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Pereira MDA, Bungenstab DJ, Euclides VPB, Malafaia GC, Biscola PHN, Menezes GRO, de Abreu UGP, Laura VA, Nogueira É, Mauro RDA, da Silva MP, Nicacio AC, de Almeida RG, Gomes RDC, Silva JCB, de Souza VF. From Traditionally Extensive to Sustainably Intensive: A Review on the Path to a Sustainable and Inclusive Beef Farming in Brazil. Animals (Basel) 2024; 14:2340. [PMID: 39199874 PMCID: PMC11350875 DOI: 10.3390/ani14162340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2024] [Revised: 08/05/2024] [Accepted: 08/06/2024] [Indexed: 09/01/2024] Open
Abstract
Brazil is the second largest beef producer and a leading exporter, contributing to some 3000 t CWE in global markets (27.7% of market share). The sector has experienced substantial development, but yields remain far below potential, and there are growing concerns regarding land use change and greenhouse gas emissions. The need for sustainable technologies, such as sound pasture management and integrated farming systems, is evident, but adoption may be low amongst farmers unable to keep up with technological advances. This article describes the historical developments of Brazilian beef farming towards sustainability and discusses possible socioenvironmental outcomes. We combined an extensive literature review, public data, and our own insights as senior researchers to achieve that. The trajectory shown here evidenced the technological intensification of Brazilian beef farming, with strong support of public policies for decarbonizing agriculture. Nonetheless, the pace of this transition may affect small to medium farmers with limited access to information, technologies, and credit. Our recommendations involve a broad program of technical assistance and training on sustainable technologies, including financial and digital literacy. A novel approach to financing farmers is suggested to support a sustainable and inclusive transition in beef farming in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana de A. Pereira
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
| | - Davi J. Bungenstab
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
| | - Valeria P. B. Euclides
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
| | - Guilherme C. Malafaia
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
| | - Paulo H. N. Biscola
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
| | - Gilberto R. O. Menezes
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
| | - Urbano G. P. de Abreu
- Embrapa Pantanal, Rua 21 de Setembro, 1880, Aeroporto, Corumbá 79320-900, MS, Brazil;
| | - Valdemir A. Laura
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
| | - Ériklis Nogueira
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
| | - Rodiney de A. Mauro
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
| | - Marta P. da Silva
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
| | - Alessandra C. Nicacio
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
| | - Roberto G. de Almeida
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
| | - Rodrigo da C. Gomes
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
| | - Juliana C. B. Silva
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
| | - Vanessa F. de Souza
- Embrapa Beef Cattle, Av. Radio Maia, 830, Vila Popular, Campo Grande 79106-550, MS, Brazil; (D.J.B.); (V.P.B.E.); (G.C.M.); (P.H.N.B.); (G.R.O.M.); (V.A.L.); (É.N.); (R.d.A.M.); (M.P.d.S.); (A.C.N.); (R.G.d.A.); (R.d.C.G.); (J.C.B.S.); (V.F.d.S.)
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Zhang J, Wu J, Hughes AC, Kaplan JO, Maeda EE. Bio-geophysical feedback to climate caused by the conversion of Amazon Forest to soybean plantations. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:166802. [PMID: 37683854 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Over the past two decades, soybean cultivation has become one of the principal replacements for forests in the Brazilian Amazon. Previous studies showed that the conversion of forests into large-scale soybean farms has different effects on local and regional climate than other forms of land use, e.g., conversion to pasture. The bio-geophysical feedbacks that lead to changes in temperature and rainfall caused by the expansion of commodity crops is not fully understood, and this has implications for both modelling potential future climatic change and understanding its impact. Here we performed model simulations to characterize the feedback to climate caused by the replacement of Amazonian forests with soybean and pastures. Our results show that: when compared to deforestation caused by pastures, the conversion of forests into soybean plantations results in more pronounced changes in the atmospheric boundary layer. Because they are characterized by a period of the year with bare soil, soybean fields transmit more long-wave radiation to the atmosphere than pastures, leading to an increase in boundary layer average temperature by 2.4 K. Although soybean plantations tend to strengthen convective lifting, the decrease in boundary layer water vapor content plays a decisive role in reducing rainfall. Finally, we demonstrate that the climatic impacts associated with the replacement of forests by soybean is likely to be magnified with agricultural expansion along new frontiers in the northern and western regions of the Amazon basin due to a more pronounced reduction in water vapor content.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Zhang
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | - Jin Wu
- School of Biological Sciences, the University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong
| | | | - Jed O Kaplan
- Department of Earth Sciences and Institute for Climate and Carbon Neutrality, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Eduardo Eiji Maeda
- University of Helsinki, Department of Geosciences and Geography, Gustaf Hällströmin katu 2, 00014 Helsinki, Finland; Finnish Meteorological Institute, FMI, Finland.
