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Liu C, Peng J, Liu Y, Peng Y, Kuang Y, Zhang Y, Ma Q. Causal relationship between particulate matter 2.5 (PM 2.5), PM 2.5 absorbance, and COVID-19 risk: A two-sample Mendelian randomisation study. J Glob Health 2023; 13:06027. [PMID: 37449380 PMCID: PMC10346132 DOI: 10.7189/jogh.13.06027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Several observational studies reported on the association between particulate matter ≤2.5μm (PM2.5) and its absorbance with coronavirus (COVID-19), but none use Mendelian randomisation (MR). To strengthen the knowledge on causality, we examined the association of PM2.5 and its absorbance with COVID-19 risk using MR. Methods We selected genome-wide association study (GWAS) integration data from the UK Biobank and IEU Open GWAS Project for two-sample MR analysis. We used inverse variance weighted (IVW) and its multiple random effects and fixed effects alternatives to generally predict the association of PM2.5 and its absorbance with COVID-19, and six methods (MR Egger, weighted median, simple mode, weighted mode, maximum-likelihood and MR-PRESSO) as complementary analyses. Results MR results suggested that PM2.5 absorbance was associated with COVID-19 infection (odds ratio (OR) = 2.64; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.32-5.27, P = 0.006), hospitalisation (OR = 3.52; 95% CI = 1.05-11.75, P = 0.041) and severe respiratory symptoms (OR = 28.74; 95% CI = 4.00-206.32, P = 0.001) in IVW methods. We observed no association between PM2.5 and COVID-19. Conclusions We found a potential causal association of PM2.5 absorbance with COVID-19 infection, hospitalisation, and severe respiratory symptoms using MR analysis. Prevention and control of air pollution could help delay and halt the negative progression of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenxi Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Jia Peng
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yubo Liu
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yi Peng
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology (T.X.), Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yuanyuan Kuang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Yinzhuang Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Changsha, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Qilin Ma
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Shankar S, Gadi R, Bajar S, Yadav N, Mandal TK, Sharma SK. Insights into seasonal-variability of SVOCs, morpho-elemental and spectral characteristics of PM2.5 collected at a dense industrial site: Faridabad, Haryana, India. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 323:138204. [PMID: 36828107 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The development-oriented anthropogenic activities have led to intensive increase in emission of various organic pollutants, which contribute considerably to human health risk. In the present study, chemical, physical and spectral characterisation of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), collected at Faridabad city, in northern India, were examined. Seasonal variation of organic compounds [n-alkanes, polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and phthalic acid esters (PAEs)], and potential health risk of Polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) exposure using toxic equivalency potential (TEQ) approach had been assessed. These showed seasonal average values ranging from 156.4 ± 57.0 ng/m3 to 217.6 ± 72.9 ng/m3, 98.0 ± 21.4 ng/m3 to 177.8 ± 72.8 ng/m3, and 30.9 ± 11.9 ng/m3 to 82.5 ± 29.2 ng/m3, respectively, with the highest value for winter. It is noteworthy that unlike, n-alkanes and PAEs, PAHs were least during spring. The high molecular weight PAHs (BaP, BkF, DahA and IcdP) were found to exhibit higher TEQ values (ranging from 0.7 to 9.7) despite of their lower concentrations. The PAH diagnostic ratio, carbon preference index and total index revealed the enhanced impact of biogenic sources of emissions in comparison to diesel emission sources during winter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shobhna Shankar
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India
| | - Ranu Gadi
- Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women, New Delhi, 110006, India.
