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Schrobback P, Gonzalez Fischer C, Mayberry D, Herrero M. On-farm investments into dairy cow health: evidence from 15 case study countries. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1288199. [PMID: 38026644 PMCID: PMC10643693 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1288199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2023] [Accepted: 10/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Managing investments in dairy cow health at a national and global scale, requires an improved understanding of current on-farm expenses for cow health (e.g., expenditure for medicine and veterinary consultations). The aim of this study was to assess on-farm health investments for typical dairy farms in 15 case study countries, including Argentina, Australia, Bangladesh, Brazil, Canada, India, China, Colombia, Indonesia, Kenya, New Zealand, Uganda, UK, Uruguay, and USA. The study was conducted using a descriptive analysis of a secondary data set that was obtained from the International Farm Comparison Network (IFCN). The results suggest that health expenditures take up a relatively small proportion (<10%) of the annual total production costs per cow across all countries in the sample. The means of production costs (e.g., feed, machinery) can take up to 90% of the total production costs for highly intensive systems, while these costs can be as low as 9% for extensive systems. This study highlights the importance of understanding on-farm animal health investments as a contribution to improved national and global decision making about animal health in the dairy sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peggy Schrobback
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Program, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Carlos Gonzalez Fischer
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Program, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Global Development, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and Cornell Atkinson Centre for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
| | - Dianne Mayberry
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Program, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- CSIRO, Agriculture and Food, St Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Mario Herrero
- Global Burden of Animal Diseases Program, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
- Department of Global Development, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences and Cornell Atkinson Centre for Sustainability, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, United States
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Entrena-Barbero E, Rebolledo-Leiva R, Vásquez-Ibarra L, Fernández M, Feijoo G, González-García S, Moreira MT. Water-Energy-Food nexus index proposal as a sustainability criterion on dairy farms. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 874:162507. [PMID: 36871744 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cow milk is a fundamental nutrients source for the human diet at all stages of life. However, the decline in cow milk consumption over the years has been driven by increased consumer awareness of animal welfare and the environmental burdens associated. In this regard, different initiatives have emerged to mitigate the impacts of livestock farming, but many of them without addressing the multi-perspective view of environmental sustainability. Thus, the Water-Energy-Food (WEF) nexus emerges as a framework to consider the complex synergies among carbon emissions, water demand, energy requirements and food production. In this study, a novel and harmonised WEF nexus approach has been proposed and applied to evaluate a set of 100 dairy farms. For that, the assessment, normalisation, and weighting of three lifecycle indicators such as carbon, water and energy footprints, as well as the milk yield were carried out to obtain a single value, the WEF nexus index (WEFni), which varies from 0 to 100. Results show that the WEF nexus scores obtained vary from 31 to 90, demonstrating large differences among the farms assessed. A cluster ranking was performed to identify those farms with the worst WEF nexus indexes. For this group, consisting of 8 farms with an average WEFni of 39, three improvement actions focused on the feeding, digestive process and wellbeing of the cows were applied to determine the potential reduction in the two main hotspots identified: cow feeding and milk production level. The proposed methodology can establish a roadmap for promoting a more environmentally sustainable food industry, although further studies are still required in the pathway of a standardised WEFni.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eduardo Entrena-Barbero
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Ricardo Rebolledo-Leiva
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Leonardo Vásquez-Ibarra
- Doctoral Program in Engineering Systems, Faculty of Engineering, Campus Curicó, Universidad de Talca, Camino a Los Niches, km 1, Curicó, Chile.
| | - Mario Fernández
- Galician Association of Agri-food Cooperatives, 15703 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Gumersindo Feijoo
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Sara González-García
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - María Teresa Moreira
- CRETUS, Department of Chemical Engineering, School of Engineering, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15705 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
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Degieter M, Gellynck X, Goyal S, Ott D, De Steur H. Life cycle cost analysis of agri-food products: A systematic review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 850:158012. [PMID: 35970454 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2022] [Revised: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 08/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Because of the increasing challenges the global food system is facing on a social, economic and environmental level, and the need to meet the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) by 2030, agri-food systems are increasingly required to become more sustainable. Life cycle tools, such as a life cycle assessment (LCA) and life cycle cost analysis (LCC) to evaluate the environmental and economic performance respectively, play an important role in sustainability research. Contrary to LCA, the LCC methodology is not standardized for agri-food products. This study aims to obtain insights into the use of LCC in the agri-food sector using a systematic review approach. Data related to the methodology and findings of life cycle cost analyses of agri-food products were extracted from 92 articles, covering a wide range of products (crops: 59, food/drinks: 22, other: 11) and purposes. Currently, there is no consensus about LCC type definitions and the definition of different types of system boundaries amongst researchers. Furthermore, these and other methodological choices are often not reported in the analyzed studies. The data collection itself can also differ across studies, especially with regards to the inclusion of different cost categories. It is important to include each cost category since all categories have been identified as a costs hotspot in our list of studies (inputs: 84 %, labor: 62 %, machinery: 27 %, other: 39 %). Standardizing the LCC methodology is recommended to ensure comparability and enhance the scientific impact of studies. Integrating LCC results with findings from other life cycle tools, as done in 29 studies, can further support decision-making. The most common methods for integrating results are eco-efficiency analysis and multi-criteria decision analysis methods. In conclusion, it is clear that LCC is a very valuable tool, as a method on its own or complemented by other life cycle tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margo Degieter
- Division of Agri-Food Marketing and Chain Management, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | - Xavier Gellynck
- Division of Agri-Food Marketing and Chain Management, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
| | | | | | - Hans De Steur
- Division of Agri-Food Marketing and Chain Management, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium.
