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Zhang S, Liu Z, Yang G, Zheng J, Pan S, Aono T, Sakaguchi A. Rapid Method To Determine 137Cs, 237Np, and Pu Isotopes in Seawater by SF-ICP-MS. Anal Chem 2023; 95:16892-16901. [PMID: 37906231 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c02702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
Neptunium-237, owing to its long half-life (t1/2 = 2.14 × 106 year) and similar conservatism to 137Cs, has the potential to replace 137Cs for water mass circulation studies on decades and even longer time scales. A new method for the determination of 137Cs, 237Np, and Pu isotopes in seawater samples was proposed to solve the difficulty of 237Np analysis in seawater. The developed method includes the separation technique of ammonium phosphomolybdate (AMP) adsorption for 137Cs and anion exchange chromatography for 237Np and Pu, a measurement technique of gamma spectrometry for 137Cs and SF-ICP-MS for 237Np and Pu isotopes. 242Pu as a pseudo isotope dilution tracer for Np, the negligible chemical fractionation between 237Np and 242Pu of 1.02 ± 0.06 (k = 2) was obtained by implementing sophisticated control of the redox system and chromatographic elution optimization. The analytical results for the International Atomic Energy Agency Certified Reference Materials (IAEA-443) agreed with the reference values, showing chemical yields of 65-88%, U decontamination factor above 106 level, and improved sample throughput (5 days for 12 samples). Meanwhile, the lower method detection limits (MDLs) of 237Np, 239Pu, and 240Pu were 1.3 × 10-3, 0.065, and 0.15 μBq L-1 for 15 L seawater, respectively. Results obtained by the developed method can be used to evaluate the impact on the marine ecological system of the planned marine discharge of Fukushima decontaminated wastewater. Working toward that purpose, we are the first to report the 237Np activity concentration in Pacific Ocean seawater sampled near the station site, and we obtained the value of 0.122-0.154 μBq L-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage , Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Zhiyong Liu
- Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage , Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X) and Collaborative Innovation Centre of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Guosheng Yang
- Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage , Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Jian Zheng
- Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage , Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shaoming Pan
- School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Tatsuo Aono
- Institute of Radiological Sciences, National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage , Chiba 263-8555, Japan
- Radioecology Unit, Fukushima Institute for Research, Education and Innovation, 1 Hikariga-oka, Fukushima, Fukushima 960-1295, Japan
| | - Aya Sakaguchi
- Institute of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, 1-1-1 Tennodai, Tsukuba , Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
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Wang F, Zheng J, Aono T, Pan S, Men W. Source and distribution characteristics of 239, 240, 241Pu, 237Np and 134, 137Cs in sediments in the Northwest and Central Equatorial Pacific after the Fukushima nuclear accident. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119214. [PMID: 35358631 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To understand the possible influence of the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Plant (FDNPP) accident on the deep sea, as well as the geochemical behavior and transport of radionuclides, 134Cs, 137Cs, 239, 240Pu, 241Pu, and 237Np were measured in the abyssal sediments of the Northwest Pacific (NWP) and Central Equatorial Pacific (CEP) Ocean. Data on the characteristics of these sediments obtained after the FDNPP accident are extremely rare, especially in the NWP subtropical gyre (NPSG) region. FDNPP-derived radio-Cs (134Cs, 137Cs) arrived at the open sea floor of the NWP before 2018 but was only found in the Kuroshio-Oyashio Extension (KOE) region. No FDNPP-derived Pu was detected in the abyssal sediments of the NWP or CEP. Pu in the NWP mainly originated from global fallout and the Pacific Proving Ground (PPG) close-in fallout, except for at station WP1 (39°N in the KOE region), where an abnormal but non-FDNPP-derived Pu signal was detected. Pu in the eastern CEP sediment was less affected by the PPG close-in fallout from the Marshall Islands and was mainly derived from global fallout, with some close-in fallout from the Johnston Atoll test. The KOE region was the area most affected by PPG close-in fallout Pu via Kuroshio transport, while the lowest inventories of 239+240Pu and 237Np were found in the NPSG region due to its oligotrophic environment. The 237Np originated from the same source as Pu, and the latitudinal pattern of 237Np was consistent with that of Pu. Station SS (in the marginal sea of the NWP) contained high 237Np/239Pu atom ratios in the deeper layers of sediment and had a 237Np depth profile opposite that of the 239+240Pu profile, compared to other stations; these differences are mainly attributed to differences in the behaviors of 237Np and 239Pu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fenfen Wang
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal and Island Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China; Department of Radioecology and Fukushima Project, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 491 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan; The Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment Early Warning and Monitoring, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, P.R.C, Xiamen, 361005, China
| | - Jian Zheng
- Department of Radioecology and Fukushima Project, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 491 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan.
