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van der Schyff V, Kalina J, Abballe A, Iamiceli AL, Govarts E, Melymuk L. Has Regulatory Action Reduced Human Exposure to Flame Retardants? ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:19106-19124. [PMID: 37992205 PMCID: PMC10702444 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.3c02896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2023] [Revised: 08/10/2023] [Accepted: 09/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/24/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardant (FR) exposure has been linked to several environmental and human health effects. Because of this, the production and use of several FRs are regulated globally. We reviewed the available records of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and hexabromocyclododecanes (HBCDDs) in human breast milk from literature to evaluate the efficacy of regulation to reduce the exposure of FRs to humans. Two-hundred and seven studies were used for analyses to determine the spatial and temporal trends of FR exposure. North America consistently had the highest concentrations of PBDEs, while Asia and Oceania dominated HBCDD exposure. BDE-49 and -99 indicated decreasing temporal trends in most regions. BDE-153, with a longer half-life than the aforementioned isomers, typically exhibited a plateau in breast milk levels. No conclusive trend could be established for HBCDD, and insufficient information was available to determine a temporal trend for BDE-209. Breakpoint analyses indicated a significant decrease in BDE-47 and -99 in Europe around the time that regulation has been implemented, suggesting a positive effect of regulation on FR exposure. However, very few studies have been conducted globally (specifically in North America) after 2013, during the time when the most recent regulations have been implemented. This meta-analysis provides insight into global trends in human exposure to PBDEs and HBCDD, but the remaining uncertainty highlights the need for ongoing evaluation and monitoring, even after a compound group is regulated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jiří Kalina
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech
Republic
| | - Annalisa Abballe
- Department
of Environment and Health, Italian National
Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Laura Iamiceli
- Department
of Environment and Health, Italian National
Institute for Health, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Eva Govarts
- VITO
Health, Flemish Institute for Technological
Research (VITO), 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX,
Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, 61137 Brno, Czech
Republic
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2
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Simpson AM, Nutile SA, Hodgson OC, Russell AE, Keyes JD, Wood CC, Buckanovich RJ. Evaluating the trophic transfer of PCBs from fish to humans: Insights from a synergism of environmental monitoring and physiologically-based pharmacokinetic modeling. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 336:122419. [PMID: 37598933 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023]
Abstract
Accumulation of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) within fish tissues has prompted many states to issue consumption advisories. In Pennsylvania such advisories suggest one meal per month for most game species harvested from Lake Erie; however, these advisories do not account for the emergent properties of regional PCB mixtures, and the downstream accumulation of PCB congeners into human tissues is poorly documented. This study aimed to demonstrate the utility of pairing environmental monitoring with pharmacokinetic modeling for the purpose of estimating dietary PCB exposure in humans. We qualified and quantified the PCB congeners present in the filets of five Lake Erie fish species and used these data to estimate exposure under consumption scenarios that matched or exceeded the advisories. Physiologically-based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) modeling was then employed to predict PCB accumulation within seven tissue compartments of a hypothetical man and woman over 10 years. Twenty-one congeners were detected between the five fish species at concentrations ranging from 56.0 to 411.7 ng/g. Predicted accumulation in human tissues varied based on tissue type, the species consumed, biological sex, and fish-consumption rate. Notably, steady-state concentrations were higher in fatty tissue compartments ("Fat" and "Liver") and across all tissues in women compared to men. This study serves as a preliminary blueprint for generating predictions of site-specific and tissue-specific exposure through the integration of environmental monitoring and pharmacokinetic modeling. Although the details may vary across applications, this simple approach could complement traditional exposure assessments for vulnerable communities in the Great Lakes region that continue to suffer from legacy contamination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam M Simpson
- School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA.
