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Cao X, Mo Y, Zhang F, Zhou Y, Liu YD, Zhong R. Reaction sites of pyrimidine bases and nucleosides during chlorination: A computational study. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 358:142189. [PMID: 38688350 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.142189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/26/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
As important components of soluble microbial products in water, nucleobases have attracted much attention due to the high toxicity of their direct aromatic halogenated disinfection by-products (AH-DBPs) during chlorination. However, multiple halogenation sites of AH-DBPs pose challenges to identify them. In this study, reaction sites of pyrimidine bases and nucleosides during chlorination were investigated by quantum chemical computational method. The results indicate that the anion salt forms play key roles in chlorination of uracil, thymine, and their nucleosides, while neutral forms make predominant contributions to cytosine and cytidine. In view of both kinetics and thermodynamics, C5 is the most reactive site for uracil and thymine, N3/C5 and N3 for respective uridine and thymidine, N1/C5/N4 and N4 for respective cytosine and cytidine, whose estimated apparent rate constants kobs-est of ∼103, 103/102, 106/102/104, and 103 M-1 s-1, respectively, in consistent with the known experimental results. C6 in all pyrimidine compounds is hardly attacked by Cl+ in HOCl ascribed to its positive charge, but readily attacked by OH‾ in hydrolysis and the N1=C6 bond was found to possess the highest reactivity in hydrolysis among all double bonds. In addition, the structure-kinetic reactivity relationship study reveals a relatively strong correlation between lgkobs-est and APT charge in all pyrimidine compounds rather than FED2 (HOMO). The results are helpful to further understand the reactivity of various reaction sites in aromatic compounds during chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Yonghang Mo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Fuhao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
| | - Yong Dong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China.
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing, 100124, China
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Tang Q, Deng L, Mao Y, Fu S, Luo W, Huang T, Hu J, Singh RP. Formation and toxicity alteration of halonitromethanes from Chlorella vulgaris during UV/chloramination process involving bromide ion. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 359:121034. [PMID: 38703649 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2024.121034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2024] [Revised: 04/24/2024] [Accepted: 04/26/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
Frequent algal blooms cause algal cells and their algal organic matter (AOM) to become critical precursors of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during water treatment. The presence of bromide ion (Br-) in water has been demonstrated to affect the formation laws and species distribution of DBPs. However, few researchers have addressed the formation and toxicity alteration of halonitromethanes (HNMs) from algae during disinfection in the presence of Br-. Therefore, in this work, Chlorella vulgaris was selected as a representative algal precursor to investigate the formation and toxicity alteration of HNMs during UV/chloramination involving Br-. The results showed that the formation concentration of HNMs increased and then decreased during UV/chloramination. The intracellular organic matter of Chlorella vulgaris was more susceptible to form HNMs than the extracellular organic matter. When the Br-: Cl2 mass ratio was raised from 0.004 to 0.08, the peak of HNMs total concentration increased 33.99%, and the cytotoxicity index and genotoxicity index of HNMs increased 67.94% and 22.80%. Besides, the formation concentration and toxicity of HNMs increased with increasing Chlorella vulgaris concentration but decreased with increasing solution pH. Possible formation pathways of HNMs from Chlorella vulgaris during UV/chloramination involving Br- were proposed based on the alteration of nitrogen species and fluorescence spectrum analysis. Furthermore, the formation laws of HNMs from Chlorella vulgaris in real water samples were similar to those in deionized water samples. This study contributes to a better comprehension of HNMs formation from Chlorella vulgaris and provides valuable information for water managers to reduce hazards associated with the formation of HNMs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Tang
- Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Lin Deng
- Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China.
