuning of pigment content is plainly achievable on grown microalgal biomass, in a reduced exposure time, at given irradiance or sulfide conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Velasco
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - María M Murillo-Martínez
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Claudia I Granada-Moreno
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Aitor Aizpuru
- Universidad del Mar, Campus Puerto Ángel, San Pedro Pochutla, 70902, Oaxaca, Mexico
| | - Gabriel Vigueras-Ramírez
- Departamento de Procesos y Tecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Cuajimalpa, Vasco de Quiroga 4871, Cuajimalpa de Morelos, 05348, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando González-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Agro-Industrial Wastewaters for Algal Biomass Production, Bio-Based Products, and Biofuels in a Circular Bioeconomy. FERMENTATION 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/fermentation8120728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recycling bioresources is the only way to sustainably meet a growing world population’s food and energy needs. One of the ways to do so is by using agro-industry wastewater to cultivate microalgae. While the industrial production of microalgae requires large volumes of water, existing agro-industry processes generate large volumes of wastewater with eutrophicating nutrients and organic carbon that must be removed before recycling the water back into the environment. Coupling these two processes can benefit the flourishing microalgal industry, which requires water, and the agro-industry, which could gain extra revenue by converting a waste stream into a bioproduct. Microalgal biomass can be used to produce energy, nutritional biomass, and specialty products. However, there are challenges to establishing stable and circular processes, from microalgae selection and adaptation to pretreating and reclaiming energy from residues. This review discusses the potential of agro-industry residues for microalgal production, with a particular interest in the composition and the use of important primary (raw) and secondary (digestate) effluents generated in large volumes: sugarcane vinasse, palm oil mill effluent, cassava processing waster, abattoir wastewater, dairy processing wastewater, and aquaculture wastewater. It also overviews recent examples of microalgae production in residues and aspects of process integration and possible products, avoiding xenobiotics and heavy metal recycling. As virtually all agro-industries have boilers emitting CO2 that microalgae can use, and many industries could benefit from anaerobic digestion to reclaim energy from the effluents before microalgal cultivation, the use of gaseous effluents is also discussed in the text.
Collapse
|
7
|
Microalgae Biomass as a New Potential Source of Sustainable Green Lubricants. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27041205. [PMID: 35208995 PMCID: PMC8875479 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27041205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Lubricants are materials able to reduce friction and/or wear of any type of moving surfaces facilitating smooth operations, maintaining reliable machine functions, and reducing risks of failures while contributing to energy savings. At present, most worldwide used lubricants are derived from crude oil. However, production, usage and disposal of these lubricants have significant impact on environment and health. Hence, there is a growing pressure to reduce demand of this sort of lubricants, which has fostered development and use of green lubricants, as vegetable oil-based lubricants (biolubricants). Despite the ecological benefits of producing/using biolubricants, availability of the required raw materials and agricultural land to create a reliable chain supply is still far from being established. Recently, biomass from some microalgae species has attracted attention due to their capacity to produce high-value lipids/oils for potential lubricants production. Thus, this multidisciplinary work reviews the main chemical-physical characteristics of lubricants and the main attempts and progress on microalgae biomass production for developing oils with pertinent lubricating properties. In addition, potential microalgae strains and chemical modifications to their oils to produce lubricants for different industrial applications are identified. Finally, a guide for microalgae oil selection based on its chemical composition for specific lubricant applications is provided.
