1
|
C V R Silva D, Silva GC, Siqueira-Silva DH, Bazzan T, Silva HTL, Silva MCR, Bérgamo AL, Freitas JVR, Porfírio AEP, Pelegrini GH, Araújo CVM. A multi-evidence approach in an Amazonian river based on land use, water quality, histopathological effects and habitat selection behavior in fish. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 361:142492. [PMID: 38830469 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/05/2024]
Abstract
The Amazon rivers constitute the largest river basin in the world, with a high level of biodiversity. The Tocantins River is one of the most important rivers in this region, which has been impacted by different land uses. The objective of this study was to carry out a multi-evidence analysis focusing on the water quality of the Tocantins River, close to the municipality of Marabá-PA. We analyzed forest cover and water quality and, using the model organism Danio rerio, performed toxicity tests for histopathological effects, as well as the habitat selection approach by exposing fish to different river water samples in a multi-compartment device. The results showed that the studied area has already lost almost 30% of its forests in recent decades. Regarding water quality, the upstream (C1) and downstream (C5) points are the least impacted. On the other hand, the other points (C2-C4), closer to the city, greater input of pollutants was detected. Fish exposed to water samples from the most impacted sites showed several oedemas and hyperplastic cells in the gills. Regarding habitat selection behavior, there was a marked avoidance by samples with the highest contamination load. The results of this study lead to the understanding of the potential negative effects of human activities on local Amazonian biodiversity, since the potential toxicity of the environment, in conjunction with changes in the habitat selection process, could lead to a decline in populations of aquatic organisms, altering the environmental balance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel C V R Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Environment and Water Resources (POSMARH), Federal University of Itajubá (Unifei), Itajubá 37500-903, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará (Unifesspa), Marabá 68507-590, Pará, Brazil.
| | - Gilmar C Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Environmental Technology, Fluminense Federal University (UFF), Volta Redonda 27255-125, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Diógenes H Siqueira-Silva
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Thiago Bazzan
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research (INPE), São José dos Campos 12227-900, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Hadda T L Silva
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Maria C R Silva
- Research Group of Studies on the Reproduction of Amazon Fish (GERPA/LANEC), Biology Faculty, Federal University of South and Southern of Pará (Unifesspa), Av. dos Ipês, S/N, 68507-590 Marabá, PA, Brazil
| | - Alessandro L Bérgamo
- Natural Resources Institute (IRN), Federal University of Itajubá (Unifei), Itajubá 37500-903, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - João Vitor R Freitas
- Natural Resources Institute (IRN), Federal University of Itajubá (Unifei), Itajubá 37500-903, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Ana E P Porfírio
- Natural Resources Institute (IRN), Federal University of Itajubá (Unifei), Itajubá 37500-903, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Guilherme H Pelegrini
- Natural Resources Institute (IRN), Federal University of Itajubá (Unifei), Itajubá 37500-903, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN-CSIC), 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vera-Herrera L, Araújo CVM, Cordero-de-Castro A, Blasco J, Picó Y. Assessing the colonization by Daphnia magna of pesticide-disturbed habitats (chlorpyrifos, terbuthylazine and their mixtures) and the behavioral and neurotoxic effects. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 311:119983. [PMID: 35988674 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Revised: 08/04/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The spread of pesticides in water bodies integrated into agricultural landscapes may prevent some areas from being colonized. In this study, the effects on the colonization responses of D. magna exerted by gradients of realistic environmental concentrations of the pesticides chlorpyrifos, terbuthylazine and their mixtures were tested in a novel multicompartment non-forced exposure system. Furthermore, the effects of both pesticides and their mixtures on the swimming behavior and the neurotransmission activity of D. magna were analyzed using a traditional forced exposure system. The synthesis and concentration of the main environmental metabolites of terbuthylazine were also analyzed. Results confirmed that D. magna exposed to mixture gradients were able to detect the pollutants and their colonization dynamics were drastically inhibited. The swimming behavior increased in D. magna exposed to the highest concentration of the mixture treatment. AChE activity was only significantly inhibited in the D. magna exposed to the highest concentration of chlorpyrifos. Changes in swimming behavior could not be directly related to the effects on AChE. Furthermore, the synthesis of the metabolite terbuthylazine 2-hydroxy during the course of the experiments was confirmed. These results demonstrate the importance of integrating pesticide mixtures in both non-forced and forced exposure systems during ecotoxicological assays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Vera-Herrera
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-UV-GV, Moncada-Naquera Road, Km 4.5, 46113, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN - CSIC), Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11510, Spain.
| | - Andrea Cordero-de-Castro
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN - CSIC), Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11510, Spain.
