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Zhang J, Chen Z, Shan D, Wu Y, Zhao Y, Li C, Shu Y, Linghu X, Wang B. Adverse effects of exposure to fine particles and ultrafine particles in the environment on different organs of organisms. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 135:449-473. [PMID: 37778818 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Particulate pollution is a global risk factor that seriously threatens human health. Fine particles (FPs) and ultrafine particles (UFPs) have small particle diameters and large specific surface areas, which can easily adsorb metals, microorganisms and other pollutants. FPs and UFPs can enter the human body in multiple ways and can be easily and quickly absorbed by the cells, tissues and organs. In the body, the particles can induce oxidative stress, inflammatory response and apoptosis, furthermore causing great adverse effects. Epidemiological studies mainly take the population as the research object to study the distribution of diseases and health conditions in a specific population and to focus on the identification of influencing factors. However, the mechanism by which a substance harms the health of organisms is mainly demonstrated through toxicological studies. Combining epidemiological studies with toxicological studies will provide a more systematic and comprehensive understanding of the impact of PM on the health of organisms. In this review, the sources, compositions, and morphologies of FPs and UFPs are briefly introduced in the first part. The effects and action mechanisms of exposure to FPs and UFPs on the heart, lungs, brain, liver, spleen, kidneys, pancreas, gastrointestinal tract, joints and reproductive system are systematically summarized. In addition, challenges are further pointed out at the end of the paper. This work provides useful theoretical guidance and a strong experimental foundation for investigating and preventing the adverse effects of FPs and UFPs on human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwei Zhang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhao Chen
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Dan Shan
- Department of Medical, Tianjin Stomatological Hospital, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300041, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Chen Li
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preventive Medicine Education (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yue Shu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xiaoyu Linghu
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Baiqi Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environment, Nutrition and Public Health, Tianjin 300070, China; National Demonstration Center for Experimental Preventive Medicine Education (Tianjin Medical University), Tianjin 300070, China.
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López M, López-Lilao A, Romero F, Pérez-Albaladejo E, Pinteño R, Porte C, Balasch A, Eljarrat E, Viana M, Monfort E. Size-resolved chemical composition and toxicity of particles released from refit operations in shipyards. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 880:163072. [PMID: 36990238 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2022] [Revised: 03/08/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/15/2023]
Abstract
Ship refit and repair operations in shipyards generate aerosol emissions with high potential for environmental impacts. Metal-bearing nano-, fine and coarse particles are incidentally formed and can be released to indoor and ambient air and the aquatic environment. This work aimed to further the understanding of these impacts by characterising particle size-resolved chemical composition (15 nm - 10 μm), organophosphate esters (OPEs) content (e.g., plasticisers) and cytotoxic and genotoxic potential. Results showed that nanoparticle emissions (20-110 nm) took place in bursts, coinciding with the use of mechanical abraders and spray-painting guns. Tracers of these activities were Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Rb, Nb, and Cs. Key components were V and Cu, probably sourcing from nanoadditives in the coatings. Abrasion of coatings also emitted OPEs, especially from old paints. Toxicity assessments consistently evidenced hazardous potential for the different endpoints assessed, for a number of samples. Exposures to spray-painting aerosols were linked with reduced cell viability (cytotoxicity), significant generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and increases in micronuclei frequency (genotoxicity). Even though spray-painting did not contribute significantly to aerosol mass or number concentrations, it was a major driver of potential health effects. Results suggest that aerosol chemical composition (e.g., content in nano-sized Cu or V) may have a larger impact on toxicity than aerosol concentration. While direct human exposures may be prevented using personal and collective protective equipment and environmental release can be minimised by enclosures and filtration systems, impacts on ambient air and the aquatic environment cannot be fully prevented. The continued use of good practices (exhaust, dilution, general ventilation systems, PPE, already in place) is encouraged to reduce inhalation exposures inside the tents. Understanding the size-resolved chemical and toxicological properties of aerosols is key to reducing human health and environmental impacts of ship refit operations in shipyards.