| | - Somvir Bajar
- J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Neha Yadav
- J.C. Bose University of Science and Technology, YMCA, Haryana, 121006, India
| | - Tuhin K Mandal
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Physical Laboratory of India, New Delhi, 110012, India
| | - Sudhir K Sharma
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-National Physical Laboratory of India, New Delhi, 110012, India
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Yan K, Hou T, Zhu L, Ci X, Peng L. PM2.5 inhibits system Xc- activity to induce ferroptosis by activating the AMPK-Beclin1 pathway in acute lung injury. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 245:114083. [PMID: 36137421 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Urban airborne fine particulate matter (PM2.5) is a global pollution source that has been strongly related to multiple respiratory diseases involving various types of regulated cell death (RCD). However, the role of ferroptosis, a novel form of RCD, in PM2.5-induced acute lung injury (ALI), has not been elucidated. Herein, we define the role and mechanism of ferroptosis in a PM2.5-induced ALI model. First, we demonstrated that lipid peroxidation and iron accumulation were significantly enhanced in ALI models and were accompanied by activation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-Beclin1 signaling pathway and inhibition of the key subunit SLC7A11 of System Xc-. However, these abnormalities were partially reversed by ferroptosis inhibitors. We further revealed that Beclin1 knockdown or overexpression ameliorated or exacerbated PM2.5-induced ferroptosis, respectively. Mechanistically, we verified that Beclin1 blocks System Xc- activity to trigger ferroptosis by directly binding to SLC7A11. Finally, knockdown of Beclin1 by AAV-shRNA or inhibition of AMPK, an upstream activator of Beclin1, ameliorated PM2.5-induced ferroptosis and ALI. Taken together, our results revealed that ferroptosis plays a novel role in PM2.5-induced ALI and elucidated the specific mechanism involving the AMPK-Beclin1 pathway and System Xc-, which may provide new insight into the toxicological effects of PM2.5 on respiratory problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Yan
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Tianhua Hou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Laiyu Zhu
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xinxin Ci
- Institute of Translational Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
| | - Liping Peng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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4
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Abstract
Vehicle exhaust has been acknowledged as an essential factor affecting human health due to the extensive use of cars. Its main components include volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and nitrogen oxides (NOx), which can cause acute irritation and chronic diseases, and significant research on the treatment of vehicle exhaust has received increasing attention in recent decades. Recently, photocatalytic technology has been considered a practical approach for eliminating vehicle emissions. This review highlights the crucial role of photocatalytic technology in eliminating vehicle emissions using semiconductor catalysts. A particular emphasis has been placed on various photocatalytic materials, such as TiO2-based materials, Bi-based materials, and Metal–Organic Frameworks (MOFs), and their recent advances in the performance of VOC and NOx photodegradation. In addition, the applications of photocatalytic technology for the elimination of vehicle exhaust are presented (including photocatalysts combined with pavement surfaces, making photocatalysts into architectural coatings and photoreactors), which will offer a promising strategy for photocatalytic technology to remove vehicle exhaust.
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5
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Speranza A, Caggiano R. Impacts of the COVID-19 lockdown measures on coarse and fine atmospheric aerosol particles (PM) in the city of Rome (Italy): compositional data analysis approach. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2022; 15:2035-2050. [PMID: 35999835 PMCID: PMC9387888 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-022-01235-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Accepted: 08/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the year 2020, Italy faced a pandemic due to the virus SARS-CoV-2 for short COVID-19. Following this pandemic, a national lockdown period was imposed and throughout the year 2020 various measures were taken by the government to limit the mobility of people and contain the mortality associated with COVID-19. In Italy, pandemic measures led to a reduction in anthropogenic activities and provided an unprecedented opportunity to evaluate the possible effects that restrictions on anthropogenic activities may have on the air quality. Two background site (i.e., Cipro and Cinecittà) and a traffic sites (i.e., Corso Francia) were studied in the city of Rome. PM10 and PM2.5 were considered for the years 2019 and 2020. Moreover, the vehicular mobility, the emission classes of the vehicles, and the people mobility were taken into consideration along with meteorological variables. A compositional data analysis was used to evaluate the effect of pandemic measures on the fine- and coarse-size fractions of PM in the three considered sites. The results showed that in the traffic site (i.e., Corso Francia site) in 2020, there was a reduction of fine-size fraction of PM of about 10% when compared to the data of 2019, whereas in the background site (i.e., Cinecittà site) in 2020 there was an increase of fine-size fraction of PM of about 14% when compared to the data of 2019. No variation in the coarse- and fine-size fractions of PM were observed at the background site Cipro. This study showed how, in an urban context, PM can be influenced by strong changes in people's habits and in vehicular mobility such as those recorded during the investigated period and due to pandemic lockdown measures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Speranza
