1
|
Jillani SMS, Tanimu A, Ibrahim A, Alhooshani K, Ganiyu SA. Development of Nickel-Impregnated Nitrogen-Doped Activated Carbon for Micro-solid-phase Extraction of Chlorinated Hydrocarbons from Wastewater. ARABIAN JOURNAL FOR SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s13369-023-07625-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
|
2
|
Westphal K, Dudzik D, Waszczuk-Jankowska M, Graff B, Narkiewicz K, Markuszewski MJ. Common Strategies and Factors Affecting Off-Line Breath Sampling and Volatile Organic Compounds Analysis Using Thermal Desorption-Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010008. [PMID: 36676933 PMCID: PMC9866406 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
An analysis of exhaled breath enables specialists to noninvasively monitor biochemical processes and to determine any pathological state in the human body. Breath analysis holds the greatest potential to remold and personalize diagnostics; however, it requires a multidisciplinary approach and collaboration of many specialists. Despite the fact that breath is considered to be a less complex matrix than blood, it is not commonly used as a diagnostic and prognostic tool for early detection of disordered conditions due to its problematic sampling, analysis, and storage. This review is intended to determine, standardize, and marshal experimental strategies for successful, reliable, and especially, reproducible breath analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kinga Westphal
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Danuta Dudzik
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (M.J.M.); Tel.: +48-58-349-1493 (D.D.)
| | - Małgorzata Waszczuk-Jankowska
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Beata Graff
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Narkiewicz
- Department of Hypertension and Diabetology, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-214 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Michał Jan Markuszewski
- Department of Biopharmaceutics and Pharmacodynamics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-416 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.D.); (M.J.M.); Tel.: +48-58-349-1493 (D.D.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ninyà N, Vallecillos L, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Evaluation of air quality in indoor and outdoor environments: Impact of anti-COVID-19 measures. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 836:155611. [PMID: 35504390 PMCID: PMC9057935 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
This study monitors the presence of 88 volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and semi-volatile organic compounds (semi-VOCs) at the gas phase of seven indoor settings in a school in the city of Tarragona, Spain, and five outdoor locations around the city. The VOCs and semi-VOCs monitored were solvents (∑Solvents), aldehydes (∑Aldehydes), emerging organic compounds (∑EOCs), and other VOCs and semi-VOCs (∑Others). Passive sampling campaigns were performed using Carbopack X tubes followed by thermal desorption coupled to gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). Overall, 70 of the target compounds included in the method were determined in the indoor air samples analysed, and 42 VOCs and semi-VOCs in the outdoor air samples. Our results showed that solvents were ubiquitous throughout the school at concentrations ranging from 272 μg m-3 to 423 μg m-3 and representing 68%-83% of total target compounds (∑Total). The values of ∑Total in 2021 were three times as high as those observed at the same indoor settings in 2019, with solvents experiencing the greatest increase. A plausible explanation for these observations is the implementation of anti-COVID-19 measures in the indoor settings, such as the intensification of cleaning activities and the use of hydroalcoholic gels as personal hygiene. The ∑Total values observed in the indoor settings evaluated were twenty times higher than those found outdoors. ∑Solvents were the most representative compounds found indoors (74% of the ∑Total). The concentrations of VOCs and semi-VOCs observed in the outdoors were strictly related to combustion processes from automobile traffic and industrial activities, with ∑Others contributing 58%, ∑Solvents 31%, and ∑Aldehydes 11% of the ∑Total. EOCs, on the other hand, were not detected in any outdoor sample.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ninyà
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo, 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Laura Vallecillos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo, 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo, 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo, 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
VOCs and Odor Episodes near the German-Czech Border: Social Participation, Chemical Analyses and Health Risk Assessment. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph19031296. [PMID: 35162316 PMCID: PMC8835392 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19031296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
People living on both sides of the German–Czech border are subject to episodes of odor air pollution. A joint German–Czech air sampling and risk assessment project was established to identify the substances responsible and their sources. Twenty-four volunteer study participants, 14 from the NW Czech Republic and 10 from Germany (Saxony) reported odors and collected canister samples during sampling periods in winter 2017 and 2018 and autumn 2018. Canister samples and passive samplers were analyzed for volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and passive samplers were analyzed for VOCs and carbonyls. OAVs (Odor Activity Values) and back trajectories were calculated with the aim of identifying the odor sources. Calculated OAVs were in excellent agreement with perceived smells close to an oil processing plant. Odorants identified in fifty canister samples during odor episodes and carbonyl measurements close to the edible oil processing plant were used for health evaluation. Odors reported by participants in Saxony frequently differed from those reported by participants in the Czech Republic. This suggests that certain sources of odor lying on either side of the border only affect that side and not the other with similar considerations regarding health effects. VOCs, including carbonyls, were also sampled at two relatively remote locations during winters of 2017 and 2018; two main sources of odorous compounds were identified at these sites. Analysis of samples taken at sampling sites shows that VOC air pollution and, to a lesser extent carbonyl pollution, originate from both industrial and local sources. Even though levels of sampled substances were not associated with acute effects at any site, long-term exposures to selected compounds could be cause for concern for carcinogenicity at some sites. Odors in Seiffen were associated with carcinogenic compounds in can samples. Although not necessarily representative of long-term exposures to the compounds studied, results such as these suggest that further study is needed to better quantify long-term exposure to potentially harmful compounds, and to either confirm or deny the existence of substantive health risk.
