1
|
Huang C, Gong X, Qin Y, Zhang L, Cai Y, Feng S, Zhang Y, Zhao Z. Risk assessment of China's Eastern Route of the South-to-north Water Diversion Project from the perspective of Phthalate Esters occurrence in the impounded lakes. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 473:134511. [PMID: 38772103 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 04/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/23/2024]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are widely utilized and can accumulate in lacustrine ecosystems, posing significant ecological and human health hazards. Most studies on PAEs focus on individual lakes, lacking a comprehensive and systematic perspective. In response, we have focused our investigation on characteristic lakes situated along the Eastern Route of the South-to-north Water Diversion Project (SNWDP-ER) in China. We have detected 16 PAE compounds in the impounded lakes of the SNWDP-ER by collecting surface water samples using solid-phase extraction followed by gas chromatography analysis. The concentration of PAEs were found to between 0.80 to 12.92 μg L-1. Among them, Bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was the most prevalent, with mean concentration of 1.56 ± 0.62 μg L-1 (48.44%), followed by Diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), 0.64 ± 1.40 μg L-1 (19.87%). Spatial distribution showed an increasing trend in the direction of water flow. Retention of DEHP and DIBP has led to increased environmental risks. DEHP, Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) etc. determined by agriculture and human activities. Additionally, Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and DIBP mainly related to the use of agricultural products. To mitigate the PAEs risk, focusing on integrated management of the lakes, along with the implementation of stringent regulations to control the use of plasticizes in products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chenyu Huang
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Xionghu Gong
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Lu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 211135, China
| | - Yongjiu Cai
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Shaoyuan Feng
- College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China
| | - Youliang Zhang
- College of Hydraulic Science and Engineering, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225009, China.
| | - Zhonghua Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Lake and Watershed Science for Water Security, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Farissi S, Akhilghosh KA, Muthukumar A, Muthuchamy M. Combining photocatalytic and electrocatalytic oxidation for dibutyl phthalate degradation: the influence of carbon-coated titanium anode and metal oxide catalysts. ENVIRONMENTAL TECHNOLOGY 2024:1-15. [PMID: 38820597 DOI: 10.1080/09593330.2024.2360747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2024] [Accepted: 05/21/2024] [Indexed: 06/02/2024]
Abstract
Plasticisers, such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP), are contaminants of emerging concern (CEC) that are toxic to living things and the environment. Unlike hydrophilic pollutants, DBP shows the characteristics of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nature which makes its degradation or removal difficult using conventional treatment technologies. The current study explored the potential of photocatalysis followed by electrocatalytic oxidation (PC + EC) using vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) and carbon-coated titanium (C/Ti) anode for the removal of 75 mg L-1 DBP from water. The structural stability and changes in the functional groups after treatment of the catalyst were determined using powder XRD and FTIR studies that found the catalyst structure to be stable. Optimization studies showed that UV-A (315-400 nm) irradiation source, 112 mA cm-2 current density, 50 mg L-1 catalyst dosage, 360 min PC, 210 min EC at pH 3 and 20 mM sodium sulphate managed to degrade 99.5% of DBP with 97% COD and 87.7% TOC removal. Compared to electrocatalytic oxidation (EC), PC + EC showed 40% higher TOC removal. Reusability studies found the reduction of 45% for COD removal after four treatment cycles with V2O5, while the anode material showed no considerable decrease in its degradation efficiency. High-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) studies established that complete degradation was preceded by the oxidation of DBP to phthalic anhydride and phthalic acid responsible for the increase in TOC during the initial treatment period. Overall, this study lays out insights for the application of photo-electrocatlytic oxidation for the removal of ubiquitous poorly soluble water pollutants such as phthalates.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Salman Farissi
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | | | - Anbazhagi Muthukumar
- Department of Environmental Science, Central University of Kerala, Kasaragod, India
| | | |
Collapse
|
3
|
Guo R, Liang X, Su M, Yao B, Yan S, Han Y, Cui J. Occurrence, migration and health risks of fluorescent whitening agents and phthalates in bottled water. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 476:134631. [PMID: 38901257 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.134631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2024] [Revised: 04/29/2024] [Accepted: 05/15/2024] [Indexed: 06/22/2024]
Abstract
The occurrence and health risks of fluorescent whitening agents (FWAs) in bottled water were reported for the first time. FWA184 and FWA393 were the most frequently detected FWAs, with mean concentrations of 3.99-17.00 ng L-1. Phthalates (PAEs) such as dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), and diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) were prevalent in bottled water, with mean levels of 40.89-716.66 ng L-1, and their concentrations in bottled water were much higher than those of FWAs. FWAs and PAEs in bottles and caps were extracted using organic solvent, and the correlation analysis showed that FWA393 and DEHP most likely originated from bottles, while bottle caps were the main sources of DBP and DiBP. The calculated risk quotients (RQs) of target substances and all age groups were considerably lower than the threshold of 0.1, indicating that consuming bottled water containing these plastic additives was unlikely to pose health risks for people of all ages. However, RQ values for underage people were several times higher than those for adults and hence cannot be neglected; therefore, special attention should be paid to understand the potential risks posed by the exposure to these plastic additives during early life stages, especially the infant stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyao Guo
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xiaoge Liang
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Mengfei Su
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Bo Yao
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Shuwen Yan
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Yonghui Han
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Jiansheng Cui
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Pollution Prevention Biotechnology, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tuli A, Suresh G, Halder N, Velpandian T. Analysis and remediation of phthalates in aquatic matrices: current perspectives. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:23408-23434. [PMID: 38456985 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-32670-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 03/09/2024]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are high production volume chemicals used extensively as plasticizers, to increase the flexibility of the main polymer. They are reported to leach into their surroundings from plastic products and are now a ubiquitous environmental contaminant. Phthalate levels have been determined in several environmental matrices, especially in water. These levels serve as an indicator of plasticizer abuse and plastic pollution, and also serve as a route of exposure to different species including humans. Reports published on effects of different PAEs on experimental models demonstrate their carcinogenic, teratogenic, reproductive, and endocrine disruptive effects. Therefore, regular monitoring and remediation of environmental water samples is essential to ascertain their hazard quotient and daily exposure levels. This review summarises the extraction and detection techniques available for phthalate analysis in water samples such as chromatography, biosensors, immunoassays, and spectroscopy. Current remediation strategies for phthalate removal such as adsorption, advanced oxidation, and microbial degradation have also been highlighted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anannya Tuli
- High Precision Bio-Analytical Facility (DST-FIST Sponsored), Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Gayatri Suresh
- High Precision Bio-Analytical Facility (DST-FIST Sponsored), Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Nabanita Halder
- High Precision Bio-Analytical Facility (DST-FIST Sponsored), Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India
| | - Thirumurthy Velpandian
- High Precision Bio-Analytical Facility (DST-FIST Sponsored), Ocular Pharmacology and Pharmacy, Dr. Rajendra Prasad Centre for Ophthalmic Sciences, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, 110029, India.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Shende N, Singh I, Hippargi G, Ramesh Kumar A. Occurrence and Health Risk Assessment of Phthalates in Municipal Drinking Water Supply of a Central Indian City. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2024; 86:288-303. [PMID: 38568248 DOI: 10.1007/s00244-024-01061-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, the occurrence of phthalates in the municipal water supply of Nagpur City, India, was studied for the first time. The study aimed to provide insights into the extent of phthalate contamination and identify potential sources of contamination in the city's tap water. We analyzed fifteen phthalates and the total concentration (∑15phthalates) ranged from 0.27 to 76.36 µg L-1. Prominent phthalates identified were di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), di-isobutyl phthalate (DIBP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP), and di-nonyl phthalate (DNP). Out of the fifteen phthalates analyzed, DEHP showed the highest concentration in all the samples with the median concentration of 2.27 µg L-1, 1.39 µg L-1, 1.83 µg L-1, 2.02 µg L-1, respectively in Butibori, Gandhibaag, Civil Lines, and Kalmeshwar areas of the city. In 30% of the tap water samples, DEHP was found higher than the EPA maximum contaminant level of 6 µg L-1. The average daily intake (ADI) of phthalates via consumption of tap water was higher for adults (median: 0.25 µg kg-1 day-1) compared to children (median: 0.07 µg kg-1 day-1). The hazard index (HI) calculated for both adults and children was below the threshold level, indicating no significant health risks from chronic toxic risk. However, the maximum carcinogenic risk (CR) for adults (8.44 × 10-3) and children (7.73 × 10-3) was higher than the threshold level. Knowledge of the sources and distribution of phthalate contamination in municipal drinking water is crucial for effective contamination control and management strategies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nandini Shende
- Chemical and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Environmental Materials Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India
| | - Ishan Singh
- Chemical and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
- Stockholm Convention Regional Centre (SCRC India), CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India
| | - Girivvankatesh Hippargi
- Environmental Materials Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India.