| | - Samuel A Nutile
- School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Olivia C Hodgson
- School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Ashley E Russell
- School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Jeremiah D Keyes
- School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Cody C Wood
- School of Science, Pennsylvania State University, The Behrend College, Erie, PA, 16563, USA
| | - Ronald J Buckanovich
- Women's Cancer Research Center, Magee-Womens Research Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
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3
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Herceg Romanić S, Milićević T, Jovanović G, Matek Sarić M, Mendaš G, Fingler S, Jakšić G, Popović A, Relić D. Persistent organic pollutants in Croatian breast milk: An overview of pollutant levels and infant health risk assessment from 1976 to the present. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 179:113990. [PMID: 37597765 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.113990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/14/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
This review article summarizes our research of persistent organic pollutants (POPs) in human milk from Croatian mothers over the last few decades. Our studies make up the bulk of all POPs research in human milk in Croatia and show a state-of-the art in the research area. The first investigations were made in 1970's. Aim of our review article is to document the comprehensive results over several decades as the best tool to: 1.) contribute to understanding of POPs and their potential health risks, 2.) evaluate effectiveness of legislative bans and restrictions on human exposure to POPs in Croatia, and 3.) to suggest further actions. In our review we discuss: 1.) Human milk between 2011 and 2014 - evaluation of interrelations of organochlorine pesticides (OCP) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) in human milk and their association with the mother's age and parity using artificial intelligence methods; and our yet unpublished research data on health risks for infants assessed through daily PCB and OCP intake. 2.) Time trends of PCB and OCP in human milk between 1976 and 2014. 3.) polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofuran (PCDD/F) in human milk in 2000., and yet unpublished data on PCDD/F and polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) in 2014.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snježana Herceg Romanić
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tijana Milićević
- Environmental Physics Laboratory, Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Gordana Jovanović
- Environmental Physics Laboratory, Institute of Physics Belgrade, National Institute of the Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, Pregrevica 118, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia; Singidunum University, Danijelova 32, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marijana Matek Sarić
- Department of Health Studies, University of Zadar, Splitska 1, 23000, Zadar, Croatia
| | - Gordana Mendaš
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia.
| | - Sanja Fingler
- Institute for Medical Research and Occupational Health, Ksaverska Cesta 2, 10001, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Goran Jakšić
- Aquatika-Freshwater Aquarium Karlovac, Ulica Branka Čavlovića Čavleka 1/A, 47000, Karlovac, Croatia
| | - Aleksandar Popović
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Dubravka Relić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Chemistry, Studentski Trg 12-16, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
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4
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Georgieva SK, Trifonova T, Peteva Z. Investigation of polychlorinated biphenyls in breast milk from two regions in Bulgaria. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2023; 251:114184. [PMID: 37159972 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2023.114184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Revised: 04/07/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Human breast milk is an optimally balanced infant food and a suitable tool for assessing the burden of humans with lipophilic persistent organic pollutants. The aim of this study was to investigate the accumulation profile of polychlorinated biphenyls in breast milk of women living in Bulgaria and to assess the health risk to infants. Breast milk samples were obtained from 72 healthy primiparae and multiparae mothers, living in two regions in northeastern Bulgaria - Varna region and Dobrich region, in the period October 2019-July 2021. Important information for the study, such as age, body mass, smoking and dietary habits, was collected through a questionnaire. Fifteen congeners of PCBs, including six indicator congeners, were determined by capillary gas chromatography system with mass spectrometry detection. The lipid content of the tested samples was in the range from 0.5% to 6.7%, with average value 3.25%. The six indicator PCBs in human milk samples formed up to 89% of the total PCBs levels. The most abundant congener was PCB 153, followed by PCB 138 and PCB 180. Five of the 15 PCB congeners (77, 126, 128, 156, 169) were not detected in any of the milk samples. The arithmetic mean PCB levels in milk samples from Varna (32.7 ng/g lw) were found higher than PCB levels in breast milk of mothers from Dobrich (22.5 ng/g lw). The highest PCB levels were found in milk samples from primiparae mothers in 36-40 age group (for both regions). Infant exposure to PCBs present in human milk was estimated using toxic equivalents (TEQ). The health risk to infants was assessed and was compared to the tolerable daily intake (TDI). Positive correlation was found between the arithmetic mean PCBs levels and two important factors - the age and body mass index of the primiparae group. The mean values of the analyzed PCB congeners in breast milk samples from multiparae were lower than in those from primiparae mothers. The regional differences in PCB concentrations were small, suggesting similar exposures in the studied regions. The levels of PCBs in breast milk were found lower than levels from studies in other European countries. Statistical data does not show any association between PCB levels in milk and dietary habits. The results showed that infants are not at risk of any adverse effects caused by PCBs through breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Temenuga Trifonova
- Department of Chemistry, Medical University - Varna, 55 Marin Drinov str, 9002, Varna, Bulgaria.