- IMAA, Istituto Di Metodologie Per L’Analisi Ambientale, CNR, C.da S. Loja—Zona Industriale, 85050 Tito Scalo, PZ Italy
| | - Rosa Caggiano
- IMAA, Istituto Di Metodologie Per L’Analisi Ambientale, CNR, C.da S. Loja—Zona Industriale, 85050 Tito Scalo, PZ Italy
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6
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Priya AK, Suresh R, Kumar PS, Rajendran S, Vo DVN, Soto-Moscoso M. A review on recent advancements in photocatalytic remediation for harmful inorganic and organic gases. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 284:131344. [PMID: 34225112 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Due to the continuous increase in industrial pollution and modern lifestyle, several types of air contaminants and their concentrations are emerging in the atmosphere. Besides, photocatalysis has gained much attention in the elimination of air pollution. Several ultraviolet and visible light active photocatalysts were tested in air pollutant treatment and thereby, the number of reports was increased in the past few years. In this context, this review describes the photocatalytic treatment of gaseous inorganic contaminants like NOx, H2S, and organic pollutants like formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzene derivatives. Different photocatalysts with their air pollutant removal efficiency were explained. Improving strategies such as metal/non-metal doping, composite formation for photocatalyst activities have been studied. Moreover, an analysis is presented from each of the existing photocatalytic immobilization approaches. Also, factors responsible for effective photocatalysis were explained. Overall, the photocatalytic abatement technique is an auspicious way to eliminate different air contaminants. Besides, existing drawbacks and future challenges are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Priya
- Department of Civil Engineering, KPR Institute of Engineering and Technology, Coimbatore, 641027, India
| | - R Suresh
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales Zonas Áridas, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez 1775, Arica, Chile
| | - P Senthil Kumar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Sri Sivasubramaniya Nadar College of Engineering, Chennai, 603 110, India.
| | - Saravanan Rajendran
- Laboratorio de Investigaciones Ambientales Zonas Áridas, Departamento de Ingeniería Mecánica, Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad de Tarapacá, Avda. General Velásquez 1775, Arica, Chile.
| | - Dai-Viet N Vo
- Center of Excellence for Green Energy and Environmental Nanomaterials (CE@GrEEN), Nguyen Tat Thanh University, 300A Nguyen Tat Thanh, District 4, Ho Chi Minh City, 755414, Viet Nam
| | - Matias Soto-Moscoso
- Departamento de Física, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad del Bío-bío, Avenida Collao 1202, Casilla 15-C, Concepción, Chile
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Krupnova TG, Rakova OV, Bondarenko KA, Saifullin AF, Popova DA, Potgieter-Vermaak S, Godoi RHM. Elemental Composition of PM 2.5 and PM 10 and Health Risks Assessment in the Industrial Districts of Chelyabinsk, South Ural Region, Russia. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:12354. [PMID: 34886089 PMCID: PMC8657131 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182312354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2021] [Revised: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution impacts all populations globally, indiscriminately and has site-specific variation and characteristics. Airborne particulate matter (PM) levels were monitored in a typical industrial Russian city, Chelyabinsk in three destinations, one characterized by high traffic volumes and two by industrial zone emissions. The mass concentration and trace metal content of PM2.5 and PM10 were obtained from samples collected during four distinct seasons of 2020. The mean 24-h PM10 ranged between 6 and 64 μg/m3. 24-h PM2.5 levels were reported from 5 to 56 μg/m3. About half of the 24-h PM10 and most of the PM2.5 values in Chelyabinsk were higher than the WHO recommendations. The mean PM2.5/PM10 ratio was measured at 0.85, indicative of anthropogenic input. To evaluate the Al, Fe, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn concentration in PM2.5 and PM10, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) was used. Fe (337-732 ng/m3) was the most abundant component in PM2.5 and PM10 samples while Zn (77-206 ng/m3), Mn (10-96 ng/m3), and Pb (11-41 ng/m3) had the highest concentrations among trace elements. Total non-carcinogenic risks for children were found higher than 1, indicating possible health hazards. This study also presents that the carcinogenic risk for As, Cr, Co, Cd, Ni, and Pb were observed higher than the acceptable limit (1 × 10-6).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana G. Krupnova
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (O.V.R.); (K.A.B.); (A.F.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Olga V. Rakova
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (O.V.R.); (K.A.B.); (A.F.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Kirill A. Bondarenko
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (O.V.R.); (K.A.B.); (A.F.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Artem F. Saifullin
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (O.V.R.); (K.A.B.); (A.F.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Darya A. Popova
- Institute of Natural Sciences and Mathematics, South Ural State University, 454080 Chelyabinsk, Russia; (O.V.R.); (K.A.B.); (A.F.S.); (D.A.P.)
