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Subramanian A, Saravanan M, Rajasekhar B, Chakraborty S, Sivagami K, Tamizhdurai P, Mangesh VL, Selvaraj M, Kumar NS, Al-Fatesh AS. Comparative risk assessment studies estimating the hazard posed by long-term consumption of PPCPs in river water. Food Chem Toxicol 2023; 182:114169. [PMID: 37940032 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2023] [Revised: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/10/2023]
Abstract
This study assesses the risk due to Emerging Contaminants (ECs), present in Indian rivers - Ganga (650 million inhabitants), Yamuna (57 million inhabitants), and Musi (7,500,000 inhabitants), 13 ECs in total, have been used for risk assessment studies. Their concentrations (e.g., Fluconazole: 236950 μg/l, Ciprofloxacin: 31000 μg/l, Caffeine: 21.57 μg/l, etc.) were higher than the threshold concentrations for safe consumption (e.g. Fluconazole allowable level is 3.8 μg/l, and Ciprofloxacin allowable level is 0.51 μg/l). Three different pathways of emerging contaminants (ECs) transfer (oral water ingestion, oral fish ingestion, and dermal water contact) have been considered and the study is carried out in 2 ways: (i) deterministic and (ii) probabilistic approaches (using Monte Carlo iterative methods with 10000 simulations) with the aid of a software - Risk (version 7.5). The risk value, quantified by Hazard Quotient (HQ) is higher than the allowable limit of 1 for several compounds in the three rivers like Fluconazole (HQ = 18276.713), Ciprofloxacin (HQ = 278.675), Voriconazole (HQ = 14.578), Cetirizine (HQ = 1006.917), Moxifloxacin (HQ = 8.076), Caffeine (HQ = 55.150), and Ibuprofen (HQ = 9.503). Results show that Fluconazole and Caffeine pose the maximum risk in the rivers via the "oral pathway" that allows maximum transfer of the ECs present in the river (93% and 82% contribution to total risk). The risk values vary from nearly 25 times to 19000 times the United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) threshold limit of 1 (e.g., Caffeine Infant Risk = 25.990 and Fluconazole Adult Risk = 18276.713). The most susceptible age group, from this study, is "Adults" (19-70 years old), who stand the chance of experiencing the adverse health hazards associated with prolonged over-exposure to the ECs present in the river waters. Musi has the maximum concentration of pollutants and requires immediate remediation measures. Further, both methods indicate that nearly 60-70% of the population in all the three study areas are at risk of developing health hazards associated with over-exposure to ECs regularly, making the areas inhabitable.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aishwarya Subramanian
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Mridula Saravanan
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Bokam Rajasekhar
- Research Associate, Environmental and Water Resources Engineering Division, Department of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology, Madras, Chennai, India
| | - Samarshi Chakraborty
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India
| | - Krishanasamy Sivagami
- Industrial Ecology Research Group, School of Chemical Engineering, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, India.
| | - Perumal Tamizhdurai
- Department of Chemistry, Dwaraka Doss Goverdhan Doss Vaishnav College (Autonomous) (Affiliated to the University of Madras, Chennai), 833, Gokul Bagh, E.V.R. Periyar Road, Arumbakkam, Chennai, 600 106, Tamil Nadu, India.