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López M, Reche C, Pérez-Albaladejo E, Porte C, Balasch A, Monfort E, Eljarrat E, Viana M. E-waste dismantling as a source of personal exposure and environmental release of fine and ultrafine particles. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:154871. [PMID: 35364180 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/23/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Electronic waste (WEEE; from TV screens to electric toothbrushes) is one of the fastest growing waste streams in the world. Prior to recycling, e-waste components (metals, wood, glass, etc.) are processed by shredding, grinding and chainsaw cutting. These activities generate fine and ultrafine particle emissions, containing metals as well as organics (e.g., flame retardants), which have high potential for human health impacts as well as for environmental release. In this work, release of fine and ultrafine particles, and their exposure impacts, was assessed in an e-waste recycling facility under real-world operating conditions. Parameters monitored were black carbon, particle mass concentrations, ultrafine particles, and aerosol morphology and chemical composition. Potential health impacts were assessed in terms of cytotoxicity (cell viability) and oxidative stress (ROS) on <2 μm particles collected in liquid suspension. Environmental release of WEEE aerosols was evidenced by the higher particle concentrations monitored outside the facility when compared to the urban background (43 vs.11 μgPM2.5/m3, respectively, or 2.4 vs. 0.2 μgCa/m3). Inside the facility, concentrations were higher in the top than on the ground floor (PM2.5 = 147 vs. 78 μg/m3, N = 15.4 ∗ 104 vs. 8.7 ∗ 104/cm3, BC = 12.4 vs. 7.2 μg/m3). Ventilation was a key driver of human exposure, in combination with particle emissions. Key chemical tracers were Ca (from plastic fillers) and Fe (from wiring and other metal components). Y, Zr, Cd, Pb, P and Bi were markers of cathode TV recycling, and Li and Cr of grinding activities. While aerosols did not evidence cytotoxic effects, ROS generation was detected in 4 out of the 12 samples collected, associated to the ultrafine fraction. We conclude on the need for studies on aerosol emissions from WEEE facilities, especially in Europe, due to their demonstrable environmental and human health impacts and the rapidly growing generation of this type of waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona University, Chemistry Faculty, C/ de Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - C Reche
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Pérez-Albaladejo
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - C Porte
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - A Balasch
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona University, Chemistry Faculty, C/ de Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain
| | - E Monfort
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC)-AICE - Universitat Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12006 Castellón, Spain
| | - E Eljarrat
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Unveiling the Toxicity of Fine and Nano-Sized Airborne Particles Generated from Industrial Thermal Spraying Processes in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23084278. [PMID: 35457096 PMCID: PMC9025379 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23084278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2022] [Revised: 04/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
High-energy industrial processes have been associated with particle release into workplace air that can adversely affect workers’ health. The present study assessed the toxicity of incidental fine (PGFP) and nanoparticles (PGNP) emitted from atmospheric plasma (APS) and high-velocity oxy-fuel (HVOF) thermal spraying. Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, 2-(4-nitrophenyl)-2H-5-tetrazolio]-1,3-benzene disulfonate (WST-1) metabolisation, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, cell cycle changes, histone H2AX phosphorylation (γ-H2AX) and DNA damage were evaluated in human alveolar epithelial cells at 24 h after exposure. Overall, HVOF particles were the most cytotoxic to human alveolar cells, with cell viability half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) values of 20.18 µg/cm2 and 1.79 µg/cm2 for PGFP and PGNP, respectively. Only the highest tested concentration of APS-PGFP caused a slight decrease in cell viability. Particle uptake, cell cycle arrest at S + G2/M and γ-H2AX augmentation were observed after exposure to all tested particles. However, higher levels of γ-H2AX were found in cells exposed to APS-derived particles (~16%), while cells exposed to HVOF particles exhibited increased levels of oxidative damage (~17% tail intensity) and ROS (~184%). Accordingly, APS and HVOF particles seem to exert their genotoxic effects by different mechanisms, highlighting that the health risks of these process-generated particles at industrial settings should not be underestimated.
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Del Secco B, Trabucco S, Ravegnani F, Koivisto AJ, Zanoni I, Blosi M, Ortelli S, Altin M, Bartolini G, Costa AL, Belosi F. Particles Emission from an Industrial Spray Coating Process Using Nano-Materials. NANOMATERIALS 2022; 12:nano12030313. [PMID: 35159658 PMCID: PMC8838285 DOI: 10.3390/nano12030313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Industrial spray coating processes are known to produce excellent coatings on large surfaces and are thus often used for in-line production. However, they could be one of the most critical sources of worker exposure to ultrafine particles (UFPs). A monitoring campaign at the Witek s.r.l. (Florence, Italy) was deployed to characterize the release of TiO2 NPs doped with nitrogen (TiO2-N) and Ag capped with hydroxyethyl cellulose (AgHEC) during automatic industrial spray-coating of polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) and polyester. Aerosol particles were characterized inside the spray chamber at near field (NF) and far field (FF) locations using on-line and off-line instruments. Results showed that TiO2-N suspension produced higher particle number concentrations than AgHEC in the size range 0.3–1 µm (on average 1.9 102 p/cm3 and 2.5 101 p/cm3, respectively) after background removing. At FF, especially at worst case scenario (4 nozzles, 800 mL/min flow rate) for TiO2-N, the spray spikes were correlated with NF, with an observed time lag of 1 minute corresponding to a diffusion speed of 0.1 m/s. The averaged ratio between particles mass concentrations in the NF position and inside the spray chamber was 1.7% and 1.5% for TiO2-N and for AgHEC suspensions, respectively. The released particles’ number concentration of TiO2-N in the size particles range 0.3–1 µm was comparable for both PMMA and polyester substrates, about 1.5 and 1.6 102 p/cm3. In the size range 0.01–30 µm, the aerosol number concentration at NF for both suspensions was lower than the nano reference values (NRVs) of 16·103 p/cm-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedetta Del Secco
- CNR-ISAC, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (S.T.); (F.R.); (F.B.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Sara Trabucco
- CNR-ISAC, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (S.T.); (F.R.); (F.B.)
