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Nikolić D, Poleksić V, Skorić S, Tasić A, Stanojević S, Rašković B. The European Chub (Squalius cephalus) as an indicator of reservoirs pollution and human health risk assessment associated with its consumption. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119871. [PMID: 35940479 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2022] [Revised: 07/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Five reservoirs (Vlasina, Medjuvršje, Zaovine, Perućac, and Garaši) in Serbia were chosen as study sites, which differ by their position, purpose, stages of eutrophication, management policies, and levels of anthropogenic pressure. The objectives of this research were to: determine the concentrations of 26 elements in muscle, gills, and liver of the European chub by inductively-coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES); determine the concentrations of 17 organochlorine pesticides in fish muscle by gas chromatography with mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS); compare these findings with condition factor (CF) and histopathological (HP) biomarkers; and assess the potential human health risks due to consumption of chub muscle tissue. The highest elemental accumulation was found in the gills. The European chub was not a good indicator of Pb pollution between reservoirs. Concentrations of Hg, As, and Cu were low and did not exceed the proscribed maximum allowed concentrations (MACs). 4,4'-DDE was detected only in individuals from Vlasina, 4,4'-DDD from Perućac and Zaovine, and heptachlor from Zaovine. Low to moderate levels of HP were observed for both gills and liver in all studied reservoirs. HP index for gills was significantly higher for Zaovine compared to Vlasina. Significantly lower HP index for liver and the total HP index value were observed for fish from Vlasina compared to Perućac. No significant human health risks due to the intake of examined pollutants in each reservoir were recorded; women were at higher risk compared to men. A reason for concern is a few muscle samples from Garaši, Vlasina, Perućac, and Medjuvršje in which Cd exceeded the MAC. A reservoir for water supply (Garaši) is generally considered the safest for fish consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dušan Nikolić
- University of Belgrade - Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Department of Inland Water Biology and Protection, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia.
| | - Vesna Poleksić
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Nemanjina 6, Zemun, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Stefan Skorić
- University of Belgrade - Institute for Multidisciplinary Research, Department of Inland Water Biology and Protection, Kneza Višeslava 1, 11030, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra Tasić
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Slobodan Stanojević
- Institute of Veterinary Medicine of Serbia, Janisa Janulisa 14, 11000, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Božidar Rašković
- University of Belgrade - Faculty of Agriculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Nemanjina 6, Zemun, 11080, Belgrade, Serbia; University of Porto - Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar (ICBAS) - School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Department of Microscopy, Laboratory of Histology and Embryology, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal
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Kurobe T, Hammock BG, Damon LJ, Hung TC, Acuña S, Schultz AA, Teh SJ. Reproductive strategy of Delta Smelt Hypomesus transpacificus and impacts of drought on reproductive performance. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264731. [PMID: 35271596 PMCID: PMC8912181 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding reproductive biology and performance of fish is essential to formulate effective conservation and management programs. Here, we studied reproductive strategies of female Delta Smelt Hypomesus transpacificus, an endangered fish species in the State of California, the United States, focusing on (1) better understanding their distribution pattern during the winter and spring spawning season at very fine scale to predict their possible spawning grounds and (2) assessing impacts of a recent, severe drought on their reproductive performance. We formulated our hypotheses as follows; (1) female Delta Smelt migrate to particular locations for spawning so that mature females can be frequently found in those locations throughout the spawning season and (2) reproductive performance of individual female fish declined during the drought. To test the first hypotheses, we analyzed relationships between water quality parameters and maturity/distribution pattern of Delta Smelt. Salinity better explained the distribution pattern of Delta Smelt at subadult and adult stages compared with water temperature or turbidity. Although there are some freshwater locations where mature Delta Smelt can frequently be found during the spawning season, Delta Smelt at the final maturation stage (Stage 5: hydration) and post spawners appeared to be widespread in the area where salinity was below 1.0 during the spawning season. Therefore, Delta Smelt could theoretically spawn in any freshwater locations, with more specific spawning requirements in the wild (e.g., substrate type and depth) still unknown. Delta Smelt, which experienced dry and critically dry conditions (the 2013 and 2014 year-classes), showed smaller oocytes, and lower clutch size and gonadosomatic index compared with the fish caught in a wet year (2011 year-class) at the late vitellogenic stage (Stage 4 Late), suggesting reproductive performance was negatively affected by environmental conditions during the drought.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomofumi Kurobe
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Bruce G. Hammock
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Lauren J. Damon
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Stockton, California, United States of America
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Shawn Acuña
- Metropolitan Water District of Southern California, Sacramento, California, United States of America
| | - Andrew A. Schultz
- Science Division, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Bay-Delta Office, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Swee J. Teh
- Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California Davis, Davis, California, United States of America
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Triana-Garcia PA, Nevitt GA, Pesavento JB, Teh SJ. Gross morphology, histology, and ultrastructure of the olfactory rosette of a critically endangered indicator species, the Delta Smelt, Hypomesus transpacificus. J Comp Physiol A Neuroethol Sens Neural Behav Physiol 2021; 207:597-616. [PMID: 34156533 PMCID: PMC8408092 DOI: 10.1007/s00359-021-01500-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 06/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus) is a small, semi-anadromous fish native to the San Francisco Bay-Delta Estuary and has been declared as critically endangered. Their olfactory biology, in particular, is poorly understood and a basic description of their sensory anatomy is needed to advance our understanding of the sensory ecology of species to inform conservation efforts to manage and protect them. We provide a description of the gross morphology, histological, immunohistochemical, and ultrastructural features of the olfactory rosette in this fish and discuss some of the functional implications in relation to olfactory ability. We show that Delta Smelt have a multilamellar olfactory rosette with allometric growth. Calretinin immunohistochemistry revealed a diffuse distribution of olfactory receptor neurons within the epithelium. Ciliated, microvillous and crypt neurons were clearly identified using morphological and immunohistochemical features. The olfactory neurons were supported by robust ciliated and secretory sustentacular cells. Although the sense of smell has been overlooked in Delta Smelt, we conclude that the olfactory epithelium has many characteristics of macrosmatic fish. With this study, we provide a foundation for future research into the sensory ecology of this imperiled fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Alejandro Triana-Garcia
- Integrative Pathobiology Graduate Group and Aquatic Health Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, VM3B, 3203, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, Davis, CA, 95616, USA. .,Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Acuicultura de Los Llanos, Universidad de Los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia.
| | - Gabrielle A Nevitt
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joseph B Pesavento
- California Animal Health and Food Safety Laboratory, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Swee J Teh
- Integrative Pathobiology Graduate Group and Aquatic Health Program, Department of Anatomy, Physiology and Cell Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, VM3B, 3203, 1089 Veterinary Medicine Dr, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
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Hammock BG, Ramírez-Duarte WF, Triana Garcia PA, Schultz AA, Avendano LI, Hung TC, White JR, Bong YT, Teh SJ. The health and condition responses of Delta Smelt to fasting: A time series experiment. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0239358. [PMID: 32970715 PMCID: PMC7514091 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0239358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
There is an extensive literature establishing, validating, and quantifying a wide range of responses of fishes to fasting. Our study complements this work by comparing fed and unfed treatments of hatchery-raised Delta Smelt (Hypomesus transpacificus)-an imperiled fish that is endemic to the San Francisco Estuary and its tributaries in California, USA-across a diverse suite of endpoints over a two-month time series. The experiment was conducted at 15.9°C, and individuals were sampled at 12 time points as starvation became increasingly severe. We found that hepatosomatic index and condition factor were relatively sensitive to starvation, becoming significantly depressed at Day 4 and 7, respectively. Histological analysis of liver showed elevated cytoplasmic inclusion bodies at Day 7, followed by increased glycogen depletion, single cell necrosis, and hydropic vacuolar degeneration at Day 14, 21, and 28, respectively. Of four antioxidants measured, glutathione decreased at Day 4, superoxide dismutase increased at Day 14, catalase increased at Day 56, and glutathione peroxidase was not affected by starvation. The net result was a ~2-fold increase in lipid peroxidation (malondialdehyde) in fasted fish that was highly inconsistent through time. RNA to DNA ratio and triglycerides in muscle were relatively insensitive to starvation, only consistently decreasing with fasting after mortality began increasing in the 'No Feeding' treatment, at Day 21. Together, these results suggest that Delta Smelt mobilize hepatic energy stores far more rapidly than lipids in muscle when subjected to fasting, leading to rapid atrophy of liver and the development of cytoplasmic inclusion bodies-possibly autophagosomes-in hepatocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruce G. Hammock
- Aquatic Health Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Wilson F. Ramírez-Duarte
- Aquatic Health Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Acuicultura de los Llanos, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia
| | - Pedro Alejandro Triana Garcia
- Aquatic Health Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
- Grupo de Investigación en Sanidad de Organismos Acuáticos, Instituto de Acuicultura de los Llanos, Universidad de los Llanos, Villavicencio, Meta, Colombia
| | - Andrew A. Schultz
- Science Division, U.S. Bureau of Reclamation Bay-Delta Office, Sacramento, CA, United States of America
| | - Leonie I. Avendano
- Aquatic Health Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Tien-Chieh Hung
- Fish Conservation and Culture Laboratory, Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA, United States of America
| | - James R. White
- California Department of Fish and Wildlife, Stockton, CA, United States of America
| | - Yih-Tyng Bong
- Aquatic Health Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
| | - Swee J. Teh
- Aquatic Health Program, School of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Physiology, and Cell Biology, University of California, Davis, California, United States of America
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