| | - Zlatina Peteva
- Department of Chemistry, Medical University - Varna, 55 Marin Drinov str, 9002, Varna, Bulgaria
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5
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Dubbelboer IR, Le Roux-Pullen L, Gehring R. Systematic review of physiologically based kinetic lactation models for transfer of xenobiotic compounds to milk. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2023; 467:116495. [PMID: 36996912 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2023.116495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2023] [Accepted: 03/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023]
Abstract
Lactational elimination has been described mathematically for nearly 50 years. Over 40 published articles, containing >50 physiologically based kinetic (PBK) lactation models were included in the systematic review. These PBK models described the lactational elimination of xenobiotic compounds in humans, rats, mice, and dairy cows and goats. A total of 78 compounds have been modelled, ranging from industrial chemicals, pesticides, to pain medication, antibiotics, and caffeine. Few models included several species or compounds, and models were thus generally not translational or generic. Three dairy cow models mechanistically described the intramammary disposition of pharmaceuticals after intramammary administration, including volume changes caused by milking, while empirically describing the remaining pharmacokinetics. The remaining models were semi- or whole body PBK models, describing long-term exposure of environmental pollutants, or short-term exposure of pharmaceuticals. The absolute majority described the disposition to the mammary gland or milk with perfusion limited compartments, but permeability limited models were available as well. With long-term exposure, models often included changes in milk volume and/or consumption by the offspring, and changes in body weight of offspring. Periodic emptying of the mammary gland, as with feeding or milking, was sparsely applied. Rodent models used similar physiological parameters, while values of physiological parameters applied in human models could range widely. When milk composition was included in the models, it most often included the fat content. The review gives an extensive overview of the applied functions and modelling strategies of PBK lactation models.
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6
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Sana S, Qadir A, Evans NP, Mumtaz M, Javaid A, Khan A, Kashif SUR, Rehman HU, Hashmi MZ. Human health risk surveillance of polychlorinated biphenyls in bovine milk from alluvial plain of Punjab, Pakistan. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:12965-12978. [PMID: 36121631 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22942-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 09/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Punjab is the leading province of Pakistan in the production of bovine milk and its consumption. Rapid industrialization, high energy demand, and the production of waste have increased the risk of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) toxicity in the environment. This research work was designed to assess human dietary exposure of ∑PCBs17 congeners through ingestion of buffalo and cow's milk from eight main districts of Punjab, Pakistan. The average concentrations of ∑DL-PCBs (8.74 ng g-1 and 14.60 ng g-1) and ∑I-PCBs (11.54 ng g-1 and 18.68 ng g-1) in buffalo and cow milk samples were analyzed, respectively. The PCB-156 was predominantly high congener found in both buffalo (2.84 ng g-1) and cow milk (2.86 ng g-1). It was found that the highest PCBs in bovine milk samples were observed in close vicinities of urban and industrial areas. The estimated daily consumptions of DL-PCBs and I-PCBs, from buffalo and cow milk, were below the acceptable daily intake for both adults and children. Moreover, hazard quotients (HQ) of the ∑PCBs17 congener value were less than 1.0 in adults and greater in the case of children reflecting the high chances of cancer. Furthermore, comprehensive monitoring for childhood cancer is recommended to establish the relationship in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saman Sana
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Abdul Qadir
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan.