| | - Asirvatham Ramesh Kumar
- Chemical and Hazardous Waste Management Division, CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India.
- Stockholm Convention Regional Centre (SCRC India), CSIR-National Environmental Engineering Research Institute, Nagpur, 440020, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201 002, India.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Mao S, He C, Niu G, Ma Y. Effect of aging on the release of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from biodegradable and petroleum-based microplastics into soil. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2024; 272:116006. [PMID: 38295739 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2024.116006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2023] [Revised: 01/03/2024] [Accepted: 01/21/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Due to microplastics (MPs) being widely distributed in soil, the use of advanced oxidation to remediate organic-contaminated soils may accelerate the aging of MPs in soil and impact the release of di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), a potential carcinogen used as a plasticizer in plastics, from MPs. In this study, persulfate oxidation (PO) and temperature treatment (TT) were used to treat biodegradable and petroleum-based MPs, including polylactic acid (PLA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polystyrene (PS). The methods used for evaluating the characteristics changes of MP were X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and water contact angle measurement. The effects of aging on DEHP release from MPs were investigated via soil incubation. The results showed PO and TT led to increased surface roughness, oxygen-containing functional group content, and hydrophilicity of the MPs with prolonged aging, consequently accelerating the release of DEHP from the MPs. Interestingly, PLA aged faster than PVC and PS under similar conditions. After 30 days of PO treatment, DEHP release from PLA into the soil increased 0.789-fold, exceeding the increase from PVC (0.454-fold) and PS (0.287-fold). This suggests that aged PLA poses a higher ecological risk than aged PVC or PS. Furthermore, PO treatment resulted in the oxidation and degradation of DEHP on the MP surface. After 30 days of PO treatment, the DEHP content in PLA, PVC, and PS decreased by 19.1%, 25.8%, and 23.5%, respectively. Specifying the types of MPs studied and the environmental conditions would provide a more precise context for the results. These findings provide novel insights into the fate of biodegradable and petroleum-based MPs and the potential ecotoxicity arising from advanced oxidation remediation in contaminated soils.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Mao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chiquan He
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
| | - Guoyao Niu
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yangyang Ma
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bhagat J, Singh N, Shimada Y. Southeast Asia's environmental challenges: emergence of new contaminants and advancements in testing methods. FRONTIERS IN TOXICOLOGY 2024; 6:1322386. [PMID: 38469037 PMCID: PMC10925796 DOI: 10.3389/ftox.2024.1322386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 03/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Emerging contaminants, including pharmaceuticals, personal care products, microplastics, and per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, pose a major threat to both ecosystems and human health in Southeast Asia. As this region undergoes rapid industrialization and urbanization, the increasing presence of unconventional pollutants in water bodies, soil, and various organisms has become an alarming concern. This review comprehensively examines the environmental challenges posed by emerging contaminants in Southeast Asia and recent progress in toxicity testing methods. We discuss the diverse range of emerging contaminants found in Southeast Asia, shedding light on their causes and effects on ecosystems, and emphasize the need for robust toxicological testing methods. This review is a valuable resource for researchers, policymakers, and environmental practitioners working to mitigate the impacts of emerging contaminants and secure a sustainable future for Southeast Asia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jacky Bhagat
- Graduate School of Regional Innovation Studies, Mie University, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- Mie University Zebrafish Research Center, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Nisha Singh
- Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology (JAMSTEC), Yokosuka, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Yasuhito Shimada
- Mie University Zebrafish Research Center, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Mie University Advanced Science Research Promotion Center, Tsu, Mie, Japan
- Department of Integrative Pharmacology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chen M, Niu Z, Zhang X, Zhang Y. Pollution characteristics and health risk of sixty-five organics in one drinking water system: PAEs should be prioritized for control. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 350:141171. [PMID: 38211786 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 01/05/2024] [Accepted: 01/08/2024] [Indexed: 01/13/2024]
Abstract
Currently, a large number of emerging organic contaminants have been detected in domestic and international drinking water systems. However, there are differences among the research methods, which lead to system errors in directly comparing the hazards of different contaminants, so it is difficult to analyze the priority control pollutants and the risk control target in drinking water from previous studies. Therefore, we selected a drinking water treatment plant (DWTP) in the east of China, and detected trihalomethanes (THMs), antibiotics, phthalate esters (PAEs), organophosphate esters (OPEs), per and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), a total of sixty-five organic contaminants in one batch water sample of four seasons, and carried out the whole process monitoring of "Source water-DWTP-Network-Users", and calculated the health risks of contaminants in tap water. The results showed that DWTP could effectively remove antibiotics and PAEs; the removal rate of coagulation for antibiotics can be up to 47%; the release of PAEs in the plastic water supply pipe leads to a significant increase of the concentrations in the water transportation system, which can reach 2.92 times of that in finished water; compared with other contaminants, THMs and PAEs in tap water have higher health risks. This study reveals that THMs and PAEs are priority control organic pollutants, and the water supply network is the key risk control target in the drinking water system, providing a theoretical basis for how to ensure the safety of drinking water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu Chen
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Zhiguang Niu
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China; The International Joint Institute of Tianjin University, Fuzhou, 350207, China
| | - Xiaohan Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mao S, He C. Effect of particle size and environmental conditions on the release of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from microplastics. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 345:140474. [PMID: 37865205 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 05/18/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/23/2023]
Abstract
The extensive use and improper handling of plastics have caused extensive microplastic (MP) pollution in terrestrial environments. Di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), the main additive used in plastics, is toxic to organisms and may pose risks to human and animal reproductive functions. However, research on the release behavior of DEHP from MPs is scarce. In this study, the effects of particle size and environmental conditions (temperature, pH, ionic strength, and cation type) on DEHP release from polylactide (PLA), polystyrene (PS), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) MPs were determined by performing leaching experiments. The results showed that when particle size decreased, the content of DEHP in the MPs and the amount of released DEHP increased though increasing specific surface area. An increase in temperature also promoted DEHP release; when the temperature increased from 15 °C to 45 °C, the amount of DEHP released from PLA, PS, and PVC increased by 38.4%, 71.0%, and 109%, respectively. The lower the crystallinity, the greater the increase in the amount of DEHP released. Ionic strength inhibited the release of DEHP from MPs. When Na+ concentration increased from 0 to 200 mM, the amount of DEHP released from PLA, PS, and PVC decreased by 27.4%, 41.6%, and 35.3%, respectively. The effect of Ca2+ on DEHP release from MPs was greater than that of Na+. In addition, the process of DEHP release from MPs fit well with a pseudo-first-order kinetic model. The results of this study provide a theoretical basis for managing and controlling the risks associated with plastic wastes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaohua Mao
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China
| | - Chiquan He
- School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wang H, Li C, Yan G, Zhang Y, Wang H, Dong W, Chu Z, Chang Y, Ling Y. Seasonal distribution characteristics and ecological risk assessment of phthalate esters in surface sediment of Songhua River basin. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 337:122567. [PMID: 37717898 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/14/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) are typical industrial chemicals used in China. PAEs have received considerable attention because of their ubiquity and potential hazard to humans and the ecology. The spatiotemporal distributions of six PAEs in the surface sediments of the Songhua River in the spring (March), summer (July), and autumn (September) are investigated in this study. The total concentration of phthalic acid esters (∑6PAEs) ranges from 1.62 × 102 ng g-1 dry weight (dw) to 3.63 × 104 ng g-1·dw, where the amount in the spring is substantially higher (p < 0.01) than those in the autumn and summer. Seasonal variations in PAEs may be due to rainfall and temperature. The ∑6PAEs in the Songhua River's upper reaches are significantly higher than those in the middle and lower reaches (p < 0.05). Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) are the two most abundant PAEs. The ecological hazard of five PAEs is assessed using the hazard quotient method. DBP and DEHP pose moderate or high ecological risks to aquatic organisms at various trophic levels. PAEs originate primarily from industrial, agricultural, and domestic sources. Absolute principal components-multiple linear regression results indicate that agricultural sources are the most dominant contributor to the ∑6PAEs (53.7%). Guidelines for controlling PAEs pollution in the Songhua River are proposed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Congyu Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
| | - Guokai Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yanjie Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Haiyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China.
