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Wang H, Chen H, Hong Y, Li W, Li G. Concentrating emulsified oily wastewater by integrated membrane technology. WATER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY : A JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL ASSOCIATION ON WATER POLLUTION RESEARCH 2023; 87:2079-2089. [PMID: 37186616 PMCID: wst_2023_111 DOI: 10.2166/wst.2023.111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
The effects of operating pressure, feed temperature, oil content of feed solution, and membrane surface flow rate on membrane flux, concentration multiple, and average particle size of oil droplets in the concentrated solution during the single-stage membrane concentration process were investigated. The experimental results show that within a certain operating range, the membrane flux increases with the increase of operating pressure, feed temperature, and membrane surface flow rate, while it decreases continuously with the increase of feed oil content. Optimal conditions for single stage concentration based on membrane flux, concentration factor, and average particle size of oil droplets in the concentrated solution were determined. Then, on the basis of single-stage membrane concentration conditions, three different pore size separation membranes are combined in different ways. After concentration through multi-stage membranes, the particle size of the oil droplets in the concentrate is greater than 20 μm, which is beyond the particle size range of the emulsified oil, and the concentration of the oil in the concentrate is 20-30 times that of the original oil. The method can realize the recovery of oil resources in the emulsified oil-containing wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongmei Wang
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300222, China E-mail:
| | - Hao Chen
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300222, China E-mail:
| | - Yibin Hong
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300222, China E-mail:
| | - Wenxiang Li
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300222, China E-mail:
| | - Guishui Li
- College of Mechanical Engineering, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300222, China E-mail:
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Cui H, Feng Y, Yin Z, Qu K, Wang L, Li J, Jin T, Bai Y, Cui Z. Organic carbon release, denitrification performance and microbial community of solid-phase denitrification reactors using the blends of agricultural wastes and artificial polymers for the treatment of mariculture wastewater. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 255:114791. [PMID: 36934547 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.114791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 03/01/2023] [Accepted: 03/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This paper explored the possibility of heterotrophic denitrification driven by composite solid carbon sources in low carbon/nitrogen ratio marine recirculating aquaculture wastewater. In this study, two agricultural wastes, reed straw (RS), corn cob (CC) and two artificial polymers, polycaprolactone (PCL), poly3-hydroxybutyrate-hydroxypropionate (PHBV) were mixed in a 1:1 ratio to compare the carbon release characteristics of the four composite carbon sources (RS+PCL, RS+PHBV, CC+PCL, and CC+PHBV) and their effects on improving the mariculture wastewater for denitrification. Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) after carbon source release (4.96-1.07 mg/g), total organic carbon/chemical oxygen demand (1.9-0.79) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) (4.23-0.21 mg/g) showed that all the four composite solid carbon sources had excellent organic carbon release ability, and the CC+PCL group had the highest release of DOC and SCFAs. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy were used to observe the changes in the surface characteristics of the composite carbon source before and after application. And results showed that the stable internal structure enabled CC+PCL group to have continuous carbon release performance and achieved the maximum denitrification efficiency (93.32 %). The NRE results were supported by the abundance of the Proteobacteria microbial community at the phylum level and Marinobacter at the genus level. Quantitative real-time PCR (q-PCR) indicated CC-containing composite carbon source groups have good nitrate reduction ability, while PCL-containing composite carbon source groups have better nitrite reduction level. In conclusion, the carbon source for agricultural wastes and artificial polymers can be used as an economic and effective solid carbon source for denitrification and treatment of marine recirculating aquaculture wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwu Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuna Feng
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; National Experimental Teaching Demonstration Center for Aquatic Science, National Demonstration Center for Experimental Fisheries Science Education, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Zhendong Yin
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Keming Qu
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Lu Wang
- Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiaxin Li
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Marine Science & Technology, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
| | - Tongtong Jin
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Ying Bai
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Zhengguo Cui
- Key Laboratory of Sustainable Development of Marine Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao 266237, China.