Collapse
|
5
|
Even M, Juritsch E, Richter M. Measurement of very volatile organic compounds (VVOCs) in indoor air by sorbent-based active sampling: Identifying the gaps towards standardisation. Trends Analyt Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2021.116265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
6
|
Vallecillos L, Borrull A, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Presence of emerging organic contaminants and solvents in schools using passive sampling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 764:142903. [PMID: 33757256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.142903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this study, we report on the applicability of passive sampling with Carbopack X adsorbent tubes followed by thermal desorption gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) to monitor the concentrations of emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) and solvents in ten indoor environments in a conventional and a vocational training school. However, if passive sampling is to be used as a reliable sampling technique, a specific diffusive uptake rate is required for each target compound. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was twofold. The first was to determine the experimental diffusive uptake rates of the target EOCs and solvents in one of the sampling sites of the vocational training school using Carbopack X adsorbent tubes and active sampling as the reference technique. The results showed experimental diffusive uptake rates between 0.46 mL min-1 and 0.94 mL min-1 with RSD % below 5% for the 28 target compounds. The second was to apply the uptake rates obtained experimentally to determine EOCs and solvents in schools. The monitoring results showed that solvents were ubiquitous throughout the conventional school with a concentrations range between 51.93 μg m-3 and 164.6 μg m-3, while EOCs were detected to a lesser extent. Moreover, the concentrations of EOCs in the vocational training school were much higher than those in the conventional school with concentrations of up to 562.9 μg m-3 for solvents and 344.3 μg m-3 for acrylate polymer monomers. After actively sampling for seven days in each school, we concluded that the concentrations of EOCs and solvents found are mostly linked to cleaning products (conventional school) and the activities carried out in the classroom (vocational training school).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vallecillos
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Water, Air and Soil Unit, Marcel·lí Domingo n 2, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Anna Borrull
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo n 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo n 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo n 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Gonçalves AD, Martins TG, Cassella RJ. Passive sampling of toluene (and benzene) in indoor air using a semipermeable membrane device. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111707. [PMID: 33396038 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and concentration of organic compounds in the environment have attracted great interest mainly due to their capability of bioaccumulation, dispersion, and danger to living organisms. Factors such as urbanization, population growth, and the emergence of new technologies contribute to the increase in pollutant emissions, especially volatile organic compounds (VOCs), such as benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylenes (BTEX). These compounds are emitted by several sources, becoming more common in work environments, influencing indoor air quality (IAQ), which can cause health damage, in addition to increasing the likelihood of cancer development. In this context, we developed a semipermeable membrane device (SPMD), consisting of low density polyethylene membrane (8 cm long × 3 cm wide), filled with 3 mL of acetonitrile, for passive sampling of toluene (and benzene) in gas phase. With this configuration, the SPMD needed 24 h exposure to the indoor air in order to achieve equilibrium. The target compounds were quantified in the acceptor phase by HPLC-DAD. The optimized SPMD was tested for the collection of toluene and benzene in six chemistry laboratories at Fluminense Federal University and in five nail salons in the city of Niterói, in the state of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The developed sampling method was able to identify the analytes in the indoor air of the studied environments, and was easy to operate, with no need to clean up the extracts, allowing their direct injection into the chromatographic system.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aline D Gonçalves
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói/RJ 24020-141, Brazil; Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro/RJ 21941-909, Brazil
| | - Tayene G Martins
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói/RJ 24020-141, Brazil
| | - Ricardo J Cassella
- Departamento de Química Analítica, Universidade Federal Fluminense, Outeiro de São João Batista s/n, Centro, Niterói/RJ 24020-141, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Tanimu A, Muhammad Sajid Jillani S, Ganiyu SA, Chowdhury S, Alhooshani K. Multivariate optimization of chlorinated hydrocarbons’ micro-solid-phase extraction from wastewater using germania-decorated mesoporous alumina-silica sorbent and analysis by GC–MS. Microchem J 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.microc.2020.105674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