| | - Fabrizio Ravegnani
- CNR-ISAC, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (S.T.); (F.R.); (F.B.)
| | | | - Ilaria Zanoni
- CNR-ISTEC, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council of Italy, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (S.O.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Magda Blosi
- CNR-ISTEC, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council of Italy, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (S.O.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Simona Ortelli
- CNR-ISTEC, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council of Italy, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (S.O.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Marko Altin
- Witek srl., Via Siena 47, 50142 Firenze, Italy; (M.A.); (G.B.)
| | | | - Anna Luisa Costa
- CNR-ISTEC, Institute of Science and Technology for Ceramics-National Research Council of Italy, Via Granarolo 64, 48018 Faenza, Italy; (I.Z.); (M.B.); (S.O.); (A.L.C.)
| | - Franco Belosi
- CNR-ISAC, Institute of Atmospheric Sciences and Climate-National Research Council of Italy, Via Gobetti, 101, 40129 Bologna, Italy; (S.T.); (F.R.); (F.B.)
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López M, López Lilao A, Ribalta C, Martínez Y, Piña N, Ballesteros A, Fito C, Koehler K, Newton A, Monfort E, Viana M. Particle release from refit operations in shipyards: Exposure, toxicity and environmental implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 804:150216. [PMID: 34520930 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2021] [Revised: 08/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
European harbours are known to contribute to air quality degradation. While most of the literature focuses on emissions from stacks or logistics operations, ship refit and repair activities are also relevant aerosol sources in EU harbour areas. Main activities include abrasive removal of filler and spray painting with antifouling coatings/primers/topcoats. This work aimed to assess ultrafine particle (UFP) emissions from ship maintenance activities and their links with exposure, toxicity and health risks for humans and the aquatic environment. Aerosol emissions were monitored during mechanical abrasion of surface coatings under real-world operating conditions in two scenarios in the Mallorca harbour (Spain). Different types of UFPs were observed: (1) highly regular (triangular, hexagonal) engineered nanoparticles (Ti-, Zr-, Fe-based), embedded as nano-additives in the coatings, and (2) irregular, incidental particles emitted directly or formed during abrasion. Particle number concentrations monitored were in the range of industrial activities such as drilling or welding (up to 5 ∗ 105/cm3, mean diameters <30 nm). The chemical composition of PM4 aerosols was dominated by metallic tracers in the coatings (Ti, Al, Ba, Zn). In vitro toxicity of PM2 aerosols evidenced reduced cell viability and a moderate potential for cytotoxic effects. While best practices (exhaust ventilation, personal protective equipment, dust removal) were in place, it is unlikely that exposures and environmental release can be fully avoided at all times. Thus, it is advisable that health and safety protocols should be comprehensive to minimise exposures in all types of locations (near- and far-field) and periods (activity and non-activity). Potential release to coastal surface waters of metallic engineered and incidental nanomaterials, as well as fine and coarse particles (in the case of settled dust), should be assessed and avoided.