| | - Weiyang Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Zhaosheng Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; National Engineering Laboratory for Lake Pollution Control and Ecological Restoration, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yang Chang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| | - Yu Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing, 100012, PR China; Research Center of Environmental Pollution Control Technology, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Science, Beijing, 100012, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wang M, Wang H, Hu C, Deng J, Shi B. Phthalate acid esters promoted the enrichment of chlorine dioxide-resistant bacteria and their functions related to human diseases in rural polyvinyl chloride distribution pipes. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 896:165282. [PMID: 37406691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/01/2023] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipes are widely used as drinking water distribution pipes in rural areas of China. However, whether phthalate acid esters (PAEs) released from PVC pipes will affect tap water quality is still unknown. The influence of released PAEs on the water quality was analysed in this study, especially after ClO2 disinfection. The results indicated that ClO2 disinfection could control the growth of total coliforms and heterotrophic bacteria (HPC). However, when the ClO2 residual decreased to below 0.10 mg/L, HPC and opportunistic pathogens, including Mycobacterium avium and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, increased significantly. In addition, after ClO2 disinfection, PAEs concentrations increased from 10.6-22.2 μg/L to 21.2-58.8 μg/L in different sampling cites. Linear discriminant analysis (LDA) effect size (LEfSe) and statistical analysis of metagenomic profiles (Stamp) showed that ClO2 disinfection induced the enrichment of Pseudomonas, Bradyrhizobium, and Mycobacterium and functions related to human diseases, such as pathogenic Escherichia coli infection, shigellosis, Staphylococcus aureus infection, and Vibrio cholerae infection. The released PAEs not only promoted the growth of these ClO2-resistant bacterial genera but also enhanced their functions related to human diseases. Moreover, these PAEs also induced the enrichment of other bacterial genera, such as Blastomonas, Dechloromonas, and Kocuria, and their functions, such as chronic myeloid leukaemia, African trypanosomiasis, leishmaniasis, hepatitis C and human T-cell leukaemia virus 1 infection. The released PAEs enhanced the microbial risk of the drinking water. These results are meaningful for guaranteeing water quality in rural areas of China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Institute of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China; Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Haibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
| | - Chisheng Hu
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jianmian Deng
- Institute of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, North China University of Water Resources and Electric Power, Zhengzhou 450045, China.
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gorshkov A, Grigoryeva T, Bukin Y, Kuzmin A. Case Study of Diesters of o-Phthalic Acid in Surface Waters with Background Levels of Pollution. TOXICS 2023; 11:869. [PMID: 37888719 PMCID: PMC10611372 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11100869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Lake Baikal was studied as a model for elucidating the general pattern of o-phthalic acid diester (PAE) distributions in surface waters with background pollution levels. The influence of factors including congeners, concentrations, sampling points, seasons, years, and potential sources was considered and the environmental risk for various hydrobionts was established. Priority PAEs in Baikal waters are represented by dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalates (DEP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP). Statistically valuable average concentrations and ranges for DMP, DEP, DnBP, and DEHP were 0.02 (0.01-0.02), 0.07 (0.06-0.09), 0.55 (0.47-0.66), and 0.30 (0.26-0.34) µg/L, respectively. The main factors determining PAE concentrations were the year and season of sampling, whereas sampling points were not among the factors influencing PAE levels. The distribution of PAEs in the water body was characterized by (i) an even distribution of minor hydrophilic DMP and DEP congeners in the whole water body, (ii) a maximum concentration of hydrophobic DnBP and DEHP congeners in the upper and near-bottom layers of the water column, and (iii) a low concentration of hydrophobic congeners in the near-shore area. The main PAE source was found to be the atmospheric transfer of polluted air masses, while the supply of PAEs from coastal sources to the pelagic zone was low. The contribution of biogenic sources to the background level of PAEs in the surface waters of Lake Baikal was established. The ecological risk of the background concentration level of PAEs for Lake Baikal biota was estimated. It was found that (i) DMP and DEP congeners do not represent a risk, or represent a very low risk, (ii) the concentration levels of dominant DnBP and DEHP congeners represent a low risk for crustaceans and fishes but (iii) a rather high risk for algae at a DEHP concentration of 0.30 µg/L.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Gorshkov
- Limnological Institute, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 3 Ulan-Batorskaya Str., 664033 Irkutsk, Russia; (T.G.); (Y.B.); (A.K.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Zhang Y, Yang Y, Tao Y, Guo X, Cui Y, Li Z. Phthalates (PAEs) and reproductive toxicity: Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis aspects. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132182. [PMID: 37557049 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are widely used for their excellent ability to improve plastic products. As an essential endocrine axis that regulates the reproductive system, whether dysfunction of the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is involved in reproductive toxicity mediated by environmental endocrine disruptors PAEs has become a hot topic of widespread concern. This study systematically reviewed the adverse effects of multiple PAEs on the HPG axis in different models and objectively discussed the possible underlying mechanisms. The abnormal release of gonadotropin-releasing hormone and gonadotropin, dysfunction of sex hormone receptors and steroid hormone synthesis, and general damage, including cell proliferation, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and autophagy have been confirmed to be involved in this process. Although it is widely established that PAEs induce HPG axis dysfunction, the specific mechanisms involved remain unclear. From a systematic review of relevant publications, it appears that the abnormal expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated, aryl hydrocarbon, and insulin receptors mediated by PAEs is key upstream event that induces these adverse outcomes; however, this inference needs to be further verified. Overall, this study aimed to provide reliable potential biomarkers for future environmental risk assessment and epidemiological investigation of PAEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China.