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Dai W, Pang JW, Ding J, Wang YQ, Zhang LY, Ren NQ, Yang SS. Study on the removal characteristics and degradation pathways of highly toxic and refractory organic pollutants in real pharmaceutical factory wastewater treated by a pilot-scale integrated process. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1128233. [PMID: 36970662 PMCID: PMC10034018 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1128233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023] Open
Abstract
IntroductionPharmaceutical wastewater frequently contains high levels of toxic pollutants. If they are discharged untreated, they pose a threat to the environment. The traditional activated sludge process and the advanced oxidation process do not sufficiently remove toxic and conventional pollutants from pharmaceutical wastewater treatment plants (PWWTPs).MethodsWe designed a pilot-scale reaction system to reduce toxic organic pollutants and conventional pollutants from pharmaceutical wastewater during the biochemical reaction stage. This system included a continuous stirred tank reactor (CSTR), microbial electrolysis cells (MECs), an expanded sludge bed reactor (EGSB), and a moving bed biofilm reactor (MBBR). We used this system to further investigate the benzothiazole degradation pathway.Results and discussionThe system effectively degraded the toxic pollutants (benzothiazole, pyridine, indole, and quinoline) and the conventional chemicals (COD, NH4+-N, TN). During the stable operation of the pilot-scale plant, the total removal rates of benzothiazole, indole, pyridine, and quinoline were 97.66, 94.13, 79.69, and 81.34%, respectively. The CSTR and MECs contributed the most to the removal of toxic pollutants, while the EGSB and MBBR contributed less to the removal of the four toxic pollutants. Benzothiazoles can be degraded via two pathways: the benzene ring-opening reaction and the heterocyclic ring-opening reaction. The heterocyclic ring-opening reaction was more important in degrading the benzothiazoles in this study.ConclusionThis study provides feasible design alternatives for PWWTPs to remove both toxic and conventional pollutants at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Dai
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Ji-Wei Pang
- China Energy Conservation and Environmental Protection Group, CECEP Talroad Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China
| | - Jie Ding
- National Engineering Research Center for Bioenergy, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- *Correspondence: Jie Ding,
| | - Yu-Qian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Lu-Yan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Yancheng Institute of Technology, Yancheng, China
| | - Nan-Qi Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
| | - Shan-Shan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China
- Shan-Shan Yang,
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Photocatalytic oxidation of oxytetracycline hydrochloride by using natural marine material supported perovskite composites. Chem Phys Lett 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2022.139856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Hu Y, Lei D, Wu D, Xia J, Zhou W, Cui C. Residual β-lactam antibiotics and ecotoxicity to Vibrio fischeri, Daphnia magna of pharmaceutical wastewater in the treatment process. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 425:127840. [PMID: 34896711 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2021.127840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The discharge of pharmaceutical wastewater introduces numerous pollutants into the environment, and their pollution level reduction has aroused extensive concern. This study investigated the variation in residual antibiotics and ecotoxicity to two nutritional-level model organisms in the pharmaceutical wastewater treatment process (PWTP). The wastewater in the equalization tank contained massive organic matters (2.9-18.7 times higher than the permissible values in GB21903-2008) and antibiotics (310.88 μg/L), posing extremely toxic effects to Vibrio fischeri (V. fischeri) and Daphnia magna (D. magna). The biological anaerobic/aerobic treatment units contributed the most to the reduction of antibiotics and the ecotoxicity to both organisms, with the removal rates of 72% and > 90%, respectively. The ecotoxicity of pharmaceutical wastewater was strongly and positively correlated with the residual antibiotics, amoxicillin, cephalexin, ammonia nitrogen, and total phosphorus (P < 0.05). However, the detected amounts of amoxicillin and cephalexin were approximately 105 times lower than the predicted no-effect concentrations of amoxicillin and cephalexin to V. fischeri and D. magna in freshwater, which implied the joint ecotoxicity posed by multicomponent mixtures, such as the residual antibiotics and organic toxic substances, rather than the specific residual antibiotics. This study provides a better understanding of the variations and residual levels of pollutants in PWTPs, including their ecotoxicity risk to the aquatic environment, highlighting the need to optimize pharmaceutical wastewater treatment technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaru Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Dandan Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Da Wu
- North China Pharmaceutical Huasheng Co. Ltd, Shijiangzhuang, Hebei 052160, China
| | - Jing Xia
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Wang Zhou
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China
| | - Changzheng Cui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237, China; Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai 200237, China.