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Affiliation(s)
- M López
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain; Barcelona University, Chemistry Faculty, C/ de Martí i Franquès, 1-11, 08028 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - A López Lilao
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC)- AICE - Universitat Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12006 Castellón, Spain
| | - C Ribalta
- The National Research Center for Work Environment (NRCWE), Lersø Parkallé 105, 2100 København, Denmark
| | - Y Martínez
- Baleari Island University (UIB), Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - N Piña
- Baleari Island University (UIB), Carretera de Valldemossa, km 7.5, 07122 Palma, Illes Balears, Spain
| | - A Ballesteros
- Technological Institute of Packaging, Transportation and Logistics (ITENE), C/ Albert Einstein, 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - C Fito
- Technological Institute of Packaging, Transportation and Logistics (ITENE), C/ Albert Einstein, 1, 46980 Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - K Koehler
- Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - A Newton
- Johns Hopkins University (JHU), Baltimore, MD 21218, USA
| | - E Monfort
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC)- AICE - Universitat Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Av. Vicent Sos Baynat s/n, 12006 Castellón, Spain
| | - M Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), C/ Jordi Girona 18, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
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Afshari AA, McKinney W, Cumpston JL, Leonard HD, Cumpston JB, Meighan TG, Jackson M, Friend S, Kodali V, Lee EG, Antonini JM. Development of a thermal spray coating aerosol generator and inhalation exposure system. Toxicol Rep 2022; 9:126-135. [PMID: 35127456 PMCID: PMC8810300 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxrep.2022.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
An automated thermal spray coating generator and inhalation exposure system was designed and developed. The system can generate a consistent concentration of particles during thermal spray coating for an extended period. The aerosols were complex metal oxides and arranged as chain-like agglomerates. A short-term exposure study indicated that thermal spray coating stainless-steel aerosols significantly increased lung toxicity. With the development of this thermal spray coating system, dose-response animal toxicology studies can be performed.
Thermal spray coating involves spraying a product (oftentimes metal) that is melted by extremely high temperatures and then applied under pressure onto a surface. Large amounts of a complex metal aerosol (e.g., Fe, Cr, Ni, Zn) are formed during the process, presenting a potentially serious risk to the operator. Information about the health effects associated with exposure to these aerosols is lacking. Even less is known about the chemical and physical properties of these aerosols. The goal was to develop and test an automated thermal spray coating aerosol generator and inhalation exposure system that would simulate workplace exposures. An electric arc wire-thermal spray coating aerosol generator and exposure system was designed and separated into two areas: (1) an enclosed room where the spray coating occurs; (2) an exposure chamber with different measurement devices and controllers. The physicochemical properties of aerosols generated during electric arc wire-thermal spray coating using five different consumable wires were examined. The metal composition of each was determined by inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES), including two stainless-steel wires [PMET720 (82 % Fe, 13 % Cr); PMET731(66 % Fe, 26 % Cr)], two Ni-based wires [PMET876 (55 % Ni, 17 % Cr); PMET885 (97 % Ni)], and one Zn-based wire [PMET540 (99 % Zn)]. The particles generated regardless of composition were poorly soluble, complex metal oxides and mostly arranged as chain-like agglomerates and similar in size distribution as determined by micro-orifice uniform deposit impactor (MOUDI) and electrical low-pressure impactor (ELPI). To allow for continuous, sequential spray coating during a 4-hr exposure period, a motor rotated the metal pipe to be coated in a circular and up-and-down direction. In a pilot animal study, male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to aerosols (25 mg/m3 × 4 h/d × 9 d) generated from electric arc wire- thermal spray coating using the stainless-steel PMET720 consumable wire. The targeted exposure chamber concentration was achieved and maintained during a 4-hr period. At 1 d after exposure, lung injury and inflammation were significantly elevated in the group exposed to the thermal spray coating aerosol compared to the air control group. The system was designed and constructed for future animal exposure studies to generate continuous metal spray coating aerosols at a targeted concentration for extended periods of time without interruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aliakbar A. Afshari
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States
| | - Walter McKinney
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States
| | - Jared L. Cumpston
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States
| | - Howard D. Leonard
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States
| | - James B. Cumpston
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States
| | - Terence G. Meighan
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States
| | - Mark Jackson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States
| | - Sherri Friend
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States
| | - Vamsi Kodali
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States
| | - Eun Gyung Lee
- Respiratory Health Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States
| | - James M. Antonini
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States
- Corresponding author at: Centers for Disease Control & Prevention, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Health Effects Laboratory Division, 1000 Frederick Lane (Mailstop 2015), Morgantown, WV, 26508, United States.