| | - Sanja Potgieter-Vermaak
- Ecology & Environment Research Centre, Department of Natural Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester M1 5GD, UK;
- Molecular Science Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg 2000, South Africa
| | - Ricardo H. M. Godoi
- Environmental Engineering Department, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba 80060-240, Brazil;
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Thermal and Photocatalytic Performance of Unsaturated Polyester Resins Modified with TiO 2 Nanoparticles as Panel Bodies for Vehicles. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13132036. [PMID: 34206323 PMCID: PMC8272052 DOI: 10.3390/polym13132036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The transport sector is the fastest growing contributor to climate emissions and experiences the highest growth in energy use. This study explores the use of TiO2 nanoparticles for obtaining photocatalytic nanocomposites with improved infrared reflectance properties. The nanocomposites were prepared by dispersing 0–20 wt% of TiO2 nanoparticles in an unsaturated polyester resin. The effect of TiO2 on the curing kinetics was studied by differential scanning calorimetry, showing a significant delay of the curing reactions. The thermal reflectance of the modified resins was characterized by UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometry, measuring total solar reflectance (TSR). The TiO2 greatly increased the TSR of the resin, due to the reflectance properties of the nanoparticles and the change in color of the modified resin. These nanocomposites reflect a significant part of near-infrared radiation, which can contribute to a reduction of the use of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning. Moreover, the photocatalytic effect of the TiO2 modified nanocomposites was studied by monitoring the degradation of an organic model contaminant in an aqueous medium under UV light, and the reusability of the nanocomposites was studied with 5 cycles. The developed nanocomposites are proposed as a solution for reducing global warming and pollutant emissions.
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9
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Comparative Toxic Effects of Manufactured Nanoparticles and Atmospheric Particulate Matter in Human Lung Epithelial Cells. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 18:ijerph18010022. [PMID: 33375152 PMCID: PMC7792937 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18010022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Revised: 12/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Although nanoparticles (NPs) have been used as simplified atmospheric particulate matter (PM) models, little experimental evidence is available to support such simulations. In this study, we comparatively assessed the toxic effects of PM and typical NPs (four carbonaceous NPs with different morphologies, metal NPs of Fe, Al, and Ti, as well as SiO2 NPs) on human lung epithelial A549 cells. The EC50 value of PM evaluated by cell viability assay was 148.7 μg/mL, closest to that of SiO2 NPs, between the values of carbonaceous NPs and metal NPs. All particles caused varying degrees of reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and adenosine triphosphate (ATP) suppression. TiO2 NPs showed similar performance with PM in inducing ROS production (p < 0.05). Small variations between two carbonaceous NPs (graphene oxides and graphenes) and PM were also observed at 50 μg/mL. Similarly, there was no significant difference in ATP inhibition between carbonaceous NPs and PM, while markedly different effects were caused by SiO2 NP and TiO2 NP exposure. Our results indicated that carbonaceous NPs could be served as potential surrogates for urban PM. The identification of PM model may help us further explore the specific roles and mechanisms of various components in PM.