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN - CSIC), Puerto Real, Cádiz, 11510, Spain.
| | - Yolanda Picó
- Food and Environmental Safety Research Group of the University of Valencia (SAMA-UV), Desertification Research Centre (CIDE), CSIC-UV-GV, Moncada-Naquera Road, Km 4.5, 46113, Valencia, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Salvatierra D, Rodríguez-Ruiz Á, Cordero A, López-Doval J, Baldó F, Blasco J, Araújo CVM. Experimental evidence of contamination driven shrimp population dynamics: Susceptibility of populations to spatial isolation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 820:153225. [PMID: 35063515 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.153225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Contamination is likely to affect the composition of an ecological landscape, leading to the rupture of ecological connectivity among habitats (ecological fragmentation), which may impact on the distribution, persistence and abundance of populations. In the current study, different scenarios within a spatially heterogeneous landscape were simulated in the Heterogeneous Multi-Habitat Assay System (HeMHAS) to evaluate the potential effect that contamination (copper at 0.5 and 25 μg/L) might have on habitat selection by the estuarine shrimp Palaemon varians in combination with two other ecological factors: predator presence and food availability. As a result, P. varians detected and avoided copper; however, in the presence of the predation signal, shrimps shifted their response by moving to previously avoided regions, even if this resulted in a higher exposure to contamination. When encouraged to move towards environments with a high availability of food, a lower connectivity among the shrimp populations isolated by both contamination and predation risk simultaneously was evidenced, when compared to populations isolated only by the risk of predation. These results indicate that contamination might: (i) trigger avoidance in shrimps, (ii) prevent colonization of attractive foraging areas, (iii) enhance populations' isolation and (iv), make populations more susceptible to local extinction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David Salvatierra
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN - CSIC), Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain.
| | - Ángela Rodríguez-Ruiz
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN - CSIC), Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Andrea Cordero
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN - CSIC), Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | | | - Francisco Baldó
- Spanish Institute of Oceanography, Oceanographic Center of Cadiz (IEO-CSIC), Cadiz, Spain
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN - CSIC), Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (ICMAN - CSIC), Puerto Real, Cadiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Mena F, Romero A, Blasco J, Araújo CVM. Can a mixture of agrochemicals (glyphosate, chlorpyrifos and chlorothalonil) mask the perception of an individual chemical? A hidden trap underlying ecological risk. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 230:113172. [PMID: 34998261 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 12/29/2021] [Accepted: 01/03/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
As aquatic environments associated with conventional agriculture are exposed to various pesticides, it is important to identify any possible interactions that modify their effects when in a mixture. We applied avoidance tests with Danio rerio, exposing juveniles to three relevant current use pesticides: chlorpyrifos (CPF), chlorothalonil (CTL) and glyphosate (Gly), individually and in binary mixtures (CPF-Gly and CTL-Gly). Our goal was to identify the potential of contaminants to trigger the avoidance response in fish and detect any changes to that response resulting from binary mixtures. Avoidance was assessed for three hours using an open gradient system with six levels of increasing concentrations. Fish avoided environmentally relevant concentrations of the three compounds. The avoidance of CPF [AC50 = 7.95 (3.3-36.3) µg/L] and CTL [AC50 = 3.41 (1.2-41.6) µg/L] was evident during the entire period of observation. In the case of Gly, the response changed throughout the experiment: initially (until 100 min) the fish tolerated higher concentrations of the herbicide [AC50 = 52.2 (12.1-2700) µg/L] while during the later period (after 100 min) a clearer avoidance [1.5 (0.8-4.2) µg/L] was observed. The avoidance recorded using CPF and CTL alone was attenuated by the presence of Gly. Applying an additive concentration model, Gly initially acted synergistically with the other two compounds, although this interaction was not observed during the later period. Avoidance gives us an idea of how the distribution of populations may be altered by contamination, our results suggest that in some mixtures this response may be inhibited, at least temporarily, thus masking the ecological risk of the exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freylan Mena
- Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, 86-3000 Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Adarli Romero
- Escuela de Biología, Universidad de Costa Rica, 11501-2060 San José, Costa Rica
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalucía (CSIC), 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalucía (CSIC), 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Could Contamination Avoidance Be an Endpoint That Protects the Environment? An Overview on How Species Respond to Copper, Glyphosate, and Silver Nanoparticles. TOXICS 2021; 9:toxics9110301. [PMID: 34822692 PMCID: PMC8623862 DOI: 10.3390/toxics9110301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The use of non-forced multi-compartmented exposure systems has gained importance in the assessment of the contamination-driven spatial avoidance response. This new paradigm of exposure makes it possible to assess how contaminants fragment habitats, interfering in the spatial distribution and species’ habitat selection processes. In this approach, organisms are exposed to a chemically heterogeneous scenario (a gradient or patches of contamination) and the response is focused on identifying the contamination levels considered aversive for organisms. Despite the interesting results that have been recently published, the use of this approach in ecotoxicological risk studies is still incipient. The current review aims to show the sensitivity of spatial avoidance in non-forced exposure systems in comparison with the traditional endpoints used in ecotoxicology under forced exposure. To do this, we have used the sensitivity profile by biological groups (SPBG) to offer an overview of the highly sensitive biological groups and the species sensitive distribution (SSD) to estimate the hazard concentration for 5% of the species (HC5). Three chemically different compounds were selected for this review: copper, glyphosate, and Ag-NPs. The results show that contamination-driven spatial avoidance is a very sensitive endpoint that could be integrated as a complementary tool to ecotoxicological studies in order to provide an overview of the level of repellence of contaminants. This repellence is a clear example of how contamination might fragment ecosystems, prevent connectivity among populations and condition the distribution of biodiversity.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mena F, González-Ortegón E, Solano K, Araújo CVM. The effect of the insecticide diazinon on the osmoregulation and the avoidance response of the white leg shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) is salinity dependent. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 206:111364. [PMID: 32980654 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2020] [Revised: 09/09/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Diazinon is one of the insecticides that represent a high risk for Costa Rican estuarine environments due to its widespread use in pineapple plantations. In estuaries, organisms are frequently submitted to stress caused by natural factors (e.g., continuous changes in salinity levels) and, additionally, to stress due to contamination. Therefore, the driving question of this study was: will organisms be more susceptible to suffer the deleterious effects caused by diazinon because of the stress resulting from the salinity changes? The estuarine shrimp Penaeus vannamei was used as the model organism and two responses were measured: osmoregulation (the physiological effect after a forced and continuous 24 h-exposure) and avoidance [the behavioural effect after a short (3 h) non-forced, multi-compartmented exposure]. Juveniles were exposed to diazinon (0.1, 1, 10 and 100 μg/L) at three different salinities (10, 20 and 30). Disruption in the capacity to regulate the haemolymph osmotic pressure was observed at a salinity of 30 in individuals exposed to diazinon and methanol (used as vehicle). At that salinity, the ability of shrimps to detect and avoid the highest diazinon concentrations was impaired. P. vannamei juveniles inhabit environments with a high variation in salinity, but with an optimum osmotic point close to a salinity of 20; therefore, the higher the salinity, the greater the vulnerability of shrimps to the effects of diazinon. From an ecological point of view, this combined effect of salinity and contamination might also limit the spatial distribution of the organisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Freylan Mena
- Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica.
