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Beltrán de Heredia I, González-Gaya B, Zuloaga O, Garrido I, Acosta T, Etxebarria N, Ruiz-Romera E. Occurrence of emerging contaminants in three river basins impacted by wastewater treatment plant effluents: Spatio-seasonal patterns and environmental risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 946:174062. [PMID: 38917906 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.174062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 05/14/2024] [Accepted: 06/14/2024] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
The concern on the fate and distribution of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) is a burning topic due to their widespread occurrence and potential harmful effects. Particularly, antibiotics have received great attention due to their implications in antimicrobial resistance occurrence. The impact of wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) is remarkable, being one of the main pathways for the introduction of CECs into aquatic systems. The combination of novel analytical methodologies and risk assessment strategies is a promising tool to find out environmentally relevant compounds posing major concerns in freshwater ecosystems impacted by those wastewater effluents. Within this context, a multi-target approach was applied in three Spanish river basins affected by different WWTP treated effluents for spatio-temporal monitoring of their chemical status. Solid phase extraction followed by ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography were used for the quantification of a large panel of compounds (n = 270), including pharmaceuticals and other consumer products, pesticides and industrial chemicals. To this end, water samples were collected in four sampling campaigns at three locations in each basin: (i) upstream from the WWTPs; (ii) WWTP effluent discharge points (effluent outfall); and (iii) downstream from the WWTPs (500 m downriver from the effluent outfall). Likewise, 24-h composite effluent samples from each of the WWTPs were provided in all sampling periods. First the occurrence and distribution of these compounds were assessed. Diverse seasonal trends were observed depending on the group of emerging compounds, though COVID-19 outbreak affected variations of certain pharmaceuticals. Detection frequencies and concentrations in effluents generally exceeded those in river samples and concentrations measured upstream WWTPs were generally low or non-quantifiable. Finally, risks associated with maximum contamination levels were evaluated using two different approaches to account for antibiotic resistance selection as well. From all studied compounds, 89 evidenced environmental risk on at least one occasion in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene Beltrán de Heredia
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Belén González-Gaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua 47, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Olatz Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua 47, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Itziar Garrido
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Teresa Acosta
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Nestor Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Campus of Leioa, 48940 Leioa, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Areatza Pasealekua 47, 48620 Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - Estilita Ruiz-Romera
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plaza Ingeniero Torres Quevedo 1, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
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Alves-Ferreira J, Vara MG, Catarino A, Martins I, Mourinha C, Fabião M, Costa MJ, Barbieri MV, de Alda ML, Palma P. Pesticide water variability and prioritization: The first steps towards improving water management strategies in irrigation hydro-agriculture areas. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 917:170304. [PMID: 38278229 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024]
Abstract
The presence of pesticides in aquatic ecosystems poses significant risks to non-target organisms, necessitating monitoring and environmental risk assessment. This study aimed to evaluate the dynamics and environmental risk of pesticides in a hydro-agricultural area with intensive agricultural practices, in the Mediterranean region (South of Portugal). Seasonality and location influenced pesticide numbers and concentrations, with the highest levels observed during the dry season. Triazines, phenylureas, and organophosphates were the predominant pesticide classes, with terbuthylazine, bentazone, terbutryn, diazinon, and metolachlor exhibiting the highest detection frequencies (68 % to 72 %). Notably, 44 % of the quantified pesticides are no longer authorized in Portugal, with 33 % posing a high environmental risk. Some insecticides, including imidacloprid, methiocarb, and malathion, were occasionally detected at concentrations that posed high risks to the aquatic ecosystem (RQ ≥ 1). Irgarol, an algicide used in irrigation canals, presented a high risk in 91 % of the analysed samples. The study's distribution profile of pesticides revealed a significant transportation of these compounds from reservoirs to irrigation hydrants, establishing them as a secondary source of crop and environmental contamination. Additionally, the assessment of spatial distribution and environmental risk allowed for the identification of specific pollutants in different locations, prioritizing them based on their ecotoxicological risk to aquatic ecosystems. These findings reinforce the importance of implementing management measures at the level of hydro-agricultural areas, helping to stop the cycle of pesticide contamination. Only this type of strategy will make it possible to protect water quality, biodiversity and the health of citizens, contributing to the European Union's objectives of improving the condition of freshwater bodies and promoting the sustainable use of pesticides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Júnia Alves-Ferreira
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, R. Pedro Soares S/N, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Manuel García Vara
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 080834 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Adriana Catarino
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, R. Pedro Soares S/N, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Inês Martins
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, R. Pedro Soares S/N, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal
| | - Clarisse Mourinha
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, R. Pedro Soares S/N, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal
| | - Marta Fabião
- Centro Operativo e de Tecnologia de Regadio (COTR), Quinta da Saúde, Apartado 354, 7801-904 Beja, Portugal
| | - Maria João Costa
- Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; Departamento de Física, Escola de Ciências e Tecnologia, and Earth Remote Sensing Laboratory - EaRSLab, Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal
| | - Maria Vittoria Barbieri
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 080834 Barcelona, Spain
| | - M Lopez de Alda
- Water, Environmental and Food Chemistry Unit (ENFOCHEM), Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDAEA-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, 080834 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrícia Palma
- Escola Superior Agrária, Instituto Politécnico de Beja, R. Pedro Soares S/N, 7800-295 Beja, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências da Terra (ICT), Universidade de Évora, 7000-671 Évora, Portugal; GeoBioTec, NOVA School of Science and Technology, Campus da Caparica, 2829-516 Caparica, Portugal.
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Royano S, de la Torre A, Navarro I, Martínez MÁ. Pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) in surface water: Occurrence, trends and risk assessment in the Tagus River Basin (Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167422. [PMID: 37774880 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 09/18/2023] [Accepted: 09/26/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023]
Abstract
In this study, the presence of 23 pharmaceutically active compounds (PhACs) including antibiotics, analgesics, anti-inflammatories, psychiatric and cardiovascular drugs, antifungals and metabolites was investigated in surface waters. A total of 89 samples were collected during 3 years (2020, 2021 and 2022) from a European representative river basin (Tagus, Spain). To elucidate PhAC potential sources, sampling points located in areas with low, median and high anthropogenic influence were selected. The analytical method based on solid phase extraction (SPE) followed by UHPLC-MS/MS analysis was validated meeting SANTE/2020/12830 and SANTE/12682/2019 performance criteria. PhACs were quantified above limits of quantification (LOQs) in 96 % of water samples, being the antihypertensives valsartan (648 ng/L, 87 % quantification frequency) and irbesartan (390 ng/L, 75 %) and the antidepressant o-desmethylvenlafaxine (495 ng/L, 76 %) the predominant pollutants. The rest of the target PhACs showed median concentrations between 4 and 172 ng/L with quantification frequencies ranging from 35 to 75 %. ∑PhAC concentrations did not show temporal or seasonal trends. However, valsartan and naproxen presented lower levels in drier (spring and summer) compared to the wetter. Source identification revealed a clear anthropogenic origin since concentrations obtained in highly populated areas were statistically higher (p < 0.01) than those quantified in sparsely populated ones. This finding was also confirmed by calculating PhACs mass flow rates, which ranged between 1.4 and 235 kg/y. Finally, data generated were used to estimate the potential risk to the aquatic ecosystem for three trophic levels (phototrophic, invertebrate and vertebrate organisms). Risk quotient ratios (RQs) were calculated for all PhACs at the median (P50) and worst-case (max) scenarios. Up to 7 PhACs (acetaminophen, carbamazepine, gemfibrozil, ibuprofen, irbesartan, ketoprofen and venlafaxine) showed high risk for the highest trophic level (fish) in >45 % of investigated locations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Royano
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain; International Doctoral School of the UNED (EIDUNED), National University of Distance Education (UNED), Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián de la Torre
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Irene Navarro
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María Ángeles Martínez