Collapse
|
8
|
Pahunang RR, Buonerba A, Senatore V, Oliva G, Ouda M, Zarra T, Muñoz R, Puig S, Ballesteros FC, Li CW, Hasan SW, Belgiorno V, Naddeo V. Advances in technological control of greenhouse gas emissions from wastewater in the context of circular economy. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 792:148479. [PMID: 34465066 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.148479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
This review paper aims to identify the main sources of carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and highlights the technologies developed for CO2 capture in this milieu. CO2 is emitted in all the operational units of conventional WWTPs and even after the disposal of treated effluents and sludges. CO2 emissions from wastewater can be captured or mitigated by several technologies such as the production of biochar from sludge, the application of constructed wetlands (CWs), the treatment of wastewater in microbial electrochemical processes (microbial electrosynthesis, MES; microbial electrolytic carbon capture, MECC; in microbial carbon capture, MCC), and via microalgal cultivation. Sludge-to-biochar and CW systems showed a high cost-effectiveness in the capture of CO2, while MES, MECC, MCC technologies, and microalgal cultivation offered efficient capture of CO2 with associate production of value-added by-products. At the state-of-the-art, these technologies, utilized for carbon capture and utilization from wastewater, require more research for further configuration, development and cost-effectiveness. Moreover, the integration of these technologies has a potential internal rate of return (IRR) that could equate the operation or provide additional revenue to wastewater management. In the context of circular economy, these carbon capture technologies will pave the way for new sustainable concepts of WWTPs, as an essential element for the mitigation of climate change fostering the transition to a decarbonised economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rekich R Pahunang
- Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines
| | - Antonio Buonerba
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy; Inter-University Centre for Prediction and Prevention of Relevant Hazards (Centro Universitario per la Previsione e Prevenzione Grandi Rischi, C.U.G.RI.), Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Senatore
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Giuseppina Oliva
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Mariam Ouda
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Tiziano Zarra
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Raul Muñoz
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Sebastià Puig
- LEQUiA, Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, C/Maria Aurèlia Capmany, 69, E-17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Florencio C Ballesteros
- Environmental Engineering Program, National Graduate School of Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City 1101, Philippines
| | - Chi-Wang Li
- Department of Water Resources and Environmental Engineering, Tamkang University, 151 Yingzhuan Road Tamsui District, New Taipei City 25137, Taiwan
| | - Shadi W Hasan
- Center for Membranes and Advanced Water Technology (CMAT), Department of Chemical Engineering, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Vincenzo Belgiorno
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Naddeo
- Sanitary Environmental Engineering Division (SEED), Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II, Fisciano, SA, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Leong YK, Huang CY, Chang JS. Pollution prevention and waste phycoremediation by algal-based wastewater treatment technologies: The applications of high-rate algal ponds (HRAPs) and algal turf scrubber (ATS). JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 296:113193. [PMID: 34237671 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Following the escalating human population growth and rapid urbanization, the tremendous amount of urban and industrial waste released leads to a series of critical issues such as health issues, climate change, water crisis, and pollution problems. With the advantages of a favorable carbon life cycle, high photosynthetic efficiencies, and being adaptive to harsh environments, algae have attracted attention as an excellent agent for pollution prevention and waste phycoremediation. Following the concept of circular economy and biorefinery for sustainable production and waste minimization, this review discusses the role of four different algal-based wastewater treatment technologies, including high-rate algal ponds (HRAPs), HRAP-absorption column (HRAP-AC), hybrid algal biofilm-enhanced raceway pond (HABERP) and algal turf scrubber (ATS) in waste management and resource recovery. In addition to the nutrient removal mechanisms and operation parameters, recent advances and developments have been discussed for each technology, including (1) Innovative operation strategies and treatment of emerging contaminants (ECs) employing HRAPs, (2) Biogas upgrading utilizing HRAP-AC system and approaches of O2 minimization in biomethane, (3) Operation of different HABERP systems, (4) Life-cycle and cost analysis of HRAPs-based wastewater treatment system, and (5) Value-upgrading for harvested algal biomass and life-cycle cost analysis of ATS system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoong Kit Leong
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Yu Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Research Center for Smart Sustainable Circular Economy, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Influence of Leachate and Nitrifying Bacteria on Photosynthetic Biogas Upgrading in a Two-Stage System. Processes (Basel) 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/pr9091503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Photosynthetic biogas upgrading using two-stage systems allows the absorption of carbon dioxide (CO2) in an absorption unit and its subsequent assimilation by microalgae. The production of microalgae requires large amounts of nutrients, thus making scale-up difficult and reducing economic feasibility. The photosynthetic process produces oxygen (O2) (1 mol per mol of CO2 consumed), which can be desorbed into purified biogas. Two-stage systems reduce its impact but do not eliminate it. In this study, we test the use of landfill leachate as a nutrient source and propose a viable and economical strategy for reducing the O2 concentration. First, the liquid/gas (L/G) ratio and flow mode of the absorber were optimized for 20% and 40% CO2 with COMBO medium, then landfill leachate was used as a nutrient source. Finally, the system was inoculated with nitrifying bacteria. Leachate was found to be suitable as a nutrient source and to result in a significant improvement in CO2 absorption, with outlet concentrations of 0.01% and 0.6% for 20% and 40% CO2, respectively, being obtained. The use of nitrifying bacteria allowed a reduction in dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration, although it also resulted in a lower pH, thus making CO2 uptake slightly more difficult.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ángeles R, Vega-Quiel MJ, Batista A, Fernández-Ramos O, Lebrero R, Muñoz R. Influence of biogas supply regime on photosynthetic biogas upgrading performance in an enclosed algal-bacterial photobioreactor. ALGAL RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2021.102350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
12
|
Integrated Approach for Wastewater Treatment and Biofuel Production in Microalgae Biorefineries. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14082282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The increasing world population generates huge amounts of wastewater as well as large energy demand. Additionally, fossil fuel’s combustion for energy production causes the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and other pollutants. Therefore, there is a strong need to find alternative green approaches for wastewater treatment and energy production. Microalgae biorefineries could represent an effective strategy to mitigate the above problems. Microalgae biorefineries are a sustainable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment processes, as they potentially allow wastewater to be treated at lower costs and with lower energy consumption. Furthermore, they provide an effective means to recover valuable compounds for biofuel production or other applications. This review focuses on the current scenario and future prospects of microalgae biorefineries aimed at combining wastewater treatment with biofuel production. First, the different microalgal cultivation systems are examined, and their main characteristics and limitations are discussed. Then, the technologies available for converting the biomass produced during wastewater treatment into biofuel are critically analyzed. Finally, current challenges and research directions for biofuel production and wastewater treatment through this approach are outlined.