| | - Enrique González-Ortegón
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalucía (CSIC), 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Karla Solano
- Instituto Regional de Estudios en Sustancias Tóxicas (IRET), Universidad Nacional, 86-3000, Heredia, Costa Rica
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalucía (CSIC), 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Araújo CVM, Laissaoui A, Silva DCVR, Ramos-Rodríguez E, González-Ortegón E, Espíndola ELG, Baldó F, Mena F, Parra G, Blasco J, López-Doval J, Sendra M, Banni M, Islam MA, Moreno-Garrido I. Not Only Toxic but Repellent: What Can Organisms' Responses Tell Us about Contamination and What Are the Ecological Consequences When They Flee from an Environment? TOXICS 2020; 8:E118. [PMID: 33322739 PMCID: PMC7768353 DOI: 10.3390/toxics8040118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 12/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The ability of aquatic organisms to sense the surrounding environment chemically and interpret such signals correctly is crucial for their ecological niche and survival. Although it is an oversimplification of the ecological interactions, we could consider that a significant part of the decisions taken by organisms are, to some extent, chemically driven. Accordingly, chemical contamination might interfere in the way organisms behave and interact with the environment. Just as any environmental factor, contamination can make a habitat less attractive or even unsuitable to accommodate life, conditioning to some degree the decision of organisms to stay in, or move from, an ecosystem. If we consider that contamination is not always spatially homogeneous and that many organisms can avoid it, the ability of contaminants to repel organisms should also be of concern. Thus, in this critical review, we have discussed the dual role of contamination: toxicity (disruption of the physiological and behavioral homeostasis) vs. repellency (contamination-driven changes in spatial distribution/habitat selection). The discussion is centered on methodologies (forced exposure against non-forced multi-compartmented exposure systems) and conceptual improvements (individual stress due to the toxic effects caused by a continuous exposure against contamination-driven spatial distribution). Finally, we propose an approach in which Stress and Landscape Ecology could be integrated with each other to improve our understanding of the threat contaminants represent to aquatic ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano V. M. Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Puerto Real, 11519 Cadiz, Spain; (E.G.-O.); (J.B.); (I.M.-G.)
| | - Abdelmourhit Laissaoui
- National Centre for Nuclear Energy, Science and Technology, BP 1381, Rabat RP 10001, Morocco;
| | - Daniel C. V. R. Silva
- Institute of Xingu Studies, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, São Félix do Xingu, PA 68507-590, Brazil;
| | - Eloisa Ramos-Rodríguez
- Department of Ecology and Institute of Water Research, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain;
| | - Enrique González-Ortegón
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Puerto Real, 11519 Cadiz, Spain; (E.G.-O.); (J.B.); (I.M.-G.)
| | - Evaldo L. G. Espíndola
- NEEA/CRHEA/SHS, São Carlos Engineering School, University of São Paulo, Av. Trabalhador São Carlense, 400, São Carlos, SP 13.560-970, Brazil;
| | - Francisco Baldó
- Instituto Español de Oceanografía (IEO), Centro Oceanográfico de Cádiz, 11006 Cádiz, Spain;
| | - Freylan Mena
- Regional Institute for Studies on Toxic Substances (IRET), Universidad Nacional, 86-3000 Heredia, Costa Rica;
| | - Gema Parra
- Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology Department, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain;
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Puerto Real, 11519 Cadiz, Spain; (E.G.-O.); (J.B.); (I.M.-G.)
