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Olsen M, Demaneuf T, Singh G, Goldsworthy A, Jones P, Morgan M, Nassar R, Senok A, Ghemrawi R, Almheiri R, Marzooqi HA, Almansoori S, Albastaki A, Almansoori R, McKirdy S, Alghafri R, Tajouri L. Do mobile phone surfaces carry SARS-CoV-2 virus? A systematic review warranting the inclusion of a "6th" moment of hand hygiene in healthcare. J Infect Public Health 2023; 16:1750-1760. [PMID: 37738691 DOI: 10.1016/j.jiph.2023.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 09/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mobile phones, used in billions throughout the world, are high-touch devices subject to a dynamic contamination of microorganisms and rarely considered as an important fomite to sanitise systematically. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 resulted in the COVID-19 pandemic, arguably the most impactful pandemic of the 21st century with millions of deaths and disruption of all facets of modern life globally. AIM To perform a systematic review of the literature exploring SARS-CoV-2 presence as a contaminant on mobile phones. METHODS A systematic search (PubMed and Google Scholar) of literature was undertaken from December 2019 to March 2023 identifying English language studies. Studies included in this review specifically identified or tested for the contamination of the SARS-CoV-2 virus or genome on mobile phones while studies testing for SARS-COV-2 in environments and/or other fomites samples than but not mobile phones were excluded. RESULTS A total of 15 studies with reports of SARS-CoV-2 contamination on mobile phones between 2020 and 2023 were included. Amongst all studies, which encompassed ten countries, 511 mobile phones were evaluated for the presence of SARS-CoV-2 contamination and 45% (231/511) were positive for SARS-CoV-2. All studies were conducted in the hospital setting and two studies performed additional testing in residential isolation rooms and a patient's house. Four studies (3 in 2020 and one in 2021) reported 0% contamination while two other studies (in 2020 and 2022) reported 100% of mobile phone contamination with SARS-COV-2. All other studies report mobile phones positive for the virus within a range of 4-77%. CONCLUSION A total of 45% of mobile phones are contaminated with SARS-CoV-2 virus. These devices might be an important fomite vector for viral dissemination worldwide. Competent health authorities are advised/recommended to start a global implementation of mobile phone decontamination by introducing regulations and protocols in public health and health care settings such as the 6th moment of hand washing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Olsen
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | | | - Gobinddeep Singh
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Adrian Goldsworthy
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Peter Jones
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Morgan
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Rania Nassar
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; School of Dentistry, College of Biomedical and Life Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Abiola Senok
- College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rose Ghemrawi
- College of Pharmacy, Al Ain University, P.O. Box 112612, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates
| | - Reem Almheiri
- General Department of Forensic Sciences and Criminology, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Hussain Al Marzooqi
- Dubai Police Scientists Council, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; General Department of Forensic Sciences and Criminology, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sumaya Almansoori
- General Department of Forensic Sciences and Criminology, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Abdullah Albastaki
- Dubai Police Scientists Council, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; General Department of Forensic Sciences and Criminology, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Rashid Almansoori
- Dubai Police Scientists Council, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; General Department of Forensic Sciences and Criminology, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Simon McKirdy
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - Rashed Alghafri
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia; General Department of Forensic Sciences and Criminology, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lotti Tajouri
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia; Dubai Police Scientists Council, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates; Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia.