| | - V L Mangesh
- Department of Marine Engineering, Indian Maritime University, 600119, India
| | - Manickam Selvaraj
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia; Research Centre for Advanced Materials Science (RCAMS), King Khalid University, PO Box 9004, Abha, 61413, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadavala Siva Kumar
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed S Al-Fatesh
- Chemical Engineering Department, College of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
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Monteiro B, Venâncio C, Francisco R, Sousa ACA, Lopes I. Contributions towards the hazard evaluation of two widely used cytostatic drugs. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:15641-15654. [PMID: 36169838 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23120-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Cytostatic drugs are one of the most important therapeutic options for cancer, a disease that is expected to affect 29 million individuals by 2040. After being excreted, cytostatics reach wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), which are unable to efficiently remove them, and consequently, they will be released into the aquatic environment. Due to the highly toxic properties of cytostatics, it is particularly relevant to evaluate their potential ecological risk. Yet, cytostatics toxicity data is still not available for various species. In this work, the ecotoxicity of two widely consumed cytostatics, cyclophosphamide (CYP-as a model cytostatic) and mycophenolic acid (MPA-as a priority cytostatic), was evaluated on three freshwater species-Raphidocelis subcapitata, Brachionus calyciflorus, and Danio rerio, and the risk quotient (RQ) was assessed. Both drugs significantly affected the yield and growth inhibition of the microalgae, while for rotifers, the least sensitive species, only significant effects were registered for CYP. These drugs also caused significant effects on the mortality and morphological abnormalities on zebrafish. The estimation of the RQ discloses that CYP seems to pose a low risk to aquatic biota while MPA poses a very high risk. Altogether, these results emphasize the need for more complete environmental risk assessments, to properly prioritize and rank cytostatics according to their potentially toxic effects on the environment and aquatic biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruna Monteiro
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Cátia Venâncio
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Rafael Francisco
- Department of Chemistry, CICECO-Aveiro Institute of Materials, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Ana C A Sousa
- Department of Biology and Comprehensive Health Research Centre (CHRC), University of Évora, Évora, Portugal.
| | - Isabel Lopes
- CESAM-Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
- Department of Biology, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
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Magalhães-Ghiotto GAV, Natal JPS, Nishi L, Barbosa de Andrade M, Gomes RG, Bergamasco R. Okara and okara modified and functionalized with iron oxide nanoparticles for the removal of Microcystis aeruginosa and cyanotoxin. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2022:1-16. [PMID: 35138230 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2022.2041105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Eutrophicating compounds promote the growth of cyanobacteria, which has the potential of releasing toxic compounds. Alternative raw materials, such as residues, have been used in efficient adsorption systems in water treatment. The aim of the present study was to apply the residue Okara in its original form and modified by hydrolysis with immobilization of magnetic nanoparticles as an adsorbent. For the removal, the cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa was chosen, as well as its secondary metabolites, L-amino acids leucine and arginine (MC-LR microcystin), from aqueous solutions. The adsorbents presented a negative surface charge, and the x-ray diffraction (DRX) outcomes successfully demonstrated the immobilization of iron oxide nanoparticles on the adsorbents. The adsorbent with the best result was the Okara hydrolyzed and functionalized with iron oxide, which showed a 47% (qe = 804.166 cel/g) and 85% (qe = 116.94 µg/L) removal for the cyanobacteria cells and chlorophyll-a, respectively. The kinetics study demonstrated a pseudo-first-order adsorption with maximal adsorption in 480 minutes, removing 761 µg/L of chlorophyll-a. In this trial, a low organic material removal has occurred, with a removal rate of 5% (qe = 0.024 mg/g) in the analysis of compounds in absorbance by ultraviolet light (UV) monitored by optical density determination in 254 nm (OD254). Nevertheless, the reaction system with the presence of organic material removed 53,28% of the MC-LR toxin, with adsorption capacities of 2.84 µg/L in a preliminary trial conducted for two hours, arising as a potential and alternative adsorbent with a capacity of removing cyanobacteria and cyanotoxin cells simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grace A V Magalhães-Ghiotto
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Jean P S Natal
- Department of Biotechnology, Genetics and Cell Biology, Biological Sciences Center, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Letícia Nishi
- Department of Health Science, Technology Center, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | | | - Raquel G Gomes
- Department of Food Engineering, Technology Center, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