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Carra SHZ, Palhares JCP, Drastig K, Schneider VE, Ebert L, Giacomello CP. Water productivity of milk produced in three different dairy production systems in Southern Brazil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 844:157117. [PMID: 35787899 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 06/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Water is a crucial resource to produce dairy milk and studies are required to identify opportunities for improvements in water management. This study evaluates the water productivity of milk (WPMilk) produced on 67 farms located in southern Brazil and the influence of dairy cattle production systems (pasture-based, 57 farms; semi-confined, 7 farms; confinement, 3 farms) on water productivity. Indirect and direct water flows were taken into account and the dairy milk was the output. Pasture yield was estimated based on a weighted average. Indirect water represented >98 % of water consumption for milk production on farms assessed. In the pasture-based system, the WPMilk ranged from 0.27 to 1.46 kg FPCM (Fat Protein Corrected Milk) m-3 of water; in the semi-confined system it ranged from 0.59 to 1.1 kg FPCM m-3; in the confined system, it ranged from 0.89 to 1.09 kg FPCM m-3. Results show that 20 farms in the pasture-based system presented higher WPMilk than the maximum WPMilk of farms in the semi-confined system. Comparing outcomes of farms in the confined system with pasture-based system, similar results were observed with higher WPMilk on 22 farms in the pasture-based system. Results indicate that, regardless of the type of production system, water productivity is influenced by the dairy productivity indicators of the farm, such as milk yield and feed components. The large variability in the WPMilk was expected and reflects the inherent attributes and conditions affecting this indicator, which underlines the importance of assessing it on a farm scale. Consequently, achieving high dairy productivity indicators should be encouraged in the pasture-based system due to the environmental, economic and social advantages for the farmer. Results advance the knowledge about water flows and WPMilk in different dairy cattle production systems besides defining the first benchmarks for WPMilk produced on farms in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia Helena Zanella Carra
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
| | | | - Katrin Drastig
- Leibniz Institute for Agricultural Engineering and Bioeconomy, Max-Eyth-Allee 100, 14469 Potsdam, Germany.
| | - Vania Elisabete Schneider
- Institute of Environmental Sanitation, University of Caxias do Sul, Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, Brazil.
| | - Leandro Ebert
- Emater-Ascar/RS - Rural Extension Service, R. Ipiranga, 2124, Serafina Corrêa, RS 99250-000, Brazil
| | - Cintia Paese Giacomello
- University of Caxias do Sul, Francisco Getúlio Vargas 1130, 95070-560 Caxias do Sul, Brazil.
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Mattos CA, Scur G, Albuquerque TLM. Evaluation of circular business model: Theory of Change approach. EVALUATION AND PROGRAM PLANNING 2022; 92:102069. [PMID: 35338980 DOI: 10.1016/j.evalprogplan.2022.102069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 12/16/2021] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The transition from linear to circular business models, in which companies match the financial return with positive socio-environmental impact, is increasing. From this perspective, investing in projects or organizations aligned with the principles of circularity can be characterized as impact investments. However, a challenge that emerges for these investments that is gaining increasing prominence in the academic and corporate environment is related to the development of an efficient evaluation model concerning its real impact on business. Based on the Theory of Change and in the context of circular business models, this paper aims at proposing an integrative tool to evaluate impact investments and applying it to a circular business of the home appliance segment. The articulation between the ToC and circular business models can support the structuring of an evaluation model on the production logic of the desired (economic, environmental, and social) impact. Results present that an integrative tool can provide a way for companies, institutions and investors to compare the impact investment opportunities related to Circular Business Model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia A Mattos
- Centro Universitário FEI, Av. Humberto Alencar Castelo Branco, 3972, São Bernardo do Campo, SP 09850-901, Brazil.
| | - Gabriela Scur
- Centro Universitário FEI, Av. Humberto Alencar Castelo Branco, 3972, São Bernardo do Campo, SP 09850-901, Brazil.
| | - Thiago L M Albuquerque
- Centro Universitário FEI, Av. Humberto Alencar Castelo Branco, 3972, São Bernardo do Campo, SP 09850-901, Brazil.