| | - Neil P Evans
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, Scotland
| | - Mehvish Mumtaz
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of the Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ambreena Javaid
- Department of Geography, Kinnaird College for Women University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Amjad Khan
- Lahore Garrison University, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Saif-Ur-Rehman Kashif
- Department of Environmental Sciences, University of Veterinary & Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Habib Ur Rehman
- Faculty of Biosciences, University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Lahore, Pakistan
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7
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Komprdová K, Domínguez-Romero E, Sharma BM, Komprda J, Melymuk L, Murínová ĽP, Čonka K, Trnovec T, Černá M, Drobná B, Fabišiková A, Sejáková ZS, Scheringer M. Application of a pharmacokinetic model in characterizing sources of polychlorinated biphenyl exposure and determining threshold daily intakes for adverse health effects in infants and toddlers. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 830:154734. [PMID: 35337869 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2021] [Revised: 02/27/2022] [Accepted: 03/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Characterization of PCB exposure sources for vulnerable population groups is essential to minimize the health effects of PCB exposure. At the same time, it is important to consolidate the knowledge on threshold intakes of PCBs for infants and toddlers to prevent health effects. We estimated total PCB concentrations from birth to 2 years of age in children from Slovak and Czech populations, which continue to have high PCB concentrations in breast milk. Using a pharmacokinetic (PK) model, we characterized dominant PCB exposure sources and estimated new threshold estimated daily intakes (TEDI) (above which adverse effects cannot be excluded) for postnatal PCB exposure in infants and toddlers. In the PK model, concentrations of seven indicator PCBs in breast milk and cord blood samples from 291 mother-child pairs from the Slovak birth cohort, and 396 breast milk samples from Czech mothers we used, together with their physiological characteristics and PCB concentrations from other exposure sources (food, dust, air). The estimated total PCB concentrations in children's blood at different ages were compared with threshold PCB concentrations of 500, 700 and 1000 ng·glipid-1 in serum proposed by the French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health & Safety (ANSES) and the German Environment Agency (UBA), above which possible adverse health effects may be expected. We estimated that up to 20.6% of Slovak children and up to 45.7% of Czech children at two years of age exceeded the threshold value of 700 ng·glipid-1 in blood. Mean TEDIs leading to values of 500 ng·glipid-1 in blood for children up to two years ranged between 110 and 220 ng·kg-1·bw·day-1, varying according to breastfeeding duration. Breast milk and prenatal exposure contributed to 71%-85% of PCBs exposure at two years of age. In contrast, the contributions of PCBs from dust and indoor air were negligible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klára Komprdová
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | - Brij Mohan Sharma
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Jiří Komprda
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Lisa Melymuk
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
| | - Ľubica Palkovičová Murínová
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Kamil Čonka
- Department of Toxic Organic Pollutants, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Tomáš Trnovec
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Public Health, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 83303 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Milena Černá
- National Institute of Public Health, Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Beata Drobná
- Department of Toxic Organic Pollutants, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Anna Fabišiková
- Department of Toxic Organic Pollutants, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Zuzana Stachová Sejáková
- Department of Toxic Organic Pollutants, Faculty of Medicine, Slovak Medical University, Limbová 12, 833 03 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Scheringer
- RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno, Czech Republic.
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Melymuk L, Blumenthal J, Sáňka O, Shu-Yin A, Singla V, Šebková K, Pullen Fedinick K, Diamond ML. Persistent Problem: Global Challenges to Managing PCBs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:9029-9040. [PMID: 35647669 PMCID: PMC9228072 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c01204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), "famous" as persistent organic pollutants (POPs), have been managed nationally since the 1970s and globally under the Stockholm Convention on POPs since 2004, requiring environmentally sound management (ESM) of PCBs by 2028. At most, 30% of countries are on track to achieve ESM by 2028. Globally over 10 million tonnes of PCB-containing materials remain, mostly in countries lacking the ability to manage PCB waste. Canada (Ontario) and Czechia, both parties to the Stockholm Convention, are close to achieving the 2028 goal, having reduced their stocks of pure PCBs by 99% in the past 10 years. In contrast, the USA, not a party to the Stockholm Convention, continues to have a substantial but poorly inventoried stock of PCBs and only ∼3% decrease in mass of PCBs since 2006. PCB management, which depends on Stockholm Convention support and national compliance, portends major challenges for POP management. The failure to manage global PCB stocks >30 years after the end of production highlights the urgent need to prioritize reducing production and use of newer, more widely distributed POPs such as chlorinated paraffins and per- and polyfluorinated alkyl substances, as these management challenges are unlikely to be resolved in the coming decades.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Melymuk
- Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Jonathan Blumenthal
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Ondřej Sáňka
- Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Adriana Shu-Yin
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Veena Singla
- Healthy