9
|
Vallecillos L, Borrull A, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Passive sampling to control air quality in schools: Uptake rate determination and application. INDOOR AIR 2020; 30:1005-1017. [PMID: 32339338 DOI: 10.1111/ina.12684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In this paper, we provide a detailed description of the application of passive sampling with Carbopack X tubes followed by thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) to determine the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in different school environments. The main objective of the study was to monitor VOCs in seven indoor and three outdoor environments at a school in Tarragona, Spain. However, in order to obtain more accurate information, it was necessary to determine the experimental diffusive uptake rates of the target VOCs in indoor settings through parallel passive and active sampling in one classroom. The results showed experimental diffusive uptake rates in the range of 0.38 mL min-1 and 0.95 mL min-1 with RSD % below 5% for up to 44 VOCs. The monitoring results showed that ethanol (23.84-83.16 µg m-3 ) and isopropyl alcohol (5.42-25.92 µg m-3 ) were the most common compounds found in indoor environments, with cleaning products as the main emission source. The VOCs i-pentane and n-pentane were found at the highest concentrations in the three sampling sites set in the school's playground, and their concentrations were strictly related to combustion processes from automobile traffic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vallecillos
- Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, Water, Air and Soil Unit, Eurecat, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Anna Borrull
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Tarragona, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Richter M, Juritsch E, Jann O. Determination of recovery rates of adsorbents for sampling very volatile organic compounds (C 1C 6) in dry and humid air in the sub-ppb range by use of thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2020; 1626:461389. [PMID: 32797860 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2020.461389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 07/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The reliable measurement of very volatile organic compounds (VVOC) in indoor air by use of thermal desorption gas chromatography (TD-GC) in order to include them into evaluation schemes for building products even nowadays is a great challenge. For capturing these small molecules with carbon numbers ranging from C1C6, strong adsorbents are needed. In the present study, recovery rates of nine suitable adsorbents of the groups of porous polymers, graphitised carbon blacks (GCB) and carbon molecular sieves (CMS) are tested against a complex test gas standard containing 29 VVOC. By consideration of the recovery and the relative humidity (50% RH), combinations of the GCB Carbograph 5TD, the two CMS Carboxen 1003 and Carbosieve SII as well as the porous polymer Tenax® GR were identified to be potentially suitable for sampling the majority of the VVOC out of the gas mix. The results reveal a better performance of the adsorbents in combination than being used alone, particularly under humid sampling conditions. The recovery rates of the chosen compounds on each adsorbent should be in the range of 80-120%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Richter
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
| | - Elevtheria Juritsch
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oliver Jann
- Bundesanstalt für Materialforschung und -prüfung (BAM), Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Chandrapalan S, Persaud K, Arasaradnam RP. Breath diagnostics in the era of SARS-CoV-2—clinical and research arena. J Breath Res 2020; 14:042002. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab924a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
12
|
Wilkinson M, White IR, Goodacre R, Nijsen T, Fowler SJ. Effects of high relative humidity and dry purging on VOCs obtained during breath sampling on common sorbent tubes. J Breath Res 2020; 14:046006. [DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab7e17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
|
13
|
Na CJ, Vikrant K, Kim KH, Son YS. An efficient tool for the continuous monitoring on adsorption of sub-ppm level gaseous benzene using an automated analytical system based on thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry approach. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2020; 182:109024. [PMID: 31863941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.109024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