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Viana JLM, Steffler DA, Hernández AH, Dos Santos Costa J, Pellegrinetti TA, de Jesus ECR, Cancian M, Fiore MF, Rezende-Filho AT, Sussulini A, Barbiero L, Menegario AA, Fostier AH. Bioaccumulation and speciation of arsenic in plankton from tropical soda lakes along a salinity gradient. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 895:165189. [PMID: 37391131 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023]
Abstract
Uptake and transformation of arsenic (As) by living organisms can alter its distribution and biogeochemical cycles in the environment. Although well known for its toxicity, several aspects of As accumulation and biological transformation by field species are still little explored. In this study, the bioaccumulation and speciation of As in phytoplankton and zooplankton from five soda lakes in the Brazilian Pantanal wetland were studied. Such lakes exhibited contrasting biogeochemical characteristics along an environmental gradient. Additionally, the influence of contrasting climatic events was assessed by collecting samples during an exceptional drought in 2017 and a flood in 2018. Total As (AsTot) content and speciation were determined using spectrometric techniques, while a suspect screening of organoarsenicals in plankton samples was carried out by high-resolution mass spectrometry. Results showed that AsTot content ranged from 16.9 to 62.0 mg kg-1 during the dry period and from 2.4 to 12.3 mg kg-1 during the wet period. The bioconcentration and bioaccumulation factors (BCF and BAF) in phytoplankton and zooplankton were found to be highly dependent on the lake typology, which is influenced by an ongoing evapoconcentration process in the region. Eutrophic and As-enriched lakes exhibited the lowest BCF and BAF values, possibly due to the formation of non-labile As complexes with organic matter or limited uptake of As by plankton caused by high salinity stress. The season played a decisive role in the results, as significantly higher BCF and BAF values were observed during the flooding event when the concentration of dissolved As in water was low. The diversity of As species was found to be dependent on the lake typology and on the resident biological community, cyanobacteria being responsible for a significant portion of As metabolism. Arsenosugars and their degradation products were detected in both phytoplankton and zooplankton, providing evidence for previously reported detoxification pathways. Although no biomagnification pattern was observed, the diet seemed to be an important exposure pathway for zooplankton.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Lucas Martins Viana
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | - Débora Aparecida Steffler
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Juliana Dos Santos Costa
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenario 303, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Marianna Cancian
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marli Fátima Fiore
- Center for Nuclear Energy in Agriculture, University of São Paulo, Avenida Centenario 303, 13400-970 Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Alessandra Sussulini
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Laurent Barbiero
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil; Université P. Sabatier, IRD, CNRS, OMP, Géoscience Environnement Toulouse (GET), 14 Avenue Edouard Belin, F31400 Toulouse, France; Center of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainability, São Carlos Federal University, Sorocaba, SP 18052-780, Brazil
| | - Amauri Antonio Menegario
- São Paulo State University (UNESP), Environmental Studies Center, Av. 24-A, 1515, 13506-900 Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
| | - Anne Helene Fostier
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Campinas, UNICAMP, P.O. Box 6154, 13083-970 Campinas, SP, Brazil
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Assessing the role of settlement in the environmental challenges of sensitive ecosystems. A case study in Zrebar wetland (Iran). ECOL INFORM 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoinf.2023.102017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/12/2023]
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Sousa TPD, Bialetzki A, Mateus LADF. Dynamics of fish larvae recruitment in the hydrographic basin of the Paraguay River in western Brazil. NEOTROPICAL ICHTHYOLOGY 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1982-0224-2022-0034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract The conservation of fish assemblages depends on the longitudinal and lateral connectivity between riverine habitats, in particular during the breeding season and the initial development. This study investigated the composition and spatio-temporal structure in the ichthyoplankton of the hydrographic basin of the Paraguay River in western Brazil to identify the local spawning grounds and the importance of the longitudinal connectivity of economically valuable migratory species. Data were collected at 10 sites between two breeding seasons (2017/2018 and 2018/2019). Were collected 8,635 larvae, representing 55 taxa in 25 families, including the migratory species Brycon hilarii, Hemisorubim platyrhynchos, Piaractus mesopotamicus, Prochilodus lineatus, Pseudoplatystoma spp., Salminus brasiliensis, Sorubim lima, and Zungaro jahu, which are important fishery resources, with the highest larval densities being recorded between November and January. The Sepotuba, Paraguay, Jauru, and Cabaçal rivers were the areas of greatest connectance, and should thus be considered critical for the conservation of the longitudinal connectivity of this fluvial system, indicating that the migratory species spawn upriver. More efficient fisheries management mechanisms are needed, respecting the spawning period of migratory species, maintaining quality and longitudinal connectivity between habitats, and characteristics necessary for successful larval recruitment.
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Abreu MC, Lyra GB, de Oliveira-Júnior JF, Souza A, Pobočíková I, de Souza Fraga M, Abreu RCR. Temporal and spatial patterns of fire activity in three biomes of Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157138. [PMID: 35798117 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The trade-off between conservation of natural resources and agribusiness expansion is a constant challenge in Brazil. The fires used to promote agricultural expansion increased in the last decades. While studies linking annual fire occurrence and rainfall seasonality are common, the relationship between fires, land use, and land cover remains understudied. Here, we investigated the frequency of the fires and performed a trend analysis for monthly, seasonal, and annual fires in three different biomes: Cerrado, Pantanal, and Atlantic Forest. We used burned area and integrated models in distinct scales (interannual, intraseasonal, and monthly) using Probability Density Functions (PDFs). The best fitting was found for Generalized Extreme Values (GEV) distribution at all three biomes from the several PDFs tested. We found the most fire in the Pantanal (wetlands), followed by Cerrado (Brazilian Savanna) and Atlantic Forest (Semideciduous Forest). Our findings indicated that land use and land cover trends changed over the years. There was a strong correlation between fire and agricultural areas, with increasing trends pointing to land conversion to agricultural areas in all biomes. The high probability of fire indicates that expanding agricultural areas through the conversion of natural biomes impacts several natural ecosystems, transforming land cover and land use. This land conversion is promoting more fires each year.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcel Carvalho Abreu
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Forest Institute, Environmental Science Department, Rod. BR 465, Km 07, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 23890-000, Brazil.