- Unit of Persistent Organic Pollutants and Emerging Pollutants in the Environment, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
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Engloner AI, Németh K, Dobosy P, Óvári M. Exploring the trend effects of diffuse anthropogenic pollution in a large river passing through a densely populated area. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20120. [PMID: 37809789 PMCID: PMC10559857 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/12/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The detection of non-point pollution in large rivers requires high-frequency sampling over a longer period of time, which, however presumably provides data with large spatial and temporal variance. Variability may mean that data sets recorded upstream and downstream from a densely populated area overlap, suggesting at first glance that the urban area did not affect water quality. This study presents a simple way to explore trend-like effects of non-point pollution in the Danube based on data that varied strongly in space and time. For one year, biweekly sampling was carried out upstream and downstream from a large city with negligible emission of untreated wastewater and the surrounding settlements, industrial and agricultural areas. Although most of the values of the 34 examined physicochemical characteristics fell within the range of data previously published for the Danube, and the mean values of all parameters indicated unpolluted surface water, different water quality was revealed upstream and downstream from the metropolitan area at each sampling time. Since the physicochemical characteristics causing the separation also differed from time to time, univariate tests and consensus ordination were used to determine which variables changed similarly during most of the examined period. With this evaluation method, several diffuse pollutants of anthropogenic origin contaminating the Danube in the long term were identified, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, sulphate, chloride, potassium and vanadium. The results demonstrated that trend-like effects of non-point pollution can be detected even in a large river, where physicochemical measurements can vary strongly in space and time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Attila I Engloner
- Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina út 29, Budapest, H-1113, Hungary
| | - Kitti Németh
- Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina út 29, Budapest, H-1113, Hungary
| | - Péter Dobosy
- Centre for Ecological Research, Karolina út 29, Budapest, H-1113, Hungary
| | - Mihály Óvári
- Nuclear Security Department, Centre for Energy Research, Konkoly-Thege Miklós út 29-33, Budapest, H-1121, Hungary
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5
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Heß S, Hof D, Oetken M, Sundermann A. Effects of multiple stressors on benthic invertebrates using Water Framework Directive monitoring data. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:162952. [PMID: 36948311 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple stressors affect freshwater systems and cause a deficient ecological status according to the European Water Framework Directive (WFD). To select effective mitigation measures and improve the ecological status, knowledge on the stressor hierarchy and individual and joined effects is necessary. However, compared to common stressors like nutrient enrichment and morphological degradation, the relative importance of micropollutants such as pesticides and pharmaceuticals is largely unaddressed. We used WFD monitoring data from Saxony (Germany) to investigate the importance of 85 environmental variables (including 34 micropollutants) for 18 benthic invertebrate metrics at 108 sites. The environmental variables were assigned to five groups (natural factors, nutrient enrichment, metals, micropollutants and morphological degradation) and were ranked according to their relative importance as group and individually within and across groups using Principal Component Analyses (PCAs) and Boosted Regression Trees (BRTs). Overall, natural factors contributed the most to the total explained deviance of the models. This variable group represented not only typological differences between sampling sites but also a gradient of human impact by strongly anthropogenically influenced variables such as electric conductivity and dissolved oxygen. These large-scale effects can mask the individual importance of the other variable groups, which may act more specifically at a subset of sites. Accordingly, micropollutants were not represented by a few dominant variables but rather a diverse palette of different chemicals with similar contribution. As a group, micropollutants contributed similarly as metals, nutrient enrichment and morphological degradation. However, the importance of micropollutants might be underestimated due to limitations of the current chemical monitoring practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Heß
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Clamecystr. 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Delia Hof
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Faculty of Biology, Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Matthias Oetken
- Goethe University Frankfurt, Faculty of Biology, Department of Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Andrea Sundermann
- Senckenberg Research Institute and Natural History Museum Frankfurt, Department of River Ecology and Conservation, Clamecystr. 12, 63571 Gelnhausen, Germany; Goethe University Frankfurt, Faculty of Biology, Institute of Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Dulsat-Masvidal M, Ciudad C, Infante O, Mateo R, Lacorte S. Water pollution threats in important bird and biodiversity areas from Spain. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 448:130938. [PMID: 36860036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2022] [Revised: 01/18/2023] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Chemical pollution is still an underestimated threat to surface waters from natural areas. This study has analysed the presence and distribution of 59 organic micropollutants (OMPs) including pharmaceuticals, lifestyle compounds, pesticides, organophosphate esters (OPEs), benzophenone and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) in 411 water samples from 140 Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) from Spain, to evaluate the impact of these pollutants in sites of environmental relevance. Lifestyle compounds, pharmaceuticals and OPEs were the most ubiquitous chemical families, while pesticides and PFASs showed a detection frequency below 25% of the samples. The mean concentrations detected ranged from 0.1 to 301 ng/L. According to spatial data, agricultural surface has been identified as the most important source of all OMPs in natural areas. Lifestyle compounds and PFASs have been related to the presence of artificial surface and wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) discharges, which were also an important source of pharmaceuticals to surface waters. Fifteen out of 59 OMPs have been found at levels posing a high risk for the aquatic IBAs ecosystems, being the insecticide chlorpyrifos, the antidepressant venlafaxine and perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) the most concerning compounds. This is the first study to quantify water pollution in IBAs and evidence that OMPs are an emerging threat to freshwater ecosystems that are essential for biodiversity conservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dulsat-Masvidal
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Ciudad
- SEO/BirdLife, Melquiades Biencinto, 34, 28053 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Martínez-Campos S, González-Pleiter M, Rico A, Schell T, Vighi M, Fernández-Piñas F, Rosal R, Leganés F. Time-course biofilm formation and presence of antibiotic resistance genes on everyday plastic items deployed in river waters. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 443:130271. [PMID: 36351347 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.130271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The plastisphere has been widely studied in the oceans; however, there is little information on how living organisms interact with the plastisphere in freshwater ecosystems, and particularly on how this interaction changes over time. We have characterized, over one year, the evolution of the eukaryotic and bacterial communities colonizing four everyday plastic items deployed in two sites of the same river with different anthropogenic impact. α-diversity analyses showed that site had a significant role in bacterial and eukaryotic diversity, with the most impacted site having higher values of the Shannon diversity index. β-diversity analyses showed that site explained most of the sample variation followed by substrate type (i.e., plastic item) and time since first colonization. In this regard, core microbiomes/biomes in each plastic at 1, 3, 6 and 12 months could be identified at genus level, giving a global overview of the evolution of the plastisphere over time. The measured concentration of antibiotics in the river water positively correlated with the abundance of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) on the plastics. These results provide relevant information on the temporal dynamics of the plastisphere in freshwater ecosystems and emphasize the potential contribution of plastic items to the global spread of antibiotic resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Martínez-Campos
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, E-28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel González-Pleiter
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the Universidad de Alcalá, Av. Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, Universidad de Valencia, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, 46980 Valencia, Spain
| | - Theresa Schell
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the Universidad de Alcalá, Av. Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Vighi
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the Universidad de Alcalá, Av. Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisca Fernández-Piñas
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Rosal
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Physical Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, E-28871 Madrid, Spain
| | - Francisco Leganés
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Cantoblanco, E-28049 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Biodiversidad y Cambio Global (CIBC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, C Darwin 2, 28049 Madrid, Spain.