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Ge J, Zhang C, Peng Z, Chu M, Chen W, Li Z, Liu S, Yang Y, Chu M. Environmental Contamination of SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC by COVID-19 Patients Staying in the Hospital for More Than Two Weeks. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2023; 16:2163-2170. [PMID: 37868023 PMCID: PMC10590072 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s413639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/04/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Patients infected with SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC have a longer course of disease. We detected the air, surfaces, and patient's personal items in the wards of the second hospital of Nanjing during the outbreak of the COVID-19 Delta Variant to identify the environmental contamination, which provides a theoretical basis for the prevention and control of COVID-19 variation beads in the future. Methods In the cross-sectional study, we collected and analyzed clinical features, demographic and epidemiological data, laboratory and swab test results, and surface and air samples of 144 COVID-19 cases. Results The time from symptom onset to surface sampling was 25 days (IQR, 21 to 33 days). Positive throat swabs were detected in 52(36.1%) patients, of which only 8(5.6%) patients had N or ORF1a/b genes Ct value <35 on the surface sampling day. Among the 692 environmental surface and air specimens collected from 144 COVID-19 cases, 3 specimens (3/692, 0.4%) related to 5 cases (3.5%, 5/144) were detected positive on RT-PCR. Overall, bedside tables (2/144, 1.4%) were most likely to be contaminated, followed by toilet seats (1/81, 1.2%). Conclusion The environmental contamination by SARS-CoV-2 Delta VOC-infected cases with disease duration of more than two weeks is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingwu Ge
- Department of Infection Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Chuanmeng Zhang
- The Center for Translational Medicine, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhihang Peng
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minjuan Chu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Wensen Chen
- Department of Infection Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanjie Li
- Department of Infection Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuangyuan Liu
- Department of Infection Management, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210009, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yongfeng Yang
- Center of Infectious Diseases, Affiliated Nanjing Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine (The No. 2 Hospital of Nanjing), Nanjing, 211113, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Chu
- Department of Infection Management, The Affiliated Taizhou People’s Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Taizhou, 225300, People’s Republic of China
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Zambrana W, Boehm AB. Occurrence of Human Viruses on Fomites in the Environment: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. ACS ENVIRONMENTAL AU 2023; 3:277-294. [PMID: 37743950 PMCID: PMC10515712 DOI: 10.1021/acsenvironau.3c00025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Documenting the occurrence of viruses on fomites is crucial in determining the significance of fomite-mediated transmission and the potential use of fomites for environmental disease surveillance. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to compile information on the occurrence of human viruses on fomites in the environment; we identified 134 peer-reviewed papers. We compiled sampling and measurement methods, results, quality control information, and whether virus data were compared with community health data from the papers. We conducted univariate and multivariate analyses to investigate if presence of virus on fomites was associated with virus type (enveloped, nonenveloped), sampling location (healthcare setting, nonhealthcare temporary setting, nonhealthcare nontemporary setting), and area of fomite swabbed (<50, 50-100, >100 cm2). Across 275 data sets from the 134 papers, there was the most data available for Coronaviridae and from fomites at hospitals. Positivity rates, defined as the percent positive fomite samples, were low (median = 6%). Data were available on viruses from 16 different viral families, but data on viruses from 9 families had few (n < 5) data sets. Many human virus families were not identified in this review (11 families). Less than 15% of the data sets reported virus concentrations in externally valid units (viruses per area of surface), and 16% provided a quantitative comparison between virus and health data. Virus type and area swabbed were significant predictors of virus presence on fomites, and the positivity rate of data sets collected from healthcare settings and nonhealthcare nontemporary settings (e.g., individual housing) were significantly higher than those collected in nonhealthcare temporary settings (e.g., restaurants). Data from this review indicates that viruses may be present on fomites, that fomite-mediated virus transmission may occur, and that fomites may provide information on circulation of infectious diseases in the community. However, more quantitative data on diverse viruses are needed, and method reporting needs significant improvements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Winnie Zambrana