Collapse
|
13
|
Bose A, O'Shea R, Lin R, Murphy JD. Design, Commissioning, and Performance Assessment of a Lab-Scale Bubble Column Reactor for Photosynthetic Biogas Upgrading with Spirulina platensis. Ind Eng Chem Res 2021; 60:5688-5704. [PMID: 34276129 PMCID: PMC8277169 DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.0c05974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
![]()
The two-step bubble column-photobioreactor
photosynthetic biogas
upgrading system can enable simultaneous production of biomethane
and value-added products from microalgae. However, due to the influence
of a large number of variables, including downstream processes and
the presence of microalgae, no unanimity has been reached regarding
the performance of bubble column reactors in photosynthetic biogas
upgrading. To investigate this further, the present work documents
in detail, the design and commissioning of a lab-scale bubble column
reactor capable of treating up to 16.3 L/h of biogas while being scalable.
The performance of the bubble column was assessed at a pH of 9.35
with different algal densities of Spirulina platensis at 20 °C in the presence of light (3–5 klux or 40.5–67.5
μmol m–2 s–1). A liquid/gas
flow (L/G) ratio of 0.5 allowed consistent CO2 removal
of over 98% irrespective of the algal density or its photosynthetic
activity. For lower concentrations of algae, the volumetric O2 concentration in the upgraded biomethane varied between 0.05
and 0.52%, thus providing grid quality biomethane. However, for higher
algal concentrations, increased oxygen content in the upgraded biomethane
due to both enhanced O2 stripping and the photosynthetic
activity of the microalgae as well as clogging and foaming posed severe
operational challenges.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Archishman Bose
- Environmental Research Institute, MaREI Centre, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland.,School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Richard O'Shea
- Environmental Research Institute, MaREI Centre, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland.,School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Richen Lin
- Environmental Research Institute, MaREI Centre, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland.,School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| | - Jerry D Murphy
- Environmental Research Institute, MaREI Centre, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland.,School of Engineering, University College Cork, Cork T23 XE10, Ireland
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Casagli F, Rossi S, Steyer JP, Bernard O, Ficara E. Balancing Microalgae and Nitrifiers for Wastewater Treatment: Can Inorganic Carbon Limitation Cause an Environmental Threat? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:3940-3955. [PMID: 33657315 PMCID: PMC8028045 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.0c05264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The first objective of this study is to assess the predictive capability of the ALBA (ALgae-BActeria) model for a pilot-scale (3.8 m2) high-rate algae-bacteria pond treating agricultural digestate. The model, previously calibrated and validated on a one-year data set from a demonstrative-scale raceway (56 m2), successfully predicted data from a six-month monitoring campaign with a different wastewater (urban wastewater) under different climatic conditions. Without changing any parameter value from the previous calibration, the model accurately predicted both online monitored variables (dissolved oxygen, pH, temperature) and off-line measurements (nitrogen compounds, algal biomass, total and volatile suspended solids, chemical oxygen demand). Supported by the universal character of the model, different scenarios under variable weather conditions were tested, to investigate the effect of key operating parameters (hydraulic retention time, pH regulation, kLa) on algae biomass productivity and nutrient removal efficiency. Surprisingly, despite pH regulation, a strong limitation for inorganic carbon was found to hinder the process efficiency and to generate conditions that are favorable for N2O emission. The standard operating parameters have a limited effect on this limitation, and alkalinity turns out to be the main driver of inorganic carbon availability. This investigation offers new insights in algae-bacteria processes and paves the way for the identification of optimal operational strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Casagli
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, 32, Piazza L. da Vinci, 20133 Milan, Italy
- Institut
National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA), Biocore,
Université Cote d’Azur, 2004, Route des Lucioles − BP 93, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Simone Rossi
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, 32, Piazza L. da Vinci, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | | | - Olivier Bernard
- Institut
National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique (INRIA), Biocore,
Université Cote d’Azur, 2004, Route des Lucioles − BP 93, 06902 Sophia-Antipolis, France
| | - Elena Ficara
- Dipartimento