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Kamali N, Abbas F, Lehane M, Griew M, Furey A. A Review of In Situ Methods-Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the Collection and Concentration of Marine Biotoxins and Pharmaceuticals in Environmental Waters. Molecules 2022; 27:7898. [PMID: 36431996 PMCID: PMC9698218 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27227898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 09/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) are in situ methods that have been applied to pre-concentrate a range of marine toxins, pesticides and pharmaceutical compounds that occur at low levels in marine and environmental waters. Recent research has identified the widespread distribution of biotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters (marine, brackish and freshwater) highlighting the need for the development of effective techniques to generate accurate quantitative water system profiles. In this manuscript, we reviewed in situ methods known as Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) for the collection and concentration of marine biotoxins, freshwater cyanotoxins and pharmaceuticals in environmental waters since the 1980s to present. Twelve different adsorption substrates in SPATT and 18 different sorbents in POCIS were reviewed for their ability to absorb a range of lipophilic and hydrophilic marine biotoxins, pharmaceuticals, pesticides, antibiotics and microcystins in marine water, freshwater and wastewater. This review suggests the gaps in reported studies, outlines future research possibilities and guides researchers who wish to work on water contaminates using Solid Phase Adsorption Toxin Tracking (SPATT) and Polar Organic Chemical Integrative Sampler (POCIS) technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naghmeh Kamali
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Feras Abbas
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Mary Lehane
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
| | - Michael Griew
- HALPIN Centre for Research & Innovation, National Maritime College of Ireland (NMCI), Munster Technological University (MTU), P43 XV65 Ringaskiddy, Ireland
| | - Ambrose Furey
- Mass Spectrometry Group, Department Physical Sciences, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
- CREATE (Centre for Research in Advanced Therapeutic Engineering) and BioExplore, Munster Technological University (MTU), Rossa Avenue, Bishopstown, T12 P928 Cork, Ireland
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García MG, Sánchez JIL, Bravo KAS, Cabal MDC, Pérez-Santín E. Review: Presence, distribution and current pesticides used in Spanish agricultural practices. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157291. [PMID: 35835192 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
To guarantee an adequate food supply for the world's growing population, intensive agriculture is necessary to ensure efficient food production. The use of pesticides helps maintain maximum productivity in intensive agriculture by minimizing crop losses due to pests. However, pesticide contamination of surface waters constitutes a major problem as they are resistant to degradation and soluble enough to be transported in water. In recent years, all groups of pesticides defined by the World Health Organization have increased their use and, therefore, their prevalence in the different environmental compartments that can have harmful effects. Despite this effort, there is no rigorous monitoring program that quantifies and controls the toxic effects of each pesticide. However, multiple scientific studies have been published by specialized research groups in which this information is disseminated. Therefore, any attempt to systematize this information is relevant. This review offers a current overview of the presence and distribution of the most widely-used pesticides (insecticides, herbicides, and fungicides) by crop type and an evaluation of the relationships between their uses and environmental implications in Spain. The data demonstrated that there are correlations between the presence of specific pesticides used in the main crops and their presence in the environmental compartments. We have found preliminary data pointing to existing associations between specific pesticides used in the main crops and their presence in environmental compartments within different geographical areas of Spain; this should be the subject of further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariano González García
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología (ESIT), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Av. de la Paz, 137, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - José Ignacio López Sánchez
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología (ESIT), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Av. de la Paz, 137, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - Kharla Andreina Segovia Bravo
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología (ESIT), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Av. de la Paz, 137, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - María Dolores Cima Cabal
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología (ESIT), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Av. de la Paz, 137, 26004 Logroño, Spain
| | - Efrén Pérez-Santín
- Escuela Superior de Ingeniería y Tecnología (ESIT), Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, Av. de la Paz, 137, 26004 Logroño, Spain.
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10
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Montuori P, De Rosa E, Di Duca F, De Simone B, Scippa S, Russo I, Sorrentino M, Sarnacchiaro P, Triassi M. Occurrence, Distribution, and Risk Assessment of Organophosphorus Pesticides in the Aquatic Environment of the Sele River Estuary, Southern Italy. TOXICS 2022; 10:toxics10070377. [PMID: 35878282 PMCID: PMC9322807 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10070377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2022] [Revised: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The intensive use of organophosphorus pesticides (OPPs) causes concern among authorities in different countries, as many of them, remaining unchanged for a long time, pose a threat to environmental sustainability. This study assessed the spatio-temporal trends of nine OPPs in the water dissolved phase (WDP), suspended particulate matter (SPM), and sediment samples from the Sele River estuary, Southern Italy. Samples were collected in 10 sampling sites during four seasons. The highest levels were found at the mouth (mean value 28.25 ng L−1 as WDP + SPM) and then decreased moving southwards to the Mediterranean Sea. Moreover, highest concentrations were detected in the warm season (July) with a mean value of 27.52 ng L−1. The load contribution to the Mediterranean Sea was evaluated in about 61.5 kg year−1, showing that the river was an important source of OPPs through discharge into the sea. The risk assessment revealed that no high-risk indices for the general-case scenario were observed, but for the worst-case scenario, potential risks were associated with chlorpyrifos, pyrimifos-methyl, and parathion, suggesting that OPP contamination should not be neglected. This study makes up the first record of OPPs in the surface waters of the Sele River and provides helpful data as a starting point for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Montuori
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II″, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.D.R.); (F.D.D.); (B.D.S.); (S.S.); (I.R.); (M.S.); (M.T.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Elvira De Rosa
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II″, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.D.R.); (F.D.D.); (B.D.S.); (S.S.); (I.R.); (M.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Fabiana Di Duca
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II″, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.D.R.); (F.D.D.); (B.D.S.); (S.S.); (I.R.); (M.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Bruna De Simone
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II″, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.D.R.); (F.D.D.); (B.D.S.); (S.S.); (I.R.); (M.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Stefano Scippa
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II″, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.D.R.); (F.D.D.); (B.D.S.); (S.S.); (I.R.); (M.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Immacolata Russo
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II″, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.D.R.); (F.D.D.); (B.D.S.); (S.S.); (I.R.); (M.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Michele Sorrentino
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II″, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.D.R.); (F.D.D.); (B.D.S.); (S.S.); (I.R.); (M.S.); (M.T.)
| | - Pasquale Sarnacchiaro
- Department of Law and Economics, University “Federico II″, Via Cinthia 26, 80126 Naples, Italy;
| | - Maria Triassi
- Department of Public Health, University “Federico II″, Via Sergio Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy; (E.D.R.); (F.D.D.); (B.D.S.); (S.S.); (I.R.); (M.S.); (M.T.)
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11
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Dulsat-Masvidal M, Ciudad C, Infante O, Mateo R, Lacorte S. Pilot monitoring scheme of water pollutants in Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 237:113562. [PMID: 35487175 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.113562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 04/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
In this study we have established a monitoring scheme to determine the presence and distribution of widely used pharmaceuticals, pesticides, organophosphate esters (OPEs) and perfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) in water bodies from Important Bird and Biodiversity Areas (IBAs) from Spain. The monitoring scheme included the georeferenced sampling of rocky mountain, Atlantic forest, riparian forest, Mediterranean forest, agricultural, inland aquatic and coastal aquatic IBAs, with the aim to evaluate the impact of widely used chemicals in those aquatic resources. Water samples were extracted using a generic solid-phase extraction protocol and analyzed by 3 analytical methods based on liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Quality parameters such as compound recovery, intra and inter-day variation, linearity and limits of detection were calculated in order to validate the methods. In addition, the ionization conditions and the optimization of the most appropriate transitions permitted unequivocal identification. Once the sampling and analytical procedure was set-up, 59 target compounds were monitored in 63 samples. Pharmaceutical, followed by pesticides, OPEs and PFAS were widespread along all IBAs studied at concentrations from 0.5 to 41083 ng/L. Overall, this study highlights the need to monitor the presence of contaminants in areas of high ecological interest to contribute to pollution control and mitigation towards protection of biodiversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Dulsat-Masvidal
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlos Ciudad
- SEO/BirdLife, Melquiades Biencinto, 34, 28053 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Rafael Mateo
- Instituto de Investigación en Recursos Cinegéticos (IREC), CSIC-UCLM-JCCM, 13005 Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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12
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Austin T, Bregoli F, Höhne D, Hendriks AJ, Ragas AMJ. Ibuprofen exposure in Europe; ePiE as an alternative to costly environmental monitoring. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112777. [PMID: 35074349 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The EU Water Framework Directive and Priority Substance Directive provide a framework to identify substances that potentially pose a risk to surface waters and provide a legal basis whereby member states are required to monitor and comply with environmental quality standards (EQSs) set for those substances. The cost and effort to continuously measure and analyse real world concentrations in all water bodies across Europe are high. Establishing the reliability of environmental exposure models to predict concentrations of priority substances is key, both to fill data gaps left by monitoring campaigns, and to predict the outcomes of actions that might be taken to reduce exposure. In this study, we aimed to validate the ePiE model for the pharmaceutical ibuprofen by comparing predictions made using the best possible consumption data with measured river concentrations. The results demonstrate that the ePiE model makes useful, conservative exposure predictions for ibuprofen, typically within a factor of 3 of mean measured values. This exercise was performed across a number of basins within Europe, representative of varying conditions, including consumption rates, population densities and climates. Incorporating specific information pertaining to the basin or country being assessed, such as custom WWTP removal rates, was found to improve the realism and accuracy of predictions. We found that the extrapolation of consumption data between countries should be kept to a minimum when modelling the exposure of pharmaceuticals, with the per capita consumption of ibuprofen varying by nearly a factor of 10.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom Austin
- Reckitt, Dansom Lane, Hull, HU8 7DS, United Kingdom.