People & Thriving Communities Program, Natural Resources Defense Council, San Francisco, California 94104, United States
| | - Kateřina Šebková
- Faculty
of Science, Masaryk University, Kotlarska 2, Brno 611 37, Czech Republic
| | - Kristi Pullen Fedinick
- Science
Office, Natural Resources Defense Council, Washington, D.C. 20005, United States
| | - Miriam L. Diamond
- Department
of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
- School
of the Environment, University of Toronto, 149 College Street, Toronto, Ontario M5T 1P5, Canada
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Crépet A, Vasseur P, Jean J, Badot PM, Nesslany F, Vernoux JP, Feidt C, Mhaouty-Kodja S. Integrating Selection and Risk Assessment of Chemical Mixtures: A Novel Approach Applied to a Breast Milk Survey. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:35001. [PMID: 35238606 PMCID: PMC8893236 DOI: 10.1289/ehp8262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND One of the main challenges of modern risk assessment is to account for combined exposure to the multitude of various substances present in food and the environment. OBJECTIVE The present work proposes a methodological approach to perform chemical risk assessment of contaminant mixtures across regulatory silos regarding an extensive range of substances and to do so when comprehensive relevant data concerning the specific effects and modes of action of the mixture components are not available. METHODS We developed a complete step-by-step approach using statistical methods to prioritize substances involved in combined exposure, and we used a component-based approach to cumulate the risk using dose additivity. The most relevant toxicological end point and the associated reference point were selected from the literature to construct a toxicological threshold for each substance. DISCUSSION By applying the proposed method to contaminants in breast milk, we observed that among the 19 substances comprising the selected mixture, ∑DDT, ∑PCBi, and arsenic were main joint contributors to the risk of neurodevelopmental and thyroid effects for infants. In addition, ∑PCCD/F contributed to the thyroid effect and ∑aldrin-dieldrin to the neurodevelopmental effect. Our case study on contaminants in breast milk demonstrated the importance of crossing regulatory silos when studying mixtures and the importance of identifying risk drivers to regulate the risk related to environmental contamination. Applying this method to another set of data, such as human biomonitoring or in ecotoxicology, will reinforce its relevance for risk assessment. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP8262.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amélie Crépet
- Methodology and Studies Unit, Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Paule Vasseur
- Université de Lorraine, Centre national de la recherche scientifique (CNRS), Laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux, Metz, France
| | - Julien Jean
- Methodology and Studies Unit, Risk Assessment Department, French Agency for Food, Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Pierre-Marie Badot
- Chrono-Environment Department, Franche-Comté University, CNRS, Besançon, France
| | - Fabrice Nesslany
- Université de Lille, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, EA4483-IMPacts de l’Environnement Chimique sur la Santé Humaine, Lille, France
- Laboratoire de Toxicologie Génétique, Institut Pasteur de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Jean-Paul Vernoux
- Université de Caen Normandie, Unité de Recherche Aliments Bioprocédés Toxicologie Environnements, EA4651, Caen, France
| | - Cyril Feidt
- Université de Lorraine, Unité de Recherche Animal et Fonctionnalités des Produits Animaux, Nancy, France
| | - Sakina Mhaouty-Kodja
- Sorbonne Université, CNRS, Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale, Neuroscience Paris Seine—Institut de Biologie Paris Seine, Paris, France
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10
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Yu C, Wen Q, Ren Q, Du Y, Xie X. Polychlorinated biphenyl congener 180 (PCB 180) regulates mitotic clonal expansion and enhances adipogenesis through modulation of C/EBPβ SUMOylation in preadipocytes. Food Chem Toxicol 2021; 152:112205. [PMID: 33864839 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2021.112205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
PCB 180 is a typical non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyl (NDL-PCB). It is one of the most prevalent PCB-congeners found in human adipose tissue. However, the role of PCB 180 in obesity remains poorly understood. The aim of this study was to explore the adipogenic effect and mechanism of PCB 180. Significant enhancement in adipogenesis was observed when differentiating murine 3T3-L1 preadipocytes or human preadipocytes-visceral (HPA-v) that were exposed to PCB 180. Furthermore, exposure to PCB 180 during the first two days was critical to the adipogenic effect. According to results from sequential cell cycle analyses, cell counting, BrdU incorporation, and cyclin D1, cyclin B1, and p27 protein quantification, PCB 180 was found to enhance mitotic clonal expansion (MCE) during early adipogenic differentiation. Molecular mechanistic investigation revealed that PCB 180 promoted accumulation of the C/EBPβ protein, a key regulator that controls MCE. Finally, it was found that PCB 180 mitigated degradation of the C/EBPβ protein by repressing the SUMOylation and subsequent ubiquitination of C/EBPβ by the upregulation of SENP2. In summary, it was shown for the first time that PCB 180 facilitated adipogenesis by alleviating C/EBPβ protein SUMOylation. This result provides novel evidence regarding obesogenic effect of PCB 180.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caixia Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Chemical Sciences and College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qing Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Chemical Sciences and College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Qidong Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Chemical Sciences and College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Yuguo Du
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China; College of Chemical Sciences and College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China; National Engineering Research Center for Carbohydrate Synthesis, Jiangxi Normal University, Nanchang, 330022, Jiangxi, China.
| | - Xinni Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Eco-Toxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100085, China.
