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Alvarenga P, Martins M, Ribeiro H, Mota M, Guerra I, Cardoso H, Silva JL. Evaluation of the fertilizer potential of Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus grown in agricultural drainage water from maize fields. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 861:160670. [PMID: 36473664 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Producing microalgae with agricultural drainage water (ADW) allows recycling water and nutrients, with the production of a biofertilizer, avoiding receiving waters' contamination. Chlorella vulgaris and Scenedesmus obliquus were cultivated using ADW and standard media supplementation and presented higher productivities, relatively to the control industrial growth medium (using freshwater). Selected strains were grown outdoors in pilot flat panel photobioreactors, reaching 2.20 g L-1 for S. obliquus and 1.15 g L-1 for C. vulgaris, and degrading herbicides in the ADW to non-quantifiable concentrations. The potential of the C. vulgaris and S. obliquus suspensions to replace 50% of nitrogen (N) mineral fertilization of lettuce (0.5 g pot-1) was evaluated through a pot trial, also using a 2-times (1.0 g pot-1) and 5-times (2.5 g pot-1) higher dose, applied 31 days before lettuce transplanting. Even the lower dose of N, applied via C. vulgaris or S. obliquus suspensions, was able to provide significantly higher lettuce fresh matter yield, relatively to the mineral fertilized control. Soil enzymatic activities were improved, with significantly higher dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, and acid phosphatase activities for the 2.5 g pot-1 dose, more marked for S. obliquus, which was also able to increase soil organic matter content. Both the non-fertilized control and microalgae fertilized pots led to similar soil electrical conductivities, 3-fold lower than in the N-mineral fertilized pots, evidencing the capacity of microalgae fertilizers to avoid soil secondary salinization. Results suggest benefits from using ADW from maize cultivation to produce C. vulgaris or S. obliquus suspensions, that can be further used as liquid organic slow-release fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Alvarenga
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal.
| | - Marta Martins
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Henrique Ribeiro
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mariana Mota
- LEAF - Linking Landscape, Environment, Agriculture and Food Research Center, Associated Laboratory TERRA, Instituto Superior de Agronomia, University of Lisbon, Tapada da Ajuda, 1349-017 Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Inês Guerra
- ALLMICROALGAE - Natural Products, SA, 2445-413 Pataias, Portugal(1)
| | - Helena Cardoso
- ALLMICROALGAE - Natural Products, SA, 2445-413 Pataias, Portugal(1)
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Cruz N, Ruivo L, Avellan A, Rӧmkens PFAM, Tarelho LAC, Rodrigues SM. Stabilization of biomass ash granules using accelerated carbonation to optimize the preparation of soil improvers. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 156:297-306. [PMID: 36424246 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2022.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2022] [Revised: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
After the revision of the Fertilizer Regulation (EC 2019/1009), biomass ash can be used as component material for soil improvers to be placed on the EU market. This provides opportunities for large scale recycling of biomass ash. However, this material cannot be directly applied to soil without stabilization by carbonation, which also creates an opportunity for CO2 capture and storage. Here, accelerated carbonation in an atmospheric fixed-bed reactor (AFR) was applied to prepare ash granules (AG). Relative humidity of gas, temperature, reaction time and CO2 concentration were optimized and further tested in a closed high-pressure reactor (HPR). Materials resulting from both reactors were compared with those obtained after 1-year of carbonation under atmospheric conditions. This study showed that AFR accelerated tests resulted in a significant reduction of the reaction time than HPR to achieve a similar pH adjustment. Also, under 100 vol.% CO2 atmospheric conditions, pH and electrical conductivity reached target values faster than under 15 vol.% CO2 conditions. Based on results obtained here we recommend AFR operating at 25 °C and 100 vol.% CO2 for 20 h, as the optimal procedure for stabilization of AG. In this study we provide evidence that accelerated carbonation enables a much faster and cost-efficient preparation of potentially valuable soil additives than natural carbonation. Also, leaching tests revealed that plant nutrient availability (B, Mg, Mn, Mo and P) was increased under accelerated carbonation compared to natural carbonation. The present work paves the way towards the development of optimized protocols to effectively recycle biomass ashes for soil recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Cruz
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal.