| | - Tatsuo Aono
- Department of Radioecology and Fukushima Project, National Institutes for Quantum and Radiological Science and Technology, 491 Anagawa, Inage, Chiba, 263-8555, Japan
| | - Shaoming Pan
- The Key Laboratory of Coastal and Island Development of the Ministry of Education, School of Geographic and Oceanographic Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wu Men
- The Laboratory of Marine Ecological Environment Early Warning and Monitoring, Third Institute of Oceanography, Ministry of Natural Resources, P.R.C, Xiamen, 361005, China
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López-Lora M, Chamizo E, Levy I, Christl M, Casacuberta N, Kenna TC. 236U, 237Np and 239,240Pu as complementary fingerprints of radioactiveeffluents in the western Mediterranean Sea and in the Canada Basin (Arctic Ocean). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 765:142741. [PMID: 33071133 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the potential of combining the conservatively behaving anthropogenic radionuclides 236U and 237Np to gain information on the origin of water masses tagged with liquid effluents from Nuclear Reprocessing Plants. This work includes samples collected from three full-depth water columns in two areas: i) the Arctic Ocean, where Atlantic waters carry the signal of Sellafield (United Kingdom) and La Hague (France) nuclear reprocessing facilities; and ii) the western Mediterranean Sea, directly impacted by Marcoule reprocessing plant (France). This work is complemented by the study of the particle-reactive Pu isotopes as an additional fingerprint of the source region. In the Canada Basin, Atlantic waters showed the highest concentrations and 237Np/236U ratios in agreement with the estimated values for North Atlantic waters entering the Arctic Ocean and tagged with the signal of European Nuclear Reprocessing Plants. These results may reflect the impact of the documented releases for the 1990s. In the Mediterranean Sea, an excess of 236U presumably caused by Marcoule is reflected in the lower 237Np/236U ratios compared to the Global Fallout signal in all the studied samples. On the contrary, the 239,240Pu profiles were mainly governed by the Global Fallout. The impact of Marcoule as a local source is further corroborated when comparing the temporal evolution of these ratios between 2001 and 2013. The lowest 237Np/236U ratios observed in 2001 at the surface reflect a previous local input that is no longer observed in 2013 as it had been homogenized through the whole water column. This work presents the use of 237Np as a new ocean tracer. A more accurate characterization of the main sources is still needed to optimize the use of 236U-237Np as a new tool to understand transient oceanographic processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes López-Lora
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Universidad de Sevilla, Junta de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parque científico y tecnológico Cartuja, Thomas Alva Edison 7, 41092, Sevilla, Spain; Dpto. de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Virgen de África 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain; Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences (HMV), Linköping University, 58183 Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Elena Chamizo
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Universidad de Sevilla, Junta de Andalucía, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parque científico y tecnológico Cartuja, Thomas Alva Edison 7, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - Isabelle Levy
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories 4a Quai Antoine 1er, MC 98000, Monaco
| | - Marcus Christl
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Wen 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Núria Casacuberta
- Laboratory of Ion Beam Physics, ETH Zürich, Otto-Stern-Wen 5, CH-8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Timothy C Kenna
- Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory, Columbia University, NY, USA
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Timescale Methods for Simplifying, Understanding and Modeling Biophysical and Water Quality Processes in Coastal Aquatic Ecosystems: A Review. WATER 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/w12102717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In this article, we describe the use of diagnostic timescales as simple tools for illuminating how aquatic ecosystems work, with a focus on coastal systems such as estuaries, lagoons, tidal rivers, reefs, deltas, gulfs, and continental shelves. Intending this as a tutorial as well as a review, we discuss relevant fundamental concepts (e.g., Lagrangian and Eulerian perspectives and methods, parcels, particles, and tracers), and describe many of the most commonly used diagnostic timescales and definitions. Citing field-based, model-based, and simple algebraic methods, we describe how physical timescales (e.g., residence time, flushing time, age, transit time) and biogeochemical timescales (e.g., for growth, decay, uptake, turnover, or consumption) are estimated and implemented (sometimes together) to illuminate coupled physical-biogeochemical systems. Multiple application examples are then provided to demonstrate how timescales have proven useful in simplifying, understanding, and modeling complex coastal aquatic systems. We discuss timescales from the perspective of “holism”, the degree of process richness incorporated into them, and the value of clarity in defining timescales used and in describing how they were estimated. Our objective is to provide context, new applications and methodological ideas and, for those new to timescale methods, a starting place for implementing them in their own work.