| | - Francesco Bregoli
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Dominik Höhne
- Ramboll Deutschland GmbH, Werinherstraße 79, 81541 München, Germany
| | - A Jan Hendriks
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Ad M J Ragas
- Department of Environmental Science, Radboud University Nijmegen, 6500GL, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
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13
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Casillas A, de la Torre A, Navarro I, Sanz P, Martínez MDLÁ. Environmental risk assessment of neonicotinoids in surface water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 809:151161. [PMID: 34695473 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Revised: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Neonicotinoids (NNIs) are active substances used as insecticides mainly in plant protection products (PPPs) but also in veterinary applications. The increasing evidence of affecting non-targeted organisms led the European Commission to severely restrict or even ban outdoor uses. To evaluate their current use and their influence in the ecological status of freshwater ecosystem, a total of 19 river water samples were collected to determine the presence of 5 NNIs (acetamiprid, clothianidin, imidacloprid, thiamethoxam and thiacloprid) in the Tagus basin. At least one target analyte was quantified by HPLC-MS/MS analysis in 17 of the 19 water samples, with ∑NNIs ranging from <MDL to 16.8 ng/L. Imidacloprid (2.75 ng/L; mean) and acetamiprid (0.47 ng/L) were quantified in most of the samples. Source identification evidences imidacloprid agricultural use. Risk assessment for different trophic levels was conducted with the data obtained calculating Risk Characterization Ratios (RCR) by two approaches, predicted non effect concentrations (PEC/PNEC) and Toxic Units (TU). RCRs were derived for each NNI and for the mixture of all (RCRmix). Results showed risk for imidacloprid in freshwater organism (RCRfw>1) and for the mix of NNIs (RCRmix (PEC/PNEC) > 1). RCRmix(PEC/PNEC) and the sum of toxic units (STU) showed a risky situation for some locations with different organisms related to agriculture practices. This data arouses concern about NNis (legal or forbidden) use in Tagus basin, and manifest the need of monitoring their presence and effect on the aquatic ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Casillas
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Adrián de la Torre
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Irene Navarro
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Paloma Sanz
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - María de Los Ángeles Martínez
- Group of Persistent Organic Pollutants, Department of Environment, CIEMAT, Avda. Complutense 40, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
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14
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Polazzo F, Dos Anjos TBO, Arenas-Sánchez A, Romo S, Vighi M, Rico A. Effect of multiple agricultural stressors on freshwater ecosystems: The role of community structure, trophic status, and biodiversity-functioning relationships on ecosystem responses. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:151052. [PMID: 34749964 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 10/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The toxicity and widespread use of agricultural pesticides threaten freshwater biodiversity, but their long-term effects under different nutrient concentrations are poorly understood. We evaluated the single or combined effects of two pesticides (chlorpyrifos and diuron) under different nutrient regimes (mesotrophic and eutrophic) on community structure and ecosystem functions in replicated pond mesocosms. The individual application of nutrients and pesticides affected community composition and species richness. Ecosystem functioning was generally less sensitive to chemical stress than community structure, while eutrophication fostered the dominance of species that are more resilient to pesticides. Stressor interactions were significant at different time points, with late stressor interactions affecting the recovery of community composition. We also found that the correlation between biodiversity and relevant ecosystem functions, such as primary productivity and total ecosystem respiration, can be shifted from positive to negative under particular stress conditions. Our study demonstrates that nutrients enrichment is a key factor influencing the resilience of freshwater ecosystems to multiple stressors and that functional redundancy allows maintaining constant levels of functioning even under high toxic stress pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Polazzo
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | | | - Alba Arenas-Sánchez
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Susana Romo
- Departamento de Ecología, Facultad de Biología, Universidad de Valencia, 46100 Burjasot, Valencia, Spain
| | - Marco Vighi
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, c/Catedrático José Beltrán 2, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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15
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Lopez-Herguedas N, González-Gaya B, Castelblanco-Boyacá N, Rico A, Etxebarria N, Olivares M, Prieto A, Zuloaga O. Characterization of the contamination fingerprint of wastewater treatment plant effluents in the Henares River Basin (central Spain) based on target and suspect screening analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 806:151262. [PMID: 34715212 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/03/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The interest in contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) has increased lately due to their continued emission and potential ecotoxicological hazards. Wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are generally not capable of eliminating them and are considered the main pathway for CECs to the aquatic environment. The number of CECs in WWTPs effluents is often so large that complementary approaches to the conventional target analysis need to be implemented. Within this context, multitarget quantitative analysis (162 compounds) and a suspect screening (>40,000 suspects) approaches were applied to characterize the CEC fingerprint in effluents of five WWTPs in the Henares River basin (central Spain) during two sampling campaigns (summer and autumn). The results indicated that 76% of the compounds quantified corresponded to pharmaceuticals, 21% to pesticides and 3% to industrial chemicals. Apart from the 82 compounds quantified, suspect screening increased the list to 297 annotated compounds. Significant differences in the CEC fingerprint were observed between summer and autumn campaigns and between the WWTPs, being those serving the city of Alcalá de Henares the ones with the largest number of compounds and concentrations. Finally, a risk prioritization approach was applied based on risk quotients (RQs) for algae, invertebrates, and fish. Azithromycin, diuron, chlortoluron, clarithromycin, sertraline and sulfamethoxazole were identified as having the largest risks to algae. As for invertebrates, the compounds having the largest RQs were carbendazim, fenoxycarb and eprosartan, and for fish acetaminophen, DEET, carbendazim, caffeine, fluconazole, and azithromycin. The two WWTPs showing higher calculated Risk Indexes had tertiary treatments, which points towards the need of increasing the removal efficiency in urban WWTPs. Furthermore, considering the complex mixtures emitted into the environment and the low dilution capacity of Mediterranean rivers, we recommend the development of detailed monitoring plans and stricter regulations to control the chemical burden created to freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Lopez-Herguedas
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - B González-Gaya
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - N Castelblanco-Boyacá
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain
| | - A Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - N Etxebarria
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - M Olivares
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - A Prieto
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
| | - O Zuloaga
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Basque Country, Spain; Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology and Biotechnology (PIE), University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Plentzia, Basque Country, Spain
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16
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Manjarres-López DP, Andrades MS, Sánchez-González S, Rodríguez-Cruz MS, Sánchez-Martín MJ, Herrero-Hernández E. Assessment of pesticide residues in waters and soils of a vineyard region and its temporal evolution. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 284:117463. [PMID: 34090253 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.117463] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 05/21/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable agriculture practices and integrated pest management for avoiding environmental pollution are necessary to maintain a high yield in vineyard areas. Pesticide residues in groundwater in a vineyard area of La Rioja (Spain) have been evaluated in previous years, and they could now have varied after farmers have adopted the different measures recommended. Accordingly, this research's objectives were (i) to evaluate the occurrence and seasonal distribution (spring, summer, and autumn samplings) of pesticides (36) plus their degradation products (DP) (11) in water and soil samples (23 + 15) in La Rioja (Northern Spain), and (ii) to compare the current water quality (2019) with that determined previously (2011). A multi-residue method based on solid phase extraction (for water samples) or solid liquid extraction (for soil samples) and high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) was used to determine and quantify pesticides. The results reveal the presence in waters of 30 compounds from those selected (15 fungicides + 2 DP, 7 insecticides + 1 DP, and 3 herbicides +2 DP), with 14 of them at concentrations > 0.1 μg L-1 (water quality threshold for human consumption). The highest number of compounds was detected in summer (waters) and spring (soils). The pesticides most frequently detected in water samples were the fungicides metalaxyl, tebuconazole, and boscalid, with the last one being the compound found in the highest number of soil samples. The comparison of water pollution in 2011 and 2019 indicates a significant decrease in the total concentration of herbicides, fungicides and insecticides in 95-100%, 76-90%, and 42-85% of samples in the three campaigns, respectively. The results indicate that an optimized and sustainable use of pesticides in intensive and high-yield agricultural areas could reduce environmental pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana P Manjarres-López
- Department of Agriculture and Food. University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - M Soledad Andrades
- Department of Agriculture and Food. University of La Rioja, Madre de Dios 51, 26006, Logroño, Spain
| | - Sara Sánchez-González
- European University Miguel de Cervantes, Padre Julio Chevalier 2, 47012, Valladolid, Spain
| | - M Sonia Rodríguez-Cruz
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
| | - María J Sánchez-Martín
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain.