| | - Yang Yang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Yue Tao
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Xiangyong Guo
- Fuyu County Agricultural Technology Extension Center, Qiqihar 161200, PR China
| | - Yunhe Cui
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| | - Zixu Li
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Wang D, Zhu R, Lou J, Baek N, Fan X. Plasticizer phthalate esters degradation with a laccase from Trametes versicolor: effects of TEMPO used as a mediator and estrogenic activity removal. Biodegradation 2023; 34:431-444. [PMID: 37017762 DOI: 10.1007/s10532-023-10030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 04/06/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are toxic and persistent chemicals that are ubiquitous in the environment and have attracted worldwide attention due to their threats to the environment and human health. Dimethyl phthalate (DMP) is a relatively simple structure and one of the most observed PAEs in the environment. This study investigated the degradation of the DMP using Trametes versicolor laccase and its laccase-mediator systems. The degradation effect of laccase alone on DMP was poor, while the laccase-mediator systems can effectively enhance the degradation efficiency. Within 24 h, 45% of DMP (25 mg/L) was degraded in the presence of 0.8 U/mL laccase and 0.053 mM 2, 2, 6, 6-tetramethylpiperidine-1-oxyl (TEMPO). A certain concentration (1 mM) of metal ions Al3+, Cu2+ or Ca2+ can positively promote DMP degradation with the laccase-TEMPO system. Moreover, the structure of PAEs also had a great influence on the degradation efficiency. Higher degradation efficiencies were observed when incubating PAEs with short alkyl side chains by the laccase-TEMPO system compared to that with long alkyl side chains. Additionally, the branched-chain PAEs had a better degradation effect than the straight-chain. The estrogenic activity of the DMP solution after reaction was much smaller than that of the original solution. Finally, transformation products ortho-hydroxylated DMP and phthalic acid were identified by GC-MS and the possible degradation pathway was proposed. This study verifies the feasibility of the laccase-TEMPO system to degrade PAEs and provides a reference for exploring more potential value of laccase.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Ruofei Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jiangfei Lou
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Nawon Baek
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuerong Fan
- Key Laboratory of Science and Technology of Eco-Textile, Ministry of Education, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Wang J, Liu D, Yu H, Song Y. Insight into suppression of dibutyl phthalate on DOM removal during municipal sewage treatment using fluorescence spectroscopy with PARAFAC and moving-window 2D-COS. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:163210. [PMID: 37003316 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 03/28/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) has been widely detected in municipal and industrial wastewater, which could indirectly inhibit pollutant removals, especially degradation of dissolved organic matter (DOM). Here, the inhibition of DBP on DOM removal from wastewater in pilot-scale A2O-MBR system was investigated by fluorescence spectroscopy with two-dimensional correlation (2D-COS) and structural equation modeling (SEM). Seven components were extracted from DOM using parallel factor analysis, i.e., tryptophan-like (C1 and C2), fulvic-like (C4), tyrosine-like (C5), microbial humic-like (C6) and heme-like (C7). The tryptophan-like had a blue-shift at DBP occurrence, defined as blue-shift tryptophan-like (C3). DBP with 8 mg L-1 exhibited a stronger inhibition on removals of DOM fractions, extraordinarily tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like in anoxic unit than DBP of 6 mg L-1 by moving-window 2D-COS. The indirect removals of C1 and C2 through the C3 removal were more strongly inhibited by 8 mg L-1 DBP than those by 6 mg L-1 DBP, while the former exhibited a weaker inhibition on the direct degradation of C1 and C2 than the latter via SEM. Based on metabolic pathways, abundances of key enzymes secreted by microorganism in anoxic unit, degrading tyrosine-like and tryptophan-like, were higher in wastewater with 6 mg L-1 DBP than those with 8 mg L-1 DBP. These could provide a potential approach for online monitoring of DBP concentrations in wastewater treatment plants, which could rectify operating parameters, and then enhance the treatment efficiencies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Dongping Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Huibin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Yonghui Song
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China; College of Water Sciences, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wang C, Wang J, Gao W, Ning X, Xu S, Wang X, Chu J, Ma S, Bai Z, Yue G, Wang D, Shao Z, Zhuang X. The fate of phthalate acid esters in wastewater treatment plants and their impact on receiving waters. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 873:162201. [PMID: 36805063 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates (PAEs) are gaining attention and being researched as an endocrine disruptor as global plastic use surge. There is an urgent need to explore the key factors affecting the removal of PAEs from wastewater and the impact of wastewater effluent on receiving water. Here we investigated the levels and distribution patterns of 16 typical PAEs in surface water and five wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) along the Dongyang River from Yiwu, China, collecting 42 surface water and 31 wastewater samples. We found that influent PAEs concentration and treatment process were the key factors affecting the degradation efficiency of PAEs in primary and secondary treatment, respectively. In primary treatment, long-chain PAEs were more easily removed (and sometimes less likely to accumulate) than short-chain PAEs, regardless of the influent PAEs concentration (a key factor in primary treatment), while in secondary treatment, short-chain PAEs were easily removed regardless of the treatment process (a factor in secondary treatment). This was not the case for long-chain PAEs, which were only more readily removed in the A/A/O process. In addition, by comparing the significant differences between wastewater and surface water, we found that the total PAEs in the treated effluent were significantly lower than in surface water upstream and in built-up urban areas, indicating that wastewater discharges in the study area did not increase PAEs in the receiving water. Finally, river in the city center and artificial treatment facilities in the study area were identified as requiring priority attention. The results of this study can serve as a model for controlling PAEs in other similar developing cities in China and provide valuable information on the fate of endocrine disruptor from wastewater treatment in China and their impact on surface water.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cong Wang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Jinglin Wang
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Wei Gao
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xiaojun Ning
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Shengjun Xu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Xiaoping Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Jianwen Chu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Environment Simulation, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Shuanglong Ma
- College of Resources and Environmental Sciences, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou 450002, China
| | - Zhihui Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Gecheng Yue
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Dongsheng Wang
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Zhiping Shao
- Yangtze River Delta Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Yiwu, Zhejiang 322000, China
| | - Xuliang Zhuang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Environmental Biotechnology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Plateau Earth System, Environment and Resources (TPESER), Institute of Tibetan Plateau Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Horie Y, Nomura M, Ernesto UDL, Naija A, Akkajit P, Okamura H. Impact of acetyl tributyl citrate on gonadal sex differentiation and expression of biomarker genes for endocrine disruption in Japanese medaka. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2023; 260:106553. [PMID: 37182273 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2023.106553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2023] [Revised: 04/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/05/2023] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Plasticizers are broadly classified as phthalate or nonphthalate. Recently, acetyl tributyl citrate (ATBC), an environmentally friendly nonphthalate plasticizer, was revealed to have the ability to disrupt thyroid hormone activity in fish species. Therefore, we aimed to assess whether ATBC exhibits any sex hormone (i.e., androgenic or estrogenic) activities. First, we examined the effects of ATBC on gonadal sex differentiation. Subsequently, we analyzed the different expression of biomarker genes that respond to endocrine-disrupting chemicals (EDCs) with sexual hormone activity in the liver. We observed normal testes and ovaries after both XX and XY medakas were exposed to ATBC, indicating that ATBC is not an EDCs with strong sex hormone activity and that it does not induce intersex (testis-to-ova or ovo-to-testis) or sex changes in Japanese medaka. The vitellogenin 1 (vtg1) and vitellogenin 2 (vtg2) mRNA expression levels in the liver of XX medakas were significantly reduced compared with those in the control group, whereas the expression levels of these genes in the liver of XY medakas remained unchanged. Finally, we examined the changes in the expression of biomarker genes that respond to EDCs with sex hormone activity in the gonads. The expression levels of biomarker genes did not differ significantly from that of the control group, although the expression levels of gsdf mRNA tended to increase while that of aromatase mRNA tended to decrease in the ovary of XX medakas following ATBC exposure. Conversely, the expression levels of gsdf and aromatase mRNAs in the testis of XY medakas remained unchanged. These results suggest that ATBC does not exhibit estrogenic activity, although it may have weak androgenic activity or no sexual hormone activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Horie
- Research Center for Inland Seas (KURCIS), Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan.