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
| | - Alexandria B. Boehm
- Department
of Civil & Environmental Engineering, Stanford University, 473 Via Ortega, Stanford, California 94305, United States
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John P, Vasa NJ, Zam A. Optical Biosensors for the Diagnosis of COVID-19 and Other Viruses-A Review. Diagnostics (Basel) 2023; 13:2418. [PMID: 37510162 PMCID: PMC10378272 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics13142418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The sudden outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic led to a huge concern globally because of the astounding increase in mortality rates worldwide. The medical imaging computed tomography technique, whole-genome sequencing, and electron microscopy are the methods generally used for the screening and identification of the SARS-CoV-2 virus. The main aim of this review is to emphasize the capabilities of various optical techniques to facilitate not only the timely and effective diagnosis of the virus but also to apply its potential toward therapy in the field of virology. This review paper categorizes the potential optical biosensors into the three main categories, spectroscopic-, nanomaterial-, and interferometry-based approaches, used for detecting various types of viruses, including SARS-CoV-2. Various classifications of spectroscopic techniques such as Raman spectroscopy, near-infrared spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy are discussed in the first part. The second aspect highlights advances related to nanomaterial-based optical biosensors, while the third part describes various optical interferometric biosensors used for the detection of viruses. The tremendous progress made by lab-on-a-chip technology in conjunction with smartphones for improving the point-of-care and portability features of the optical biosensors is also discussed. Finally, the review discusses the emergence of artificial intelligence and its applications in the field of bio-photonics and medical imaging for the diagnosis of COVID-19. The review concludes by providing insights into the future perspectives of optical techniques in the effective diagnosis of viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline John
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
| | - Nilesh J Vasa
- Department of Engineering Design, Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai 600036, India
| | - Azhar Zam
- Division of Engineering, New York University Abu Dhabi (NYUAD), Abu Dhabi 129188, United Arab Emirates
- Tandon School of Engineering, New York University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
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Concas G, Barone M, Francavilla R, Cristofori F, Dargenio VN, Giorgio R, Dargenio C, Fanos V, Marcialis MA. Twelve Months with COVID-19: What Gastroenterologists Need to Know. Dig Dis Sci 2022; 67:2771-2791. [PMID: 34333726 PMCID: PMC8325547 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-021-07158-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Corona virus disease-19 (COVID-19) is the latest global pandemic. COVID-19 is mainly transmitted through respiratory droplets and, apart from respiratory symptoms, patients often present with gastrointestinal symptoms and liver involvement. Given the high percentage of COVID-19 patients that present with gastrointestinal symptoms (GIS), in this review, we report a practical up-to-date reference for the physician in their clinical practice with patients affected by chronic gastrointestinal (GI) diseases (inflammatory bowel disease, coeliac disease, chronic liver disease) at the time of COVID-19. First, we summarised data on the origin and pathogenetic mechanism of SARS-CoV-2. Then, we performed a literature search up to December 2020 examining clinical manifestations of GI involvement. Next, we illustrated and summarised the most recent guidelines on how to adhere to GI procedures (endoscopy, liver biopsy, faecal transplantation), maintaining social distance and how to deal with immunosuppressive treatment. Finally, we focussed on some special conditions such as faecal-oral transmission and gut microbiota. The rapid accumulation of information relating to this condition makes it particularly essential to revise the literature to take account of the most recent publications for medical consultation and patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Concas
- School of Paediatrics, University of Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Michele Barone
- Gastroenterology Unit, Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, University Hospital “Policlinico”, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Ruggiero Francavilla
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Children’s Hospital “Giovanni XXIII”, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Fernanda Cristofori
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Children’s Hospital “Giovanni XXIII”, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vanessa Nadia Dargenio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Children’s Hospital “Giovanni XXIII”, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Rossella Giorgio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Children’s Hospital “Giovanni XXIII”, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Costantino Dargenio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology, Children’s Hospital “Giovanni XXIII”, University of Bari, 70126 Bari, Italy