| | - Gustavo Bastos Lyra
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Forest Institute, Environmental Science Department, Rod. BR 465, Km 07, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 23890-000, Brazil
| | | | - Amaury Souza
- Physics Department, Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, CEP: 79070-900, Brazil
| | - Ivana Pobočíková
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, University of Žilina, Univerzitná 1, 010 26 Žilina, Slovakia.
| | - Micael de Souza Fraga
- Water Management Institute of Minas Gerais (IGAM), Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Rodolfo Cesar Real Abreu
- Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, Forest Institute, Environmental Science Department, Rod. BR 465, Km 07, Seropédica, Rio de Janeiro, CEP: 23890-000, Brazil
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Caumo S, Lázaro WL, Sobreira Oliveira E, Beringui K, Gioda A, Massone CG, Carreira R, de Freitas DS, Ignacio ARA, Hacon S. Human risk assessment of ash soil after 2020 wildfires in Pantanal biome (Brazil). AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE & HEALTH 2022; 15:2239-2254. [PMID: 36187166 PMCID: PMC9516519 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-022-01248-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Wildfires have increased in the last years and, when caused by intentional illegal burnings, are frequently run out of control. Wildfire has been pointed out as an important source of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and trace elements (TEs) — such as, As, Ni, and Pb — to environmental compartments, and thus may pose a risk to human health and to the ecosystem. In 2020, the Brazilian biome, Pantanal, faced the largest losses by wildfires in the last 22 years. Ashes from the topsoil layer in Pantanal were collected after these wildfires at 20 sites divided into the sediment, forest, PF, PS, and degraded sites. Toxicity and associated risks for human health were also evaluated. The areas highly impacted by wildfires and by artisanal gold mining activities showed higher concentrations for TEs and PAHs than the protected areas. Pb varied from 8 ± 4 to 224 ± 81 mg kg−1, and total PAH concentration ranged between 880 ± 314 and 1350 ± 70 ng g−1, at sites impacted by anthropogenic activities. Moreover, health risk assessments for TE and PAH indicated a potentially great risk for children and adults, via ingestion, inhalation, and dermal pathway. The carcinogenic risks exceeded reference values, for both TE and PAH, suggesting harmful conditions, especially for vulnerable groups, such as children and the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Caumo
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Brazilian Research Network on Global Climate Change – Rede Clima, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Wilkinson L. Lázaro
- Research Centre, Limnology, Biodiversity and Ethnobiology of the Pantanal, University of the State of Mato Grosso, Cáceres, MT Brazil
| | - Ernandes Sobreira Oliveira
- Research Centre, Limnology, Biodiversity and Ethnobiology of the Pantanal, University of the State of Mato Grosso, Cáceres, MT Brazil
| | - Karmel Beringui
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Adriana Gioda
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Carlos German Massone
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Renato Carreira
- Department of Chemistry, Pontifical Catholic University of Rio de Janeiro (PUC-Rio), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Djair Sergio de Freitas
- Research Centre, Limnology, Biodiversity and Ethnobiology of the Pantanal, University of the State of Mato Grosso, Cáceres, MT Brazil
| | - Aurea R. A. Ignacio
- Research Centre, Limnology, Biodiversity and Ethnobiology of the Pantanal, University of the State of Mato Grosso, Cáceres, MT Brazil
| | - Sandra Hacon
- National School of Public Health, Oswaldo Cruz Foundation, Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
- Brazilian Research Network on Global Climate Change – Rede Clima, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Research Centre, Limnology, Biodiversity and Ethnobiology of the Pantanal, University of the State of Mato Grosso, Cáceres, MT Brazil
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Uthirakrishnan U, Manthapuri V, Harafan A, Chellam PV, Karuppiah T. The regime of constructed wetlands in greywater treatment. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2022; 85:3169-3183. [PMID: 35704403 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2022.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
There is an excellent need for supply-side threats due to the enhanced degradation and reclamation of existing water bodies in the present scenario. This led to the global water crisis. One of the easiest ways to fulfil the growing need for freshwater is the recycling of wastewater. Greywater is a form of wastewater from households, industries, etc., with some less toxic materials. The recycling of this greywater has provoked the development of new and sustainable technologies to meet the growing water demand. Engineered constructed wetlands are considered one of the most economically practical processes to treat greywater due to its minimal footprint. In this case study, we summarize several categories of constructed wetlands, operating conditions, and the effects of biological, physical, and chemical aspects of greywater on their treatment performance. On the other hand, the effluent quality from diverse wetlands is also summarized. Furthermore, it would be better to consider that constructed wetlands' integrated performance with disinfection may improve the effluent quality to desirable standards.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ushani Uthirakrishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Karpaga Vinayaga College of Engineering and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu 603 308, India E-mail:
| | - Vineeth Manthapuri
- Environmental & Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, TN 600036, India
| | - Afrah Harafan
- Environmental & Water Resources Engineering, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai, TN 600036, India
| | | | - Tamilarasan Karuppiah
- Department of Civil Engineering, Vel Tech Rangarajan Dr. Sagunthala R&D Institute of Science and Technology, Avadi, Tamil Nadu 600 062, India