| | - Eliseo Herrero-Hernández
- Institute of Natural Resources and Agrobiology of Salamanca (IRNASA-CSIC), Cordel de Merinas 40-52, 37008, Salamanca, Spain; Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science. University of Salamanca, Plaza de la Merced s/n, 37008, Salamanca, Spain
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17
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Hanedar A, Tanik A, Girgin E, Güneş E, Karakaya N, Gorgun E, Gökdereli G, Çankaya BF, Kimence T, Karaaslan Y, Dikmen B. Utility of a source-related matrix in basin management studies: a practice on a sub-Basin in Turkey. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:50329-50343. [PMID: 33956321 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-14142-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
According to the water framework directive (WFD), the chemical status should be determined for each water body in a basin through monitoring and evaluation studies, and the gap between the status of water bodies and good water status should be revealed in river basin management plans. In this context, the methodology starting with the evaluation of the monitoring results of the priority substances (PSs) until the end of determining the measures to achieve good condition in surface waters was given in this study. The key aim was to provide a useful methodology defined as a matrix for determining the sources of pollutants that caused this gap. This matrix was applied to the most polluted sub-basin of Küçük Menderes Basin located on the western part of the Turkey. Monitoring studies were carried out in 21 water bodies for a 1-year period for 45 PSs and monitoring results were compared with environmental quality standards (EQS). It was determined that 13 of 45 PSs in 15 water bodies exceeded the EQS. The common PSs in the basin were lead, nickel, fluoranthene, benzo(a)pyrene, C10-13 chloroalkanes, and 4-nonylphenols and average rates of exceeding the EQS were 58.3%, 36.4%, 91.5%, 99.9%, 74.8%, and 49.4%, respectively. The detailed emission inventory of each water body in the basin has been made. Potential sources of PSs were searched via the matrix formed and a total number of 420 basic and supplementary measures were proposed to improve the water quality of the sub-basin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asude Hanedar
- Çorlu Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Namık Kemal University, 59860, Çorlu, Tekirdağ, Turkey.
| | - Aysegul Tanik
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University (ITU), 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Emine Girgin
- io Environmental Solutions, Reşitpaşa Mah., Katar Cd. Arı Teknokent 1 2/5 D: 12,, 34469, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elçin Güneş
- Çorlu Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Namık Kemal University, 59860, Çorlu, Tekirdağ, Turkey
| | - Nusret Karakaya
- Faculty of Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Izzet Baysal University, 14030, Gölköy Campus, Bolu, Turkey
| | - Erdem Gorgun
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Istanbul Technical University (ITU), 34469, Maslak, Istanbul, Turkey
- io Environmental Solutions, Reşitpaşa Mah., Katar Cd. Arı Teknokent 1 2/5 D: 12,, 34469, Sarıyer, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Gökçen Gökdereli
- General Directorate of Water Management, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of TR, Beştepe, Söğütözü Cd. No: 14,, 06560, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burhan Fuat Çankaya
- General Directorate of Water Management, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of TR, Beştepe, Söğütözü Cd. No: 14,, 06560, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Taner Kimence
- General Directorate of Water Management, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of TR, Beştepe, Söğütözü Cd. No: 14,, 06560, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Yakup Karaaslan
- General Directorate of Water Management, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of TR, Beştepe, Söğütözü Cd. No: 14,, 06560, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Bilal Dikmen
- General Directorate of Water Management, Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry of TR, Beştepe, Söğütözü Cd. No: 14,, 06560, Yenimahalle, Ankara, Turkey
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18
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Improving water quality does not guarantee fish health: Effects of ammonia pollution on the behaviour of wild-caught pre-exposed fish. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0243404. [PMID: 34370751 PMCID: PMC8351958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0243404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Ammonia is a pollutant frequently found in aquatic ecosystems. In fish, ammonia can cause physical damage, alter its behaviour, and even cause death. Exposure to ammonia also increases fish physiological stress, which can be measured through biomarkers. In this study, we analysed the effect of sublethal ammonia concentrations on the behaviour and the oxidative stress of Barbus meridionalis that had been pre-exposed to this compound in the wild. Wild-caught fish from a polluted site (pre-exposed fish) and from an unpolluted site (non-pre-exposed fish) were exposed, under experimental conditions, to total ammonia concentrations (TAN) of 0, 1, 5, and 8 mg/L. Swimming activity, feeding behaviour, and oxidative stress response based on biomarkers were analysed. Pre-exposed fish showed both an altered behaviour and an altered oxidative stress response in the control treatment (0 mg/L). Differences in swimming activity were also found as pre-exposed fish swam less. Lower feeding activity (voracity and satiety) and altered response to oxidative stress were also observed at ≥ 1 mg/L TAN. Biomarker results confirmed pre-exposed fish suffer from a reduction in their antioxidant defences and, hence, showed increased oxidative tissue damage. In summary, pre-exposed fish showed more sensitivity to ammonia exposure than fish from a pristine site.
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Bijlsma L, Pitarch E, Hernández F, Fonseca E, Marín JM, Ibáñez M, Portolés T, Rico A. Ecological risk assessment of pesticides in the Mijares River (eastern Spain) impacted by citrus production using wide-scope screening and target quantitative analysis. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 412:125277. [PMID: 33951870 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.125277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2020] [Revised: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 01/29/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The widespread use of pesticides, especially in agricultural areas, makes necessary to control their presence in surrounding surface waters. The current study was designed to investigate the occurrence and ecological risks of pesticides and their transformation products in a Mediterranean river basin impacted by citrus agricultural production. Nineteen sites were monitored in three campaigns distributed over three different seasons. After a qualitative screening, 24 compounds was selected for subsequent quantitative analysis. As expected, the lower section of the river was most contaminated, with total concentration >5 µg/L in two sites near to the discharge area of wastewater treatment plants. The highest concentrations were found in September, after agricultural applications and when the river flow is reduced. Ecological risks were calculated using two mixture toxicity approaches (Toxic Unit and multi-substance Potentially Affected Fraction), which revealed high acute and chronic risks of imidacloprid to invertebrates, moderate-to-high risks of diuron, simazine and 2,4-D for primary producers, and moderate-to-high risks of thiabendazole for invertebrates and fish. This study shows that intensive agricultural production and the discharge of wastewater effluents containing pesticide residues from post-harvest citrus processing plants are threatening freshwater biodiversity. Further actions are recommended to control pesticide use and to reduce emissions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Elena Pitarch
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain.