| | - Yuyang Mao
- Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Shuang Fu
- Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Wei Luo
- Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Tingting Huang
- Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Jun Hu
- Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China; College of Environment, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Rajendra Prasad Singh
- Key Laboratory of Concrete and Prestressed Concrete Structures of Ministry of Education, School of Civil Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
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Zhang F, Mo Y, Cao X, Zhou Y, Liu YD, Zhong R. Identification of reaction sites and chlorinated products of purine bases and nucleosides during chlorination: a computational study. Org Biomol Chem 2024; 22:2851-2862. [PMID: 38516867 DOI: 10.1039/d3ob02111d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
Hypochlorous acid (HOCl) released from activated leukocytes plays a significant role in the human immune system, but is also implicated in numerous diseases due to its inappropriate production. Chlorinated nucleobases induce genetic changes that potentially enable and stimulate carcinogenesis, and thus have attracted considerable attention. However, their multiple halogenation sites pose challenges to identify them. As a good complement to experiments, quantum chemical computation was used to uncover chlorination sites and chlorinated products in this study. The results indicate that anion salt forms of all purine compounds play significant roles in chlorination except for adenosine. The kinetic reactivity order of all reaction sites in terms of the estimated apparent rate constant kobs-est (in M-1 s-1) is heterocyclic NH/N (102-107) > exocyclic NH2 (10-2-10) > heterocyclic C8 (10-5-10-1), but the order is reversed for thermodynamics. Combining kinetics and thermodynamics, the numerical simulation results show that N9 is the most reactive site for purine bases to form the main initial chlorinated product, while for purine nucleosides N1 and exocyclic N2/N6 are the most reactive sites to produce the main products controlled by kinetics and thermodynamics, respectively, and C8 is a possible site to generate the minor product. The formation mechanisms of biomarker 8-Cl- and 8-oxo-purine derivatives were also investigated. Additionally, the structure-kinetic reactivity relationship study reveals a good correlation between lg kobs-est and APT charge in all purine compounds compared to FED2 (HOMO), which proves again that the electrostatic interaction plays a key role. The results are helpful to further understand the reactivity of various reaction sites in aromatic compounds during chlorination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuhao Zhang
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Yonghang Mo
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Xiaomin Cao
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Yingying Zhou
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Yong Dong Liu
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
| | - Rugang Zhong
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmental and Viral Oncology, College of Chemistry and Life Science, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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Hofman‐Caris R, Dingemans M, Reus A, Shaikh SM, Muñoz Sierra J, Karges U, der Beek TA, Nogueiro E, Lythgo C, Parra Morte JM, Bastaki M, Serafimova R, Friel A, Court Marques D, Uphoff A, Bielska L, Putzu C, Ruggeri L, Papadaki P. Guidance document on the impact of water treatment processes on residues of active substances or their metabolites in water abstracted for the production of drinking water. EFSA J 2023; 21:e08194. [PMID: 37644961 PMCID: PMC10461463 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2023.8194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/31/2023] Open
Abstract
This guidance document provides a tiered framework for risk assessors and facilitates risk managers in making decisions concerning the approval of active substances (AS) that are chemicals in plant protection products (PPPs) and biocidal products, and authorisation of the products. Based on the approaches presented in this document, a conclusion can be drawn on the impact of water treatment processes on residues of the AS or its metabolites in surface water and/or groundwater abstracted for the production of drinking water, i.e. the formation of transformation products (TPs). This guidance enables the identification of actual public health concerns from exposure to harmful compounds generated during the processing of water for the production of drinking water, and it focuses on water treatment methods commonly used in the European Union (EU). The tiered framework determines whether residues from PPP use or residues from biocidal product use can be present in water at water abstraction locations. Approaches, including experimental methods, are described that can be used to assess whether harmful TPs may form during water treatment and, if so, how to assess the impact of exposure to these water treatment TPs (tTPs) and other residues including environmental TPs (eTPs) on human and domesticated animal health through the consumption of TPs via drinking water. The types of studies or information that would be required are described while avoiding vertebrate testing as much as possible. The framework integrates the use of weight-of-evidence and, when possible alternative (new approach) methods to avoid as far as possible the need for additional testing.
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Wang C, Li Q, Ge F, Hu Z, He P, Chen D, Xu D, Wang P, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Wu Z, Zhou Q. Responses of aquatic organisms downstream from WWTPs to disinfectants and their by-products during the COVID-19 pandemic, Wuhan. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 818:151711. [PMID: 34800457 PMCID: PMC8598251 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.151711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The outbreak of COVID-19 has led to the large-scale usage of chlorinated disinfectants in cities. Disinfectants and disinfection by-products (DBPs) enter rivers through urban drainage and surface runoff. We investigated the variations in residual chlorine, DBPs, and different aquatic organisms in the Hanjiang, Fuhe, and Qinglinghe Rivers in Wuhan during the COVID-19 pandemic. The sampling sites were from the wastewater treatment plant outlets to the downstream drinking water treatment plant intakes. Total residual chlorine and DBPs (dichloromethane and trichloromethane) detected in the river water ranged from 0 to 0.84 mg/L and 0 to 0.034 mg/L, respectively. The residual chlorine and DBPs showed a gradual reduction pattern related to water flow, and the concentration at intakes did not exceed the Chinese drinking water source quality standards. Phytoplankton and zooplankton densities were not significantly correlated with residual chlorine and DBPs. The fluctuations in phytoplankton resource use efficiency (RUE) and zooplankton RUE in the Fuhe River, with the highest residual chlorine, and the Qinglinghe River with the highest DBPs, were higher than those in the Hanjiang River. For benthic macroinvertebrates, the number of functional feeding groups in the Hanjiang River was higher than that in the Fuhe and Qinglinghe Rivers. The water and sediment bacterial communities in the Hanjiang River differed significantly from those in the Fuhe and Qingling Rivers. The denitrification function involved in N metabolism was stronger in the Fuhe and Qinglinghe Rivers. Structural equation modelling revealed that residual chlorine and DBPs impacted the diversity of benthos through direct and indirect effects on plankton. Although large-scale chlorine-containing disinfectants use occurred during the investigation, it did not harm the density of the detected aquatic organisms in water sources. With the regular use of chlorinated disinfectants for indoor and outdoor environments in response to the SARS-CoV-2 globally, it is still necessary to study the long-term and accumulated responses of water ecosystems exposed to chlorine-containing disinfectants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China; Faculty of Resources and Environmental Science, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Regional Development and Environmental Response, Hubei University, Wuhan 430062, China
| | - Qianzheng Li
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Fangjie Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Ze Hu
- China University of Geosciences, No. 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Peng He
- China University of Geosciences, No. 388 Lumo Road, Hongshan District, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Disong Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Dong Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Pei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Liping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhenbin Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Qiaohong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 7 Donghu South Road, Wuchang District, Wuhan 430072, China.