| | - L Ruivo
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - A Avellan
- Géosciences Environnement Toulouse (GET), CNRS, IRD, Université de Toulouse, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - P F A M Rӧmkens
- Wageningen Environmental Research (WUR), PO Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - L A C Tarelho
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
| | - S M Rodrigues
- CESAM & Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193 Aveiro, Portugal
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Ribeiro JP, Cruz NC, Neves MC, Rodrigues SM, Tarelho LAC, Nunes MI. Granulated biomass fly ash coupled with fenton process for pulp and paper wastewater treatment. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 317:120777. [PMID: 36464117 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The work describes the combination of granulated biomass fly ash (GBFA) with Fenton process to enhance the removal of adsorbable organic halides (AOX) from pulp bleaching wastewater. At optimal operating conditions, wastewater's chemical and biochemical oxygen demand (COD and BOD5, respectively) and colour were also quantified, and operating cost of treatment assessed. For the first time, raw pulp bleaching wastewater was used to granulate BFA, instead of water, reducing the water footprint of the treatment. Five wastewater treatment setups were studied: (i) conventional Fenton process; (ii) GBFA application; (iii) simultaneous application of GBFA and Fenton process; (iv) sequential treatment by GBFA followed by Fenton process; (v) sequential treatment by Fenton process followed by GBFA. The latter yielded the highest AOX removal (60-70%), whilst COD was also reduced (≈15%) and wastewater biodegradability (BOD5/COD) was enhanced from 0.075 to a maximum of 0.134. Another positive feature of the proposed solution was that GBFA were successfully recovered and reused without regeneration, yielding similar AOX removal compared with fresh GBFA. The operating cost of removing 1 g of AOX from the pulp bleaching wastewater by the optimal treatment setup (60-70% removal of AOX) was 14-26% lower than the operating cost of conducting Fenton process alone (50% removal of AOX).
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Affiliation(s)
- João Peres Ribeiro
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Nuno C Cruz
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Márcia C Neves
- CICECO - Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Sónia M Rodrigues
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Luís A C Tarelho
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Maria Isabel Nunes
- CESAM - Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, Department of Environment and Planning, University of Aveiro, 3810-193, Aveiro, Portugal.
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Kwiatkowska E, Joniec J. Effects of Agricultural Management of Spent Mushroom Waste on Phytotoxicity and Microbiological Transformations of C, P, and S in Soil and Their Consequences for the Greenhouse Effect. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:ijerph191912915. [PMID: 36232214 PMCID: PMC9565085 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph191912915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The huge volumes of currently generated agricultural waste pose a challenge to the economy of the 21st century. One of the directions for their reuse may be as fertilizer. Spent mushroom substrate (SMS) could become an alternative to manure (M). A three-year field experiment was carried out, in which the purpose was to test and compare the effect of SMS alone, as well as in multiple variants with mineral fertilization, and in manure with a variety of soil quality indices-such as enzymatic activity, soil phytotoxicity, and greenhouse gas emissions, i.e., CO2. The use of SMS resulted in significant stimulation of respiratory and dehydrogenase activity. Inhibition of acid phosphatase and arylsulfatase activity via SMS was recorded. SMS showed varying effects on soil phytotoxicity, dependent on time. A positive effect was noted for the growth index (GI), while inhibition of root growth was observed in the first two years of the experiment. The effect of M on soil respiratory and dehydrogenase activity was significantly weaker compared to SMS. Therefore, M is a safer fertilizer as it does not cause a significant persistent increase in CO2 emissions. Changes in the phytotoxicity parameters of the soil fertilized with manure, however, showed a similar trend as in the soil fertilized with SMS.