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11
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Lee CC, Chang WH, Hung CF, Chen HL. Fish consumption is an indicator of exposure to non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls in cumulative risk assessments based on a probabilistic and sensitive approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 268:115732. [PMID: 33045582 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Accepted: 09/23/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The health effects of non-dioxin like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) include liver, immune, neurodevelopmental, and neurobehavioral effects in addition to hormone alteration. Among 209 PCB congeners, six indicator PCBs (ICES-6) account for about half of NDL-PCBs present in feed and food. The objectives of the current study were first to examine the levels of total PCBs, NDL-PCBs, and ICES-6 PCBs in 200 foods commonly consumed in Taiwan and, second, to estimate the cumulative health risks of NDL-PCB consumption. We suggest a risk management strategy that identifies foodstuffs with particularly high NDL-PCB content. In 200 food samples, which were grouped into 12 categories and 64 food types, 51 PCB congeners were detected. The concentrations of ICES-6 PCBs in all samples were lower than the maximum levels for NDL-PCBs in foodstuffs set by the European Union. PCB-153, PCB-138, and PCB-180 were the major congeners in all food, indicating that the food was contaminated in the past. ICES-6 PCBs contributed 42.2%-52.9% of total NDL-PCBs in all tested foodstuffs. The average estimated daily intake (EDI) of PCBs ranged from 1.22 ng/kg bw/day to 2.89 ng/kg bw/day in different age groups (95th quantile [P95]: 4.12-10.28 ng/kg bw/day). The P95 EDI in 3-6-year-olds was higher than 10 ng/kg/day. A qualitative sensitivity analysis in ICES-6 PCBs exposure showed that for the 3- to 6-year-old group, the highest sensitivity was how much fish they ate (37.6%) and its concentration (32.5%). The consumption of pork, eggs, fish, and other seafood accounts for over 90% of ICES-6 PCBs intake, and these foods should be highlighted in guidelines regarding NDL-PCB intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ching-Chang Lee
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances Research Center, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiung Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances Research Center, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Feng Hung
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances Research Center, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Hsiu-Ling Chen
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, National Cheng Kung University, Taiwan; Department of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances Research Center, Medical College, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan.
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12
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Ellsworth L, McCaffery H, Chernyak S, Lam S, Sargis RM, Padmanabhan V, Gregg B. Lactational exposure to polychlorinated biphenyls is higher in overweight /obese women and associated with altered infant growth trajectory: A pilot study. Curr Res Toxicol 2020; 1:133-140. [PMID: 34345842 PMCID: PMC8320629 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2020.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Human milk levels of PCBs are higher in mothers with overweight and obesity. Lactational exposure to PCBs is associated with alterations in development. Lactational expsures to PCBs in human milk are associated with slower infant growth patterns.