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10
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Submicron and Ultrafine Particles in Downtown Rome: How the Different Euro Engines Have Influenced Their Behavior for Two Decades. ATMOSPHERE 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/atmos11090894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Today, submicron particles are recognized as the new target in environmental sciences and human health issues as well. Their level in urban air is strongly affected by anthropogenic sources, i.e., domestic heating and autovehicular traffic, but the availability of large datasets represents a limit in the knowledge both of the behavior and of the relative levels. This paper would like to highlight the role of these two anthropogenic sources in a big city such as Rome in the particle formation/removal processes in the range 18–750 nm using a Scanning Mobility Particle Analyser (SMPS). The investigation starts from data collected in the previous decade (2010) and analyzes the role played by different Euro (0–6) engines on the particle levels as well as the responsibility of different biomass burning in this issue. Furthermore, a chemometric approach (Cluster Analysis, CA, and Principal Component Analysis, PCA) has allowed the identification of three different clusters, strongly dependent on the accumulation and nucleation modes of the Ultrafine Particles. On the other hand, the PCA demonstrated a scatter distribution in December larger than that in October, justified by the different sources present in these periods.
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Long-term exposure to ambient PM2.5 and impacts on health in Rome, Italy. CLINICAL EPIDEMIOLOGY AND GLOBAL HEALTH 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cegh.2019.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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12
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Deng L, Zhang Z. The haze extreme co-movements in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region and its extreme dependence pattern recognitions. Sci Prog 2020; 103:36850420916315. [PMID: 32412322 PMCID: PMC10452795 DOI: 10.1177/0036850420916315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Extreme haze was often observed at many locations in Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region within several hours when they occurred, which is referred to as extreme co-movements and extreme dependence in statistics. This article applies tail quotient correlation coefficient to explore the temporal and spatial extreme dependence patterns of haze in this region. Hourly PM2.5 station-level data during 2014-2018 are used, and the results show that the tail quotient correlation coefficient between stations increases with month. Specifically, the simultaneous extreme dependence was strong in the fourth season, while the haze was severe. In the first season, while the haze was also severe, the extreme hazes only show strong co-movements with a time difference. These observations lead to the study of two special scenarios, that is, the concurrence/extreme dependence of the worst extreme haze and its lag effects. City clusters suffering simultaneous extreme haze or with certain time difference as well as the most frequently co-movement cities are identified. The extreme co-movements of these cities and the reasons for their occurrences have strong implications for improving the PM2.5 joint prevention and control in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region. The importance of lag effects is also reflected in the precedence order of the extreme haze's appearance. It is especially useful when setting the mechanism of the early warning system which can be triggered by the first appearance of extreme haze. The precedence orders also avail in investigating the transmission path of the haze, based on which more precise meteorological models can be made to benefit the haze forecasting of the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Deng
- School of Statistics and Mathematics, Central University of Finance and Economics, Beijing, China
| | - Zhengjun Zhang
- Department of Statistics, University of Wisconsin Madison, Madison, WI, USA
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13
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Yang H, Li S, Sun L, Zhang X, Cao Z, Xu C, Cao X, Cheng Y, Yan T, Liu T, Wang Y. Smog and risk of overall and type-specific cardiovascular diseases: A pooled analysis of 53 cohort studies with 21.09 million participants. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:375-383. [PMID: 30825688 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.01.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