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Potentially Toxic Elements’ Contamination of Soils Affected by Mining Activities in the Portuguese Sector of the Iberian Pyrite Belt and Optional Remediation Actions: A Review. ENVIRONMENTS 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/environments9010011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Both sectors of the Iberian Pyrite Belt, Portuguese and Spanish, have been exploited since ancient times, but more intensively during and after the second half of the 19th century. Large volumes of polymetallic sulfide ore were extracted in open pits or in underground works, processed without environmental concerns, and the generated waste rocks and tailings were simply deposited in the area. Many of these mining sites were abandoned for years under the action of erosive agents, leading to the spread of trace elements and the contamination of soils, waters and sediments. Some of these mine sites have been submitted to rehabilitation actions, mostly using constructive techniques to dig and contain the contaminated tailings and other waste materials, but the remaining soil still needs to be treated with the best available techniques to recover its ecosystem functions. Besides the degraded physical structure and poor nutritional status of these soils, they have common characteristics, as a consequence of the pyrite oxidation and acid drainage produced, such as a high concentration of trace elements and low pH, which must be considered in the remediation plans. This manuscript aims to review the results from studies which have already covered these topics in the Iberian Pyrite Belt, especially in its Portuguese sector, considering: (i) soils’ physicochemical characteristics; (ii) potentially toxic trace elements’ concentration; and (iii) sustainable remediation technologies to cope with this type of soil contamination. Phytostabilization, after the amelioration of the soil’s properties with organic and inorganic amendments, was investigated at the lab and field scale by several authors, and their results were also considered.
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Ji C, Huang J, Tian Y, Liu Y, Barvor JB, Shao X, Li Z. Feasibility Study on the Application of Microbial Agent Modified Water-Jet Loom Sludge for the Restoration of Degraded Soil in Mining Areas. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:6797. [PMID: 34202710 PMCID: PMC8296874 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18136797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Open-pit mining causes soil damage and affects the health of the ecosystem. In the arid grassland mining areas, the soil is severely sanded, water-starved, and saline, thus making it difficult for plants and microorganisms to survive. Water-jet loom sludge can be used to improve the quality as it contains a lot of clay and is rich in organic matter, which provides a material basis for microorganism activity. To explore the effects of microbial agent-modified water-jet loom sludge on the restoration of degraded soil in grassland mining areas, four pot trials were set up, i.e., for untreated soil, the application of a microbial agent alone, the application of water-jet loom sludge alone, and the combined application of water-jet loom sludge and the microbial agent. The results show that (1) microbial agent-modified sludge can improve soil water-holding capacity and aggregate stability; (2) the nutrient content of the restored soil fraction increased significantly, and the pH of the original saline soil decreased from 9.06 to 7.84; (3) this method significantly increased plant biomass and microbial biomass carbon and enhanced the abundance and diversity of fungi and bacteria. The three treatments had different results in different soil properties, and the effect of the combined water-jet loom sludge and microbial agent treatment on soil remediation was significantly better than the individual application of either.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuning Ji
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.J.); (Y.T.); (J.B.B.); (X.S.); (Z.L.)
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China;
| | - Jiu Huang
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.J.); (Y.T.); (J.B.B.); (X.S.); (Z.L.)
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China;
| | - Yu Tian
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.J.); (Y.T.); (J.B.B.); (X.S.); (Z.L.)
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China;
| | - Ying Liu
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China;
- School of Earth and Environment, Anhui University of Science and Technology, Huainan 232001, China
| | - Joshua Bosco Barvor
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.J.); (Y.T.); (J.B.B.); (X.S.); (Z.L.)
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China;
| | - Xintong Shao
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.J.); (Y.T.); (J.B.B.); (X.S.); (Z.L.)
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China;
| | - Zi’ao Li
- Engineering Research Center of Ministry of Education for Mine Ecological Restoration, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China; (C.J.); (Y.T.); (J.B.B.); (X.S.); (Z.L.)