It became an important task to effectively adsorb volatile organic compounds (VOCs) at or near real-world levels for efficient control of airborne pollution in ambient environments. Nonetheless, most studies carried out previously for the control of VOCs are confined to significantly polluted conditions (e.g., >100 ppm) that are far different from real-world or ambient conditions. To help acquire the meaningful data for the adsorptive removal of VOCs at near real-world levels, a new approach was designed and implemented to measure adsorption of gaseous benzene (as a representative or model VOC) at trace-level quantities (as low as 0.14 ng (0.43 ppb) for a 100 mL sample) using activated carbon (sieved to 212 μm mesh size) as a model sorbent. With the aid of a thermal desorption-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry system, the key adsorption performance metrics (such as 10% breakthrough volume (10% BTV) points: 10% as the key reference) were determined: 1018 L atm g-1 at 0.1 ppm benzene with the corresponding partition coefficient of 3.85 mol kg-1 Pa-1. If the adsorption capacity values (at 10% BTV) are compared across the varying concentration levels of benzene, the maximum value of 1.07 mg g-1 was observed at 1 ppm benzene (within the concentration range selected in this work). As such, it was possible to quantitatively assess the sorbate-sorbent interactions at significantly low concentrations of VOCs that actually prevail under the near real-world conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chae-Jin Na
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Kumar Vikrant
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Hyun Kim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, 222 Wangsimni-ro, Seoul, 04763, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youn-Suk Son
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Pukyong National University, 45Yongso-ro, Busan, 48513, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang Y, Zang T, Yan B, Wei C. Distribution Characteristics of Volatile Organic Compounds and Contribution to Ozone Formation in a Coking Wastewater Treatment Plant. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17020553. [PMID: 31952237 PMCID: PMC7013769 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17020553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 12/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Ozone pollution, which can be caused by photochemical reactions, has become a serious problem. The ozone formation potential (OFP) is used to describe the photochemical reactivity. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are main precursors of ozone formation, and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are important sources of VOCs. Therefore, it is necessary to study the concentration level and OFP of VOCs from WWTPs. In this work, a coking WWTP with anaerobic-oxic-oxic (A/O/O) processes in Shaoguan city, Guangdong province, China, was selected to investigate the characteristics of VOCs at wastewater treatment areas and office areas. The OFP of VOCs was estimated by the maximum incremental reactivity (MIR) coefficient method. Results showed that 17 VOCs were detected, and the total concentration of VOCs was the highest at the raw water tank (857.86 μg m-3). The benzene series accounted for 69.0%-86.9% and was the main component of VOCs in the WWTP. Based on OFP data, the top six VOCs contributing most to the OFP were m-xylene, toluene, p-xylene, o-xylene, styrene, and benzene. This study provides field data and information on the environmental risk of VOCs for coking companies and environmental departments. We found that the priority control sources of VOCs were wastewater treatment units because of their larger OFP contributions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (T.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Tingting Zang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China; (Y.Z.); (T.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Bo Yan
- The Environmental Research Institute, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510031, China;
| | - Chaohai Wei
- The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-20-39380588
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Soo JC, Lebouf RF, Chisholm WP, Nelson J, Roberts J, Kashon ML, Lee EG, Harper M. Evaluation of Sorbent Sampling and Analysis Procedures for Acetone in Workplace Air: Variations of Concentration and Relative Humidity. Ann Work Expo Health 2020; 64:96-105. [PMID: 31786604 DOI: 10.1093/annweh/wxz087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
This study experimentally evaluates the performance of different sorbent tubes for sampling acetone vapor in workplace air. A dynamic atmosphere system produced an acetone alone and a mixture with other analytes containing ~73, 483, and 1898 µg acetone mass loading at 25, 50, and 75% relative humidity (RH) at 25°C. Sorbent samples were analyzed in accordance with OSHA Method 69 (Carbosieve S-III) and NMAM 1501, modified to use Anasorb 747 sorbent. Both methods were modified to include the additional analytes. Additional extraction procedures with and without 1% dimethylformamide and anhydrous magnesium sulfate were included in the modified NMAM 1501 using Anasorb 747. Silica gel sorbent tubes analyzed according to NMAM 2027 were included. There were significant reductions in the recovery of acetone from both Anasorb 747 and Carbosieve S-III collected from air at 75% RH, relative to collection at 25 or 50% RH at very low loading compared with that of samples collected at mid to high loading. Silica gel provided a consistent recovery of acetone at all RHs and in the presence of other chemical interferences at 75% RH. The likely cause of mass dependence may arise from the humidity effect on acetone adsorption onto both beaded active carbon and carbon molecular sieve either in sampling or in analysis. The present study confirms not only previous observations but also adds to the literature showing carbonaceous sorbents are not well suited for sampling ketones at high humidity and low concentration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jhy-Charm Soo
