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Li Y, Wang Q, Fu T, Qiao Y, Hao L, Qi T. Leaf photosynthetic pigment as a predictor of leaf maximum carboxylation rate in a farmland ecosystem. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2023; 14:1225295. [PMID: 37469776 PMCID: PMC10352676 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1225295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
The leaf maximum rate of carboxylation (Vcmax) is a key parameter of plant photosynthetic capacity. The accurate estimation of Vcmax is crucial for correctly predicting the carbon flux in the terrestrial carbon cycle. Vcmax is correlated with plant traits including leaf nitrogen (Narea) and leaf photosynthetic pigments. Proxies for leaf chlorophyll (Chlarea) and carotenoid contents (Cararea) need to be explored in different ecosystems. In this study, we evaluated the relationship between leaf maximum rate of carboxylation (scaled to 25°C; Vcmax25) and both leaf Narea and photosynthetic pigments (Chlarea and Cararea) in winter wheat in a farmland ecosystem. Our results showed that Vcmax25 followed the same trends as leaf Chlarea. However, leaf Narea showed smaller dynamic changes before the flowering stage, and there were smaller seasonal variations in leaf Cararea. The correlation between leaf Vcmax25 and leaf Chlarea was the strongest, followed by leaf Cararea and leaf Narea (R2 = 0.69, R2 = 0.47 and R2 = 0.36, respectively). The random forest regression analysis also showed that leaf Chlarea and leaf Cararea were more important than leaf Narea for Vcmax25. The correlation between leaf Vcmax25 and Narea can be weaker since nitrogen allocation is dynamic. The estimation accuracy of the Vcmax25 model based on Narea, Chlarea, and Cararea (R2 = 0.75) was only 0.05 higher than that of the Vcmax25 model based on Chlarea and Cararea (R2 = 0.70). However, the estimation accuracy of the Vcmax25 model based on Chlarea and Cararea (R2 = 0.70) was 0.34 higher than that of the Vcmax25 model based on Narea (R2 = 0.36). These results highlight that leaf photosynthetic pigments can be a predictor for estimating Vcmax25, expanding a new way to estimate spatially continuous Vcmax25 on a regional scale, and to improve model simulation accuracy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yue Li
- School of Earth Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Qingtao Wang
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Taimiao Fu
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Yunfeng Qiao
- Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lihua Hao
- School of Water Conservancy and Hydropower, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
| | - Tao Qi
- School of Landscape and Ecological Engineering, Hebei University of Engineering, Handan, China
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Wang XQ, Sun H, Zeng ZL, Huang W. Within-branch photosynthetic gradients are more related to the coordinated investments of nitrogen and water than leaf mass per area. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY : PPB 2023; 198:107681. [PMID: 37054614 DOI: 10.1016/j.plaphy.2023.107681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Nitrogen (N) and water are key resources for leaf photosynthesis and the growth of whole plants. Within-branch leaves need different amounts of N and water to support their differing photosynthetic capacities according to light exposure. To test this scheme, we measured the within-branch investments of N and water and their effects on photosynthetic traits in two deciduous tree species Paulownia tomentosa and Broussonetia papyrifera. We found that leaf photosynthetic capacity gradually increased from branch bottom to top (i.e. from shade to sun leaves). Concomitantly, stomatal conductance (gs) and leaf N content gradually increased, owing to the symport of water and inorganic mineral from root to leaf. Variation of leaf N content led to large gradients of mesophyll conductance, maximum velocity of Rubisco for carboxylation, maximum electron transport rate and leaf mass per area (LMA). Correlation analysis indicated that the within-branch difference in photosynthetic capacity was mainly related to gs and leaf N content, with a relatively minor contribution of LMA. Furthermore, the simultaneous increases of gs and leaf N content enhanced photosynthetic N use efficiency (PNUE) but hardly affected water use efficiency. Therefore, within-branch adjustment of N and water investments is an important strategy used by plants to optimize the overall photosynthetic carbon gain and PNUE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Qian Wang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China
| | - Hu Sun
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Zhi-Lan Zeng
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Wei Huang
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Kunming, 650201, China.