| | - Vassilios Fanos
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
| | - Maria Antonietta Marcialis
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, 09124 Cagliari, Italy
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Caggiano G, Triggiano F, Apollonio F, Diella G, Lopuzzo M, D’Ambrosio M, Fasano F, Stefanizzi P, Sorrenti GT, Magarelli P, Sorrenti DP, Marcotrigiano V, De Giglio O, Montagna MT. SARS-CoV-2 RNA and Supermarket Surfaces: A Real or Presumed Threat? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:9404. [PMID: 34501993 PMCID: PMC8430590 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18179404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2021] [Revised: 08/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) emerged in March 2020 in Italy, leading to the pandemic of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) that continues to cause high global morbidity and mortality in human populations. Numerous studies have focused on the spread and persistence of the virus in the hospital setting. New scientific evidence shows that SARS-CoV-2 is present in different community environments. Although aerosol is one of the main routes of transmission for SARS-CoV-2, indirect contact through virus-contaminated surfaces could also play a key role. The survival and persistence of SARS-CoV-2 on surfaces appear to be influenced by the characteristics of the material, temperature, and humidity. In this study, we investigated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on surfaces in 20 supermarkets throughout the Apulia region during the lockdown period. We collected a total of 300 swab samples from various surfaces including supermarket scales, trolley handles, refrigerator and freezer handles, and keyboards. In total, 13 (4.3%) surfaces were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA contamination, with shopping trolley handles being the most frequently contaminated. This study showed that contamination in public spaces can occur, so we remark the importance to adopt adequate preventive measures, including environment ventilation, careful surfaces sanitation, hand hygiene, and correct usage of masks, to reduce the likelihood of virus transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppina Caggiano
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology—Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (M.L.); (M.D.); (F.F.); (P.S.); (O.D.G.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Francesco Triggiano
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology—Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (M.L.); (M.D.); (F.F.); (P.S.); (O.D.G.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Francesca Apollonio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology—Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (M.L.); (M.D.); (F.F.); (P.S.); (O.D.G.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Giusy Diella
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology—Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (M.L.); (M.D.); (F.F.); (P.S.); (O.D.G.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Marco Lopuzzo
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology—Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (M.L.); (M.D.); (F.F.); (P.S.); (O.D.G.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Marilena D’Ambrosio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology—Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (M.L.); (M.D.); (F.F.); (P.S.); (O.D.G.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Fabrizio Fasano
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology—Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (M.L.); (M.D.); (F.F.); (P.S.); (O.D.G.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Pasquale Stefanizzi
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology—Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (M.L.); (M.D.); (F.F.); (P.S.); (O.D.G.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Giovanni Trifone Sorrenti
- Department of Prevention, Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Local Health Unit BT, Corso M. R. Imbriani 138, 76125 Trani, Italy; (G.T.S.); (P.M.); (D.P.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Pantaleo Magarelli
- Department of Prevention, Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Local Health Unit BT, Corso M. R. Imbriani 138, 76125 Trani, Italy; (G.T.S.); (P.M.); (D.P.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Domenico Pio Sorrenti
- Department of Prevention, Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Local Health Unit BT, Corso M. R. Imbriani 138, 76125 Trani, Italy; (G.T.S.); (P.M.); (D.P.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Vincenzo Marcotrigiano
- Department of Prevention, Food Hygiene and Nutrition Service, Local Health Unit BT, Corso M. R. Imbriani 138, 76125 Trani, Italy; (G.T.S.); (P.M.); (D.P.S.); (V.M.)
| | - Osvalda De Giglio
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology—Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (M.L.); (M.D.); (F.F.); (P.S.); (O.D.G.); (M.T.M.)
| | - Maria Teresa Montagna
- Department of Biomedical Science and Human Oncology—Hygiene Section, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare 11, 70124 Bari, Italy; (F.T.); (F.A.); (G.D.); (M.L.); (M.D.); (F.F.); (P.S.); (O.D.G.); (M.T.M.)