di Ingegneria Civile e Ambientale (DICA), Politecnico di Milano, 32, Piazza L. da Vinci, 20133 Milan, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Marín D, Carmona-Martínez AA, Blanco S, Lebrero R, Muñoz R. Innovative operational strategies in photosynthetic biogas upgrading in an outdoors pilot scale algal-bacterial photobioreactor. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 264:128470. [PMID: 33022506 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 09/16/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Three innovative operational strategies were successfully evaluated to improve the quality of biomethane in an outdoors pilot scale photobioreactor interconnected to an external absorption unit: i) the use of a greenhouse during winter conditions, ii) a direct CO2 stripping in the photobioreactor via air stripping during winter conditions and iii) the use of digestate as make-up water during summer conditions. CO2 concentrations in the biomethane ranged from 0.4% to 6.1% using the greenhouse, from 0.3% to 2.6% when air was injected in the photobioreactor and from 0.4% to 0.9% using digestate as make up water. H2S was completely removed under all strategies tested. On the other hand, CH4 concentrations in biomethane ranged from 89.5% to 98.2%, from 93.0% to 98.2% and from 96.3% to 97.9%, when implementing strategies i), ii) and iii), respectively. The greenhouse was capable of maintaining microalgae productivities of 7.5 g m-2 d-1 during continental weather conditions, while mechanical CO2 stripping increased the pH in order to support an effective CO2 and H2S removal. Finally, the high evaporation rates during summer conditions allowed maintaining high inorganic carbon concentrations in the cultivation broth using centrate, which provided a cost-effective biogas upgrading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Marín
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, S/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, S/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain; Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Francisco Morazán, Boulevard Centroamérica, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Alessandro A Carmona-Martínez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, S/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, S/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Saúl Blanco
- Department of Biodiversity and Environmental Management, University of León, 24071, León, Spain
| | - Raquel Lebrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, S/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, S/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, Valladolid University, Dr. Mergelina, S/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, Dr. Mergelina, S/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Franco-Morgado M, Tabaco-Angoa T, Ramírez-García MA, González-Sánchez A. Strategies for decreasing the O 2 content in the upgraded biogas purified via microalgae-based technology. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 279:111813. [PMID: 33338770 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2020.111813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2020] [Revised: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 12/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae-bacteria consortium based technology using a High Rate Algal Pond (HRAP) interconnected to an Absorption Bubble Column (ABC) has emerged as an environmentally friendly promising option to upgrade biogas. However, the oxygenic photosynthesis of microalgae induces oxygen contamination in upgraded biogas, which could limit its further applications. Several strategies were proposed to favor the oxygen desorption and oxygen uptake in parts and accessories of the upgrading system. The effect of the volumetric ratio liquid recirculation rate/biogas rate (L/G = 5.0, 1.0 y 0.5) was evaluated in conjunction with the application of a novel accessory called Open Trickling Column (OTC). The O2 content in upgraded biogas was around 2.1%v, attaining CO2 removal efficiencies around 90%, at L/G ratio of 1.0 during diurnal and nocturnal periods. The inclusion of an OTC at the previous L/G, enhanced 54% the removal of O2 by stripping and uptake compared with the basal condition. Mass balances of H2S and methane showed that L/G > 1.0 favored the complete oxidation of H2S but promoted the loss of methane in dissolved form. Additionally the effect of increasing linear velocity of liquid broth in the lab-scale HRAP (from 15 cm s-1 to 20 cm s-1) showed to improve the O2 stripping with a consequential increase of biomass concentration under steady-state (from 0.7 to 1.4 g L-1) besides achieving O2 content in the upgraded biogas around 1.5%v.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Franco-Morgado
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico; Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey, N.L. 64849, Mexico
| | - Tania Tabaco-Angoa
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Miguel Angel Ramírez-García
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando González-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, C.P. 04510, Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xie P, Ho SH, Xiao QY, Xu XJ, Zhao L, Zhou X, Lee DJ, Ren NQ, Chen C. Revealing the role of nitrate on sulfide removal coupled with bioenergy production in Chlamydomonas sp. Tai-03: Metabolic pathways and mechanisms. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 399:123115. [PMID: 32937723 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.123115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 05/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Recently, simultaneous sulfide removal and bioenergy production by microalgal treatment have attracted growing attention. However, the response of nitrogen metabolism to the sulfide-removal process has yet to be explored. Here, variable levels of sulfide could be completely removed by Chlamydomonas sp. Tai-03 under both high and low nitrate conditions in synthetic wastewaters. The highest sulfide removal rate of 5.56 mg-S L-1 h-1 was achieved with the addition of 100 mg L-1 sulfide in the presence of high nitrate. Meanwhile, sulfide was chemically oxidized to sulfate and then ingested by microalgae. Interestingly, sulfide-removal efficiency critically depended on nitrate concentration. Sulfide can also enhance the ability of microalgae to assimilate nitrogen. Based on the analysis of sulfur- and nitrogen-related metabolic profiling, serine as a precursor decreased by 94 % under low levels of nitrate, which induced the significant inhibition of cysteine and methionine biosynthesis. The results indicated that nitrogen source played a critical role in the sulfur cycle because of the positive relationship between the aforementioned metabolic processes and nitrate concentration. Additionally, sulfide can improve lipid and carbohydrate productivity under high levels of nitrate. This study enhances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the simultaneous removal of sulfide and alternative bioenergy production.