| | - Julio López-Doval
- Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Scientific and Technological Park of the University of Girona, H2O Building, C/Emili Grahit, 101, 17003 Girona, Spain;
- Faculty of Sciences, University of Girona, Campus de Montilivi, 17003 Girona, Spain
| | - Marta Sendra
- Institute of Marine Research (IIM), National Research Council (CSIC), Eduardo Cabello 6, 36208 Vigo, Spain;
| | - Mohamed Banni
- Laboratory of Biochemistry and Environmental Toxicology, Higher Institute of Agronomy, 1349-017 Chott-Mariem, Tunisia;
| | - Mohammed Ariful Islam
- Department of Aquatic Resource Management, Faculty of Fisheries, Sylhet Agricultural University, Sylhet 3100, Bangladesh;
| | - Ignacio Moreno-Garrido
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), Puerto Real, 11519 Cadiz, Spain; (E.G.-O.); (J.B.); (I.M.-G.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Araújo CVM, Pontes JRS, Blasco J. Might the interspecies interaction between fish and shrimps change the pattern of their avoidance response to contamination? ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2019; 186:109757. [PMID: 31606638 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2019.109757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Contamination seems to exert a crucial role in the spatial distribution of some organisms, such as shrimps and fish. Both, especially the freshwater fish Danio rerio and the shrimp Atyaephyra desmarestii, have been tested experimentally for their avoidance response and have showed the ability to escape from toxic effects. As the behavior of avoiding or not the contamination might be altered in the presence of other factors, the aim of the current study was to verify whether the avoidance response of both species, when exposed jointly (multispecies tests), to a copper gradient is different from the avoidance response observed in monospecies tests. The avoidance was assessed in a multi-compartmented exposure system, in which a copper gradient was simulated. Organisms were tested individually and together. Both species avoided potentially toxic copper concentrations; however, shrimps were slightly more sensitive in the monospecies tests: AC50 (avoidance concentration for 50% of the population) of 60 (53-68) μg/L for the zebrafish and 50 (45-56) μg/L for the shrimp. In the multispecies tests, the sensitivity pattern changed: the avoidance response by the fish [AC50: 30 (14-46) μg/L] was greater than by the shrimps [AC50: 70 (22-141) μg/L]. Although the AC50 values are in the same order of magnitude, a slight trend to change the avoidance pattern was observed in the shrimps during multispecies test: the avoidance was lower and time-delayed. This behavioral change could be linked to the stress caused by the zebrafish sharing the space with the shrimps, perhaps increasing the territorialism of the fish, or a delay in the shrimps detecting the risk of contamination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - João Rodolfo S Pontes
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Center for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456, Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Araújo CVM, Pontes JRS, Blasco J. Does the previous exposure to copper alter the pattern of avoidance by zebrafish in a copper gradient scenario? Hypothesis of time-delayed avoidance due to pre-acclimation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 694:133703. [PMID: 31394324 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.133703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The traditional ecotoxicity assays (forced exposure) tend to use organisms that are cultured under controlled conditions or that come from undisturbed ecosystems, with no (or negligible) previous contact with contamination. The same occurs in the non-forced approach, in which organisms are exposed to a contamination gradient and can move between different concentrations choosing the less toxic one. Considering that organisms inhabiting contaminated ecosystems tend to be gradually exposed to contamination, an abrupt exposure from uncontaminated conditions to a contaminated environment might present two problems: lack of ecological relevance to a scenario where the contamination occurs gradually and a magnification of the toxicity due to the sudden change in the environmental conditions. Therefore, a key question should be addressed: might a previous exposure to contamination reduce the organisms' perception of the danger of a contaminant (hypothesis of time-delayed avoidance due to pre-acclimation-TDADP), altering their avoidance response pattern? We tested the avoidance of zebrafish (Danio rerio: ±2 months old) populations when exposed to a copper gradient (0-400 μg/L). The populations differed according to the period (24 h and 7 and 30 days) in which they were acclimated to copper (ca. 400 μg/L). The avoidance in the 2 h experiments changed as a consequence of the acclimation period. In the population that was not previously acclimated, 40% of the fish moved to the less contaminated compartment and only 6.7% stayed in the most contaminated one; for the other populations those values were, respectively, 31 and 11% (24 h-acclimation), 28 and 26% (7 day-acclimation) and 19 and 27% (30 day-acclimation). An abrupt exposure to a contaminant might overestimate the response if this is analyzed in the short-term. When the avoidance tests were prolonged to 24 h, the avoidance tended to reach similar values to those of the non-acclimated population, thus supporting our TDADP hypothesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - João Rodolfo S Pontes
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Center for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Sciences, University of Coimbra, 3000-456 Coimbra, Portugal