- School of Environment and Spatial Informatics, China University of Mining and Technology, Xuzhou 221116, China;
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Comparison between a Traditional (Horse Manure) and a Non-Conventional (Cork Powder) Organic Residue in the Uptake of Potentially Toxic Elements by Lettuce in Contaminated Soils. ENVIRONMENTS 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/environments8050045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The use of natural organic correctives is a current agricultural practice that may have advantages for the production of plants in contaminated soils. Cork powder is a natural sub-product of the cork industry that has several potential benefits compared to more commonly used soil amendments. In this work, an evaluation was performed of the use of cork powder (a non-conventional organic residue) and horse manure (traditionally used in agriculture) to control the availability of potentially toxic elements in artificially contaminated soils. Four concentrations were used for each element: Cr (100 to 800 mg kg−1), Ni (37.5 to 300 mg kg−1), Zn (150 to 1200 mg kg−1), Cd (1.5 to 12 mg kg−1) and Pb (150 to 1200 mg kg−1). The accumulation of these elements in lettuce plants grown in pots under controlled conditions was evaluated. With the exception of Cd, no significant differences were detected in the absorption of the different elements by lettuce plants at the studied amounts of correctives applied (1% for cork powder and 0.5% for horse manure). Cadmium was the element that accumulated most in lettuce. Cork powder was shown to be less effective than horse manure in controlling the bioavailability of these elements in the soil. Further tests with chemically modified cork products could improve its efficiency.
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Ozdemir S, Ozdemir S, Ozer H, Yetilmezsoy K. A techno-sustainable bio-waste management strategy for closing chickpea yield gap. WASTE MANAGEMENT (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2021; 119:356-364. [PMID: 33186829 DOI: 10.1016/j.wasman.2020.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Sustainable development goals imply environmentally sound management of all wastes to minimize the waste generation through prevention, reduction, recycling, and reuse. In particular, the poultry industry produces nutrient-rich waste that requires proper management.Additionally, the recycling of bio-wastes in agricultural lands is still a key technology for the sustainable use of nutrients as a renewable fertilizer. Currently, there are very few studies on the utilization of agro-industrial bio-wastes, such as poultry abattoir sludge (PAS), for crop cultivation in soils containing low organic matter and high pH. In this context, it is necessary to make a more particular assessment of poultry industry-oriented and locally available nutrient-rich organic wastes for nodulation, physiological adaptation, and crop yield. Considering the scarcity of the literature in this field, the present study aimed to fulfill the apparent gap by focusing on the applicability of recycled PAS to low fertility soil in the growth of chickpea selected as a model legume, thereby contributing to the development of an agricultural and sustainable industrial management strategy for the relevant sectors. In this study, leaf chlorophyll content and nodule color were also investigated by the image analysis methodology to describe the effects of bio-waste on closing chickpea yield gap in a marginal land with high soil pH and low organic matter. Two-year consecutive field experiments were carried out to explore the effect of the PAS with the application rates of 25 kg N ha-1 (T2), 50 kg N ha-1 (T3), and 100 kg N ha-1 (T4) along with unamended (T0) and fertilized control (T1). The results indicated that the PAS treatments significantly differed in chlorophyll content, nodulation parameters, and biomass and grain yields. The chlorophyll content was correlated (r = 0.910) with the red color value (RGB color model) of nodule image analysis in the response to bio-waste. Based on the two-year average, it was concluded that chickpea yield could be increased 45% by amending with the PAS (T3). The present study clearly demonstrated that the image analysis could be a useful digital tool for the evaluation of chlorophyll content, nitrogen fixation efficiency, and forecasting biomass and grain yields of chickpea. The results also confirmed that the PAS application to low fertility soil could prominently contribute to establish sustainable waste management and crop production alternatives for closing chickpea yield gap.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saim Ozdemir
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, 54187 Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Serkan Ozdemir
- Department of Information Systems, Middle East Technical University, 06800 Ankara, Turkey.
| | - Hasan Ozer
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Sakarya University, 54187 Esentepe, Sakarya, Turkey.