| | - Miho Nomura
- Graduate School of Maritime Science, Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan
| | | | - Azza Naija
- Biomedical Research Center, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar
| | - Pensiri Akkajit
- Faculty of Technology and Environment, Prince of Songkla University, Phuket Campus, Phuket, Thailand
| | - Hideo Okamura
- Research Center for Inland Seas (KURCIS), Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Nguyen AV, Van Vu T, Pham CLT, Nguyen VN, Ta NT, Hoang AQ, Minh TB, Tran TM. Widespread distribution of phthalic acid esters in indoor and ambient air samples collected from Hanoi, Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:63175-63184. [PMID: 36959402 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26558-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, distribution characteristics of ten typical phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were investigated in 90 air samples collected from the urban areas in Hanoi, Vietnam from May to August 2022. The total concentrations of PAEs in indoor and ambient air samples were in the range of 320-4770 ng/m3 and 35.9-133 ng/m3, respectively. Total concentrations of PAEs in indoor air were about one order of magnitude higher than those in ambient air. Among PAEs studied, di-(2-ethyl)hexyl phthalate (DEHP) was measured at the highest levels in all air samples, followed by di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) and di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP). The PAEs concentrations in air samples collected from laboratories at nighttime were significantly higher than those during daytime (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the distributions of PAEs in various micro-environments in the same house are no statistically significant difference. The median exposure doses of PAEs through inhalation for adults and children were 248 and 725 ng/kg-bw/d, respectively. These exposure levels were still lower than the respective reference doses (RfD) proposed by the US EPA for selected compounds such as diethyl phthalate (DEP), DnBP, and DEHP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Viet Nguyen
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Vietnam Institute of Industrial Chemistry, 2 Pham Ngu Lao, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu Van Vu
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Chi Linh Thi Pham
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Viet Ngoc Nguyen
- Vietnam Institute of Industrial Chemistry, 2 Pham Ngu Lao, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thuy Ta
- Institute of Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Anh Quoc Hoang
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Ren JN, Zhu NZ, Meng XZ, Gao CJ, Li K, Jin LM, Shang TT, Ai FT, Cai MH, Zhao JF. Occurrence and ecological risk assessment of 16 phthalates in surface water of the mainstream of the Yangtze River, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:66936-66946. [PMID: 37099107 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-27203-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs), a class of typical endocrine disruptors, have received considerable attention due to their widespread applications and adverse effects on biological health. In this study, 30 water samples, along the mainstream of the Yangtze River (YR), were collected from Chongqing (upper stream) to Shanghai (estuary) from May to June in 2019. The total concentrations of 16 targeted PAEs ranged from 0.437 to 20.5 μg/L, with an average of 1.93 μg/L, where dibutyl phthalate (DBP, 0.222-20.2 μg/L), bis (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP, 0.254-7.03 μg/L), and diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP, 0.0645-0.621 μg/L) were the most abundant PAEs. According to the pollution level in the YR to assess the ecological risk posed by PAEs, the results showed medium risk level of PAEs in the YR, among which DBP and DEHP posed a high ecological risk to aquatic organisms. The optimal solution for DBP and DEHP is found in ten fitting curves. The PNECSSD of them is 2.50 μg/L and 0.34 μg/L, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Nan Ren
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ning-Zheng Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China.
- Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China.
| | - Xiang-Zhou Meng
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chong-Jing Gao
- College of Biological & Environmental Science, Zhejiang Wanli University, Ningbo, 315100, China
| | - Kai Li
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Li-Min Jin
- Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ting-Ting Shang
- Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Fang-Ting Ai
- Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ming-Hong Cai
- Ministry of Natural Resources Key Laboratory for Polar Science, Polar Research Institute of China, Shanghai, 200136, China
| | - Jian-Fu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Yangtze River Water Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai, 200092, China
- Jiaxing-Tongji Environmental Research Institute, 1994 Linggongtang Road, Jiaxing, 314051, Zhejiang Province, China
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Hou Y, Tu M, Li C, Liu X, Wang J, Wei C, Zheng X, Wu Y. Risk Assessment of Phthalate Esters in Baiyangdian Lake and Typical Rivers in China. TOXICS 2023; 11:180. [PMID: 36851055 PMCID: PMC9962510 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11020180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are frequently tracked in water environments worldwide. As a typical class of endocrine disruptor chemicals (EDCs), PAEs posed adverse effects on aquatic organisms at low concentration. Thus, they have attracted wide attention in recent years. In the present study, the concentrations of seven typical PAEs from 30 sampling sites in Baiyangdian Lake were measured, and the environmental exposure data of PAEs were gathered in typical rivers in China. Then, based on the aquatic life criteria (ALCs) derived from the reproductive toxicity data of aquatic organisms, two risk assessment methods, including hazard quotient (HQ) and probabilistic ecological risk assessment (PERA), were adopted to evaluate the ecological risks of PAEs in water. The sediment quality criteria (SQCs) of DEHP, DBP, BBP, DIBP and DEP were deduced based on the equilibrium partitioning method. Combined with the gathered environmental exposure data of seven PAEs in sediments from typical rivers in China, the ecological risk assessments of five PAEs in sediment were conducted only by the HQ method. The results of ecological risk assessment showed that in terms of water, DBP and DIBP posed low risk, while the risk of DEHP in Baiyangdian Lake cannot be ignored and should receive attention. In typical rivers in China, BBP and DEP posed no risk, while DIBP and DBP posed potential risk. Meanwhile, DEHP posed a high ecological risk. As far as sediment is concerned, DBP posed a high risk in some typical rivers in China, and the other rivers had medium risk. DEHP posed a high risk only in a few rivers and low to medium risk in others. This study provides an important reference for the protection of aquatic organisms and the risk management of PAEs in China.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Mengchen Tu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Institute of Green Development, Hebei Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050037, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
- College of Marine Ecology and Environment, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
| | - Chao Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yihong Wu
- Institute of Green Development, Hebei Provincial Academy of Environmental Sciences, Shijiazhuang 050037, China
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liu C, Fu L, Du H, Sun Y, Wu Y, Li C, Tong J, Liang S. Distribution, Source Apportionment and Risk Assessment of Phthalate Esters in the Overlying Water of Baiyang Lake, China. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:2918. [PMID: 36833614 PMCID: PMC9957158 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20042918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
As a kind of endocrine disruptor compounds, the presence of phthalate esters (PAEs) has become a global concern. In this study, the pollution levels and spatial distribution of sixteen PAEs were investigated. Their potential sources and eco-environmental health risk were discussed in Baiyang Lake and its upstream rivers during different periods. PAEs were detected in all of samples, ranging from 1215 to 3014 ng·L-1 in October 2020 and 1384 to 3399 ng·L-1 in May 2021. Dibutyl phthalate (DBP) and di-isobutyl phthalate (DIBP) were the predominant monomers, with a detection rate of 100% and the highest concentrations in the overlying water. Restricted by multiple factors, the spatial distribution difference between Baiyang Lake and its upstream rivers in October was more significant than in May. The source apportionment revealed that agricultural cultivation and disorderly use and disposal of plastic products were the primary factors for the contamination. The human health risk assessment indicated that eight PAE congeners did not pose significant carcinogenic and non-carcinogenic harms to males, females and children. However, the ecological risks of DBP, DIBP and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate to algae, crustaceans and fish species were moderate or high-risk levels. This study provides an appropriate dataset for the assessment of the pollution of PEs to the water ecosystem affected by anthropogenic activities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Analytical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Liguo Fu