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), MS, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ryan F Lebouf
- Respiratory Health Division, NIOSH, CDC, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - William P Chisholm
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), MS, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - John Nelson
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), MS, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Jennifer Roberts
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), MS, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael L Kashon
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), MS, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Eun Gyung Lee
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), MS, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Martin Harper
- Zefon International, Inc., Ocala, FL, USA
- Department of Environmental Engineering Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Zhang Y, Wei C, Yan B. Emission characteristics and associated health risk assessment of volatile organic compounds from a typical coking wastewater treatment plant. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 693:133417. [PMID: 31374506 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.07.223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Revised: 06/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Coking wastewater is a typical industrial wastewater and contains a number of toxic and harmful organic pollutants which threaten human health. However, emission of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from coking wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) is rarely studied. Here, the emission characteristics of VOCs were investigated in a full-scale coking WWTP composed of an anaerobic-oxic-oxic (A-O1-O2) treatment system. Furthermore, the potential health risks were assessed in this study. VOC emission rates were estimated at each unit of the coking WWTP and the influencing factors of emissions were discussed. Seventeen VOCs were identified in the air phase by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined with Tenax adsorption-thermal desorption method; benzene, toluene, and xylenes were predominant, and the concentration of total VOCs decreased gradually from the raw water tank (857.86 ± 131.30 μg m-3) to the effluent tank (28.56 ± 3.96 μg m-3). The total VOC emission rate from all units was 1773.42 g d-1, corresponding to an annual emission of 0.65 tons year-1. Since the treatment capacity of this coking WWTP was about 1500 m3 d-1, it was estimated that 1.18 g of VOCs are emitted during the treatment of 1 m3 wastewater. Influencing factors of VOC emission mainly include the background concentration of VOCs in wastewater, operational parameters of the treatment processes, and physicochemical properties of VOCs. The carcinogenic risk of VOCs for workers in this coking WWTP ranged from 3.0 × 10-5 to 7.8 × 10-4, which exceeded an acceptable level (1.0 × 10-6). The non-carcinogenic risk hazard ratio of benzene exceeded 1, indicating that benzene has an obvious non-carcinogenic risk. Understanding VOCs emission characteristics and emission rates can help to identify the adverse effects of coking WWTPs on human health and provide relevant information for policy-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuxiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100082, PR China
| | - Chaohai Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| | - Bo Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, PR China; The Environmental Research Institute, MOE Key Laboratory of Theoretical Chemistry of Environment, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510006, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Alhooshani K. Determination of chlorinated hydrocarbons in milk samples using sol-gel based polymer coated silica sorbent for stir-bar supported micro-solid-phase extraction coupled with gas chromatography mass-spectrometry. JOURNAL OF SAUDI CHEMICAL SOCIETY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jscs.2018.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
18
|
Franchina FA, Purcaro G, Burklund A, Beccaria M, Hill JE. Evaluation of different adsorbent materials for the untargeted and targeted bacterial VOC analysis using GC×GC-MS. Anal Chim Acta 2019; 1066:146-153. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2019.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
19
|
Vallecillos L, Espallargas E, Allo R, Marcé RM, Borrull F. Passive sampling of volatile organic compounds in industrial atmospheres: Uptake rate determinations and application. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:235-244. [PMID: 30798234 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2018] [Revised: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