| | - Kaan Yetilmezsoy
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Yildiz Technical University, 34220 Davutpasa, Esenler, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Xu Q, Shi F, You H, Wang S. Integrated remediation for organic-contaminated site by forcing running-water to modify alkali-heat/persulfate via oxidation process transfer. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 262:128352. [PMID: 33182087 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.128352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/12/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
As organic pollution of soil and groundwater increases, the effective and economical remediation of contaminated sites has drawn growing attention. In this study, running-water (RW) was designed to modify alkali-heat/persulfate (MAH/PS) for integrated remediation of an actual organic-contaminated site. The degradation efficiency mainly reached 60%-99% for Benz[a]anthracene, Benzo[a]pyrene and total petroleum hydrocarbons (TPHs). MAH/PS was more effective in degrading Benzene and 1,2-Dichloroethane with simple molecular configurations. The pollutant degradation efficiencies decreased with increasing site depth and increased with increasing pollutant concentrations. Migration with RW enhanced site remediation. By monitoring the groundwater after remediation, it was found that residual TPHs presented anomalous diffusion; SO42- ranged from 8.00 to 237.00 mg L-1 to 8.00-290.00 mg L-1 and pH presented alkalescence (7.00-8.20). Mathematical models were established to describe the reaction process including the solubility equilibrium of calcium hydroxide, temperature equilibrium, and reaction kinetics. Moreover, MAH/PS provided a cost-saving approach for site remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qihui Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China
| | - Feng Shi
- People's Government of Changjiang Town in Rugao, Nantong, 226532, China
| | - Hong You
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China; School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, 264209, China.
| | - Shutao Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150090, China.
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Abstract
Traditionally fly ash is thought to be glassy, spherical particle originating from pulverized coal combustion (PCC) at temperature up to 1700 °C. However, nowadays fluidized bed combustion (FBC) technology is spreading quickly around the world as it is an efficient and environmentally friendly method. FBC is also able to utilize mixtures of low-grade solid fuels (e.g., coal, lignite, biomass, and waste) that have fluctuating quality, composition, and moisture contents. However, this leads to a high variation in the produced fly ash quality, unlike PCC fly ash, and hence challenges when attempting to utilize this fly ash. In this study, the utilization of fluidized bed combustion fly ash (FBCFA) was reviewed using the Scopus database. The most promising utilization target for FBCFA from biomass combustion is as a fertilizer and soil amendment. In construction, the FBCFA from various fuels is utilized as cement replacement material, in non-cement binders, as lightweight aggregates and cast-concrete products. Other types of construction applications include mine backfilling material, soil stabilizer, and road construction material. There are also other promising applications for FBCFA utilization, such as catalysts support material and utilization in waste stabilization.
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Inorganic Waste Generated in Kraft Pulp Mills: The Transition from Landfill to Industrial Applications. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10072317] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Kraft pulp mills produce the main raw material for paper, while several waste products are generated in large quantities in the process. This review study addresses four of the main inorganic wastes formed by this industry, namely green liquor dregs (GLD), slaker grits (SG), lime mud (LM) and boiler fly ash (BFA), which are still mostly discarded in landfills. A brief overview of a typical industrial process was included to outline the waste generation points. The main chemical and physical properties are indicated for highlighting the most relevant characteristics to determine which applications may be considered in each case. An in-depth literature review allowed the identification of the main applications that have been tested mainly at the laboratory scale and some at an industrial scale. The applications are grouped into construction materials, geotechnical, environmental, agricultural and others. This assessment shows that the circular economy and the sustainable development goals of the UN are important issues for organizations in general, and the pulp mill in particular. In fact, this industry has managed to close the chemicals loops, recover energy and reduce water consumption in the process. However, the current situation of inorganic waste can still be improved if industrial applications are developed to avoid landfill.
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Blasco J, Barata C, Navas JM. Summary of the special issue. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 706:134934. [PMID: 31855651 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
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