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Pham MK, Chamizo E, Lopéz-Lora M, Martín J, Osvath I, Povinec PP. Impact of Saharan dust events on radionuclides in the atmosphere, seawater, and sediments of the northwest Mediterranean Sea. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2020; 214-215:106157. [PMID: 31928982 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2020.106157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/02/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In February 2004, anthropogenic radionuclides (137Cs, 236U, 239Pu and 240Pu), transported from the Sahara Desert, were observed in the Monaco air, and later in water and sediment samples collected at the DYFAMED site in the northwest (NW) Mediterranean Sea. While 236U and 137Cs in Saharan dust particles showed a high solubility in seawater, Pu isotopes were particle reactive in the water column and in the sediment. The impact of the Saharan deposition was found at 0-1.0 cm of the sediment core for 236U and 137Cs, and between 1.0 and 1.5 cm for Pu isotopes. The excess of 236U was observed more in the water column than in the sediment, whereas the 239+240Pu total inventories were comparable in the water column and the sediment. This single-day particle event represented 72% of annual atmospheric deposition in Monaco. At the DYFAMED site, it accounted for 10% (137Cs) and 15% (239+240Pu) activities of sinking particles during the period of the highest mass flux collected at the 200 and 1000 m water depths, and for a significant proportion of the total annual atmospheric input to the NW Mediterranean Sea (28-37% for 137Cs and 34-45% for 239+240Pu). Contributions to the total 137Cs and 239+240Pu sediment inventories were estimated to be 14% and 8%, respectively. The Saharan dust deposition phenomenon (atmospheric input, water column and sediment) offered a unique case to study origin and accumulation rates of radionuclides in the NW Mediterranean Sea.
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Affiliation(s)
- M K Pham
- IAEA-Environment Laboratories, Monte Carlo, 98000, Monaco.
| | - E Chamizo
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores, Universidad de Sevilla, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - M Lopéz-Lora
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores, Universidad de Sevilla, Isla de la Cartuja, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J Martín
- CADIC-CONICET, Bernardo Houssay 200, Ushuaia, 9410, Argentina
| | - I Osvath
- IAEA-Environment Laboratories, Monte Carlo, 98000, Monaco
| | - P P Povinec
- Faculty of Mathematics, Physics and Informatics, Comenius University, SK-84248, Bratislava, Slovakia
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López-Lora M, Chamizo E, Rožmarić M, Louw DC. Presence of 236U and 237Np in a marine ecosystem: The northern Benguela Upwelling System, a case study. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:135222. [PMID: 31791767 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Benguela Upwelling System (BUS), off the south-western African coast, is one of the four major eastern boundary upwelling ecosystems in the oceans. However, this area has been overlooked in the field of environmental radioactivity. In this work, 236U and 237Np were collected off the coast of Namibia within the northern BUS. Surface seawater exhibited similar 236U and 237Np concentrations, ranging from 3.9·106 to 5.6·106 atoms kg-1 and from 4.6·106 to 8.5·106 atoms kg-1, respectively. The observed inventories in a water column from the continental margin, of (2.10 ± 0.11)·1012 atoms m-2 for 236U and (3.48 ± 0.13)·1012 atoms m-2 for 237Np, were in agreement with the global fallout (GF) source term in the Southern Hemisphere that was the main source of actinides to the region. A pattern was observed in the surface samples, with 237Np concentrations that decreased by 25-30% when moving from inshore to offshore stations, but such an effect could not be clearly discerned in the case of 236U within the data uncertainties. An explanation based on the larger particle reactivity of GF 237Np compared to GF 236U was proposed. Such an effect would have been important at the studied site due to the enhance presence of particles in the continental shelf triggered by the upwelling phenomenon. A value of 1.77 ± 0.20 was obtained for the 237Np/236U atom ratio for the GF source term in the marine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mercedes López-Lora
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Universidad de Sevilla. Junta de Andalucía. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parque científico y tecnológico Cartuja, Thomas Alva Edison 7, 41092 Sevilla, Spain; Dpto. de Física Aplicada I, Escuela Politécnica Superior, Universidad de Sevilla, Virgen de África 7, 41011 Sevilla, Spain.