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Analytical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Hui Du
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Analytical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yaxue Sun
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Analytical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| | - Yihong Wu
- Hebei Provincial Academy of Ecological Environmental Science, Shijiazhuang 050037, China
| | - Cheng Li
- Hebei Provincial Academy of Ecological Environmental Science, Shijiazhuang 050037, China
| | - Jikun Tong
- Baiyangdian Watershed Ecological Environmental Monitoring Center, Baoding 071051, China
| | - Shuxuan Liang
- Key Laboratory of Hebei Provincial Analytical Science and Technology, College of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Hebei University, Baoding 071002, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Bazarsadueva SV, Taraskin VV, Budaeva OD, Nikitina EP, Zhigzhitzhapova SV, Shiretorova VG, Bazarzhapov TZ, Radnaeva LD. First Data on PAE Levels in Surface Water in Lakes of the Eastern Coast of Baikal. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1173. [PMID: 36673930 PMCID: PMC9859432 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The increasing consumption of phthalates (PAEs), along with their high toxicity and high mobility, poses a threat to the environment. This study presents initial data on the contents of six priority PAEs in the water of lakes located on the eastern shore of Lake Baikal-Arangatui, Bormashevoe, Dukhovoe, Kotokel, and Shchuchye. The mean total concentrations of the six PAEs in lakes Arangatui and Bormashevoe (low anthropogenic load) were comparable to those in Kotokel (medium anthropogenic load, 17.34 µg/L) but were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than in Dukhovoe and Shchuchye (high anthropogenic load, 10.49 and 2.30 µg/L, respectively). DBP and DEHP were the main PAEs in all samples. The DEHP content in lakes Arangatui and Bormashevoe was quite high, and at some sampling sites it exceeded the MACs established by Russian, U.S. EPA, and WHO regulations. The assessment showed that there is no potential risk to humans associated with the presence of PAEs in drinking water. However, the levels of DEHP, DBP, and DnOP in the water pose a potential threat to sensitive aquatic organisms, as shown by the calculated risk quotients (RQs). It is assumed that the origin of the phthalates in the studied lakes is both anthropogenic and biogenic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Selmeg V. Bazarsadueva
- Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoi St., 6, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Vasilii V. Taraskin
- Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoi St., 6, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Olga D. Budaeva
- Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoi St., 6, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Elena P. Nikitina
- Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoi St., 6, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Svetlana V. Zhigzhitzhapova
- Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoi St., 6, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Valentina G. Shiretorova
- Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoi St., 6, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Tcogto Zh. Bazarzhapov
- Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoi St., 6, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - Larisa D. Radnaeva
- Baikal Institute of Nature Management, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Sakhyanovoi St., 6, 670047 Ulan-Ude, Russia
- Department of Pharmacy of the Medical Institute, Banzarov Buryat State University, 670000 Ulan-Ude, Russia
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Zhang T, Ma B, Wang L. Phthalic acid esters in grains, vegetables, and fruits: concentration, distribution, composition, bio-accessibility, and dietary exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:2787-2799. [PMID: 35939188 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-22415-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Grain, vegetable, and fruit samples were collected from Xi'an City in Northwest China and analyzed for the characteristics, bio-accessibility, and dietary exposure of 22 phthalic acid esters (PAEs). All the studied PAEs were ubiquitously detected, except for diethyl phthalate in vegetables and fruits. In grains, the sum of detectable PAEs (∑22PAEs) varied between 0.0840 and 40.0 µg/g, with a mean of 4.19 µg/g, presenting rice > > beans > flour, and the major PAEs were di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP). In vegetables, the ∑21PAEs ranged from 0.190 to 56.8 µg/g, with a mean of 8.07 µg/g, exhibiting leafy vegetables > root vegetables > fruits-vegetables > fungus > cauliflower > beans, and the main PAEs were di-iso-butyl phthalate (DiBP), DnBP, DEHP, di-iso-nonyl phthalate (DiNP), and di-iso-decyl phthalate (DiDP). In fruits, the ∑21PAEs varied between 0.300 and 12.6 µg/g, with a mean of 3.97 µg/g, presenting spring-winter season fruits > summer-autumn season fruits and shell-less fruits > shelled fruits, and the predominant PAEs were DiBP, DnBP, DEHP, DiNP, and DiDP. The bio-accessibility of PAEs in the gastrointestinal fluid simulant was higher than that in the single gastric or intestinal fluid simulant. The bio-accessibility of PAEs was correlated with the physiochemical properties of PAEs. The estimated daily intakes (EDIs) of human dietary exposure to PAEs were lower than the reference doses of United States Environmental Protection Agency and the tolerable dairy intakes (TDIs) of European Food Safety Authority (EFSA), except for the EDI of DnBP in the grains and DiBP in the vegetables higher than or close to the TDI of the EFSA. The research suggested that special attention should be paid to human dietary exposure to DnBP and DiBP, especially for children and adolescents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tong Zhang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Bianbian Ma
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China
| | - Lijun Wang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, School of Geography and Tourism, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, 710119, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Wang L, Li J, Zheng J, Liang J, Li R, Gong Z. Source tracing and health risk assessment of phthalate esters in household tap-water: A case study of the urban area of Quanzhou, Southeast China. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2022; 248:114277. [PMID: 36371886 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2022.114277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/06/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of phthalate esters (PAEs) in household tap water has been investigated via the presence of their geochemical characteristics in the pretreatment and transfer processes of water plants in the urban and suburban areas of the subtropical medium-sized city of Quanzhou, southeast China. The results for all approximately 300 tap water samples collected from 6 sampling stations at household kitchens from Nov. 30, 2017, to Dec. 6, 2018, showed that dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutylphthaate (DIBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), and di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) could be identified and quantified among the 16 PAE congeners with the developed gas chromatographymass spectrometry method. The levels of the sum of 5 PAE congeners (Σ5PAEs) for all tap water ranged from 780.0 ng/L to 9180 ng/L, while DIBP and DEHP were the most abundant congeners, accounting for 82.2% in the dry season, 89.9% in the normal season, and 89.3% in the wet season. Factors of the transferring process, such as the spatial distance from the sampling station to the water plant, the material of pipelines, and the storage time of tap water in the pipeline, affected the levels of PAE congeners in tap water from the correlation of Σ5PAEs levels and transferring distance according to hierarchical cluster analysis. The seasonal variations in Σ5PAEs and each congener had good agreement with the temperature, suggesting that PAEs in tap water mainly come from raw water, which should be further explored in future work. Health risk assessment of PAEs in tap water with the HQ method showed that the occurrence of DEP and DBP has no noncarcinogenic risk for adults and children, while the concentration of DEHP might cause potential noncarcinogenic risk for adults and children, which should be given considerably more attention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Long Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
| | - Jianyong Li
- Fujian PFI Fareast Testing & Technology Services Co., Ltd, Quanzhou 362000, PR China.