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Araújo CVM, Gómez L, Silva DCVR, Pintado-Herrera MG, Lara-Martín PA, Hampel M, Blasco J. Risk of triclosan based on avoidance by the shrimp Palaemon varians in a heterogeneous contamination scenario: How sensitive is this approach? CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 235:126-135. [PMID: 31255752 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.06.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
As the exposure of organisms to contaminants can provoke harmful effects, some organisms try to avoid a continuous exposure by using different strategies. The aim of the current study was to assess the ability of the shrimp Palaemon varians to detect a triclosan gradient and escape to less contaminated areas. Two multi-compartmented exposure systems (the linear system and the HeMHAS-Heterogeneous Multi-Habitat Assay System) were used and then results were compared. Finally, it was aimed how sensitive the avoidance response is by comparing it with other endpoints through a sensitivity profile by biological groups and the species sensitive distribution. The distribution of the shrimps along the triclosan gradient was dependent on the concentrations, not exceeding 3% for 54 μg/L in the linear system and 7% for 81 μg/L in the HeMHAS; 25% of organisms preferred the compartment with the lowest concentrations in both systems. Half of the population seems to avoid concentrations around 40-50 μg/L. The triclosan concentration that might start (threshold) to trigger an important avoidance (around 20%) was estimated to be of 18 μg/L. The profile of sensitivity to triclosan showed that avoidance by shrimps was less sensitive than microalgae growth and avoidance by guppy; however, it might occur even at concentrations considered safe for more than 95% of the species. In summary, (i) the HeMHAS proved to be a suitable system to simulate heterogeneous contamination scenarios, (ii) triclosan triggered the avoidance response in P. varians, and (iii) the avoidance was very sensitive compared to other ecotoxicological responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| | - Livia Gómez
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain; Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CEI-MAR, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Daniel C V R Silva
- Institute of Xingu Studies, Federal University of Southern and Southeastern Pará, São Félix do Xingu, Pará, Brazil
| | - Marina G Pintado-Herrera
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CEI-MAR, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Pablo A Lara-Martín
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CEI-MAR, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Miriam Hampel
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Marine and Environmental Sciences, CEI-MAR, University of Cadiz, 11510, Puerto Real, Spain
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia (CSIC), 11510, Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Vera-Vera VC, Guerrero F, Blasco J, Araújo CVM. Habitat selection response of the freshwater shrimp Atyaephyra desmarestii experimentally exposed to heterogeneous copper contamination scenarios. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 662:816-823. [PMID: 30708297 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In contaminated aquatic ecosystems, it is expected that organisms suffer some effects caused by the contaminants. However, for mobile organisms inhabiting heterogeneously contaminated ecosystems, the continuous exposure to contaminants can be avoided by moving to less contaminated habitats. The present study evaluated the habitat selection of the freshwater shrimp Atyaephyra desmarestii experimentally exposed to different copper concentrations to verify whether the heterogeneous contamination distribution and the connectivity between habitats with different copper levels could generate a random population distribution similar to metapopulation. The experiments were performed in the HeMHAS (Heterogeneous Multi-Habitat Assay System), a non-forced multi-compartmented exposure system, in which it is possible to simulate the distribution of contaminants in a linear gradient or as patches of contamination. Copper was used to simulate a linear contamination gradient (26 to 105 μg/L Cu) and two patchy scenarios with three contamination levels [reference zone (R: 26 ± 7 μg/L Cu), mixing zone (M: 61 ± 2 μg/L Cu) and disturbed zone (D: 101 ± 12 μg/L Cu)], with two mixing zones or one central mixing zone in a heterogeneous scenario. In the copper gradient scenario, a clear trend of shrimps (59.6 ± 8.0% of the population) moving to the reference zones and an avoidance of 66.7 ± 11.1% of the most contaminated zone were observed. For the patchy scenarios, a random distribution of organisms (34, 36 and 30% for R, M and D zones, respectively) was observed in the scenario with one mixing zone; on the other hand, a slight preference for the reference zones (44.9 ± 4.8%) was evidenced in the scenario with two mixing zones. As shrimps are able to select less contaminated areas, it is highly important to preserve clean zones in heterogeneously contaminated environments, such as the arrangement in meta-ecosystems, as the less- or uncontaminated zones might represent less stressful areas to protect populations against continuous contamination exposure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victoria C Vera-Vera
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Francisco Guerrero
- Department of Animal Biology, Plant Biology and Ecology, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain; Center of Advanced Studies in Earth Sciences, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Julián Blasco
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia, CSIC, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain
| | - Cristiano V M Araújo
- Department of Ecology and Coastal Management, Institute of Marine Sciences of Andalusia, CSIC, 11510 Puerto Real, Cádiz, Spain.
| |
Collapse
|