Background Infant exposure to environmental chemicals, such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), may contribute to developmental programming of long-term metabolic disease risk. PCBs persist given their lipophilicity and long half-lives, allowing them to bio-accumulate in adipose tissue. These compounds can then be excreted into maternal milk resulting in infant exposure. Objective To determine the level of PCBs in milk from mothers with pre-pregnancy overweight and obese (OW/OB) versus normal weight status (NW) and evaluate the association of milk PCB levels with infant growth over the first 6 months of life. Methods A pilot study of a subset of milk samples from mothers with NW (pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) < 25 kg/m2, n = 11) and OW/OB (pre-pregnancy BMI ≥ 25 kg/m2, n = 8) were examined approximately 2-weeks postpartum. PCB congeners 138 + 163, 132 + 153, 180, and the sum were measured using gas chromatography/mass spectrometry and adjusted for milk fat content. Infant growth was monitored from birth to 6 months for weight-for-age (WFA), length-for-age (LFA), weight-for-length (WFL), head circumference-for-age (HCA), and associations with milk PCB content determined using linear mixed modeling. Results Total milk fat content did not differ by maternal weight status (p = 0.88). Milk from mothers with OW/OB had significantly higher PCB sum (p = 0.02) and PCB 138 + 163 (p = 0.03). PCB 132 + 153 (β −0.0008, p = 0.0218), PCB 180 (β −0.0010, p = 0.0279), and PCB sum (β −0.0006, p = 0.0138) were negatively associated with HCA Z-score growth to 6 months. PCB 180 was negatively associated with infant WFA (β −0.0015, p = 0.0058) and WFL Z-score (β −0.0016, p = 0.0263) to 6 months. There were no associations of PCB sum content with WFL, LFA, WFL Z-score over the first 6 months of life. Conclusions Maternal overweight and obesity are associated with higher levels of total PCB congeners (132, 138, 153, 163, 180) in human milk. PCB congeners have negative associations with infant head circumference and weight trajectory over the first 6 months of life.
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Key Words
- BMI, Body mass index
- EDCs, Endocrine disrupting chemicals
- GC/MS, Gas chromatography/mass spectrometry
- HCA, Head circumference-for-age
- HMA, Human Milk Analyzer
- Human milk
- IMAGE, Infant Metabolism and Gestational Endocrinopathies
- Infant growth
- LFA, Length-for-age
- LOD, Limit of detection
- PCBs, Polychlorinated biphenyls
- Polychlorinated biphenyls
- WFA, Weight-for-age
- WFL, Weight-for-length
- WHO, World Health Organization
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindsay Ellsworth
- Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, 1540 E. Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Corresponding author at: Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, 1540 E Medical Center Drive, 8-621 Mott/4254, Ann Arbor, MI 48109-4254, United States.
| | - Harlan McCaffery
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, 300 N Ingalls St, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Sergei Chernyak
- Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, 1415 Washington Heights, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Stephanie Lam
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Robert M. Sargis
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, 835 S. Wolcott, Chicago, IL, United States
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
| | - Brigid Gregg
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan, 1540 E. Medical Center Drive, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States
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13
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Pajewska-Szmyt M, Sinkiewicz-Darol E, Bernatowicz-Łojko U, Kowalkowski T, Gadzała-Kopciuch R, Buszewski B. QuEChERS extraction coupled to GC-MS for a fast determination of polychlorinated biphenyls in breast milk from Polish women. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:30988-30999. [PMID: 31452126 PMCID: PMC6828831 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-06201-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in breast milk has been determined. Therefore, it was necessary to develop and adapt an analytical method to analyze PCB compounds. The whole procedure was applied to 31 breast milk samples, which were collected from Polish mothers. The QuEChERS method was optimized as a fast and cheap sample preparation method. The procedure allowed us to obtain recovery values between 96.46% and 119.98% with acceptable relative standard deviations (3.36-12.71%). Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC-MS) was used for final determination. The method was validated using parameters such as linearity, limit of detection and quantification, intra-day precision, and reproducibility. The mean concentration of ∑iPCBs in this study was 30.94 ng/g of lipid. Assigned daily intake of PCBs was lower than the tolerable daily intake, which shows that the analyzed milk is safe to the infants. However, the monitoring of PCBs in milk is still important, and the QuEChERS method with GC-MS can be an effective tool for tracking organic impurities in breast milk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martyna Pajewska-Szmyt
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Elena Sinkiewicz-Darol
- Ludwik Rydygier Provincial Polyclinic Hospital in Toruń, Human Milk Bank, Św. Józefa 53-59, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Human Milk Bank Foundation, 128J Podkowy St., 04-937 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Urszula Bernatowicz-Łojko
- Ludwik Rydygier Provincial Polyclinic Hospital in Toruń, Human Milk Bank, Św. Józefa 53-59, 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Human Milk Bank Foundation, 128J Podkowy St., 04-937 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Tomasz Kowalkowski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Renata Gadzała-Kopciuch
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
| | - Bogusław Buszewski
- Department of Environmental Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Faculty of Chemistry, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, 7 Gagarin St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
- Interdisciplinary Centre for Modern Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 4 Wileńska St., 87-100 Toruń, Poland
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