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8
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In Vitro Toxicity of Industrially Relevant Engineered Nanoparticles in Human Alveolar Epithelial Cells: Air-Liquid Interface versus Submerged Cultures. NANOMATERIALS 2021; 11:nano11123225. [PMID: 34947574 PMCID: PMC8703991 DOI: 10.3390/nano11123225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Diverse industries have already incorporated within their production processes engineered nanoparticles (ENP), increasing the potential risk of worker inhalation exposure. In vitro models have been widely used to investigate ENP toxicity. Air-liquid interface (ALI) cell cultures have been emerging as a valuable alternative to submerged cultures as they are more representative of the inhalation exposure to airborne nano-sized particles. We compared the in vitro toxicity of four ENP used as raw materials in the advanced ceramics sector in human alveolar epithelial-like cells cultured under submerged or ALI conditions. Submerged cultures were exposed to ENP liquid suspensions or to aerosolised ENP at ALI. Toxicity was assessed by determining LDH release, WST-1 metabolisation and DNA damage. Overall, cells were more sensitive to ENP cytotoxic effects when cultured and exposed under ALI. No significant cytotoxicity was observed after 24 h exposure to ENP liquid suspensions, although aerosolised ENP clearly affected cell viability and LDH release. In general, all ENP increased primary DNA damage regardless of the exposure mode, where an increase in DNA strand-breaks was only detected under submerged conditions. Our data show that at relevant occupational concentrations, the selected ENP exert mild toxicity to alveolar epithelial cells and exposure at ALI might be the most suitable choice when assessing ENP toxicity in respiratory models under realistic exposure conditions.
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Viana M, Salmatonidis A, Bezantakos S, Ribalta C, Moreno N, Córdoba P, Cassee FR, Boere J, Fraga S, Teixeira JP, Bessa MJ, Monfort E. Characterizing the Chemical Profile of Incidental Ultrafine Particles for Toxicity Assessment Using an Aerosol Concentrator. Ann Work Expo Health 2021; 65:966-978. [PMID: 34314505 PMCID: PMC8501988 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxab011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Incidental ultrafine particles (UFPs) constitute a key pollutant in industrial workplaces. However, characterizing their chemical properties for exposure and toxicity assessments still remains a challenge. In this work, the performance of an aerosol concentrator (Versatile Aerosol Concentration Enrichment System, VACES) was assessed to simultaneously sample UFPs on filter substrates (for chemical analysis) and as liquid suspensions (for toxicity assessment), in a high UFP concentration scenario. An industrial case study was selected where metal-containing UFPs were emitted during thermal spraying of ceramic coatings. Results evidenced the comparability of the VACES system with online monitors in terms of UFP particle mass (for concentrations up to 95 µg UFP/m3) and between filters and liquid suspensions, in terms of particle composition (for concentrations up to 1000 µg/m3). This supports the applicability of this tool for UFP collection in view of chemical and toxicological characterization for incidental UFPs. In the industrial setting evaluated, results showed that the spraying temperature was a driver of fractionation of metals between UF (<0.2 µm) and fine (0.2-2.5 µm) particles. Potentially health hazardous metals (Ni, Cr) were enriched in UFPs and depleted in the fine particle fraction. Metals vaporized at high temperatures and concentrated in the UF fraction through nucleation processes. Results evidenced the need to understand incidental particle formation mechanisms due to their direct implications on particle composition and, thus, exposure. It is advisable that personal exposure and subsequent risk assessments in occupational settings should include dedicated metrics to monitor UFPs (especially, incidental).
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Affiliation(s)
- M Viana
- IDAEA-CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - S Bezantakos
- Université du Littoral Côte d’ ‘Opale, Dunkerque, France
| | | | | | | | | | - J Boere
- RIVM, Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - S Fraga
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - J P Teixeira
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - M J Bessa
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute of Health Dr Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal
- EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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10
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Heo KJ, Oh HJ, Eom H, Kim Y, Jung JH. High-performance bag filter with a super-hydrophobic microporous polytetrafluoroethylene layer fabricated by air-assisted electrospraying. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 783:147043. [PMID: 34088110 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.147043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Reducing PM emissions from industrial sites has become increasingly important as the adverse health effects of particulate matter have been demonstrated by multiple epidemiological and toxicological studies. High-performance bag filters are often used for this purpose. We fabricated polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) nanoparticle (NP)-coated high-efficiency bag filters using air-assisted electrospraying (AAES) technology. AAES functionalized with a combination of airflow drag force and an applied electric field facilitates high-throughput without requiring additional purification or preparation process of a PTFE emulsion. PTFE NPs form a unique three-dimensional microporous structure on a foam-filter medium, enhancing mechanical filtration performance (diffusion and interception). Moreover, the surface hydrophobicity was significantly improved as the PTFE NPs covered the bag filter surface. These factors highlight the feasibility of large-scale implementation of PTFE NP-coated bag filters for reducing PM emissions from industrial sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Joon Heo
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea; Department of Environmental Machinery, Korea Institute of Machinery & Materials (KIMM), Daejeon 34103, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Ju Oh
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeonjin Eom
- Thermochemical energy system R&D group, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Chenan 31056, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeonsang Kim
- Advanced Textile R&D Department, Korea Institute of Industrial Technology (KITECH), Ansan 15588, Republic of Korea.