| | - Jiazuo Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
| | - Jing Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
| | - Rongli Li
- Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
| | - Zhenbin Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China; Center for Marine Environmental Chemistry and Toxicology, College of the Environment & Ecology, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361102, PR China.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Sun S, Zuo Q, Du M, Li Y. Molecular Design and Mechanism Analysis of Phthalic Acid Ester Substitutes: Improved Biodegradability in Processes of Sewage Treatment and Soil Remediation. TOXICS 2022; 10:783. [PMID: 36548616 PMCID: PMC9781866 DOI: 10.3390/toxics10120783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) have the characteristics of environmental persistence. Therefore, improving the biodegradability of PAEs is the key to reducing the extent of ecological harm realized. Firstly, the scoring function values of PAEs docking with various degrading enzymes in sewage treatment were calculated. Based on this, a 3D-quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) model for PAE biodegradability was built, and 38 PAE substitutes were created. By predicting the endocrine-disrupting toxicity and functions of PAE substitutes, two types of PAE substitutes that are easily degraded by microorganisms, have low toxicity, and remain functional were successfully screened. Meanwhile, the differences in the mechanism of molecular degradation difference before and after PAE modification were analyzed based on the distribution characteristics of amino acid residues in the molecular docking complex. Finally, the photodegradability and microbial degradability of the PAE substitutes in the soil environment was evaluated. From the 3D-QSAR model design perspective, the modification mechanism of PAE substitutes suitable for sewage treatment and soil environment degradation was analyzed. We aim to improve the biodegradability of PAEs at the source and provide theoretical support for alleviating the environmental hazards of using PAEs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shuhai Sun
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Qilin Zuo
- School of Hydraulic and Environmental Engineering, Changchun Institute of Technology, Changchun 130012, China
| | - Meijin Du
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yu Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Systems Optimization, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Dueñas-Moreno J, Mora A, Cervantes-Avilés P, Mahlknecht J. Groundwater contamination pathways of phthalates and bisphenol A: origin, characteristics, transport, and fate - A review. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2022; 170:107550. [PMID: 36219908 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2022.107550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) or phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA) are emerging organic contaminants (EOCs) that may harm biota and human health. Humans can be exposed to these contaminants by drinking water consumption from water sources such as groundwater. Before their presence in aquifer systems, phthalates and BPA can be found in many matrices due to anthropogenic activities, which result in long-term transport to groundwater reservoirs by different mechanisms and reaction processes. The worldwide occurrence of phthalates and BPA concentrations in groundwater have ranged from 0.1 × 10-3 to 3 203.33 µg L-1 and from 0.09 × 10-3 to 228.04 µg L-1, respectively. Therefore, the aim of this review is to describe the groundwater contamination pathways of phthalates and BPA from the main environmental sources to groundwater. Overall, this article provides an overview that integrates phthalate and BPA environmental cycling, from their origin to human reception via groundwater consumption. Additionally, in this review, the readers can use the information provided as a principal basis for existing policy ratification and for governments to develop legislation that may incorporate these endocrine disrupting compounds (EDCs) as priority contaminants. Indeed, this may trigger the enactment of regulatory guidelines and public policies that help to reduce the exposure of these EDCs in humans by drinking water consumption.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Dueñas-Moreno
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla 72453, Mexico
| | - Abrahan Mora
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla 72453, Mexico
| | - Pabel Cervantes-Avilés
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Puebla, Atlixcáyotl 5718, Reserva Territorial Atlixcáyotl, Puebla 72453, Mexico
| | - Jürgen Mahlknecht
- Escuela de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Tecnológico de Monterrey, Campus Monterrey, Ave. Eugenio Garza Sada 2501, Monterrey 64149, Nuevo León, Mexico.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Horie Y, Nomura M, Ramaswamy BR, Harino H, Yap CK, Okamura H. Thyroid hormone disruption by bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) in Japanese medaka Oryzias latipes. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 252:106312. [PMID: 36174385 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2022.106312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/20/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Pollution of water bodies with plasticizers is a serious environmental problem worldwide. In this study, we investigated the effects of plasticizers bis-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and bis-(2-ethylhexyl) adipate (DEHA) in Japanese medaka (Oryzias latipes). DEHP significantly increased the expression of all the genes tested: thyroid stimulating hormone beta subunit (tshβ-like), tshβ, deiodinase 1 (dio1), deiodinase 2 (dio2), and thyroid hormone receptor alpha (trα) and beta (trβ). However, DEHA only significantly increased tshβ at 7.4 µg/L but significantly decreased dio2 expression at 25.8, 111.1, and 412.6 4 µg/L, while other genes were not significantly affected. Both chemicals reduced eye size and total body length, but did not affect embryo development, hatching time and rate, and swimming performance. DEHA alone affected swim bladder inflation and not DEHP. This is the first report that not only DEHP but also DEHA disrupt thyroid hormone activity in fish. DEHP contamination (13.2 μg/L) was detected in tap water from Kobe, Japan; thus, tap water itself may disrupt thyroid hormone activity in Japanese medaka. Importantly, the effective concentration of DEHP for thyroid hormone-related gene expression and growth was close to or lower than DEHP concentrations reported in surface water elsewhere, indicating that DEHP contamination is a serious aquatic pollution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Horie
- Research Center for Inland Seas (KURCIS), Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan.