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Abstract
Purpose: The objective of this review is to describe the main technologies (automated activity monitors) available commercially and under research for the detection of estrus and calving alerts in dairy cattle. Sources: The data for the elaboration of the literature review were obtained from searches on the Google Scholar platform. This search was performed using the following keywords: reproduction, dairy cows, estrus detection and parturition, electronic devices. After the search, the articles found with a title related to the objective of the review were read in full. Finally, the specific articles chosen to be reported in the review were selected according to the method of identification of estrus and parturition, seeking to represent the different devices and technologies already studied for both estrus and parturition identification. Synthesis: Precision livestock farming seeks to obtain a variety of information through hardware and software that can be used to improve herd management and optimize animal yield. Visual observation for estrus detection and calving is an activity that requires labor and time, which is an increasingly difficult resource due to several others farm management activities. In this way, automated estrous and calving monitoring devices can increase animal productivity with less labor, when applied correctly. The main devices available currently are based on accelerometers, pedometers and inclinometers that are attached to animals in a wearable way. Some research efforts have been made in image analysis to obtain this information with non-wearable devices. Conclusion and applications: Efficient wearable devices to monitor cows’ behavior and detect estrous and calving are available on the market. There is demand for low cost with easy scalable technology, as the use of computer vision systems with image recording. With technology is possible to have a better reproductive management, and thus increase efficiency.
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Carvalho LS, Willers CD, Soares BB, Nogueira AR, de Almeida Neto JA, Rodrigues LB. Environmental life cycle assessment of cow milk in a conventional semi-intensive Brazilian production system. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:21259-21274. [PMID: 34751877 PMCID: PMC8576314 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-17317-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The environmental performance of cow milk produced in a conventional semi-intensive system was assessed using a cradle-to-farm gate attributional life cycle assessment. The impacts of 1 kg FPCM-fat and protein corrected milk were obtained considering six midpoint impact categories from the ReCiPe 2016 method: climate change (CC), terrestrial acidification (TA), freshwater eutrophication (FE), land use (LU), water consumption (WC), and fossil resource scarcity (FRS). The modeling of the product system and calculating the environmental impacts considered the use of SimaPro™ software. Enteric methane and nitrogen emissions and inputs for feeding animals (fertilization for pasture production, use of seed in corn crops, and milk replacer in calves feed) were the main contributors to impacts in milk production in most categories. In addition, the indirect energy use and wastewater generation in milking and milk cooling also were relevant. Literature-based strategies are suggested to mitigate the identified environmental impacts to achieve the best environmental performance without decreasing technical and quality milk production. We emphasize the importance of improving productivity per milk cow, knowing the origin of the supply chain inputs, and using it efficiently to produce animal feeds as the main strategies to improve milk's environmental performance. Changes in allocation methods did not substantially differ in impact categories. Sensitivity analysis foregrounds the consistency of results and conclusions of the current study despite the uncertainties associated with methodological choices, simplifications, suppositions, and the use and adaptation of international databases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurine Santos Carvalho
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia-IFBA, Bahia, Seabra/Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
- Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia-UESB, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Camila Daniele Willers
- Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Bahia-IFBA, Bahia, Seabra/Vitória da Conquista, Brazil
- Environmental Sciences Graduate Program, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia-UESB, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Bruna Borges Soares
- Techno-Science and Innovation Centre, Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia-UFSB, Itabuna, Bahia, Brazil
- Development and Environment Graduate Program, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
- Materials and Environment Research Group, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia-UESB, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Alex Rodrigues Nogueira
- Materials and Environment Research Group, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia-UESB, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil
| | - José Adolfo de Almeida Neto
- Department of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Universidade Estadual de Santa Cruz-UESC, Ilhéus, Bahia, Brazil
| | - Luciano Brito Rodrigues
- Materials and Environment Research Group, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia-UESB, Itapetinga, Bahia, Brazil.
- Department of Rural and Animal Technology, Universidade Estadual do Sudoeste da Bahia-UESB, BR 415, km 03, Itapetinga, Bahia, 45700-000, Brazil.