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, HeiLongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Shih-Hsin Ho
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, HeiLongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Qing-Yang Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, HeiLongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Xi-Jun Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, HeiLongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Lei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, HeiLongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- Engineering Laboratory of Microalgal Bioenergy, Shenzhen Graduate School, Harbin Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, HeiLongjiang Province 150090, China
| | - Chuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, HeiLongjiang Province 150090, China.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Rodero MDR, Carvajal A, Arbib Z, Lara E, de Prada C, Lebrero R, Muñoz R. Performance evaluation of a control strategy for photosynthetic biogas upgrading in a semi-industrial scale photobioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 307:123207. [PMID: 32229410 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.123207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 03/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The validation of a control strategy for biogas upgrading via light-driven CO2 consumption by microalgae and H2S oxidation by oxidizing bacteria using the oxygen photosynthetically generated was performed in a semi-industrial scale (9.6 m3) photobioreactor. The control system was able to support CO2 concentrations lower than 2% with O2 contents ≤ 1% regardless of the pH in the cultivation broth (ranging from 9.05 to 9.50). Moreover, the control system was efficient to cope with variations in biogas flowrate from 143 to 420 L h-1, resulting in a biomethane composition of CO2 < 2.4%, CH4 > 95.5%, O2 < 1% and no H2S. Despite the poor robustness of this technology against failures in biogas and liquid supply (CH4 concentration of 67.5 and 70.9% after 2 h of biogas or liquid stoppage, respectively), the control system was capable of restoring biomethane quality in less than 2 h when biogas or liquid supply was resumed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- María Del Rosario Rodero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Andrea Carvajal
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain; Departamento de Ingeniería Química y Ambiental, Universidad Técnica Federico Santa María, Av. España, 1680 Valparaíso, Chile
| | - Zouhayr Arbib
- FCC Servicios Ciudadanos, Av. del Camino de Santiago, 40, edificio 3, 4ª planta, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - Enrique Lara
- FCC Servicios Ciudadanos, Av. del Camino de Santiago, 40, edificio 3, 4ª planta, 28050 Madrid, Spain
| | - César de Prada
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raquel Lebrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lu W, Asraful Alam M, Liu S, Xu J, Parra Saldivar R. Critical processes and variables in microalgae biomass production coupled with bioremediation of nutrients and CO 2 from livestock farms: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 716:135247. [PMID: 31839294 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Development of renewable and clean energy as well as bio-based fine chemicals technologies are the keys to overcome the problems such as fossil depletion, global warming, and environment pollution. To date, cultivation of microalgae using wastewater is regarded as a promising approach for simultaneous nutrients bioremediation and biofuels production due to their high photosynthesis efficiency and environmental benefits. However, the efficiency of nutrients removal and biomass production strongly depends on wastewater properties and microalgae species. Moreover, the high production cost is still the largest limitation to the commercialization of microalgae biofuels. In this review paper, the state-of-the-art algae species employed in livestock farm wastes have been summarized. Further, microalgae cultivation systems and impact factors in livestock wastewater to microalgae growth have been thoroughly discussed. In addition, technologies reported for microalgal biomass harvesting and CO2 mass transfer enhancement in the coupling process were presented and discussed. Finally, this article discusses the potential benefits and challenges of coupling nutrient bioremediation, CO2 capture, and microalgal production. Possible engineering measures for cost-effective nutrients removal, carbon fixation, microalgal biofuels and bioproducts production are also proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weidong Lu
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Shaoguan University, Shaoguan 512005, China; Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Md Asraful Alam
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China.