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Fan Y, Sun G, Kaw HY, Zhu L, Wang W. Analytical characterization of nucleotides and their concentration variation in drinking water treatment process. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 817:152510. [PMID: 34968603 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Nucleotides, as the basic building blocks of nucleic acids, widely exist in aqueous environment. In this study, we developed a solid phase extraction-high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (SPE-UPLC-MS/MS) method for the analysis of 5'-adenosine monophosphate (AMP), 5'-uridine monophosphate (UMP), 5'-cytidine monophosphate (CMP) and 5'-guanosine monophosphate (GMP). The method achieved limits of detection (LODs) of 0.1-1.0 ng/L, and recoveries of 85-95% for the four tested nucleotides. The occurrence and concentrations of the four nucleotides in water from eight representative drinking water treatment and distribution systems in China were determined using this method. All four nucleotides were detectable in water treatment plant (WTP) influent and effluent, at concentrations of up to 30 ng/L and with occurrence frequency of around 90%. The concentrations of identified nucleotides increased 3-10 times after 10 km of water age in the water distribution system. Biological filters and coagulation increased the concentrations of nucleotides, conversely, active carbon, ozonation, and ultrafiltration membrane removed nucleotides in water. The effects of active carbon and coagulation were further confirmed using laboratory-controlled experiment. In addition, monochlorinated nucleotides were identified as the chlorination products of nucleotides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Fan
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Guangrong Sun
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Han Yeong Kaw
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Lizhong Zhu
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Environmental Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China; Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Organic Pollution Process and Control, Hangzhou 310058, China.
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Lu S, Liu SS, Huang P, Wang ZJ, Wang Y. Study on the Combined Toxicities and Quantitative Characterization of Toxicity Sensitivities of Three Flavor Chemicals and Their Mixtures to Caenorhabditis elegans. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:35745-35756. [PMID: 34984305 PMCID: PMC8717562 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/03/2021] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
It was shown that flavor chemicals with high toxicity sensitivities mean that small changes in their effective concentrations can lead to significant changes in toxicity. Flavors are widely used in personal care products. However, our study demonstrated that some flavor chemicals and their mixture rays have high toxicity sensitivities to Caenorhabditis elegans (C. elegans), which may have an impact on human health. In this paper, three flavor chemicals (benzyl alcohol, phenethyl alcohol, and cinnamaldehyde) were used as components of the mixture, and three binary mixture systems were constructed, respectively. Five mixture rays were designed for each mixture system by a direct equipartition ray design method. The lethal toxicities of the three flavor chemicals and mixture rays to C. elegans at three exposure volumes were determined. A new concept (inverse of the negative logarithmic concentration span (iSPAN)) was introduced to quantitatively evaluate the toxicity sensitivity of chemicals or mixture rays, and the combination index (CI) was employed to identify the toxicological interactions in the mixtures. It was shown that the three flavor chemicals as well as the binary mixture rays have a significant concentration-response relationship on the lethality of C. elegans. The iSPAN values of the three flavor chemicals and their mixture rays were larger than 3.000, showing very strong toxicity sensitivity to C. elegans. In mixture systems, the toxicity sensitivities of mixture rays with different mixture ratios were also different at different exposure volumes. In addition, it can be seen from the CI heat map that the toxicological interaction not only shows the mixture ratio dependence but also changes with the different exposure volumes, which implies that the mixtures consisting of flavor chemicals with high toxicity sensitivity have complex toxicological interactions. Therefore, in environmental risk assessment, special attention should be paid to chemicals with high toxicity sensitivities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Lu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Shu-Shen Liu
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- State
Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, College of
Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji
University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Peng Huang
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Ze-Jun Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
| | - Yu Wang
- Key
Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education,
College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
- Shanghai
Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, P. R. China
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Moradinejad S, Trigui H, Maldonado JFG, Shapiro BJ, Terrat Y, Sauvé S, Fortin N, Zamyadi A, Dorner S, Prévost M. Metagenomic study to evaluate functional capacity of a cyanobacterial bloom during oxidation. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL ADVANCES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceja.2021.100151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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