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Watanabe M, Li J, Matsumoto M, Aoki T, Ariura R, Fuse T, Zhang Y, Kinose Y, Yamaguchi M, Izuta T. Growth and photosynthetic responses to ozone of Siebold's beech seedlings grown under elevated CO 2 and soil nitrogen supply. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 304:119233. [PMID: 35358628 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Ozone (O3) is a phytotoxic air pollutant, the adverse effects of which on growth and photosynthesis are modified by other environmental factors. In this study, we examined the combined effects of O3, elevated CO2, and soil nitrogen supply on Siebold's beech seedlings. Seedlings were grown under combinations of two levels of O3 (low and two times ambient O3 concentration), two levels of CO2 (ambient and 700 ppm), and three levels of soil nitrogen supply (0, 50, and 100 kg N ha-1 year-1) during two growing seasons (2019 and 2020), with leaf photosynthetic traits being determined during the second season. We found that elevated CO2 ameliorated O3-induced reductions in photosynthetic activity, whereas the negative effects of O3 on photosynthetic traits were enhanced by soil nitrogen supply. We observed three-factor interactions in photosynthetic traits, with the ameliorative effects of elevated CO2 on O3-induced reductions in the maximum rate of carboxylation being more pronounced under high than under low soil nitrogen conditions in July. In contrast, elevated CO2-induced amelioration of the effects of O3 on stomatal function-related traits was more pronounced under low soil nitrogen conditions. Although we observed several two- or three-factor interactions of gas and soil treatments with respect to leaf photosynthetic traits, the shoot to root dry mass (S/R) ratio was the only parameter for which a significant interaction was detected among seedling growth parameters. O3 caused a significant increase in S/R under ambient CO2 conditions, whereas no similar effects were observed under elevated CO2 conditions. Collectively, our findings reveal the complex interactive effects of elevated CO2 and soil nitrogen supply on the detrimental effects of O3 on leaf photosynthetic traits, and highlight the importance of taking into consideration differences between the responses of CO2 uptake and growth to these three environmental factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Jing Li
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takuro Aoki
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Ryo Ariura
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fuse
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yazhuo Zhang
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kinose
- Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8510, Japan
| | - Masahiro Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Nagasaki University, Nagasaki 852-8521, Japan
| | - Takeshi Izuta
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan.
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Pellegrini E, Cotrozzi L, Neri L, Baraldi R, Carrari E, Nali C, Lorenzini G, Paoletti E, Hoshika Y. Stress markers and physiochemical responses of the Mediterranean shrub Phillyrea angustifolia under current and future drought and ozone scenarios. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2021; 201:111615. [PMID: 34216612 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Mediterranean plants are particularly threatened by the exacerbation of prolonged periods of summer drought and increasing concentrations of ground-level ozone (O3). The aims of the present study were to (i) test if selected markers (i.e., reactive oxygen species, ROS; malondialdehyde, MDA; photosynthetic pigments) are able to discriminate the oxidative pressure due to single and combined stress conditions, and (ii) elucidate the physiochemical adjustments adopted by Phillyrea angustifolia (evergreen woody species representative of the maquis, also known as narrow-leaved mock privet) to perceive and counter to drought and/or O3. Plants were grown from May to October under the combination of two levels of water irrigation [i.e., well-watered (WW) and water-stressed (WS)] and three levels of O3 [i.e., 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 times the ambient air concentrations, i.e. AA (current O3 scenario), 1.5 × AA and 2.0 × AA (future O3 scenarios), respectively], using a new-generation O3 Free Air Controlled Exposure (FACE) system. Overall, this species appeared relatively sensitive to drought (e.g., net CO2 assimilation rate and stomatal conductance significantly decreased, as well as total chlorophyll and carotenoid contents), and tolerant to O3 (e.g., as confirmed by the absence of visible foliar injury, the unchanged values of total carotenoids, and the detrimental effects on stomatal conductance, total chlorophylls and terpene emission only under elevated O3 concentrations). The combination of both stressors led to harsher oxidative stress. Only when evaluated together (i.e., combining the information provided by the analysis of each stress marker), ROS, MDA and photosynthetic pigments, were suitable stress markers to discriminate the differential oxidative stress induced by drought and increasing O3 concentrations applied singly or in combination: (i) all these stress markers were affected under drought per se; (ii) hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and MDA increased under O3per se, following the gradient of O3 concentrations (H2O2: about 2- and 4-fold higher; MDA: +22 and + 91%; in 1.5 × AA_WW and 2.0 × AA_WW, respectively); (iii) joining together the ROS it was possible to report harsher effects under 2.0 × AA_WS and 1.5 × AA_WS (both anion superoxide and H2O2 increased) than under 2.0 × AA_WW (only H2O2 increased); and (iv) MDA showed harsher effects under 2.0 × AA_WS than under 1.5 × AA_WS (increased by 49 and 18%, respectively). Plants activated physiological and biochemical adjustments in order to partially avoid (e.g., stomatal closure) and tolerate (e.g., increased terpene emission) the effects of drought when combined with increasing O3 concentrations, suggesting that the water use strategy (isohydric) and the sclerophyllous habit can further increase the plant tolerance to environmental constraints in the Mediterranean area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Pellegrini
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Cotrozzi
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy.