| | - Shijie Liu
- Department of Paper and Bioprocess Engineering, SUNY College of Environmental Science and Forestry, 1 Forestry Drive, Syracuse, NY 13210, United States
| | - Jinliang Xu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Roberto Parra Saldivar
- Tecnologico de Monterrey, School of Engineering and Sciences, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, CP 64849, Monterrey, NL., Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Pascual C, Akmirza I, Pérez R, Arnaiz E, Muñoz R, Lebrero R. Trimethylamine abatement in algal-bacterial photobioreactors. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 27:9028-9037. [PMID: 31919828 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-07369-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Trimethylamine (TMA) is an odorous volatile organic compound emitted by industries. Algal-based biotechnologies have been proven as a feasible alternative for wastewater treatment, although their application to abate polluted air emissions is still scarce. This work comparatively assessed the removal of TMA in a conventional bacterial bubble column bioreactor (BC) and a novel algal-bacterial bubble column photobioreactor (PBC). The PBC exhibited a superior TMA abatement performance compared to the conventional BC. In this sense, the BC reached a removal efficiency (RE) and an elimination capacity (EC) of 78% and 12.1 g TMA m-3 h-1, respectively, while the PBC achieved a RE of 97% and a EC of 16.0 g TMA m-3·h-1 at an empty bed residence time (EBRT) of 2 min and a TMA concentration ~500 mg m-3. The outstanding performance of the PBC allowed to reduce the operating EBRT to 1.5 and 1 min while maintaining high REs of 98 and 94% and ECs of 21.2 and 28.1 g m-3·h-1, respectively. Moreover, the PBC improved the quality of the gas and liquid effluents discharged, showing a net CO2 consumption and decreasing by ~ 30% the total nitrogen concentration in the liquid effluent via biomass assimilation. A high specialization of the bacterial community was observed in the PBC, Mumia and Aquamicrobium sp. being the most abundant genus within the main phyla identified. GraphicalAbstract.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Celia Pascual
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Ilker Akmirza
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Gebze Technical University, 41400, Kocaeli, Turkey
| | - Rebeca Pérez
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Esther Arnaiz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raquel Lebrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.
- Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011, Valladolid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Saldarriaga LF, Almenglo F, Ramírez M, Cantero D. Kinetic characterization and modeling of a microalgae consortium isolated from landfill leachate under a high CO2 concentration in a bubble column photobioreactor. ELECTRON J BIOTECHN 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejbt.2020.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
|
22
|
Kwon G, Kim H, Song C, Jahng D. Co-culture of microalgae and enriched nitrifying bacteria for energy-efficient nitrification. Biochem Eng J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2019.107385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
23
|
Bose A, Lin R, Rajendran K, O'Shea R, Xia A, Murphy JD. How to optimise photosynthetic biogas upgrading: a perspective on system design and microalgae selection. Biotechnol Adv 2019; 37:107444. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2019.107444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2019] [Revised: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 08/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
|
24
|
Nagarajan D, Lee DJ, Chang JS. Integration of anaerobic digestion and microalgal cultivation for digestate bioremediation and biogas upgrading. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 290:121804. [PMID: 31327690 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Biogas is the gaseous byproduct obtained during anaerobic digestion which is rich in methane, along with a significant amount of other gases like CO2. The removal of CO2 is essential to upgrade the biogas to biomethane (>95% methane content). High CO2 tolerant microalgae can be employed as a biological CO2 scrubbing agent for biogas upgrading. Many microalgal strains tolerant to the levels of CO2 and CH4 seen in biogas have been reported. A CO2 removal efficiency of 50-99% can be attained based on the microalgae used and the cultivation conditions applied. Nutrient-rich liquid digestate obtained from anaerobic digestion can also be used as the cultivation medium for microalgae, performing biogas upgrading and digestate bioremediation simultaneously. Mixotrophic cultivation enables microalgae to utilize the organic carbon present in the liquid digestate along with nitrogen and phosphorus. Microalgae appears to be a potential biological CO2 scrubbing agent for efficient biogas upgrading.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dillirani Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Duu-Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Jo-Shu Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Research Center for Energy Technology and Strategy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Research Center for Circular Economy, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan; Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, College of Engineering, Tunghai University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Toro-Huertas EI, Franco-Morgado M, de Los Cobos Vasconcelos D, González-Sánchez A. Photorespiration in an outdoor alkaline open-photobioreactor used for biogas upgrading. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 667:613-621. [PMID: 30833260 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The rates of oxygenic and carbon fixation photosynthetic processes of a microalgae consortium were simultaneously evaluated under steady-state performance in an bench scale alkaline open-system exposed to outdoor conditions in Mexico City. A synthetic methane-free gaseous stream (SMGS) similar to biogas was used as inorganic carbon source and model of biogas upgrading. The microalgae CO2 fixation rates were calculated through a novel methodology based on an inorganic carbon mass balance under continuous scrubbing of a SMGS similar to biogas, where the influence of pH and temperature time-depended oscillations were successfully incorporated into the mass balances. The oxygenic activity and carbon fixation occurred at different non-stoichiometric rates during the diurnal phase, in average carbon fixation predominated over oxygen production (photosynthesis quotient PQ≈ 0.5 mol O2 mol-1 CO2) indicating photorespiration occurrence mainly under dissolved oxygen concentrations higher than 10 mg L-1. The oxygen and inorganic carbon mass balances demonstrated that photorespiration and endogenous respiration were responsible for losing up to 66% and 7% respectively of the biomass grew at diurnal periods under optimal conditions. In favoring photorespiration conditions, the microalgae biomass productivity (CO2 effectively captured) can be severely decreased. A kinetic mathematical model as a function of temperature and irradiance of the oxygenic photosynthetic activity indicated the optimal operation zone for this outdoor alkaline open-photobioreactor, where irradiance was found being the most influential parameter.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliana Isabel Toro-Huertas
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Mariana Franco-Morgado
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Daniel de Los Cobos Vasconcelos
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Armando González-Sánchez
- Instituto de Ingeniería, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Circuito Escolar, Ciudad Universitaria, 04510 Mexico City, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Marín D, Ortíz A, Díez-Montero R, Uggetti E, García J, Lebrero R, Muñoz R. Influence of liquid-to-biogas ratio and alkalinity on the biogas upgrading performance in a demo scale algal-bacterial photobioreactor. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 280:112-117. [PMID: 30763863 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The influence of the liquid-to-biogas ratio (L/G) and alkalinity on methane quality was evaluated in a 11.7 m3 outdoors horizontal semi-closed tubular photobioreactor interconnected to a 45-L absorption column (AC). CO2 concentrations in the upgraded methane ranged from <0.1 to 9.6% at L/G of 2.0 and 0.5, respectively, with maximum CH4 concentrations of 89.7% at a L/G of 1.0. Moreover, an enhanced CO2 removal (mediating a decrease in CO2 concentration from 9.6 to 1.2%) and therefore higher CH4 contents (increasing from 88.0 to 93.2%) were observed when increasing the alkalinity of the AC cultivation broth from 42 ± 1 mg L-1 to 996 ± 42 mg L-1. H2S was completely removed regardless of the L/G or the alkalinity in AC. The continuous operation of the photobioreactor with optimized operating parameters resulted in contents of CO2 (<0.1%-1.4%), H2S (<0.7 mg m-3) and CH4 (94.1%-98.8%) complying with international regulations for methane injection into natural gas grids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Marín
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Universidad Pedagógica Nacional Francisco Morazán, Boulevard Centroamérica, Tegucigalpa, Honduras
| | - Antonio Ortíz
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona E-08034, Spain
| | - Rubén Díez-Montero
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona E-08034, Spain
| | - Enrica Uggetti
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona E-08034, Spain
| | - Joan García
- GEMMA - Group of Environmental Engineering and Microbiology, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya - BarcelonaTech, c/ Jordi Girona 1-3, Barcelona E-08034, Spain
| | - Raquel Lebrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, School of Industrial Engineering, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain; Institute of Sustainable Processes, University of Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina, s/n, 47011 Valladolid, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Bakonyi P, Kumar G, Bélafi-Bakó K, Kim SH, Koter S, Kujawski W, Nemestóthy N, Peter J, Pientka Z. A review of the innovative gas separation membrane bioreactor with mechanisms for integrated production and purification of biohydrogen. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 270:643-655. [PMID: 30213541 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.09.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2018] [Revised: 09/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/03/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
This review article focuses on an assessment of the innovative Gas Separation Membrane Bioreactor (GS-MBR), which is an emerging technology because of its potential for in-situ biohydrogen production and separation. The GS-MBR, as a special membrane bioreactor, enriches CO2 directly from the headspace of the anaerobic H2 fermentation process. CO2 can be fed as a substrate to auxiliary photo-bioreactors to grow microalgae as a promising raw material for biocatalyzed, dark fermentative H2-evolution. Overall, these features make the GS-MBR worthy of study. To the best of the authors' knowledge, the GS-MBR has not been studied in detail to date; hence, a comprehensive review of this topic will be useful to the scientific community.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Péter Bakonyi
- Research Institute of Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Gopalakrishnan Kumar
- Institute of Chemistry, Bioscience and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Stavanger, Box 8600 Forus, 4036 Stavanger, Norway; School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Katalin Bélafi-Bakó
- Research Institute of Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Sang-Hyoun Kim
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea.