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Long-Term Landsat-Based Monthly Burned Area Dataset for the Brazilian Biomes Using Deep Learning. REMOTE SENSING 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/rs14112510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Fire is a significant agent of landscape transformation on Earth, and a dynamic and ephemeral process that is challenging to map. Difficulties include the seasonality of native vegetation in areas affected by fire, the high levels of spectral heterogeneity due to the spatial and temporal variability of the burned areas, distinct persistence of the fire signal, increase in cloud and smoke cover surrounding burned areas, and difficulty in detecting understory fire signals. To produce a large-scale time-series of burned area, a robust number of observations and a more efficient sampling strategy is needed. In order to overcome these challenges, we used a novel strategy based on a machine-learning algorithm to map monthly burned areas from 1985 to 2020 using Landsat-based annual quality mosaics retrieved from minimum NBR values. The annual mosaics integrated year-round observations of burned and unburned spectral data (i.e., RED, NIR, SWIR-1, and SWIR-2), and used them to train a Deep Neural Network model, which resulted in annual maps of areas burned by land use type for all six Brazilian biomes. The annual dataset was used to retrieve the frequency of the burned area, while the date on which the minimum NBR was captured in a year, was used to reconstruct 36 years of monthly burned area. Results of this effort indicated that 19.6% (1.6 million km2) of the Brazilian territory was burned from 1985 to 2020, with 61% of this area burned at least once. Most of the burning (83%) occurred between July and October. The Amazon and Cerrado, together, accounted for 85% of the area burned at least once in Brazil. Native vegetation was the land cover most affected by fire, representing 65% of the burned area, while the remaining 35% burned in areas dominated by anthropogenic land uses, mainly pasture. This novel dataset is crucial for understanding the spatial and long-term temporal dynamics of fire regimes that are fundamental for designing appropriate public policies for reducing and controlling fires in Brazil.
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10
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Alternative Fuel Generation from Dangerous Solid Waste in a Protected Environmental Area. ENERGIES 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/en15020659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
The present investigation project aims to evaluate the extraction of contaminant material from two settling ponds to be used as alternative fuel in two cement plants. The extraction is carried out through mechanical means, and after that extraction, two options are compared: energy recovery and incineration. Through energy recovery, a potentially contaminated area is decontaminated and its waste is used; its high calorific value makes this option a viable one. The waste extraction is carried out through mechanical means due to the high density and viscosity of the waste. Because of these characteristics, the waste undergoes an on-site security adaptation to stabilize it, reduce declivity risk and make it suitable to be handled and moved. The second treatment is carried out in external installations where the final product is obtained (alternative fuel), which is to be used at industrial kilns. The entire described process shows a difference on the consumed energy of 6060.42 kWh/twaste between the two options under study: waste incineration and energy recovery. In addition, it also reduces CO2 emissions on 2.178 tCO2/twaste.
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11
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Tomas WM, Berlinck CN, Chiaravalloti RM, Faggioni GP, Strüssmann C, Libonati R, Abrahão CR, do Valle Alvarenga G, de Faria Bacellar AE, de Queiroz Batista FR, Bornato TS, Camilo AR, Castedo J, Fernando AME, de Freitas GO, Garcia CM, Gonçalves HS, de Freitas Guilherme MB, Layme VMG, Lustosa APG, De Oliveira AC, da Rosa Oliveira M, de Matos Martins Pereira A, Rodrigues JA, Semedo TBF, de Souza RAD, Tortato FR, Viana DFP, Vicente-Silva L, Morato R. Distance sampling surveys reveal 17 million vertebrates directly killed by the 2020's wildfires in the Pantanal, Brazil. Sci Rep 2021; 11:23547. [PMID: 34916541 PMCID: PMC8677733 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-02844-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anthropogenic factors have significantly influenced the frequency, duration, and intensity of meteorological drought in many regions of the globe, and the increased frequency of wildfires is among the most visible consequences of human-induced climate change. Despite the fire role in determining biodiversity outcomes in different ecosystems, wildfires can cause negative impacts on wildlife. We conducted ground surveys along line transects to estimate the first-order impact of the 2020 wildfires on vertebrates in the Pantanal wetland, Brazil. We adopted the distance sampling technique to estimate the densities and the number of dead vertebrates in the 39,030 square kilometers affected by fire. Our estimates indicate that at least 16.952 million vertebrates were killed immediately by the fires in the Pantanal, demonstrating the impact of such an event in wet savanna ecosystems. The Pantanal case also reminds us that the cumulative impact of widespread burning would be catastrophic, as fire recurrence may lead to the impoverishment of ecosystems and the disruption of their functioning. To overcome this unsustainable scenario, it is necessary to establish proper biomass fuel management to avoid cumulative impacts caused by fire over biodiversity and ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Christian Niel Berlinck
- grid.456561.50000 0000 9218 0782Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação E Biodiversidade - ICMbio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, 12.952-011, Atibaia, SP Brazil
| | | | | | - Christine Strüssmann
- grid.411206.00000 0001 2322 4953Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900 Brazil
| | - Renata Libonati
- grid.8536.80000 0001 2294 473XInstituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-916 Brazil
| | - Carlos Roberto Abrahão