This study describes the implementation of a passive sampling-based method followed by thermal desorption gas-chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS) for the monitoring of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in industrial atmospheres. However, in order to employ passive sampling as a reliable sampling technique, a specific diffusive uptake rate is required for each compound. Accordingly, the aim of the present study was twofold. First, the experimental diffusive uptake rates of the target VOCs were determined under real industrial air conditions using Carbopack X thermal desorption tubes, and active sampling as reference method. The sampling campaigns carried out between October 2017 and May 2018 provided us of experimental diffusive uptake rates between 0.40 mL min-1 and 0.70 mL min-1 and stable over time (RSD % < 8%) for up to 41 VOCs. Secondly, the uptake rates obtained experimentally were applied for the determination of VOCs concentrations at 16 sampling sites in the North Industrial Complex of Tarragona. The results showed i-pentane, n-pentane and the compounds known as BTEX as the most representative ones. Moreover, some sporadic peaks of 1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, ethylbenzene and styrene resulting from certain industrial activities were detected.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura Vallecillos
- Centre Tecnològic de la Química-Eurecat, Marcel·lí Domingo n° 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| | - Enedina Espallargas
- Departamento de Medio Ambiente Repsol Química, Complejo Industrial Repsol Química, Avenida de la Químca s/n, 43080 La Pobla de Mafumet, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Román Allo
- Departamento de Calidad y Medio Ambiente Repsol Petróleo, Complejo Industrial Repsol Petróleo, Camí les Hortes n° 2, 43120 Constantí, Tarragona, Spain
| | - Rosa Maria Marcé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain
| | - Francesc Borrull
- Centre Tecnològic de la Química-Eurecat, Marcel·lí Domingo n° 1, Tarragona 43007, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry and Organic Chemistry, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Sescelades Campus, Marcel∙lí Domingo s/n, Tarragona 43007, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Lin PY, Le GY, Chiu WI, Jian RS, Lu CJ. A single light spot GC detector employing localized surface plasmon resonance of porous Au@SiO2 nanoparticle multilayer. Analyst 2019; 144:698-706. [DOI: 10.1039/c8an01921e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Miniaturization of an LSPR GC detector using porous Au@SiO2 nanoparticle multilayer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pei-Ying Lin
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Guarn-Yi Le
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Wei-I. Chiu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Rih-Sheng Jian
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| | - Chia-Jung Lu
- Department of Chemistry
- National Taiwan Normal University
- Taipei
- Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yoon JW, Lee JH. Toward breath analysis on a chip for disease diagnosis using semiconductor-based chemiresistors: recent progress and future perspectives. LAB ON A CHIP 2017; 17:3537-3557. [PMID: 28971204 DOI: 10.1039/c7lc00810d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Semiconductor gas sensors using metal oxides, carbon nanotubes, graphene-based materials, and metal chalcogenides have been reviewed from the viewpoint of the sensitive, selective, and reliable detection of exhaled biomarker gases, and perspectives/strategies to realize breath analysis on a chip for disease diagnosis are discussed based on the concurrent design of high-performance sensing materials and miniaturized pretreatment components. Carbon-based sensing materials that show relatively high responses to NO and NH3 at low or mildly raised temperatures can be applied to the diagnosis of asthma and renal disease. Halitosis can be diagnosed by employing sensing or additive materials such as CuO and Mo that have high chemical affinities for H2S, while catalyst-loaded metal oxide nanostructure sensors or their arrays have been used to diagnose diabetes via the selective detection of acetone or by pattern recognition of sensor signals. For the ultimate miniaturization of a breath-analysis system into a tiny chip, preconditioning that includes preconcentration, dehumidification, and flow sensing needs to be either improved through the design of gas/moisture adsorbents or removed/simplified through the design of highly sensitive sensing materials that are less impervious to interference from humidity and temperature. Moreover, an abundant sensing library needs to be provided for the diagnosis of diseases (e.g. lung cancer) that are associated with multiple biomarker gases and for finding new methods to diagnose other diseases. For this aim, p-type oxide semiconductors with high catalytic activities, as well as combinatorial approaches, can be considered for the development of sensing materials that detect less-reactive large molecules, and high-throughput screening, respectively. Selectivity for a specific biomarker gas will simplify the system further. Breath analysis on a tiny chip using semiconductor chemiresistors with ultralow power consumption that is connected to the 'Internet of Things' will pave new roads for disease diagnosis and patient monitoring.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Wook Yoon
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Republic of Korea.
| | | |
Collapse
|