| | - Jae Hee Jung
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
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11
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Bessa MJ, Brandão F, Fokkens P, Cassee FR, Salmatonidis A, Viana M, Vulpoi A, Simon S, Monfort E, Teixeira JP, Fraga S. Toxicity assessment of industrial engineered and airborne process-generated nanoparticles in a 3D human airway epithelial in vitro model. Nanotoxicology 2021; 15:542-557. [PMID: 33734024 DOI: 10.1080/17435390.2021.1897698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The advanced ceramic technology has been pointed out as a potentially relevant case of occupational exposure to nanoparticles (NP). Not only when nanoscale powders are being used for production, but also in the high-temperature processing of ceramic materials there is also a high potential for NP release into the workplace environment. In vitro toxicity of engineered NP (ENP) [antimony tin oxide (Sb2O3•SnO2; ATO); zirconium oxide (ZrO2)], as well as process-generated NP (PGNP), and fine particles (PGFP), was assessed in MucilAir™ cultures at air-liquid interface (ALI). Cultures were exposed during three consecutive days to varying doses of the aerosolized NP. General cytotoxicity [lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, WST-1 metabolization], (oxidative) DNA damage, and the levels of pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-8 and MCP-1) were assessed. Data revealed that ENP (5.56 µg ATO/cm2 and 10.98 µg ZrO2/cm2) only caused mild cytotoxicity at early timepoints (24 h), whereas cells seemed to recover quickly since no significant changes in cytotoxicity were observed at late timepoints (72 h). No meaningful effects of the ENP were observed regarding DNA damage and cytokine levels. PGFP affected cell viability at dose levels as low as ∼9 µg/cm2, which was not seen for PGNP. However, exposure to PGNP (∼4.5 µg/cm2) caused an increase in oxidative DNA damage. These results indicated that PGFP and PGNP exhibit higher toxicity potential than ENP in mass per area unit. However, the presence of a mucociliary apparatus, as it occurs in vivo as a defense mechanism, seems to considerably attenuate the observed toxic effects. Our findings highlight the potential hazard associated with exposure to incidental NP in industrial settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Bessa
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Fátima Brandão
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Paul Fokkens
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and Environment (RIVM), Bilthoven, The Netherlands.,Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences (IRAS), Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Apostolos Salmatonidis
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,LEITAT Technological Center, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research, Spanish Research Council (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Vulpoi
- Nanostructured Materials and Bio-Nano-Interfaces Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simion Simon
- Nanostructured Materials and Bio-Nano-Interfaces Center, Interdisciplinary Research Institute on Bio-Nano-Sciences, Babes-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eliseo Monfort
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC), Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Sónia Fraga
- Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Porto, Portugal.,EPIUnit-Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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12
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Antonini JM, McKinney WG, Lee EG, Afshari AA. Review of the physicochemical properties and associated health effects of aerosols generated during thermal spray coating processes. Toxicol Ind Health 2020; 37:47-58. [PMID: 33305691 DOI: 10.1177/0748233720977975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Thermal spray coating is a process that applies a molten metal product under pressure onto a surface. Although thermal spray processes have been used for decades, exposure to aerosols formed during thermal spray coating is an emerging risk. Reports indicate that high concentrations of aerosols composed of toxic metals (e.g. chromium) are generated in the workplace. A knowledge gap exists related to the physicochemical properties of thermal spray coating aerosols as well as any potential associated health effects. The objective of this manuscript was to review thermal spray coating and previous studies that have examined the aerosols produced from this process. A thermal spray coating generator and exposure system is also described that has recently been developed to further evaluate the physical and chemical properties of aerosols formed during thermal spray coating as well as to assess the possible health effects of this process in an effort to mitigate potential occupational health hazards related to the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- James M Antonini
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Walter G McKinney
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Eun Gyung Lee
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Aliakbar A Afshari
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, 114426National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV, USA
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13