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação E Biodiversidade - ICMBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Répteis E Anfíbios, Goiânia, GO 74605-090 Brazil
| | - Gabriela do Valle Alvarenga
- grid.411206.00000 0001 2322 4953Instituto de Biociências, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900 Brazil
| | - Ana Elisa de Faria Bacellar
- grid.456561.50000 0000 9218 0782Centro Nacional de Avaliação da Biodiversidade e de Pesquisa e Conservação Do Cerrado, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação e Biodiversidade - ICMBio, Brasília, DF 70635-800 Brazil
| | - Flávia Regina de Queiroz Batista
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação E Biodiversidade - ICMBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Répteis E Anfíbios, Goiânia, GO 74605-090 Brazil
| | - Thainan Silva Bornato
- Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis - IBAMA, Corumbá, MS 79331-150 Brazil
| | - André Restel Camilo
- grid.419531.bSmithsonian Conservation Biology Institute, Front Royal, VA 22630 USA
| | - Judite Castedo
- grid.412352.30000 0001 2163 5978Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul - UFMS, Campus Pantanal, Corumbá, MS 79304-902 Brazil
| | - Adriana Maria Espinóza Fernando
- grid.412352.30000 0001 2163 5978Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul - UFMS, campus Campo Grande, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900 Brazil
| | | | | | - Henrique Santos Gonçalves
- grid.456561.50000 0000 9218 0782Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação E Biodiversidade - ICMbio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, 12.952-011, Atibaia, SP Brazil
| | - Mariella Butti de Freitas Guilherme
- grid.456561.50000 0000 9218 0782Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação E Biodiversidade - ICMbio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, 12.952-011, Atibaia, SP Brazil
| | - Viviane Maria Guedes Layme
- grid.411206.00000 0001 2322 4953Laboratório de Ecologia de Mamíferos, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso - UFMT, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900 Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Gomes Lustosa
- Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação E Biodiversidade - ICMBio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Répteis E Anfíbios, Goiânia, GO 74605-090 Brazil
| | - Ailton Carneiro De Oliveira
- grid.456561.50000 0000 9218 0782Centro de Pesquisa e Conservação de Aves Silvestres, Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação e Biodiversidade - ICMBio, Brasília, DF 70635.800 Brazil
| | - Maxwell da Rosa Oliveira
- grid.420953.90000 0001 0144 2976Embrapa Pantanal, Laboratório de Vida Selvagem, Corumbá, MS 79320-900 Brazil
| | - Alexandre de Matos Martins Pereira
- Instituto Brasileiro de Meio Ambiente e Recursos Naturais Renováveis - IBAMA, Centro Nacional de Prevenção e Combate Aos Incêndios Florestais, Campo Grande, MS 79020-230 Brazil
| | - Julia Abrantes Rodrigues
- grid.8536.80000 0001 2294 473XInstituto de Geociências, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro - UFRJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ 21941-916 Brazil
| | - Thiago Borges Fernandes Semedo
- grid.452671.30000 0001 2175 1274Instituto Nacional de Pesquisa do Pantanal - INPP, Museu Paraense Emílio Goeldi, Cuiabá, MT 78060-900 Brazil
| | | | - Fernando Rodrigo Tortato
- grid.452670.20000 0004 6431 5036Panthera, 8 West 40th Street, 18th Floor, New York, NY 10018 USA
| | | | - Luciana Vicente-Silva
- grid.412352.30000 0001 2163 5978Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso Do Sul - UFMS, campus Campo Grande, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900 Brazil
| | - Ronaldo Morato
- grid.456561.50000 0000 9218 0782Instituto Chico Mendes de Conservação E Biodiversidade - ICMbio, Centro Nacional de Pesquisa e Conservação de Mamíferos Carnívoros, 12.952-011, Atibaia, SP Brazil
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12
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Marques JF, Alves MB, Silveira CF, Amaral E Silva A, Silva TA, Dos Santos VJ, Calijuri ML. Fires dynamics in the Pantanal: Impacts of anthropogenic activities and climate change. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2021; 299:113586. [PMID: 34454200 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.113586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 08/15/2021] [Accepted: 08/20/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Anthropogenic activities responsible for modifying climatic regimes and land use and land cover (LULC) have been altering fire behavior even in regions with natural occurrences, such as the Pantanal. This biome was highlighted in 2020 due to the record number of fire foci and burned areas registered. Thus, this study aimed to understand how changes in LULC and climate affect the spatial, temporal and magnitude dynamics of fire foci. The Earth Trends Modeler (ETM) was used to identify trends in spatiotemporal bases of environmental and climatic variables. No trend was identified in the historical series of precipitation data. However, an increasing trend was observed for evapotranspiration, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and temperature. For soil moisture, a decreasing trend was observed. The comparison between the mean of the historical series and the year 2020 showed that the variables precipitation, temperature, soil moisture and evapotranspiration had atypical behavior. Such behavior may have contributed to creating a drier environment with available combustible material, leading to a record number of burned areas, about three million hectares (248%) higher than the historical average. The 2020 fire foci data were used in two types of spatial statistical analyses: Grouping, showing that 76% of the registered fire foci were at high risk of fire and; Hot and Cold Spots, indicating high concentrations of Hot Spots in the northern region of the Pantanal, close to Cerrado and Amazon biomes agricultural frontier. The results of the Land Change Modeler (LCM) tool evidenced a strong transition potential from the natural vegetation to agriculture and pasture in the eastern region of the Pantanal, indicating that this could be, in the future, a region of high concentration of fire foci and possibly high risk of fire. This tool also allowed the prediction of a scenario for 2030 that showed that if measures for environmental protection and combating fires are not adopted, in this year, 20% of the Pantanal areas will be for agricultural and pasture use. Finally, the results suggest that the advance of agriculture in the Pantanal and changes in climatic and environmental variables boosted the increase in fire foci and burned areas in the year 2020.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Fazolo Marques