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Dharmadhikari T, Yadav R, Dastager S, Dharne M. Translating SARS-CoV-2 wastewater-based epidemiology for prioritizing mass vaccination: a strategic overview. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:42975-42980. [PMID: 34212322 PMCID: PMC8248294 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-15169-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The inception of the novel coronavirus has forced the world into despair. Rapid progress has been made in addressing the situation, and various clinical diagnostic methods were developed for early detection of transmission. However, with a rapidly increasing number of infected populations worldwide, the testing of each individual was impractical. The wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been implemented to evaluate disease outbreaks as an early warning system for pandemic preparedness. Numerous studies reported the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the open drains and STPs across the globe via recovery efficiency of surrogate virus from existing virus concentration protocols. However, the such reported studies did not justify the use of WBE to identify or pinpoint the specific hotspots of transmission which could be prioritized for rapid efforts to contain or accelerate active vaccination efforts. Identifying precise locations of hotspots could be an essential aspect in controlling the outbreak and surge of wave by prioritizing the region for primary outbreak response. This article focuses on the issues relating to the primary focus for WBE that can be adapted, and its suitability for utilization in the mass vaccination program is discussed. Effective use of WBE information in terms of source tracking might be crucial as we move towards mass vaccination to control outbreaks of COVID-19 pandemic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanmay Dharmadhikari
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
| | - Rakeshkumar Yadav
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Syed Dastager
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India
| | - Mahesh Dharne
- National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (NCIM), Biochemical Sciences Division, CSIR-National Chemical Laboratory, Dr Homi Bhabha Road, Pashan, Pune, Maharashtra, 411008, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, India.
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A pilot metagenomic study reveals that community derived mobile phones are reservoirs of viable pathogenic microbes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:14102. [PMID: 34239006 PMCID: PMC8266881 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-93622-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 06/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing attention focussed on the risks associated with mobile phones possibly serving as ‘Trojan Horse’ fomites for microbial transmission in healthcare settings. However, little is reported on the presence of microbes on community derived mobile phones which in 2021, numbered in the billions in circulation with majority being used on a daily basis. Identify viable microbial organisms swabbed from smartphones on a university campus. Entire surfaces of 5 mobile phones were swabbed and examined for their microbial content using pre-agar-based growths followed by downstream DNA metagenomic next-generation sequencing analysis. All phones were contaminated with viable microbes. 173 bacteria, 8 fungi, 8 protists, 53 bacteriophages, 317 virulence factor genes and 41 distinct antibiotic resistant genes were identified. While this research represents a pilot study, the snapshot metagenomic analysis of samples collected from the surface of mobile phones has revealed the presence of a large population of viable microbes and an array of antimicrobial resistant factors. With billions of phones in circulation, these devices might be responsible for the rise of community acquired infections. These pilot results highlight the importance of public health authorities considering mobile phones as ‘Trojan Horse’ devices for microbial transmission and ensure appropriate decontamination campaigns are implemented.
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Olsen M, Lohning A, Campos M, Jones P, McKirdy S, Alghafri R, Tajouri L. Mobile phones of paediatric hospital staff are never cleaned and commonly used in toilets with implications for healthcare nosocomial diseases. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12999. [PMID: 34155278 PMCID: PMC8217495 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92360-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
An ever-increasing number of medical staff use mobile phones as a work aid, yet this may pose nosocomial diseases. To assess and report via a survey the handling practices and the use of phones by paediatric wards healthcare workers. 165 paediatric healthcare workers and staff filled in a questionnaire consisting of 14 questions (including categorical, ordinal and numerical data). Analysis of categorical data used non-parametric techniques such as the Chi-squared test. Although 98% of respondents (165 in total) report that their phones may be contaminated, 56% have never cleaned their devices. Of the respondents that clean their devices, 10% (17/165) had done so with alcohol swabs or disinfectant within that day or week; and an additional 12% respondents (20/165) within that month. Of concern, 52% (86/165) of the respondents use their phones in the bathroom, emphasising the unhygienic environments in which mobile phones/smartphones are constantly used. Disinfecting phones is a practice that only a minority of healthcare workers undertake appropriately. Mobile phones, present in billions globally, are therefore Trojan Horses if contaminated with microbes and potentially contributing to the spread and propagation of micro-organisms as per the rapid spread of SARS-CoV-2 virus in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Olsen
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Anna Lohning
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Mariana Campos
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Peter Jones
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
| | - Simon McKirdy
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
| | - Rashed Alghafri
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia
- Dubai Police Scientists Council, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia
- Dubai Future Council on Community Security, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Lotti Tajouri
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, QLD, Australia.