| | - Luisa Neri
- Institute of BioEconomy, IBE-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Rita Baraldi
- Institute of BioEconomy, IBE-CNR, Via Piero Gobetti, 101, 40129, Bologna, Italy
| | - Elisa Carrari
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Cristina Nali
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Giacomo Lorenzini
- Department of Agriculture Food and Environment, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, 56124, Pisa, Italy; CIRSEC, Centre for Climate Change Impact, University of Pisa, Via del Borghetto 80, Pisa, 56124, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, IRET-CNR, Via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
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Yuan X, Li S, Feng Z, Xu Y, Shang B, Fares S, Paoletti E. Response of isoprene emission from poplar saplings to ozone pollution and nitrogen deposition depends on leaf position along the vertical canopy profile. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 265:114909. [PMID: 32540567 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Revised: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
We investigated isoprene (ISO) emission and gas exchange in leaves from different positions along the vertical canopy profile of poplar saplings (Populus euramericana cv. '74/76'). For a growing season, plants were subjected to four N treatments, control (NC, no N addition), low N (LN, 50 kg N ha-1year-1), middle N (MN, 100 kg N ha-1year-1), high N (HN, 200 kg N ha-1year-1) and three O3 treatments (CF, charcoal-filtered ambient air; NF, non-filtered ambient air; NF + O3, NF + 40 ppb O3). Our results showed the effects of O3 and/or N on standardized ISO rate (ISOrate) and photosynthetic parameters differed along with the leaf position, with larger negative effects of O3 and positive effects of N on ISOrate and photosynthetic parameters in the older leaves. Expanded young leaves were insensitive to both treatments even at very high O3 concentration (67 ppb as 10-h average) and HN treatment. Significant O3 × N interactions were only found in middle and lower leaves, where ISOrate declined by O3 just when N was limited (NC and LN). With increasing light-saturated photosynthesis and chlorophyll content, ISOrate was reduced in the upper leaves but on the contrary increased in middle and lower leaves. The responses of ISOrate to AOT40 (accumulated exposure to hourly O3 concentrations > 40 ppb) and PODY (accumulative stomatal uptake of O3 > Y nmol O3 m-2 PLA s-1) were not significant in upper leaves, but ISOrate significantly decreased with increasing AOT40 or PODY under limited N supply in middle leaves but at all N levels in lower leaves. Overall, ISOrate changed along the vertical canopy profile in response to combined O3 and N exposure, a behavior that should be incorporated into multi-layer canopy models. Our results are relevant for modelling regional isoprene emissions under current and future O3 pollution and N deposition scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyang Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Shuangjiang Li
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China
| | - Zhaozhong Feng
- School of Applied Meteorology, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, 219 Ningliu Road, Nanjing, 210044, China; National Engineering Laboratory for VOCs Pollution Control Material & Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 101408, China.