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Maria Bevilacqua Alves
- Department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | | | - Arthur Amaral E Silva
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Thiago Abrantes Silva
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Vitor Juste Dos Santos
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
| | - Maria Lúcia Calijuri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Viçosa, Viçosa, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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13
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de Souza A, Abreu MC, de Oliveira-Júnior JF, Aviv-Sharon E, Fernandes WA, Aristone F. Variations in the tropospheric concentration of NO 2 in the central west of Brazil, MS, and their relationship with the COVID-19. AIR QUALITY, ATMOSPHERE, & HEALTH 2021; 15:1169-1182. [PMID: 34777630 PMCID: PMC8573569 DOI: 10.1007/s11869-021-01121-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
COVID-19 (coronavirus disease 2019) started in late 2019 in Wuhan, China. Subsequently, the disease was disseminated in several cities around the world, where measures were taken to control the spread of the virus through the adoption of quarantine (social isolation and closure of commercial sectors). This article analyzed the environmental impact of the COVID-19 outbreak in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, regarding the variations of nitrogen dioxide (NO2) in the atmosphere. NO2 data from the AURA satellite, in the period before the beginning of the epidemic (2005-2019) and during the adoption of the preventive and control measures of COVID-19 in 2020, were acquired and compared. The results obtained from the analysis showed that the blockade from COVID-19, beginning in March 2020, improved air quality in the short term, but as soon as coal consumption in power plants and refineries returned to normal levels (since June 2020), due to the resumption of works, the pollution levels returned to the level of the previous years of 2020. NO2 levels showed a significant decrease, since they were mainly associated with the decrease in economic growth and transport restrictions that led to a change in energy consumption and a reduction in emissions. This study can complement the scientific community and policy makers for environmental protection and public management, not only to assess the impact of the outbreak on air quality, but also for its effectiveness as a simple alternative program of action to improve air quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury de Souza
- Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, C.P. 549, Campo Grande, MS 79070-900 Brazil
| | | | | | - Elinor Aviv-Sharon
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences, Weizmann Institute of Science, 7610001 Rehovot, Israel
| | - Widinei Alves Fernandes
- Physics Department, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul. 79070-900 Brazil
| | - Flavio Aristone
- Physics Department, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do Sul, Campo Grande, Mato Grosso Do Sul. 79070-900 Brazil
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14
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Wosiacki LFK, Suekame HK, Wood MS, Gonçalves FV, Bleninger T. Mapping of suspended sediment transport using acoustic methods in a Pantanal tributary. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:493. [PMID: 34268654 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09266-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Generally, fluvial systems are used for different objectives including energy production, water supply, recreation, and navigation. Thus, many impacts must be considered with their use. An understanding of sediment dynamics in fluvial systems is often of value for a variety of objectives, given that erosion and depositional processes can change the fluvial system morphology and can substantially alter the fluvial environment. In this sense, sediment monitoring is important because it helps to explain and quantify sediment dynamics in the environment. Hence, this study presents an innovative sediment monitoring technique: the use of the acoustic Doppler current profiler, commonly used to obtain discharge measurements, to obtain suspended sediment concentration (SSC). This paper aims to describe the application of additional corrections to the ADP-M9 signal to obtain SSC from measurement campaigns that used the ADP only for discharge measurements. The analyses were based on traditional sediment sampling methods and discharge measurements, with the ADP-M9, from 7 field campaigns at the Taquari River, a major tributary from the Alto Paraguay Basin, in the Pantanal Biome, known as the largest freshwater wetland system in the world. The correlation was assessed considering the following: (a) the equipment frequency operation mode (Smart Pulse or Fixed Frequency) and (b) by checking the influence of the sediment attenuation coefficient. Furthermore, extrapolation was conducted in filtered and unmeasured areas of the ADP to map the suspended sediment concentration over the entire cross section. Results indicate that ADP correlations can be an effective tool for estimating SSC in the Taquari River when samples cannot be collected. Correlations could be applied to past and future ADP measurements made at the location where the correlation was created, as long as similar environmental conditions are present as when the correlation was developed. The described technique can expand the amount of sediment data available at a monitoring site even with reduced traditional sampling and by leveraging instruments used for other monitoring purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liege F K Wosiacki
- Graduate Program On Water Resources and Environmental Engineering (PPGERHA), Federal University of Parana (UFPR), Curitiba, Brazil.