| | - Rosângela Bergamasco
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Technology Center, State University of Maringa, Maringa, Brazil
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Rashidashmagh F, Doekhi-Bennani Y, Tizghadam-Ghazani M, van der Hoek JP, Mashayekh-Salehi A, Heijman BSGJ, Yaghmaeian K. Synthesis and characterization of SnO 2 crystalline nanoparticles: A new approach for enhancing the catalytic ozonation of acetaminophen. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2021; 404:124154. [PMID: 33065457 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
A novel sol-gel method was employed in this study to efficiently synthesize SnO2 nanoparticles to catalyze the ozonation of acetaminophen (ACT) from aqueous solutions. The influence of various parameters including Sn source, type of capping and alkaline agents, and calcination temperature on the catalytic activity of the SnO2 preparations was investigated. The SnO2 nanoparticles prepared by tin tetrachloride as Sn source, NaOH as gelatin agent, CTAB as capping agent and at calcination temperature of 550 °C (SnNaC-550) exhibited the maximum performance in the catalysis of ACT. The optimized catalyst (SnNaC-550) had spherical-homogeneous and cubic-shaped nanocrystalline particles with 5.5 nm mean particle size and a BET surface area of 81 m2/g, which resulted in 98% degradation and 84% mineralization of 50 mg/L ACT at 20 and 30 min reaction time, respectively when combined with ozonation (COP). Based on the radical scavenger experiments, •OH was the major oxidizing agent involved in the removal of ACT. LC/MS analysis showed that short-chain carboxylic acids were the main intermediates. Furthermore, the SnNaC-550 catalytic activity was preserved after four successive cycles. Collectively, the new method has the potential to efficiently synthesize stable and reusable SnO2 nanoparticles to catalyze the ozonation of ACT from aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Rashidashmagh
- Water and Environmental Engineering faculty, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran.
| | | | | | | | - Ali Mashayekh-Salehi
- School of Public Health, Shahroud University of Medical Sciences, Shahroud, Iran.
| | - Bas S G J Heijman
- Department of Water Management, Delft University of Technology, Delft, The Netherlands.
| | - Kamyar Yaghmaeian
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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Rout PR, Zhang TC, Bhunia P, Surampalli RY. Treatment technologies for emerging contaminants in wastewater treatment plants: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 753:141990. [PMID: 32889321 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.141990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 56.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2020] [Revised: 08/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The "emerging contaminants" (ECs) are predominantly unregulated anthropogenic chemicals that occur in air, soil, water, food, and human/animal tissues in trace concentrations. The ECs are persistent in the environment, capable of perturbing the physiology of target receptors and, therefore, are regarded as contaminants of emerging environmental concerns in recent years. The prominent classes of ECs include pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PCPs), surfactants, plasticizers, pesticides, fire retardants, and nanomaterials. Some of the ECs with harmful effects on endocrine systems have been recognized as endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Since the 1990s intensive research has been done covering environmental occurrence, fate, ecological effects, and treatment technologies of ECs. However, a comprehensive summary of the EC removal techniques, particularly in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are limited. Though the WWTPs are inefficient when it comes to ECs removal, they act as primary barriers against the spread of ECs. Therefore, this paper reviews the treatment technologies currently engaged for ECs removal in WWTPs for further possible upgrades of the existing designs. Results of this review indicate that the fate and distribution of ECs can be approximately estimated based on physicochemical properties like octanol-water partitioning coefficient (e.g., log KOW > 4, maximum sorption potential) and solid-water distribution coefficient [e.g., Kd < 300-500 L/kg MLSS (mixed liquor suspended solids), insignificant sorption into sludge]. Biodegradation potential of ECs can be predicted from biodegradation constant values (e.g., Kbio < 0.01 = low biodegradation and >10 = high biodegradation). In WWTPs, the EC removal efficiency varies in the range of 20-50%, 30-70%, and >90% during the primary, secondary, and tertiary treatment steps, respectively. Tertiary treatment technologies are considered as the most suitable alternatives for ECs treatment, but complete ECs removal is yet to be achieved. Further advancements in the treatment technologies will unquestionably be necessary in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prangya R Rout
- Environmental Engineering, INHA University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Tian C Zhang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE 68182, USA
| | - Puspendu Bhunia
- Departement of Civil Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar, India
| | - Rao Y Surampalli
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Omaha, NE 68182, USA; Global Institute for Energy, Environment and Sustainability, Kansas, USA.
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