| | - Yansen Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Bo Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China
| | - Silvano Fares
- Council for Agricultural Research and Economics (CREA) - Research Centre for Forestry and Wood, Via Valle della Quistione 27, 00166, Rome, Italy
| | - Elena Paoletti
- State Key Laboratory of Urban and Regional Ecology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shuangqing Road 18, Haidian District, Beijing, 100085, China; Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems, National Research Council, via Madonna del Piano 10, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Hoshika Y, Haworth M, Watanabe M, Koike T. Interactive effect of leaf age and ozone on mesophyll conductance in Siebold's beech. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2020; 170:172-186. [PMID: 32394437 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.13121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/07/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Mesophyll conductance (Gm ) is one of the most important factors determining photosynthesis. Tropospheric ozone (O3 ) is known to accelerate leaf senescence and causes a decline of photosynthetic activity in leaves. However, the effects of age-related variation of O3 on Gm have not been well investigated, and we, therefore, analysed leaf gas exchange data in a free-air O3 exposure experiment on Siebold's beech with two levels (ambient and elevated O3 : 28 and 62 nmol mol-1 as daylight average, respectively). In addition, we examined whether O3 -induced changes on leaf morphology (leaf mass per area, leaf density and leaf thickness) may affect CO2 diffusion inside leaves. We found that O3 damaged the photosynthetic biochemistry progressively during the growing season. The Gm was associated with a reduced photosynthesis in O3 -fumigated Siebold's beech in August. The O3 -induced reduction of Gm was negatively correlated with leaf density, which was increased by elevated O3 , suggesting that the reduction of Gm was accompanied by changes in the physical structure of mesophyll cells. On the other hand, in October, the O3 -induced decrease of Gm was diminished because Gm decreased due to leaf senescence regardless of O3 treatment. The reduction of photosynthesis in senescent leaves after O3 exposure was mainly due to a decrease of maximum carboxylation rate (Vcmax ) and/or maximum electron transport rate (Jmax ) rather than diffusive limitations to CO2 transport such as Gm . A leaf age×O3 interaction of photosynthetic response will be a key for modelling photosynthesis in O3 -polluted environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutomo Hoshika
- Institute of Research on Terrestrial Ecosystems (IRET), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Italy
| | - Matthew Haworth
- Institute of Sustainable Plant Protection (IPSP), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), Via Madonna del Piano, Sesto Fiorentino, I-50019, Italy
| | - Makoto Watanabe
- Institute of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, 183-8509, Japan
| | - Takayoshi Koike
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, 060-8689, Japan
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Relationships between Leaf Anatomy and Physiological Functioning of Southern US Oak Species Differing in Flood Tolerance. FORESTS 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/f11010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Research Highlights: Bottomland oaks receive less attention than upland species, however their adaptations to flooding and summer water stress will extend our understanding of the oak genus and links between physiology and leaf anatomy. Background and objectives: Determining links between leaf anatomy and physiology can aid in parameterizing dynamic global vegetation models for oak systems, therefore we sought to (1) compare leaf anatomic, nutrient, and physiological parameters for bottomland oaks differing in flood tolerance, (2) determine correlations across parameters and determine which anatomic and nutrient parameters best predict photosynthetic capacity metrics, and (3) compare these data with reported literature values for oaks across the globe. Materials and Methods: We measured CO2 response curves (A/Ci) on leaves from Nuttall, Shumard, swamp chestnut, water and white oak seedlings planted in the Southeastern United States (US) and estimated stomatal size and density, epidermal cell size, vein density, leaf mass per area (LMA) and nitrogen (N) concentrations. Principal component analysis among these leaf anatomic and nutrient parameters was used to determine the best predictors of photosynthetic parameters including Rubisco-limited carboxylation rate (VCmax) and electron transport limited carboxylation rate (Jmax). Results: We found that although physiological parameters were similar, flood-tolerant oaks had lower leaf N concentrations and larger, more infrequent stomata than less flood-tolerant species. Leaf epidermal properties were correlated with N concentrations and a principal component capturing this correlation as well as principal components correlated with mesophyll conductance and leaf carbon concentrations were found to best explain variation in VCmax and Jmax. These Southeastern US oaks exhibited similar leaf physiological parameters and LMA as oaks reported in the literature but differed in leaf epidermal and stomatal properties as well as leaf N concentrations increasing the reported range of these parameters within the oak genus. Conclusions: Therefore, leaf anatomy and nutrient parameters as opposed to physiology differed across flood tolerance and between bottomland oaks and broader literature values.
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