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Eddie Fonseca
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - José M Marín
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Tania Portolés
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, Castellón E-12071, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid 28805, Spain; Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary Biology, University of Valencia, c/ Catedrático José Beltrán 2, Paterna, Valencia 46980, Spain
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Oliveira dos Anjos TB, Polazzo F, Arenas‐Sánchez A, Cherta L, Ascari R, Migliorati S, Vighi M, Rico A. Eutrophic status influences the impact of pesticide mixtures and predation on Daphnia pulex populations. Ecol Evol 2021; 11:4046-4057. [PMID: 33976793 PMCID: PMC8093730 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Revised: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Pesticides, nutrients, and ecological stressors such as competition or predation co-occur in freshwater ecosystems impacted by agriculture. The extent to which combinations of these stressors affect aquatic populations and the role of nutrients availability in modulating these responses requires further understanding. In this study, we assessed how pesticides affecting different taxonomic groups and predation influence the response of Daphnia pulex populations under different trophic conditions. An outdoor experiment was designed following a factorial design, with the insecticide chlorpyrifos, the herbicide diuron, and the predation by Notonecta sp. individuals as key stressors. The single impact of each of these stressors, and their binary and tertiary combinations, was evaluated on D. pulex abundance and population structure under mesotrophic and eutrophic conditions for 21 days. Data were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models estimated by means of a novel Bayesian shrinkage technique. Our study shows a significant influence of each of the evaluated stressors on D. pulex abundance; however, the impacts of the herbicide and predation were lower under eutrophic conditions as compared to the mesotrophic ones. We found that binary stressor interactions were generally additive in the mesotrophic scenario, except for the herbicide-predation combination, which resulted in synergistic effects. The impacts of the binary stressor combinations in the eutrophic scenario were classified as antagonistic, except for the insecticide-herbicide combination, which was additive. The tertiary interaction resulted in significant effects on some sampling dates; however, these were rather antagonistic and resembled the most important binary stressor combination in each trophic scenario. Our study shows that the impact of pesticides on freshwater populations depends on the predation pressure, and demonstrates that the combined effect of pesticides and ecological stressors is influenced by the food availability and organism fitness related to the trophic status of freshwater ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Talles Bruno Oliveira dos Anjos
- IMDEA Water InstituteScience and Technology Campus of the University of AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresSpain
- University of Koblenz‐LandauLandau in der PfalzGermany
| | - Francesco Polazzo
- IMDEA Water InstituteScience and Technology Campus of the University of AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresSpain
| | - Alba Arenas‐Sánchez
- IMDEA Water InstituteScience and Technology Campus of the University of AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresSpain
| | - Laura Cherta
- IMDEA Water InstituteScience and Technology Campus of the University of AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresSpain
| | - Roberto Ascari
- Department of Economics, Management and StatisticsUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Sonia Migliorati
- Department of Economics, Management and StatisticsUniversity of Milano‐BicoccaMilanItaly
| | - Marco Vighi
- IMDEA Water InstituteScience and Technology Campus of the University of AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresSpain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water InstituteScience and Technology Campus of the University of AlcaláAlcalá de HenaresSpain
- Cavanilles Institute of Biodiversity and Evolutionary BiologyUniversity of ValenciaPaternaSpain
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Arenas-Sánchez A, Dolédec S, Vighi M, Rico A. Effects of anthropogenic pollution and hydrological variation on macroinvertebrates in Mediterranean rivers: A case-study in the upper Tagus river basin (Spain). THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 766:144044. [PMID: 33421783 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Seasonal hydrological variation and chemical pollution represent two main drivers of freshwater biodiversity change in Mediterranean rivers. We investigated to what extent low flow conditions can modify the effects of chemical pollution on macroinvertebrate communities. To that purpose, we selected twelve sampling sites in the upper Tagus river basin (central Spain) having different sources of chemical pollution and levels of seasonal hydrological variation. The sites were classified as natural (high flow variation, low chemical impact), agricultural (high flow variation, high agricultural chemical inputs) and urban (limited flow variation, high urban chemical inputs). In these sites, we measured daily water discharge, nutrients, and contaminant concentrations, and we sampled benthic macroinvertebrates, in spring, summer and autumn. Significant differences related to toxic pressure and nutrient concentrations were observed between the three groups of sites. Seasonal patterns were found for some water quality parameters (e.g. nitrites, ammonia, suspended solids, metal toxicity), particularly in agricultural sites. Taxonomic and functional richness were slightly lower in the polluted sites (agricultural and urban), particularly during low flow periods (summer and early autumn). Functional diversity was significantly lower in sites with seasonal flow variation (agricultural sites) as compared to the more constant ones (urban sites). The frequency of traits such as large size, asexual reproduction, aquatic passive dispersion and the production of cocoons increased in response to pollution during low flow periods. This study shows that the impacts of anthropogenic chemical pollution on taxonomic and functional characteristics of macroinvertebrate communities seem to be larger during low flow periods. Therefore, further studies and monitoring campaigns assessing the effects of chemical pollution within these periods are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Arenas-Sánchez
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Sylvain Dolédec
- Univ Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, ENTPE, UMR 5023 LEHNA, F-69622 Villeurbanne, France
| | - Marco Vighi
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Rico A, Dafouz R, Vighi M, Rodríguez-Gil JL, Daam MA. Use of Postregistration Monitoring Data to Evaluate the Ecotoxicological Risks of Pesticides to Surface Waters: A Case Study with Chlorpyrifos in the Iberian Peninsula. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND CHEMISTRY 2021; 40:500-512. [PMID: 33179800 DOI: 10.1002/etc.4927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Chemical monitoring data sets such as those provided by the implementation of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) offer opportunities to evaluate the ecological risks of pesticides under large spatiotemporal scales and to evaluate the protectiveness of the current prospective risk-assessment framework. As a case study, we used the monitoring data set for the insecticide chlorpyrifos to perform a probabilistic risk assessment for Iberian surface-water ecosystems. The specific objectives of the study were 1) to assess the occurrence of chlorpyrifos in relation to different agricultural production land uses, 2) to assess the spatiotemporal variation in the exceedance of the European WFD short- and long-term environmental quality standards (maximum allowable concentration environmental quality standard [MAC-EQS] and annual average [AA] EQS), and 3) to perform a probabilistic risk assessment for freshwater invertebrates. A database that contains chlorpyrifos concentrations from 14 600 surface water samples taken between 2012 and 2017 in the Iberian Peninsula (Spain and Portugal) was analyzed, and chlorpyrifos was detected in 21% of these samples. The MAC-EQS was exceeded in 2% of the cases, whereas the AA-EQS was exceeded in 18% of the cases. The majority of the exceedances took place in the littoral areas of the eastern and southeastern parts of the Iberian Peninsula, particularly in areas with dominant citrus production during late spring, late summer, and autumn. The present study indicates unacceptable risks posed by chlorpyrifos to Iberian surface waters over the study period, although it was approved for use in Europe. The present study supports the need to perform further postregistration monitoring assessments with other pesticides following similar approaches, which can help to identify possible pesticide-misuse practices and improvements of the prospective risk-assessment framework. Environ Toxicol Chem 2021;40:500-512. © 2020 SETAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Raquel Dafouz
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Vighi
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - José Luis Rodríguez-Gil
- IISD-Experimental Lakes Area, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Department of Environment and Geography, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Michiel A Daam
- CENSE, Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, New University of Lisbon, Quinta da Torre, Caparica, Portugal
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Wang C, Zhao Y, Liu S, Xiao Q, Liang W, Song Y. Contamination, distribution, and risk assessment of antibiotics in the urban surface water of the Pearl River in Guangzhou, South China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:98. [PMID: 33511434 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-08887-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To assess the impact of antibiotic pollution to the ecosystem in urban water, the occurrence, seasonal, and spatial distributions, potential sources, and ecological risks of 18 targeted antibiotics in urban river, Pearl River located in Guangzhou city, were investigated. Surface water samples were sampled from 24 sites in Guangzhou center of Pearl River during dry and wet seasons. The results indicated that the concentrations of antibiotic residues were at the nanogram per liter level, except sulfamethazine (SMD) (μg/L). Sulfonamides (SAs) were the dominant antibiotics, contributing 60.4-65.0% to the total antibiotics. The concentrations of SAs, fluoroquinolones (QUs), macrolides (MLs), tetracyclines (TCs), and lincosamides (LCs) were higher in dry season than those in wet season at most sampling sites, which possibly resulted from the dilution effect of heavy rainfall. The concentrations of the antibiotic residues in Guangzhou were comparable or higher than other urban rivers. The calculation on risk quotients indicated that erythromycin-H2O (ETM-H2O) and tetracycline (TC) were of high risks. The source identification by the Pearson correlation analysis and principal component analysis-multiple linear regression (PCA-MLR) method suggested that municipal wastewater treatment plants were primary sources of antibiotics. These results would provide important information for the environmental protect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Yanping Zhao
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Qin Xiao
- School of Public Health, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, China
| | - Weixin Liang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China
| | - Yumei Song
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Emergency Test for Dangerous Chemicals, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Online Monitoring of Water Pollution, Institute of Analysis, Guangdong Academy of Sciences (China National Analytical Center, Guangzhou), Guangzhou, China.