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Xue J, Lei D, Zhao X, Hu Y, Yao S, Lin K, Wang Z, Cui C. Antibiotic residue and toxicity assessment of wastewater during the pharmaceutical production processes. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 291:132837. [PMID: 34762889 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.132837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Various pollutants are released during pharmaceutical production processes, which is of great concern. Most studies have focused on the terminal treatment results of mixed pharmaceutical wastewater, and further research on wastewater from the production processes is required. This study investigated the wastewater quality indicators, residual antibiotics, and biological toxicity of the wastewater during the production process in a large pharmaceutical producing factory in Northern China. The wastewater contained numerous organic pollutants, with the chemical oxygen demand (COD) values ranging from 2.0 × 103 to 2.6 × 105 mg L-1 and the total nitrogen (TN) values ranging from 1.3 × 103 to 2.0 × 104 mg L-1. High concentrations of cephalexin and cefradine remained in the wastewater of the production workshop, with the highest concentration of cefradine reaching 1328 mg L-1. The wastewater from the oxidation and solvent recovery workshops was more toxic to Vibrio fischeri and Daphnia magna than that of other workshops. Moreover, the biological acute toxicity of wastewater was significantly correlated with the concentration of COD and TN (p < 0.01). This study provides new insights into the treatment of antibiotic production wastewater, illuminating the incomplete extraction of products and the significant risk posed by pharmaceutical wastewater to the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- JiaJia Xue
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Dandan Lei
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Xiumei Zhao
- Environmental Protection Department of North China Pharmaceutical Company Limited, Shijiazhuang, 050015, China
| | - Yaru Hu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Shijie Yao
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Kuangfei Lin
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Zejian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China
| | - Changzheng Cui
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Risk Assessment and Control on Chemical Process, School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China; Shanghai Environmental Protection Key Laboratory on Environmental Standard and Risk Management of Chemical Pollutants, East China University of Science & Technology, Shanghai, 200237, China.
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Zhang J, Peng Y, Li X, Du R. Feasibility of partial-denitrification/ anammox for pharmaceutical wastewater treatment in a hybrid biofilm reactor. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 208:117856. [PMID: 34826739 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2021.117856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 11/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Biological nitrogen removal from pharmaceutical wastewater has drawn increasing attention due to biotoxicity and inhibition. In this study, for the first time, a novel approach integrating partial-denitrification with anaerobic ammonia oxidation (PD/A) in a sequencing biofilm batch reactor (SBBR) was proposed and demonstrated to be efficient to treat the bismuth nitrate and bismuth potassium citrate manufacturing wastewater, containing ammonia (NH4+-N) and nitrate (NO3--N) of 6300±50 mg L - 1 and 15,300±50 mg L - 1. The maximum anammox activity was found at the shock effect of influent total nitrogen (TN) of 100 mg L - 1 with NO3--N/NH4+-N of 1.0. Long-term operation demonstrated that the PD/A biofilm was developed rapidly after 30 days using synthetic influent, with TN removal efficiency increasing from 40.9% to 80.8%. Significantly, the key bacteria for PD/A had high tolerance and adapted rapidly to pharmaceutical wastewater, achieving a relatively stable TN removal efficiency of 81.2% with influent NH4+-N and NO3--N was 77.9 ± 2.6 and 104.1 ± 4.4 mg L - 1 at a relatively low COD/NO3--N of 2.6. Anammox pathway contributed to TN removal reached 83.6%. Significant increase of loosely-bound extracellular polymeric substances was obtained with increasing protein of 3-turn helices structure as response to the inhibitory condition. High-throughput sequencing analysis revealed that the functional genus Thauera was highly enriched in both biofilms (9.5%→43.6%) and suspended biomass (15.5%→57.5%), which played a key role in high NO2--N accumulation. While the anammox bacteria decreasing from 7.8% to 1.6% in biofilm, and from 1.8% decreased to 0.1% in the suspended sludge. Overall, this study provides a new method of high-strength pharmaceutical wastewater treatment with low energy consumption and operation cost, as well as a satisfactory efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwen Zhang
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yongzhen Peng
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xiangchen Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Rui Du
- National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse Technology, Engineering Research Center of Beijing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China.