- Dubai Police Scientists Council, Dubai Police, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
- Harry Butler Institute, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA, 6150, Australia.
- Dubai Future Council on Community Security, Dubai, United Arab Emirates.
- Genomics and Molecular Biology, Bond University, Gold Coast, QLD, 4229, Australia.
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10
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Vicente VA, Lustosa BPR, Grisolia ME, Pavini Beato C, Balsanelli E, de Souza Gubert Fruet V, Bordignon Nogueira M, Raboni SM, Carvalho KAT, Flôr IC, Ferreira Voidaleski M, Etchepare RG, Meis JF, Soccol VT, Souza EM. Environmental Detection of SARS-CoV-2 Virus RNA in Health Facilities in Brazil and a Systematic Review on Contamination Sources. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:3824. [PMID: 33917465 PMCID: PMC8038740 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph18073824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2021] [Revised: 04/01/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
SARS-CoV-2 environmental monitoring can track the rate of viral contamination and can be used to establish preventive measures. This study aimed to detect by RT-PCR the presence of SARS-CoV-2 from inert surface samples in public health settings with a literature review about surface contamination and its burden on spread virus. Samples were collected from health settings in Curitiba, Brazil, between July and December 2020. A literature review was conducted using PRISMA. A total of 711 environmental surface samples were collected from outpatient areas, dental units, doctors' offices, COVID-19 evaluation areas, and hospital units, of which 35 (4.9%) were positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The frequency of environmental contamination was higher in primary care units than in hospital settings. The virus was detected on doctors' personal items. Remarkably, the previously disinfected dental chair samples tested positive. These findings agree with those of other studies in which SARS-CoV-2 was found on inanimate surfaces. Detection of SARS-CoV-2 RNA on surfaces in public health settings, including those not meant to treat COVID-19, indicates widespread environmental contamination. Therefore, the intensification of disinfection measures for external hospital areas may be important for controlling community COVID-19 dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vania Aparecida Vicente
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil; (B.P.R.L.); (M.E.G.); (J.F.M.); (V.T.S.)
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Microbiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil; (I.C.F.); (M.F.V.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil;
| | - Bruno Paulo Rodrigues Lustosa
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil; (B.P.R.L.); (M.E.G.); (J.F.M.); (V.T.S.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil;
| | - Maria Eduarda Grisolia
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil; (B.P.R.L.); (M.E.G.); (J.F.M.); (V.T.S.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil;
| | - Caroline Pavini Beato
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil;
| | - Eduardo Balsanelli
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil;
| | | | - Meri Bordignon Nogueira
- Virology Laboratory, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80060-900, Brazil; (M.B.N.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Sonia Maria Raboni
- Virology Laboratory, Clinical Hospital, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80060-900, Brazil; (M.B.N.); (S.M.R.)
| | - Katherine Athayde Teixeira Carvalho
- The Pelé Pequeno Príncipe Institute, Child and Adolescent Health Research & Pequeno Príncipe Faculties and Pequeno Príncipe Hospital, Curitiba 802450-0260, Brazil;
| | - Izadora Cervelin Flôr
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Microbiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil; (I.C.F.); (M.F.V.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil;
| | - Morgana Ferreira Voidaleski
- Microbiology, Parasitology and Pathology Graduate Program, Department of Basic Pathology, Microbiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil; (I.C.F.); (M.F.V.)
- Laboratory of Microbiology and Molecular Biology, Department of Basic Pathology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil;
| | - Ramiro Gonçalves Etchepare
- Technology Sector, Department of Hydraulics and Sanitation, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil;
| | - Jacques F. Meis
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil; (B.P.R.L.); (M.E.G.); (J.F.M.); (V.T.S.)