| | - Stanislaw Koter
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarin Street 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Wojciech Kujawski
- Faculty of Chemistry, Department of Physical Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Gagarin Street 7, 87-100, Toruń, Poland
| | - Nándor Nemestóthy
- Research Institute of Bioengineering, Membrane Technology and Energetics, University of Pannonia, Egyetem u. 10, 8200 Veszprém, Hungary
| | - Jakub Peter
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, AS CR, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Zbynek Pientka
- Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, AS CR, Heyrovsky Sq. 2, 162 06 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Toledo-Cervantes A, Morales T, González Á, Muñoz R, Lebrero R. Long-term photosynthetic CO 2 removal from biogas and flue-gas: Exploring the potential of closed photobioreactors for high-value biomass production. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 640-641:1272-1278. [PMID: 30021292 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.05.270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The long-term performance of a tubular photobioreactor interconnected to a gas absorption column for the abatement of CO2 from biogas and flue-gas was investigated. Additionally, a novel nitrogen feast-famine regime was implemented during the flue-gas feeding stage in order to promote the continuous storage of highly-energetic compounds. Results showed effective CO2 (~98%) and H2S (~99%) removals from synthetic biogas, supported by the high photosynthetic activity of microalgae which resulted in an alkaline pH (~10). In addition, CO2 removals of 99 and 91% were observed during the flue-gas operation depending on the nutrients source: mineral salt medium and digestate, respectively. A biomass productivity of ~8 g m-2 d-1 was obtained during both stages, with a complete nitrogen and carbon recovery from the cultivation broth. Moreover, the strategy of feeding nutrients during the dark period promoted the continuous accumulation of carbohydrates, their concentration increasing from 22% under normal nutrition up to 37% during the feast-famine cycle. This represents a productivity of ~3 g-carbohydrates m-2 d-1, which can be further valorized to contribute to the economic sustainability of the photosynthetic CO2 removal process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alma Toledo-Cervantes
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain; Department of Chemical Engineering, CUCEI-Universidad de Guadalajara, Blvd. M. García Barragán 1451, C.P. 44430, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico
| | - Tamara Morales
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Álvaro González
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Raúl Muñoz
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain
| | - Raquel Lebrero
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Technology, Valladolid, Dr. Mergelina s/n., Valladolid 47011, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Rodero MDR, Posadas E, Toledo-Cervantes A, Lebrero R, Muñoz R. Influence of alkalinity and temperature on photosynthetic biogas upgrading efficiency in high rate algal ponds. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
|
30
|
García-Galán MJ, Uggetti E, Garfi M, Olguín EJ, García J, Puigagut J. Biotechnology: a highly efficient tool for the current environmental challenges. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 616-617:1664-1667. [PMID: 29128123 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2017.10.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Accepted: 10/18/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Enrica Uggetti
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Spain
| | - Marianna Garfi
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Spain
| | | | - Joan García
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Spain
| | - Jaume Puigagut
- Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Biogas upgrading and utilization: Current status and perspectives. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:452-466. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 640] [Impact Index Per Article: 106.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
32
|
Wall DM, McDonagh S, Murphy JD. Cascading biomethane energy systems for sustainable green gas production in a circular economy. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 243:1207-1215. [PMID: 28803063 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.07.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Biomethane is a flexible energy vector that can be used as a renewable fuel for both the heat and transport sectors. Recent EU legislation encourages the production and use of advanced, third generation biofuels with improved sustainability for future energy systems. The integration of technologies such as anaerobic digestion, gasification, and power to gas, along with advanced feedstocks such as algae will be at the forefront in meeting future sustainability criteria and achieving a green gas supply for the gas grid. This paper explores the relevant pathways in which an integrated biomethane industry could potentially materialise and identifies and discusses the latest biotechnological advances in the production of renewable gas. Three scenarios of cascading biomethane systems are developed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David M Wall
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute (ERI), University College Cork (UCC), Ireland; School of Engineering, University College Cork (UCC), Ireland
| | - Shane McDonagh
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute (ERI), University College Cork (UCC), Ireland; School of Engineering, University College Cork (UCC), Ireland
| | - Jerry D Murphy
- MaREI Centre, Environmental Research Institute (ERI), University College Cork (UCC), Ireland; School of Engineering, University College Cork (UCC), Ireland; International Energy Agency Bioenergy Task 37 "Energy from Biogas".
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Granada‐Moreno C, Aburto‐Medina A, los Cobos Vasconcelos D, González‐Sánchez A. Microalgae community shifts during the biogas upgrading in an alkaline open photobioreactor. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:903-915. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Revised: 06/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C.I. Granada‐Moreno
- Coordinación de Ingeniería Ambiental Instituto de Ingeniería UNAM Circuito Escolar Ciudad Universitaria Mexico City Mexico
| | - A. Aburto‐Medina
- Centre for Environmental Sustainability and Remediation School of Applied Sciences RMIT University Bundoora Vic. Australia
- Instituto Tecnológico y de Estudios Superiores de Monterrey Puebla México
| | - D. los Cobos Vasconcelos
- Coordinación de Ingeniería Ambiental Instituto de Ingeniería UNAM Circuito Escolar Ciudad Universitaria Mexico City Mexico
| | - A. González‐Sánchez
- Coordinación de Ingeniería Ambiental Instituto de Ingeniería UNAM Circuito Escolar Ciudad Universitaria Mexico City Mexico
| |
Collapse
|