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Fonseca E, Hernández F, Ibáñez M, Rico A, Pitarch E, Bijlsma L. Occurrence and ecological risks of pharmaceuticals in a Mediterranean river in Eastern Spain. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2020; 144:106004. [PMID: 32745782 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals are biologically active molecules that may exert toxic effects to a wide range of aquatic organisms. They are considered contaminants of emerging concern due to their common presence in wastewaters and in the receiving surface waters, and the lack of specific regulations to monitor their environmental occurrence and risks. In this work, the environmental exposure and risks of pharmaceuticals have been studied in the Mijares River, Eastern Mediterranean coast (Spain). A total of 57 surface water samples from 19 sampling points were collected in three monitoring campaigns between June 2018 and February 2019. A list of 40 compounds was investigated using a quantitative target UHPLC-MS/MS method. In order to complement the data obtained, a wide-scope screening of pharmaceuticals and metabolites was also performed by UHPLC-HRMS. The ecological risks posed by the pharmaceutical mixtures were evaluated using species sensitivity distributions built with chronic toxicity data for aquatic organisms. In this study, up to 69 pharmaceuticals and 9 metabolites were identified, out of which 35 compounds were assessed using the quantitative method. The highest concentrations in water corresponded to acetaminophen, gabapentin, venlafaxine, valsartan, ciprofloxacin and diclofenac. The compounds that were found to exert the highest toxic pressure on the aquatic ecosystems were principally analgesic/anti-inflammatory drugs and antibiotics. These were: phenazone > azithromycin > diclofenac, and to a lower extent norfloxacin > ciprofloxacin > clarithromycin. The monitored pharmaceutical mixtures are expected to exert severe ecological risks in areas downstream of WWTP discharges, with the percentage of aquatic species affected ranging between 65% and 82% in 3 out of the 19 evaluated sites. In addition, five antibiotics were found to exceed antibiotic resistance thresholds, thus potentially contributing to resistance gene enrichment in environmental bacteria. This work illustrates the wide use and impact of pharmaceuticals in the area under study, and the vulnerability of surface waters if only conventional wastewater treatments are applied. Several compounds included in this study should be incorporated in future water monitoring programs to help in the development of future regulations, due to their potential risk to the aquatic environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eddie Fonseca
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain; Centro de Investigación en Contaminación Ambiental (CICA), Universidad de Costa Rica, P.O. 2060, San José, Costa Rica
| | - Félix Hernández
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - María Ibáñez
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Pitarch
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain.
| | - Lubertus Bijlsma
- Environmental and Public Health Analytical Chemistry, Research Institute for Pesticides and Water (IUPA), University Jaume I, Avda. Sos Baynat s/n, E-12071, Castellón, Spain.
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Vilas-Boas JA, Cardoso SJ, Senra MVX, Rico A, Dias RJP. Ciliates as model organisms for the ecotoxicological risk assessment of heavy metals: A meta-analysis. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2020; 199:110669. [PMID: 32450358 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.110669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ciliates are key components of aquatic ecosystems, significantly contributing to the decomposition of organic matter and energy transfer to higher trophic levels. They are considered good biological indicators of chemical pollution and relatively sensitive to heavy metal contamination. In this study, we performed a meta-analysis of the available toxicity data of heavy metals and ciliates to assess: (1) the sensitivity of freshwater ciliates to different heavy metals, (2) the relative sensitivity of ciliates in comparison to the standard test species used in ecotoxicological risk assessment, and (3) the difference in sensitivity across ciliate taxa. Our study shows that the tolerance of ciliates to heavy metals varies notably, which is partly influenced by differences in methodological conditions across studies. Ciliates are, in general, sensitive to Mercury > Cadmium > Copper > Zinc > Lead > Chromium. Also, this study shows that most ciliates are more tolerant to heavy metal pollution than the standard test species used in ecotoxicological risk assessments, i.e., Raphidocelis subcapitata, Daphnia magna, and Onchornyncus mykiss. Threshold concentrations derived from toxicity data for these species is expected to confer sufficient protection for the vast majority of ciliate species. Our data analysis also shows that the most commonly tested ciliate species, Paramecium caudatum and Tetrahymena thermophila, are not necessarily the most sensitive ones to heavy metal pollution. Finally, this study stresses the importance of developing standard toxicity test protocols for ciliates, which could lead to a better comprehension of the toxicological impact of heavy metals and other contaminants to ciliate species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Andrade Vilas-Boas
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Simone Jaqueline Cardoso
- Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Marcus Vinicius Xavier Senra
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Instituto de Recursos Naturais, Pós-graduação em Meio Ambiente e Recursos Hídricos, Universidade Federal de Itajubá, 36036-900, Itajubá, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roberto Júnio Pedroso Dias
- Laboratório de Protozoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Programa de Pós-graduação em Biodiversidade e Conservação da Natureza, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil; Departamento de Zoologia, Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, 36036-900, Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Men C, Liu R, Xu L, Wang Q, Guo L, Miao Y, Shen Z. Source-specific ecological risk analysis and critical source identification of heavy metals in road dust in Beijing, China. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 388:121763. [PMID: 31818668 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
To explore the spatial variation of source-specific ecological risks and identify critical sources of heavy metals in road dust, 36 road dust samples collected in Beijing in March 2017 were analyzed for heavy metals. A new method that takes into consideration the heavy-metal toxic response and is flexible to changes in the number of calculated heavy metals, called the Nemerow integrated risk index (NIRI), was developed for ecological risk assessment. The NIRI indicated that heavy metals posed considerable to high risks at the majority of sites, and 22 % of the sites suffered extreme risk in spring (NIRI > 320). Four main sources were identified based on positive matrix factorization (PMF): traffic exhaust, fuel combustion, construction, and use of pesticides and fertilizers. Owing to the lower toxic response factors of representative heavy metals of fuel combustion than those of other sources, although fuel combustion had the highest contribution (34.21 %) to heavy metals in spring, it only contributed 5.57 % to ecological risks. Critical sources and critical source areas were determined by considering the contributions to both heavy metals and ecological risks. The use of pesticide and fertilizer and traffic-related exhaust were identified as critical sources of heavy metals in spring. Source-specific ecological risks and critical sources of heavy metals changed with the changing seasons, which suggests that different strategies should be adopted in different seasons.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Men
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China.
| | - Libing Xu
- College of Agronomy, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Qingrui Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Lijia Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Yuexi Miao
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
| | - Zhenyao Shen
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, School of Environment, Beijing Normal University, No. 19, Xinjiekouwai Street, Beijing, 100875, China
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Blasco J, Barata C, Navas JM. Summary of the special issue. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:134934. [PMID: 31855651 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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de Santiago-Martín A, Meffe R, Teijón G, Martínez Hernández V, López-Heras I, Alonso Alonso C, Arenas Romasanta M, de Bustamante I. Pharmaceuticals and trace metals in the surface water used for crop irrigation: Risk to health or natural attenuation? THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 705:135825. [PMID: 31818606 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The use of surface water impacted by wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) effluents for crop irrigation is a form of unplanned water reuse. Natural attenuation processes can buffer contamination spreading. However, this practice can promote the exposure of crops to contaminants of emerging concern, such as pharmaceuticals, trace metals (TMs) and metalloids, posing a risk to health. This research aimed to evaluate the presence of 50 pharmaceuticals, some transformation products, 7 TMs and a metalloid in the water-sediment-soil-plant system, and their potential to be bioaccumulated into edible parts of plants, as a result of the unplanned water reuse. The study site consists of an extensive agricultural land downstream Madrid city (Spain) where surface water, strongly impacted by WWTP effluents, is applied through gravity-based systems to cultivate mainly maize. Sampling campaigns were conducted to collect WWTP effluent, surface and irrigation water, river sediments, agricultural soils and maize fruits. Results demonstrate the ubiquitous presence of several pharmaceuticals. The concentration pattern in irrigation water did not resemble the pattern of contents in soils and plants. The pharmaceuticals included in the EU surface water watch lists were quantified in the lowest concentration range (macrolide antibiotics, ciprofloxacin) or were not detected (most of the hormones). Therefore, hormones do not represent an emerging risk in our scenario. The TMs and the metalloid in water and agricultural soils should not arise any concern. Whereas, their presence in the river sediments may have an adverse impact on aquatic ecosystems. Only acetaminophen, ibuprofen, carbamazepine, nicotine, Zn, Cu and Ni were quantified in corn grains. Calculated parameters to assess bioaccumulation and health risk indicate that neither pharmaceuticals nor TMs pose a threat to human health due to consumption of maize cultivated in the area. Results highlight the need to include different environmental matrices when assessing contaminant fate under real field-scale conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Raffaella Meffe
- IMDEA Water, Avda. Punto Com, 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Gloria Teijón
- IMDEA Water, Avda. Punto Com, 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | - Irene de Bustamante
- IMDEA Water, Avda. Punto Com, 2, 28805 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; University of Alcalá, Geology, Geography and Environment Department, Faculty of Sciences, External Campus, Ctra. A-II km 33.6, 28871 Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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Griffero L, Alcántara-Durán J, Alonso C, Rodríguez-Gallego L, Moreno-González D, García-Reyes JF, Molina-Díaz A, Pérez-Parada A. Basin-scale monitoring and risk assessment of emerging contaminants in South American Atlantic coastal lagoons. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 697:134058. [PMID: 31487597 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Emerging contaminants (ECs) such as pharmaceuticals, personal care products, drugs of abuse and polar pesticides are under particular attention due to their high consumption, frequent detection in the environment and reported ecotoxicological risk. This study investigates the occurrence and distribution of multiclass of ECs in surface waters at basin scale of two Atlantic coastal lagoons of Uruguay, South America. For this purpose, a target screening approach covering up to 362 compounds was employed using nanoflow liquid chromatography - high resolution mass spectrometry (nanoLC/HRMS). 56 compounds were identified including five banned pesticides in the European Union: atrazine, carbendazim, chlorpyrifos ethyl, diazinon, and ethion. Pharmaceuticals, hormones and drugs of abuse showed maximum detection frequencies and concentrations downstream cities. The highest occurrence of pesticides was found in lagoons and streams with neighboring agricultural activity. ECs were also found in coastal sea. Environmental risk assessment revealed that the hormones 17α-ethinylestradiol and 17-β-estradiol showed the highest risk to aquatic organisms in these basins. This study represents the first basin- scale monitoring of ECs in superficial waters encompassing streams, lagoons, and coastal seas in Uruguay, South America.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Griffero
- Microbial Ecology of Aquatic Systems Research Group, Centro Universitario Región Este, Universidad de la República, CP 2700 Rocha, Uruguay
| | - Jaime Alcántara-Durán
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Cecilia Alonso
- Microbial Ecology of Aquatic Systems Research Group, Centro Universitario Región Este, Universidad de la República, CP 2700 Rocha, Uruguay; Functional Ecology of Aquatic Systems Research Group, Centro Universitario Región Este, Universidad de la República, CP 2700 Rocha, Uruguay
| | - Lorena Rodríguez-Gallego
- Functional Ecology of Aquatic Systems Research Group, Centro Universitario Región Este, Universidad de la República, CP 2700 Rocha, Uruguay
| | - David Moreno-González
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Juan F García-Reyes
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Antonio Molina-Díaz
- Analytical Chemistry Research Group, Department of Physical and Analytical Chemistry, University of Jaén, 23071 Jaén, Spain
| | - Andrés Pérez-Parada
- Department of Technological Development- DDT, Centro Universitario Región Este, Universidad de la República, CP 2700 Rocha, Uruguay.