The reported associations of smog with the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and CVD subtypes were inconsistent. We systematically searched the Pubmed (Medline) and Embase databases (from the inception to April 25, 2018) to identify the cohort studies investigating the association between smog and CVD and specific types of CVD. We conducted a meta-analysis for different types of air pollutants (PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3) in smog with the risk of specific types of CVD separately. We summarized the study-specific effect estimates using both the fixed effect model and the random effect model. The meta-analysis included 35 publications with 53 cohort studies. Overall, the associations between per 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 exposure and risk of CVD events, stroke events, ischemic heart disease(IHD) events were significant, with relative risks (RRs) of 1.11 (95% confidence interval: 1.07-1.15), 1.12 (95% CI: 1.08-1.16) and 1.14(95% CI: 1.08-1.21), respectively. PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3 exposure were associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality, with RRs of 1.11 (95% CI: 1.07-1.15), 1.09 (95% CI: 1.02-1.16), 1.23 (95% CI: 1.15-1.31) and 1.03 (95% CI: 1.02-1.05), respectively. Compared with PM10, NO2, and O3 exposure, PM2.5 exposure had a greater risk of stroke incidence and IHD incidence (RR 1.12, 95% CI 1.05-1.19 for stroke incidence; 1.19, 1.09-1.30 for IHD). However, no clear evidence for the associations of PM10 exposure with risk of CVD incidence, stroke incidence, and IHD incidence was observed. This meta-analysis confirms the evidence that PM2.5 exposure was significantly associated with increased risk of CVD, stroke, and IHD. PM2.5, PM10, NO2, and O3 exposure were separately associated with an increased risk of CVD mortality. There was a stronger association between PM2.5 exposure and the risk of stroke and IHD incidence. It urgently needs well-designed studies to further to elaborate the biological and epidemiological mechanisms that link smog with CVD. MAIN FINDINGS: Compared with PM10, NO2, and O3 exposures, PM2.5 exposure was positively associated with increased risk of stroke and IHD incidence. For air pollutants and CVD events, the association of NO2 with the risk CVD mortality is more significant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongxi Yang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Shu Li
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Li Sun
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China; School of Nursing, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xinyu Zhang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Zhi Cao
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Chenjie Xu
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Xinxi Cao
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Yangyang Cheng
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China
| | - Tao Yan
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Neurological and Gerontology Institute, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China
| | - Tong Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Yaogang Wang
- School of Public Health, Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin 300070, China.
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14
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Yao Y, He C, Li S, Ma W, Li S, Yu Q, Mi N, Yu J, Wang W, Yin L, Zhang Y. Properties of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in Shandong, China: Daily fluctuation, influencing factors, and spatiotemporal distribution. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 660:384-394. [PMID: 30640107 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/04/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Characteristics of the spatial and temporal distribution of air pollutants may reveal the cause of air pollution, especially for large regions where the anthropogenic pollutant emission is concentrated. This study addresses this issue by focusing on Shandong province, which has the highest air pollutant emissions in China. First, the spatial and temporal variation characteristics of the observed concentrations of conventional pollutants are analyzed in detail. The most prominent indicator of the problem (PM2.5), was selected as the key analytical object. On the spatial scale, the Multivariate Moran model was used to identify factors affecting the spatial distribution of PM2.5. On the time scale, wavelet analysis was used to explore the fluctuation characteristics of PM2.5 at different time periods. Results show that there are significant regional differences in pollutant concentration within Shandong province. The concentration of particulate matter and gaseous pollutants in western and northern Shandong is significantly higher than eastern Shandong. The average concentrations of PM2.5, PM10, SO2 and NO2 were highest in winter and lowest in summer, whereas concentration of O3 peaked in summer. For PM2.5, the annual mean concentration has a significant spatial correlation with SO2 emission, GDP per capita, population density and energy consumption per unit of GDP; in addition, the correlation between different regions and various indices is different. On the time scale, the fluctuation energy of PM2.5 concentrated in Dezhou and Liaocheng is the strongest on December 18 and 19, 2015. The inversion temperature has a strong influence on the daily variation of PM2.5 concentration. The formation and evolution of atmospheric pollution, therefore, can be explored by combining the temporal and spatial distribution of pollutants, providing a comprehensive analytical method for atmospheric pollution in different regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youru Yao
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; School of Geography and Tourism, Anhui Normal University, Wuhu 241003, China
| | - Cheng He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China.