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Liu J, Liu J, Attarilar S, Wang C, Tamaddon M, Yang C, Xie K, Yao J, Wang L, Liu C, Tang Y. Nano-Modified Titanium Implant Materials: A Way Toward Improved Antibacterial Properties. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:576969. [PMID: 33330415 PMCID: PMC7719827 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.576969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Titanium and its alloys have superb biocompatibility, low elastic modulus, and favorable corrosion resistance. These exceptional properties lead to its wide use as a medical implant material. Titanium itself does not have antibacterial properties, so bacteria can gather and adhere to its surface resulting in infection issues. The infection is among the main reasons for implant failure in orthopedic surgeries. Nano-modification, as one of the good options, has the potential to induce different degrees of antibacterial effect on the surface of implant materials. At the same time, the nano-modification procedure and the produced nanostructures should not adversely affect the osteogenic activity, and it should simultaneously lead to favorable antibacterial properties on the surface of the implant. This article scrutinizes and deals with the surface nano-modification of titanium implant materials from three aspects: nanostructures formation procedures, nanomaterials loading, and nano-morphology. In this regard, the research progress on the antibacterial properties of various surface nano-modification of titanium implant materials and the related procedures are introduced, and the new trends will be discussed in order to improve the related materials and methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianqiao Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jia Liu
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Shokouh Attarilar
- Department of Pediatric Orthopaedics, Xin Hua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chong Wang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Dongguan University of Technology, Dongguan, China
| | - Maryam Tamaddon
- Institute of Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Orthopaedic Science, University College London, The Royal National National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | - Chengliang Yang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Kegong Xie
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Jinguang Yao
- Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
| | - Liqiang Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Metal Matrix Composites, School of Materials Science and Engineering, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaozong Liu
- Institute of Orthopaedic and Musculoskeletal Science, Division of Surgery & Orthopaedic Science, University College London, The Royal National National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, United Kingdom
| | - Yujin Tang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, China
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14
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Bessa MJ, Brandão F, Viana M, Gomes JF, Monfort E, Cassee FR, Fraga S, Teixeira JP. Nanoparticle exposure and hazard in the ceramic industry: an overview of potential sources, toxicity and health effects. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 184:109297. [PMID: 32155489 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2020.109297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Revised: 02/22/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The ceramic industry is an industrial sector of great impact in the global economy that has been benefiting from advances in materials and processing technologies. Ceramic manufacturing has a strong potential for airborne particle formation and emission, namely of ultrafine particles (UFP) and nanoparticles (NP), meaning that workers of those industries are at risk of potential exposure to these particles. At present, little is known on the impact of engineered nanoparticles (ENP) on the environment and human health and no established Occupational Exposure Limits (OEL) or specific regulations to airborne nanoparticles (ANP) exposure exist raising concerns about the possible consequences of such exposure. In this paper, we provide an overview of the current knowledge on occupational exposure to NP in the ceramic industry and their impact on human health. Possible sources and exposure scenarios, a summary of the existing methods for evaluation and monitoring of ANP in the workplace environment and proposed Nano Reference Values (NRV) for different classes of NP are presented. Case studies on occupational exposure to ANP generated at different stages of the ceramic manufacturing process are described. Finally, the toxicological potential of intentional and unintentional ANP that have been identified in the ceramic industry workplace environment is discussed based on the existing evidence from in vitro and in vivo inhalation toxicity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria João Bessa
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fátima Brandão
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Mar Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.
| | - João F Gomes
- CERENA, Centro de Recursos Naturais e Ambiente/Instituto Superior Técnico, Universidade de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal; ISEL - Instituto Superior de Engenharia de Lisboa, Lisboa, Portugal.
| | - Eliseo Monfort
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC), Universitat Jaume I, 12006, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Flemming R Cassee
- National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, the Netherlands; Institute for Risk Assessment Studies, Utrecht University, Utrecht, the Netherlands.