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Correlations and nonlinear partition of nonionic organic compounds by humus-like substances humificated from rice straw. Sci Rep 2019; 9:15131. [PMID: 31641156 PMCID: PMC6805877 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51406-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The debate on whether the nonlinear sorption of nonionic organic compounds (NOCs) by soil organic matter (SOM) is captured by nonlinear partition or adsorption has been going on for decades because the used SOM samples are complex mixtures from various precursors with varied humification degrees in natural environment. Therefore, in this study, hydrothermal method was employed to prepare humus-like substances from a sole precursor (i.e., rice straw) with various humification degrees for nonlinear sorption of 25 aromatic compounds, then to have an insight into the underlying mechanisms of the nonlinear sorption of NOCs by SOM. It was observed that the increasing humification degree of humus-like substances, i.e., decreasing in the polarity ((O + N)/C) and increasing in the aromaticity, result in the increase of isotherm nonlinearity and sorption capacity/affinity of NOCs. Sorption capacity of NOCs, obtained by isotherm fitting using Dubinin-Astakhov (DA) model and Dual-Mode (DM) model, are positively correlated with their solubility in water and octanol, indicating the nonlinear sorption could be captured by nonlinear partition mechanism. Specific interactions including hydrogen-bonding interaction and π-π interaction between aromatic structures of humus-like substances and organic molecules could be responsible for the nonlinear partition and the increase of sorption affinity with the enhancement of humification degree. These obtained correlations are valuable for understanding the underlying mechanisms of nonlinear sorption and elucidating the transport of NOCs in the environment.
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Kovacevic V, Simpson AJ, Simpson MJ. Metabolic profiling of Daphnia magna exposure to a mixture of hydrophobic organic contaminants in the presence of dissolved organic matter. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 688:1252-1262. [PMID: 31726555 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Revised: 06/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/14/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The hydrophobic organic contaminants triclosan, triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) and diazinon sorb to dissolved organic matter (DOM) and this may alter their bioavailability and toxicity. 1H nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics was used to investigate how DOM at 1 and 5 mg organic carbon/L may alter the metabolome of Daphnia magna from exposure to equitoxic mixtures of triclosan, TPhP and diazinon. These contaminants have different modes of action toward D. magna. The contaminant concentrations in each mixture were an equal percentage of their lethal concentration to 50% of the population (LC50) values, which equates to 1250 μg/L TPhP, 330 μg/L triclosan and 0.9 μg/L diazinon. The ternary mixture exposure at 1% LC50 values did not alter the D. magna metabolome. Contaminant mixture exposures at 5%, 10%, and 15% LC50 values decreased glucose, serine and glycine concentrations and increased asparagine and threonine concentrations, suggesting disruptions in energy metabolism. The contaminant mixture had a unique mode of action in D. magna and DOM at 1 and 5 mg organic carbon/L did not change this mode of action. The estimated sorption of triclosan, TPhP or diazinon to DOM at 1 or 5 mg organic carbon/L in this experimental design was calculated to be <50% for each contaminant. This suggests that the mode of action of the contaminant mixture was not altered by DOM because the two environmentally relevant concentrations of DOM may have not substantially altered contaminant bioavailability. Our results indicate that DOM may not inevitably mitigate or alter the sub-lethal toxicity of a mixture of hydrophobic organic contaminants. This indicates the complexity of predicting the molecular-level toxicity of environmental mixtures. For adequate risk assessment of freshwater ecosystems, it is vital to account for the combined sub-lethal toxicity of an environmental mixture of contaminants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Kovacevic
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - André J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada
| | - Myrna J Simpson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, 80 St. George Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3H6, Canada; Environmental NMR Centre, Department of Physical and Environmental Sciences, University of Toronto Scarborough, 1265 Military Trail, Toronto, ON M1C 1A4, Canada.
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Rico A, Arenas-Sánchez A, Alonso-Alonso C, López-Heras I, Nozal L, Rivas-Tabares D, Vighi M. Identification of contaminants of concern in the upper Tagus river basin (central Spain). Part 1: Screening, quantitative analysis and comparison of sampling methods. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:1058-1070. [PMID: 30970472 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2018] [Revised: 02/15/2019] [Accepted: 02/16/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Pesticides and point source contaminants (primarily pharmaceuticals) were monitored in 16 sampling sites of the upper Tagus river basin during spring, summer and autumn of 2016. A qualitative screening analysis was performed using a library of 430 compounds. Next, a novel method was implemented for the selection and quantification of contaminants with LC-MS/MS. The method is based on the frequency of detection in the screening, ecotoxicity data and the potential use in the watershed. Moreover, the efficacy of grab samples and passive samples (POCIS) in detecting compound-specific exposure patterns was compared during the summer sampling campaign. The screening method detected the presence of 268 compounds in the study area, out of which 52 were selected for the quantitative analysis (20 pesticides and 32 point source chemicals). Although very helpful in the prioritization exercise, the qualitative screening demonstrated some biases and the need for improvement by using more effective instruments for confirming positive results. Grab samples proved not to be fully suitable for contaminants with discontinuous exposure such as pesticides, which may be underestimated, but offer a sufficient basis for the characterization of contaminants coming from urban wastewaters. All selected chemicals showed a very high concentration variability due to differences among sampling sites, which are related to agricultural intensity and demographic pressure. Some insecticides (chlorpyrifos, dimethoate, imidacloprid), herbicides (diuron, metribuzine, simazine, terbuthylazine), and fungicides (carbendazim) were measured at concentrations exceeding 100 ng/L; while paracetamol, ibuprofen, some antibiotics (azithromycin, sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim) and life-style compounds (caffeine, paraxanthine, nicotine) were found at very high concentrations (up to several μg/L). The results of this work represent the basis for the development of an ecological risk assessment for the aquatic ecosystem in the upper Tagus river basin and for the identification of basin-specific contaminant mixtures of environmental concern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreu Rico
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain.
| | - Alba Arenas-Sánchez
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Covadonga Alonso-Alonso
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Isabel López-Heras
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Leonor Nozal
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain; Institute of Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology (CQAB), University of Alcalá, Madrid, Spain
| | - David Rivas-Tabares
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marco Vighi
- IMDEA Water Institute, Science and Technology Campus of the University of Alcalá, Avenida Punto Com 2, 28805, Alcalá de Henares, Madrid, Spain
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