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Horrillo A, Gaspar P, Díaz-Caro C, Escribano M. A scenario-based analysis of the effect of carbon pricing on organic livestock farm performance: A case study of Spanish dehesas and rangelands. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 751:141675. [PMID: 33181996 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 07/09/2020] [Accepted: 08/11/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The current livestock farm production model is being questioned due to its excessive use of resources and impacts on the environment, and it has played a major role in climate change due to the excessive level of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. A valid tool in the reduction of such emissions is the imposition of a tax on CO2 emissions that can act as an economic and financial instrument. Additionally, livestock production based on grazing animals is proposed as a more sustainable model that involves improved environmental practices and provides society with various ecosystem services, including carbon sequestration. The main purpose of this paper is to estimate the maximum price per tonne of CO2 equivalent (eq) that could be borne by the various models of organic livestock farms in the dehesas and rangelands of southwestern Spain. With this purpose in mind, we have made a scenario-based estimation of the environmental-economic balance in three different scenarios considering farm emissions and CO2 sequestration levels. The results show that the maximum price that farms can bear is within a range of € 0.20 to € 792/tn of CO2 eq depending on the scenario analysed and the production model. In the cases in which carbon sequestration balances GHG emissions, the implementation of carbon pricing implies additional economic income for farm accounts.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Horrillo
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suarez, s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - P Gaspar
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, School of Agricultural Engineering, University of Extremadura, Avda. Adolfo Suarez, s/n, 06007 Badajoz, Spain.
| | - C Díaz-Caro
- Department of Accounting and Finance, School of Business, Finance and Tourism, University of Extremadura, Avda. de la Universidad s/n. 10071 Cáceres, Spain.
| | - M Escribano
- Department of Animal Production and Food Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Extremadura, Campus Universitario, 10003 Caceres, Spain.
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Sánchez-Bravo P, Chambers E, Noguera-Artiaga L, López-Lluch D, Chambers E, Carbonell-Barrachina ÁA, Sendra E. Consumers' Attitude towards the Sustainability of Different Food Categories. Foods 2020; 9:foods9111608. [PMID: 33167450 PMCID: PMC7694482 DOI: 10.3390/foods9111608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, poverty, climate change, environmental pollution and the depletion of natural resources have generated a greater concern for sustainability. The objective is the survival of the human species and the persistence of all components of the biosphere. To achieve sustainability, human participation is essential; sustainable consumption depends on consumers’ perceptions of sustainability and how they affect their behavior. The aim of this study was to understand consumers’ perceptions and attitudes towards food sustainability based on country, age, gender, income and education level. An online survey was carried out in countries in Europe, America and Asia. Consumers were asked questions organized into food categories. The results showed that consumers’ attitude towards sustainability is understood differently in each country, even within the same food category. Consumers with lower education level showed the lowest knowledge and concern about food sustainability. Older generations were less aware of sustainability and its related problems. While income level presented unclear results, gender did not affect attitude towards food sustainability. Therefore, to achieve a sustainable future, raising awareness among the population is increasingly necessary. Consequently, segmenting training campaigns according to the group they are aimed at will provide a greater impact and, therefore, greater awareness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Sánchez-Bravo
- Research Group “Food Quality and Safety (CSA)”, Department of Agro-Food Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Ctra. de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.S.-B.); (L.N.-A.); (Á.A.C.-B.)
| | - Edgar Chambers
- Center for Sensory Analysis and Consumer Behavior, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.C.V); (E.C.IV)
| | - Luis Noguera-Artiaga
- Research Group “Food Quality and Safety (CSA)”, Department of Agro-Food Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Ctra. de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.S.-B.); (L.N.-A.); (Á.A.C.-B.)
| | - David López-Lluch
- Department of Agro-Environmental Economics, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Ctra. de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain;
| | - Edgar Chambers
- Center for Sensory Analysis and Consumer Behavior, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS 66502, USA; (E.C.V); (E.C.IV)
| | - Ángel A. Carbonell-Barrachina
- Research Group “Food Quality and Safety (CSA)”, Department of Agro-Food Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Ctra. de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.S.-B.); (L.N.-A.); (Á.A.C.-B.)
| | - Esther Sendra
- Research Group “Food Quality and Safety (CSA)”, Department of Agro-Food Technology, Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO), Universidad Miguel Hernández de Elche (UMH), Ctra. de Beniel, km 3.2, 03312 Orihuela, Spain; (P.S.-B.); (L.N.-A.); (Á.A.C.-B.)
- Correspondence:
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