| | - Elena Chamizo
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores (CNA), Universidad de Sevilla. Junta de Andalucía. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Parque científico y tecnológico Cartuja, Thomas Alva Edison 7, 41092 Sevilla, Spain
| | - Martina Rožmarić
- International Atomic Energy Agency, Environment Laboratories, MC 98000 Monaco
| | - Deon C Louw
- National Marine Information and Research Centre (NatMIRC), PO Box 912, Swakopmund, Namibia
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López-Lora M, Levy I, Chamizo E. Simple and fast method for the analysis of 236U, 237Np, 239Pu and 240Pu from seawater samples by Accelerator Mass Spectrometry. Talanta 2019; 200:22-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2019.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Revised: 03/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Tereshchenko NN, Gulin SB, Proskurnin VY. Distribution and migration of 239+240Pu in abiotic components of the Black Sea ecosystems during the post-Chernobyl period. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 188:67-78. [PMID: 29108726 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2017] [Revised: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Distribution of 239,240Pu in abiotic components (water and bottom sediment) of the Black Sea ecosystems was studied during the post-Chernobyl period at different offshore and near-shore locations. The trends of these radionuclides accumulation by sediments were analyzed. The spatial-temporal changes in the 239,240Pu distribution as well as effective half-life for these radionuclides in the Black Sea surface water in deep-sea area are presented. The estimations of the average annual removal fluxes of the 239,240Pu into the bottom sediments were obtained. The Black Sea sediments were characterized by a higher 239,240Pu concentration factor (Cf ≈ n·104-n·106) and radiocapacity factor (F(239,240Pu) was about 99.9% on the shelf, 94.5-99.1% on deep-sea basin for silty and 94.6-98.9% on the shelf for sandy bottom sediments) as compared with Cf and F for 137Cs and 90Sr. Silty bottom sediments play the role of 239,240Pu main depot in the Black Sea ecosystem. The studied radioecological characteristics of Pu allowed us to define the type of plutonium biogeochemical behavior in the Black Sea as a pedotropic one. The results of this complex radioecological monitoring of 239+240Pu contamination in the Black Sea and their analysis makes it possible to understand the plutonium redistribution pathways which will enable to carry out the tracing of its migration within the ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N N Tereshchenko
- The A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Marine Biological Research of RAS, 2, Nakhimov Avenue, Sevastopol, 299011, Russian Federation.
| | - S B Gulin
- The A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Marine Biological Research of RAS, 2, Nakhimov Avenue, Sevastopol, 299011, Russian Federation
| | - V Yu Proskurnin
- The A.O. Kovalevsky Institute of Marine Biological Research of RAS, 2, Nakhimov Avenue, Sevastopol, 299011, Russian Federation
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Villa-Alfageme M, Chamizo E, Santos-Arévalo FJ, López-Gutierrez JM, Gómez-Martínez I, Hurtado-Bermúdez S. Natural and artificial radionuclides in a marine core. First results of 236U in North Atlantic Ocean sediments. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RADIOACTIVITY 2018; 186:152-160. [PMID: 29061309 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvrad.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2017] [Revised: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
There are very few data available of 236U in marine sediment cores. In this study we present the results from the first oceanic depth profile of 236U in a sediment core sampled in the North Atlantic Ocean, at the PAP site (4500 m depth, Porcupine Abyssal Plain (PAP) site, 49°0' N, 16°30' W). Additionally, the sediment core was radiologically characterized through the measurement of anthropogenic 137Cs, 239Pu, 240Pu, 129I and 14C and natural 210Pb, 40K and 226Ra. The measured 236U concentrations decrease from about 90·106 at g-1 at the seafloor down to 0.5·106 at g-1 at 6 cm depth. They are several orders of magnitude lower than the reported values for soils from the Northern Hemisphere solely influenced by global fallout (i.e. from 2700·106 to 7500·106 at g-1). 236U/238U atom ratios measured are at least three orders of magnitude above the estimated level for the naturally occurring dissolved uranium. The obtained inventories are 1·1012 at m-2 for 236U, 80 Bq m-2 for 137Cs, 45 Bq m-2 for 239+240Pu and 2.6·1012 at m-2 for 129I. Atomic ratios for 236U/239Pu, 137Cs/236U and 129I/236U, obtained from the inventories are 0.036, 0.11 and 2.5 respectively. Concentration profiles show mobilization probably due to bioturbation from the abundant detritivore holothurian species living at the PAP site sea-floor. The range of 236U, 137Cs, 239+240Pu and 129I values, inventories and ratios of these anthropogenic radionuclides are more similar to the values due to fall-out than values from a contribution from the Nuclear Fuel Reprocessing Plants dispersed to the south-west of the North Atlantic Ocean. However, signs of an additional source are detected and might be associated to the nuclear wastes dumped on the Eastern North Atlantic Ocean.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Villa-Alfageme
- Dpto. Física Aplicada II, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes 4A, 41012, Sevilla, Spain.
| | - E Chamizo
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores, Universidad de Sevilla, C Thomas Alva Edison, 7, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - F J Santos-Arévalo
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores, Universidad de Sevilla, C Thomas Alva Edison, 7, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - J M López-Gutierrez
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores, Universidad de Sevilla, C Thomas Alva Edison, 7, 41092, Sevilla, Spain; Dpto. Física Aplicada III, Universidad de Sevilla, Virgen de África, 41011, Sevilla, Spain
| | - I Gómez-Martínez
- Centro Nacional de Aceleradores, Universidad de Sevilla, C Thomas Alva Edison, 7, 41092, Sevilla, Spain
| | - S Hurtado-Bermúdez
- Centro de Investigación, Tecnología e Innovación CITIUS, Universidad de Sevilla, Av. Reina Mercedes 4B, 41012, Sevilla, Spain
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