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Ghanbari F, Yaghoot-Nezhad A, Wacławek S, Lin KYA, Rodríguez-Chueca J, Mehdipour F. Comparative investigation of acetaminophen degradation in aqueous solution by UV/Chlorine and UV/H 2O 2 processes: Kinetics and toxicity assessment, process feasibility and products identification. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 285:131455. [PMID: 34273698 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.131455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2021] [Revised: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The degradation of acetaminophen (ACM) was comparatively studied by UV/chlorine and UV/H2O2 systems. An apparent reduction in the removal rate was observed above the optimum pH levels of 7.0 and 3.0 in UV/chlorine and UV/H2O2 processes, respectively. The relative contribution of each oxidizing agent in ACM removal using the two advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) was evaluated. Even though hydroxyl radicals, with the contribution percentage of 90.1%, were determined as the primary oxidizing species in ACM removal using the UV/H2O2 process, reactive chlorine species (RCS), with 43.8% of contribution percentage, were also found to play a pivotal role in ACM removal using the UV/chlorine process. For instance, dichlorine radical (Cl2•-) showed an acceptable contribution percentage of 32.2% in the degradation of ACM by the UV/chlorine process. The rate of ACM degradation significantly rose to 99.9% and 75.6%, as higher amounts of oxidants were used in the UV/chlorine and UV/H2O2 processes, respectively, within 25 min. The introduction of HCO3- ions and humic acid remarkably decreased the rate of ACM degradation in both techniques used in this study. The presence of NO3- and Cl- ions did not considerably affect the removal rate in the UV/chlorine process. The acute toxicity analysis revealed that a more pronounced reduction in the ACM solution toxicity could be achieved by the UV/H2O2 process compared to the UV/chlorine process, which should be ascribed to the formation of chlorinated products in the UV/chlorine treatment. Eventually, plausible oxidation pathways were proposed for each process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farshid Ghanbari
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Abadan University of Medical Sciences, Abadan, Iran.
| | - Ali Yaghoot-Nezhad
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Abadan Faculty of Petroleum Engineering, Petroleum University of Technology, Abadan, 63187-14331, Iran
| | - Stanisław Wacławek
- Institute for Nanomaterials, Advanced Technologies and Innovation, Technical University of Liberec, Studentská 1402/2, 461 17, Liberec 1, Czech Republic.
| | - Kun-Yi Andrew Lin
- Department of Environmental Engineering & Innovation and Development Center of Sustainable Agriculture & Research Center of Sustainable Energy and Nanotechnology, National Chung Hsing University, 250 Kuo-Kuang Road, Taichung, Taiwan.
| | - Jorge Rodríguez-Chueca
- Universidad Politécnica de Madrid (UPM), E.T.S. de Ingenieros Industriales, Departamento de Ingeniería Química Industrial y del Medio Ambiente, c/ de José Gutiérrez Abascal 2, Madrid, 28006, Spain
| | - Fayyaz Mehdipour
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, School of Public Health and Safety, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Mramba AS, Ndibewu PP, Sibali LL, Makgopa K. A Review on Electrochemical Degradation and Biopolymer Adsorption Treatments for Toxic Compounds in Pharmaceutical Effluents. ELECTROANAL 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.202060454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anita S. Mramba
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680 175 Nelson Mandela Drive Arcadia Pretoria 0001 South Africa
| | - Peter P. Ndibewu
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680 175 Nelson Mandela Drive Arcadia Pretoria 0001 South Africa
| | - Linda L. Sibali
- University of South Africa, Department of Environmental Sciences, Florida Campus postcode is missing Florida South Africa
| | - Katlego Makgopa
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science Tshwane University of Technology, Private Bag X680 175 Nelson Mandela Drive Arcadia Pretoria 0001 South Africa
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