| | - Sónia Fraga
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
| | - João Paulo Teixeira
- Instituto Nacional de Saúde Doutor Ricardo Jorge, Departamento de Saúde Ambiental, Porto, Portugal; EPIUnit - Instituto de Saúde Pública, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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15
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Ribalta C, Viana M, López-Lilao A, Estupiñá S, Minguillón MC, Mendoza J, Díaz J, Dahmann D, Monfort E. On the Relationship between Exposure to Particles and Dustiness during Handling of Powders in Industrial Settings. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 63:107-123. [PMID: 30508067 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Exposure to ceramic powders, which is frequent during handling operations, is known to cause adverse health effects. Finding proxy parameters to quantify exposure is useful for efficient and timely exposure assessments. Worker exposure during handling of five materials [a silica sand (SI1), three quartzes (Q1, Q2, and Q3), and a kaolin (K1)] with different particle shape (prismatic and platy) and sizes (3.4-120 µm) was assessed. Materials handling was simulated using a dry pendular mill under two different energy settings (low and high). Three repetitions of two kilos of material were carried out per material and energy conditions with a flow rate of 8-11 kg h-1. The performance of the dustiness index as a predictor of worker exposure was evaluated correlating material's dustiness indexes (with rotating drum and continuous drop) with exposure concentrations. Significant impacts on worker exposure in terms of inhalable and respirable mass fractions were detected for all materials. Mean inhalable mass concentrations during background were always lower than 40 µg m-3 whereas during material handling under high energy settings mean concentrations were 187, 373, 243, 156, and 430 µg m-3 for SI1, Q1, Q2, Q3, and K1, respectively. Impacts were not significant with regard to particle number concentration: background particle number concentrations ranged between 10 620 and 46 421 cm-3 while during handling under high energy settings they were 20 880 - 40 498 cm-3. Mean lung deposited surface area during background ranged between 27 and 101 μm2 cm-3 whereas it ranged between 22 and 42 μm2 cm-3 during materials handling. TEM images evidenced the presence of nanoparticles (≤100 nm) in the form of aggregates (300 nm-1 µm) in the worker area, and a slight reduction on mean particle size during handling was detected. Dustiness and exposure concentrations showed a high degree of correlation (R2 = 0.77-0.97) for the materials and operating conditions assessed, suggesting that dustiness could be considered a relevant predictor for workplace exposure. Nevertheless, the relationship between dustiness and exposure is complex and should be assessed for each process, taking into account not only material behaviour but also energy settings and workplace characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla Ribalta
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain.,Chemistry Faculty, Barcelona University, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mar Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana López-Lilao
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC)-AICE-Universitat Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Castellón, Spain
| | - Sara Estupiñá
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC)-AICE-Universitat Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Castellón, Spain
| | - Maria Cruz Minguillón
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Mendoza
- Scientific and Technological Centres Barcelona University (CCiTUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jordi Díaz
- Scientific and Technological Centres Barcelona University (CCiTUB), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Dirk Dahmann
- Institute for the Research on Hazardous Substances (IGF), Bochum, Germany
| | - Eliseo Monfort
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC)-AICE-Universitat Jaume I, Campus Universitario Riu Sec, Castellón, Spain
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16
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Salmatonidis A, Sanfélix V, Carpio P, Pawłowski L, Viana M, Monfort E. Effectiveness of nanoparticle exposure mitigation measures in industrial settings. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2019; 222:926-935. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2019.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2019] [Revised: 05/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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17
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Modeling of High Nanoparticle Exposure in an Indoor Industrial Scenario with a One-Box Model. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101695. [PMID: 31091807 PMCID: PMC6572703 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Revised: 05/06/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Mass balance models have proved to be effective tools for exposure prediction in occupational settings. However, they are still not extensively tested in real-world scenarios, or for particle number concentrations. An industrial scenario characterized by high emissions of unintentionally-generated nanoparticles (NP) was selected to assess the performance of a one-box model. Worker exposure to NPs due to thermal spraying was monitored, and two methods were used to calculate emission rates: the convolution theorem, and the cyclic steady state equation. Monitored concentrations ranged between 4.2 × 104–2.5 × 105 cm−3. Estimated emission rates were comparable with both methods: 1.4 × 1011–1.2 × 1013 min−1 (convolution) and 1.3 × 1012–1.4 × 1013 min−1 (cyclic steady state). Modeled concentrations were 1.4-6 × 104 cm−3 (convolution) and 1.7–7.1 × 104 cm−3 (cyclic steady state). Results indicated a clear underestimation of measured particle concentrations, with ratios modeled/measured between 0.2–0.7. While both model parametrizations provided similar results on average, using convolution emission rates improved performance on a case-by-case basis. Thus, using cyclic steady state emission rates would be advisable for preliminary risk assessment, while for more precise results, the convolution theorem would be a better option. Results show that one-box models may be useful tools for preliminary risk assessment in occupational settings when room air is well mixed.
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18
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Salmatonidis A, Ribalta C, Sanfélix V, Bezantakos S, Biskos G, Vulpoi A, Simion S, Monfort E, Viana M. Workplace Exposure to Nanoparticles during Thermal Spraying of Ceramic Coatings. Ann Work Expo Health 2018; 63:91-106. [DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxy094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 10/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Apostolos Salmatonidis
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carla Ribalta
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vicenta Sanfélix
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC), Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | | | - George Biskos
- Energy Environment and Water Research Centre, The Cyprus Institute, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Adriana Vulpoi
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences (ICI-BNS), Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simon Simion
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Research in Bio-Nano-Sciences (ICI-BNS), Babeș-Bolyai University, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Eliseo Monfort
- Institute of Ceramic Technology (ITC), Universitat Jaume I, Castellón, Spain
| | - Mar Viana
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
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