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, Canisius-Wilhelmina Hospital, 6525GA Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Vanete Thomaz Soccol
- Engineering Bioprocess and Biotechnology Graduate Program, Department of Bioprocess Engineering and Biotechnology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil; (B.P.R.L.); (M.E.G.); (J.F.M.); (V.T.S.)
| | - Emanuel Maltempi Souza
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 81530-000, Brazil;
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11
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Piana A, Colucci ME, Valeriani F, Marcolongo A, Sotgiu G, Pasquarella C, Margarucci LM, Petrucca A, Gianfranceschi G, Babudieri S, Vitali P, D'Ermo G, Bizzarro A, De Maio F, Vitali M, Azara A, Romano F, Simmaco M, Romano Spica V. Monitoring COVID-19 Transmission Risks by Quantitative Real-Time PCR Tracing of Droplets in Hospital and Living Environments. mSphere 2021; 6:e01070-20. [PMID: 33408231 PMCID: PMC7845593 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.01070-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Accepted: 12/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) environmental contamination occurs through droplets and biological fluids released in the surroundings from patients or asymptomatic carriers. Surfaces and objects contaminated by saliva or nose secretions represent a risk for indirect transmission of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). We assayed surfaces from hospital and living spaces to identify the presence of viral RNA and the spread of fomites in the environment. Anthropic contamination by droplets and biological fluids was monitored by detecting the microbiota signature using multiplex quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) on selected species and massive sequencing on 16S amplicons. A total of 92 samples (flocked swabs) were collected from critical areas during the pandemic, including indoor (three hospitals and three public buildings) and outdoor surfaces exposed to anthropic contamination (handles and handrails, playgrounds). Traces of biological fluids were frequently detected in spaces open to the public and on objects that are touched with the hands (>80%). However, viral RNA was not detected in hospital wards or other indoor and outdoor surfaces either in the air system of a COVID hospital but only in the surroundings of an infected patient, in consistent association with droplet traces and fomites. Handled objects accumulated the highest level of multiple contaminations by saliva, nose secretions, and fecal traces, further supporting the priority role of handwashing in prevention. In conclusion, anthropic contamination by droplets and biological fluids is widespread in spaces open to the public and can be traced by qPCR. Monitoring fomites can support evaluation of indirect transmission risks for coronavirus or other flu-like viruses in the environment.IMPORTANCE Several studies have evaluated the presence of SARS-CoV-2 in the environment. Saliva and nasopharyngeal droplets can land on objects and surfaces, creating fomites. A suitable indicator would allow the detection of droplets or biofluids carrying the virus. Therefore, we searched for viral RNA and droplets and fomites on at risk surfaces. We monitored by qPCR or next generation sequencing (NGS) droplets through their microbiota. Although the study was performed during the pandemic, SARS-CoV-2 was not significantly found on surfaces, with the only exception of environmental areas near infectious patients. Conversely, anthropic contamination was frequent, suggesting a role for biofluids as putative markers of indirect transmission and risk assessment. Moreover, all SARS-CoV-2-contaminated surfaces showed droplets' microbiota. Fomite monitoring by qPCR may have an impact on public health strategies, supporting prevention of indirect transmission similarly to what is done for other communicable diseases (e.g., influenza and influenza-like infections).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Piana
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Federica Valeriani
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Sotgiu
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | | | - Lory Marika Margarucci
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy
| | - Andrea Petrucca
- Sant'Andrea Hospital, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Gianluca Gianfranceschi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy
| | - Sergio Babudieri
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Pietro Vitali
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Giuseppe D'Ermo
- Department of Surgery "P. Valdoni", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Assunta Bizzarro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Flavio De Maio
- Department of Basic Biotechnological Sciences, Intensive and Perioperative Clinics, Section of Microbiology, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Matteo Vitali
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Azara
- Department of Medical, Surgical and Experimental Sciences, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Ferdinando Romano
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, University of Rome La Sapienza, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Vincenzo Romano Spica
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biotechnologies, University of Rome "Foro Italico," Rome, Italy
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