| | - Hugo Koji Suekame
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do, Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Molly S Wood
- U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), Water Resources Mission Area, Boise, USA
| | - Fábio Veríssimo Gonçalves
- Faculty of Engineering, Architecture and Urbanism and Geography, Federal University of Mato Grosso Do, Sul, Campo Grande, Brazil
| | - Tobias Bleninger
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Graduate Program On Water Resources and Environmental Engineering (PPGERHA), Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
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15
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Mataveli GAV, Pereira G, de Oliveira G, Seixas HT, Cardozo FDS, Shimabukuro YE, Kawakubo FS, Brunsell NA. 2020 Pantanal's widespread fire: short- and long-term implications for biodiversity and conservation. BIODIVERSITY AND CONSERVATION 2021; 30:3299-3303. [PMID: 34230776 PMCID: PMC8252692 DOI: 10.1007/s10531-021-02243-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The Pantanal faced an unprecedented drought event in 2020. The hydrological year ended in July, 2020 had an annual average rainfall 26 % lower than the average from 1982 to 2020. Consequently, catastrophic wildfires burned out of control. Active fires during this year have also increased, and were 123 % higher than the 2002-2020 Pantanal's average. Approximately 95 % of these active fires occurred in natural land covers with 28 % of them occurring in areas classified as wetlands that likely dried out due to the drought. Therefore, the development of a special policy is needed to minimize the impact of this crisis on the biodiversity, conservation, and traditional people of the Pantanal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme A. V. Mataveli
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel Pereira
- Department of Geosciences, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais São João del-Rei, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Physical Geography, University of São Paulo, São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel de Oliveira
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of South Alabama, Alabama Mobile, United States of America
| | - Hugo T. Seixas
- Center for Environmental Studies and Research, University of Campinas, São Paulo Campinas, Brazil
| | - Francielle da S. Cardozo
- Department of Geosciences, Federal University of São João del-Rei, Minas Gerais São João del-Rei, Brazil
| | - Yosio E. Shimabukuro
- Earth Observation and Geoinformatics Division, National Institute for Space Research, São José dos Campos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando S. Kawakubo
- Graduate Program in Physical Geography, University of São Paulo, São Paulo São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Nathaniel A. Brunsell
- Department of Geography and Atmospheric Science, University of Kansas, Kansas Lawrence, United States of America
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Song XP, Hansen MC, Potapov P, Adusei B, Pickering J, Adami M, Lima A, Zalles V, Stehman SV, Di Bella CM, Conde MC, Copati EJ, Fernandes LB, Hernandez-Serna A, Jantz SM, Pickens AH, Turubanova S, Tyukavina A. Massive soybean expansion in South America since 2000 and implications for conservation. NATURE SUSTAINABILITY 2021; 2021:10.1038/s41893-021-00729-z. [PMID: 34377840 PMCID: PMC8350977 DOI: 10.1038/s41893-021-00729-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A prominent goal of policies mitigating climate change and biodiversity loss is to achieve zero-deforestation in the global supply chain of key commodities, such as palm oil and soybean. However, the extent and dynamics of deforestation driven by commodity expansion are largely unknown. Here we mapped annual soybean expansion in South America between 2000 and 2019 by combining satellite observations and sample field data. From 2000-2019, the area cultivated with soybean more than doubled from 26.4 Mha to 55.1 Mha. Most soybean expansion occurred on pastures originally converted from natural vegetation for cattle production. The most rapid expansion occurred in the Brazilian Amazon, where soybean area increased more than 10-fold, from 0.4 Mha to 4.6 Mha. Across the continent, 9% of forest loss was converted to soybean by 2016. Soy-driven deforestation was concentrated at the active frontiers, nearly half located in the Brazilian Cerrado. Efforts to limit future deforestation must consider how soybean expansion may drive deforestation indirectly by displacing pasture or other land uses. Holistic approaches that track land use across all commodities coupled with vegetation monitoring are required to maintain critical ecosystem services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Peng Song
- Department of Geosciences, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Matthew C. Hansen
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Peter Potapov
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Bernard Adusei
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Jeffrey Pickering
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Marcos Adami
- Amazon Spatial Coordination, INPE, Belém, PA, Brazil
| | - Andre Lima
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Viviana Zalles
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Stephen V. Stehman
- College of Environmental Science and Forestry, State University of New York, Syracuse, NY, USA
| | - Carlos M. Di Bella
- SIG, Cartografía y Teledetección, Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Maria C. Conde
- SIG, Cartografía y Teledetección, Departamento de Métodos Cuantitativos y Sistemas de Información, Facultad de Agronomía, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Lucas B. Fernandes
- Gerencia de Geotecnologias, Companhia Nacional de Abastecimento, Brasilia, Brazil
| | | | - Samuel M. Jantz
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Amy H. Pickens
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Svetlana Turubanova
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
| | - Alexandra Tyukavina
- Department of Geographical Sciences, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA
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17
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Mechanisms of Weak Governance in Grasslands and Wetlands of South America. SUSTAINABILITY 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/su12177214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Weak governance is a major threat to sustainable development, especially in rural contexts and within ecosystems of great social and economic value. To understand and compare its arrangement in the grasslands and wetlands of the Colombian Llanos and the Paraguayan Pantanal, we build upon the Institutional and Development Framework (IAD) as we explore the role of political, economic, and social institutions and combine components of the theory of common-pool resources (CPR) and new institutional economics (NIE). This hybrid conceptualization provides a synthesis of how top-down hierarchical and market-based systems of community-based and natural resource management negatively affect sustainable development in both study areas. Our findings suggest three underlying mechanisms causing a situation of weak governance: centralized (economic and political) power, the role of central and local governments, and social exclusion. Understanding these multidimensional contextual mechanisms improves the understanding that institutional structures supporting arrangements that handle grasslands and wetlands in a sustainable way are needed to protect the ecosystem’s social and economic values, especially in rural and marginalized contexts.