| | - Shiyin Li
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China; Jiangsu Center for Collaborative Innovation in Geographical Information Resource Development and Application, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Weichun Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Shu Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Qi Yu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200082, China
| | - Na Mi
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Jia Yu
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Wei Wang
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Li Yin
- School of Environment, Nanjing Normal University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL 35487, USA
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15
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Fairus Awang M, Jalaludin J, Talib Latif M, Fatihah Mohamad Fandi N. Exposure to PM2.5 in urban area and respiratory health symptoms among urban workers in Klang Valley. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1755-1315/228/1/012015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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16
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De Marco A, Amoatey P, Khaniabadi YO, Sicard P, Hopke PK. Mortality and morbidity for cardiopulmonary diseases attributed to PM 2.5 exposure in the metropolis of Rome, Italy. Eur J Intern Med 2018; 57:49-57. [PMID: 30122285 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejim.2018.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2018] [Revised: 07/29/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the study was to evaluate the health effects associated with the exposure to ground-level of particulate matters with aerodynamic diameter ≤ 2.5 μm (PM2.5) on citizens in Rome (Italy) in 2015 and 2016. Based on the new version of the World Health Organization's AirQ+ model, we have estimated the short- and long-term effects of PM2.5 on hospital admissions due to cardiovascular (HA-CVD) and respiratory diseases (HA-RD) as well as on mortality for ischemic heart disease (M-IHD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (M-COPD). In this study, city-specific relative risk values and baseline incidence rates were used to calculate the association between PM2.5 and daily counts of emergency hospitalizations and mortality. The annual mean PM2.5 concentrations were 18 μg m-3 and 14 μg m-3 in 2015 and 2016, respectively. In Rome, the citizens are mostly exposed to daily mean PM2.5 concentrations of 10-20 μg m-3 during the study period. In 2015-2016, 0.4-0.6% for HA-CVD, 1.1-1.5% for HA-RD, 16.5-18.1% for M-IHD and 8.5-9.2% for M-COPD are attributed to PM2.5. In 2015-2016, 134-186 HA-CVD, 126-175 HA-RD, 947-1037 M-IHD and 244-279 M-COPD, caused by PM2.5 exposure, could be "avoided" if PM2.5 concentrations would not exceed 10 μg m-3, i.e. the threshold recommended by the World Health Organization. Thus, a consistent air quality management and sustainable city planning are needed, urgently, to mitigate the adverse effects of PM2.5 exposure in Rome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra De Marco
- Italian National Agency for New Technologies, Energy and Sustainable Economic Development, Rome, Italy
| | - Patrick Amoatey
- Department of Biology, Sultan Qaboos University, Al-Khould, Muscat, Oman
| | - Yusef Omidi Khaniabadi
- Health Care System of Karoon, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | | | - Philip K Hopke
- Center for Air Resources Engineering and Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, USA; Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, USA
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17
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Preparation and Properties of sc-PLA/PMMA Transparent Nanofiber Air Filter. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:polym10090996. [PMID: 30960920 PMCID: PMC6403596 DOI: 10.3390/polym10090996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Particulate matter (PM) pollution is a serious concern for the environment and public health. To protect indoor air quality, nanofiber filters have been used to coat window screens due to their high PM removal efficiency, transparency and low air resistance. However, these materials have poor mechanical property. In this study, electrostatic induction-assisted solution blowing was used to fabricate polylactide stereocomplex (sc-PLA), which served as reinforcement to enhance the physical cross-linking point to significantly restrict poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) molecular chain motion and improve the mechanical properties of sc-PLA/PMMA nanofibers. Moreover, the introduction of sc-PLA led to the formation of thick/thin composite nanofiber structure, which is beneficial for the mechanical property. Thus, sc-PLA/PMMA air filters of ~83% transparency with 99.5% PM2.5 removal and 140% increase in mechanical properties were achieved when 5 wt % sc-PLA was added to PMMA. Hence, the addition of sc-PLA to transparent filters can effectively improve their performance.
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