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18
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Louzada RO, Bergier I, Assine ML. Landscape changes in avulsive river systems: Case study of Taquari River on Brazilian Pantanal wetlands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 723:138067. [PMID: 32224399 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.138067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 03/02/2020] [Accepted: 03/18/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The Pantanal is an important active sedimentary basin in central South America where highly diverse flora and fauna are sustained by seasonal floods. Intense land use in the catchment areas enhanced sediment load and destabilized avulsive river systems in the plains. A well-known avulsion in the Taquari River during the 1980-90s, called "Zé da Costa", has shifted the river mouth and drastically changed the nearby landscapes, making them difficult to map because of the hard access and the large variations in spectral and spatial attributes of raster data like Landsat images. Therefore, we developed a useful method to map and explore landscape changes in "Zé da Costa" avulsion that combines geotagged field pictures, randomly selected high-resolution orbital truths, normalized difference vegetation index, digital elevation models, linear spectral mixture models and Landsat historical imagery in pixel-based and object-oriented supervised classifications. We found that bands in green, red, and near-infrared spectra provide better mapping results with object-oriented algorithms for deriving and studying temporal dry/wet ratio dynamics. The temporal analyses of the dry/wet ratio showed that avulsions in the Taquari River have the potential to change permanently the "Zé da Costa" area into a dry landscape, making it susceptible for land use (deforestation and fire), except areas seasonally inundated by the floods of the Paraguay River. Overall, our method might be also useful for long-term studies of land use and climate change in avulsive rivers in wetlands around the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rômullo O Louzada
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil.
| | - Ivan Bergier
- Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Recursos Naturais, Campo Grande, MS, Brazil; Embrapa Pantanal, Corumbá, MS, Brazil
| | - Mario L Assine
- Instituto de Geociências e Ciências Exatas, Unesp - Universidade Estadual Paulista, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil
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Sarkar P, Salami M, Githiora Y, Vieira R, Navarro A, Clavijo D, Padgurschi M. A conceptual model to understand the drivers of change in tropical wetlands: a comparative assessment in India and Brazil. BIOTA NEOTROPICA 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1676-0611-bn-2019-0913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Abstract: Tropical wetlands are amongst the most biodiverse ecosystems on Earth and have immense socio-ecological value. However, tropical wetlands are considered exploitable resources and continue to be drained and converted to other “productive” uses. It is therefore urgent to identify and understand the interactions between various drivers of change triggering degradation of such wetlands. In the present study, we systematically reviewed and analyzed the existing literature on wetlands in two tropical countries namely India and Brazil with special reference to inland wetlands, and proposed a conceptual model illustrating the intricate linkages of such wetlands with different drivers of change. We also developed the Nature Futures’ Framework to depict the diverse values of inland wetlands contributing to human wellbeing in the two tropical countries. Findings revealed similar drivers of change triggering the degradation of Indian and Brazilian wetlands. These include changes in climate & land use, population growth, poor land governance due to weak policies, besides other anthropogenic activities such as deforestation, and overexploitation of wetland resources. Among these, land-use change such as agriculture intensification and infrastructure development were the major direct drivers; whereas, institutional and governance factors such as the absence of concrete policy measures were the major indirect drivers threatening the inland wetlands in India and Brazil. Results also revealed some contrasting drivers of change such as illegal human settlements, and land grabbing by the brick industry for Indian wetlands; while, gold mining and intensification of bovine systems for Brazilian wetlands. Our paper also provides an insight into the status of wetland conservation in India and Brazil. We recommend the promotion of community-based conservation practices while adopting sustainable livelihood strategies by the local people for the conservation and wise use of inland wetlands in India and Brazil. The arguments raised in the paper have the potential to assist the stakeholders and/or decision-makers towards implementing sustainable management strategies for inland wetlands in the two countries, and tropical wetlands in general.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Raísa Vieira
- Instituto Internacional para Sustentabilidade, Brasil
| | - Alma Navarro
- Centro de Investigación en Alimentación y Desarrollo, México
| | | | - Maíra Padgurschi
- Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazônia, Brasil; Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Brasil
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