| | - Miho Nomura
- Graduate School of Maritime Science, Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan
| | - Babu Rajendran Ramaswamy
- Research Center for Inland Seas (KURCIS), Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan; Department of Environmental Biotechnology, School of Environmental Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli 620024, India
| | - Hiroya Harino
- School of Human Sciences, Kobe College, 4-1 Okadayama, Nishinomiya, Hyogo, 662-8505, Japan
| | - Chee Kong Yap
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Hideo Okamura
- Research Center for Inland Seas (KURCIS), Kobe University, Fukaeminami-machi, Higashinada-ku, Kobe 658-0022, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Hua L, Guo S, Xu J, Yang X, Zhu H, Yao Y, Zhu L, Li Y, Zhang J, Sun H, Zhao H. Phthalates in dormitory dust and human urine: A study of exposure characteristics and risk assessments of university students. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 845:157251. [PMID: 35817099 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.157251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate diesters (PAEs) are prevalent and potentially toxic to human health. The university dormitory represents a typical and relatively uniform indoor environment. This study evaluated the concentrations of phthalate monoesters (mPAEs) in urine samples from 101 residents of university status, and the concentrations of PAEs in dust collected from 36 corresponding dormitories. Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP, median: 68.0 μg/g) was the major PAE in dust, and mono-ethyl phthalate (47.9 %) was the most abundant mPAE in urine. The levels of both PAEs in dormitory dust and mPAEs in urine were higher in females than in males, indicating higher PAE exposure in females. Differences in lifestyles (dormitory time and plastic product use frequency) may also affect human exposure to PAEs. Moreover, there were significant positive correlations between the estimated daily intakes of PAEs calculated by using concentrations of PAEs in dust (EDID) and mPAEs in urine (EDIU), suggesting that PAEs in dust could be a significant source of human exposure to PAEs. The value of EDID/EDIU for low molecular weight PAEs (3-6 carbon atoms in their backbone) was lower than that of high molecular weight PAEs. The contribution rate of various pathways to PAE exposure illustrated that non-dietary ingestion (87.8 %) was the major pathway of human exposure to PAEs in dust. Approximately 4.95 % of university students' hazard quotients of DEHP were >1, indicating that there may be some health risks associated with DEHP exposure among PAEs. Furthermore, it is recommended that some measures be taken to reduce the production and application of DEHP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liting Hua
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Sai Guo
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jiaping Xu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Xiaomeng Yang
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongkai Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yongcheng Li
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Jingran Zhang
- SCIEX, Analytical Instrument Trading Co., Ltd, Beijing 100015, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Hongzhi Zhao
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mohammadi A, Dobaradaran S, Schmidt TC, Malakootian M, Spitz J. Emerging contaminants migration from pipes used in drinking water distribution systems: a review of the scientific literature. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:75134-75160. [PMID: 36127528 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-23085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Migration of emerging contaminants (ECs) from pipes into water is a global concern due to potential human health effects. Nevertheless, a review of migration ECs from pipes into water distribution systems is presently lacking. This paper reviews, the reported occurrence migration of ECs from pipes into water distribution systems in the world. Furthermore, the results related to ECs migration from pipes into water distribution systems, their probable sources, and their hazards are discussed. The present manuscript considered the existing reports on migration of five main categories of ECs including microplastics (MPs), bisphenol A (BPA), phthalates, nonylphenol (NP), perfluoroalkyl, and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) from distribution network into tap water. A focus on tap water in published literature suggests that pipes type used had an important role on levels of ECs migration in water during transport and storage of water. For comparison, tap drinking water in contact with polymer pipes had the highest mean concentrations of reviewed contaminants. Polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polyamide (PA), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) were the most frequently detected types of microplastics (MPs) in tap water. Based on the risk assessment analysis of ECs, levels of perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA), perfluorononanoic acid (PFNA), perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA), perfluorohexane sulfonate (PFHxS), and perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) were above 1, indicating a potential non-carcinogenic health risk to consumers. Finally, there are still scientific gaps on occurrence and migration of ECs from pipes used in distribution systems, and this needs more in-depth studies to evaluate their exposure hazards on human health.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azam Mohammadi
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Sina Dobaradaran
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, The Persian Gulf Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Health and Nutrition, Bushehr University of Medical Sciences, Bushehr, Iran.
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
- Systems Environmental Health and Energy Research Center, Boostan 19 Alley, Imam Khomeini Street, Bushehr, 7514763448, Iran.
| | - Torsten C Schmidt
- Instrumental Analytical Chemistry and Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU), Faculty of Chemistry, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
- IWW Water Centre, Moritzstraße 26, 45476, Mülheim an der Ruhr, Germany
- Centre for Water and Environmental Research (ZWU) Universitätsstraße 5, 45141, Essen, Germany
| | - Mohammad Malakootian
- Environmental Health Engineering Research Center, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
- Department of Environmental Health Engineering, Faculty of Public Health, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Jörg Spitz
- Akademie Für Menschliche Medizin GmbH, Krauskopfallee 27, 65388, Schlangenbad, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Insights into the Titania (TiO2) Photocatalysis on the Removal of Phthalic Acid Esters (PAEs) in Water. BULLETIN OF CHEMICAL REACTION ENGINEERING & CATALYSIS 2022. [DOI: 10.9767/bcrec.17.3.15385.608-626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this era of globalization, plastic is regarded as one of the most versatile innovations, finding its uses ranging from packaging, automotive, agriculture, and construction to the medical and pharmaceutical industries. Unfortunately, the single-use nature of plastics leads to ecological and environmental problems. Among conventional disposal management of plastic waste are landfilling dumping, incineration, and recycling. However, not all plastic waste goes into disposal management and ends up accumulating in lakes, rivers, and seas. In the aquatic environment, the action of photochemical weathering plastics has resulted in the release of chemical additives such as phthalic acid esters (PAEs), an important plasticizer added to plastic products to improve their softness, flexibility, and durability. Nowadays, PAEs have been ubiquitously detected in our environment and numerous organisms are exposed to PAEs to some extent. As PAEs carry endocrine disruptive and carcinogenicity properties, an urgent search for the development of an efficient and effective method to remove PAEs from the environment is needed. As a viable option, titania (TiO2) photocatalysis is a promising tool to combat the PAEs contamination in our environment owing to its high photocatalytic activity, cost-effectiveness, and its ability to totally mineralize PAEs into carbon dioxide and water. Hence, this paper aims to highlight the concerning issue of the contamination of PAEs in our aquatic environments and the summary of the removal of PAEs by TiO2 photocatalysis. This review concerning the significance of knowledge on environmental PAEs would hopefully spark huge interest and future development to tackle this plastic-associated pollutant. Copyright © 2022 by Authors, Published by BCREC Group. This is an open access article under the CC BY-SA License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0).
Collapse
|
31
|
Cui D, Ricardo M, Quinete N. A novel report on phthalates levels in Biscayne Bay surface waters and drinking water from South Florida. MARINE POLLUTION BULLETIN 2022; 180:113802. [PMID: 35665653 DOI: 10.1016/j.marpolbul.2022.113802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In this research, we have developed and validated a modified version of the U.S.EPA method 506 using a liquid-liquid extraction method followed by gas-chromatography mass spectrometry analysis to assess the occurrence and spatial and seasonal variation of six phthalates (di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate-DEHP, dibutyl phthalate-DBP, butyl benzyl phthalate-BBP, diethyl phthalate-DEP, dimethyl phthalate-DMP, and di-n-octyl phthalate-DOP) in surface and tap waters from South Florida, collected during the wet and dry seasons. The most frequently detected phthalate was DEHP, with concentrations up to 1.56 μg/L in surface water. Higher DEHP concentrations were observed in tap water during the wet season, which aligns with the higher temperature during the summer months facilitating leaching from plastic materials. Preliminary ecological and human health risk assessments suggested low hazard risk based on concentrations observed in tap and surface waters, respectively. PAEs could however still constitute a great concern to sensitive marine species, including early stages organisms and coral reefs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danni Cui
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st street, Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Melissa Ricardo
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st street, Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami, FL 33181, USA
| | - Natalia Quinete
- Institute of Environment, Florida International University, 11200 SW 8th Street, Modesto A. Maidique Campus, Miami, FL 33199, USA; Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st street, Biscayne Bay Campus, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Bai L, Dong X, Wang F, Ding X, Diao Z, Chen D. A review on the removal of phthalate acid esters in wastewater treatment plants: from the conventional wastewater treatment to combined processes. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:51339-51353. [PMID: 35614357 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-20977-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
In the past decades, phthalate acid esters (PAEs), as a new class of recalcitrant environmental contaminant, have attracted increasing concern due to their potential hazards to reproductive system. wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) are generally regarded as a crucial barrier to prevent a variety of contaminants from introducing into aquatic environment. This paper reviews the occurrence, fate, and removal efficacy of six widely appearing PAEs in conventional wastewater treatment. PAEs removal appears to be compound- and process-dependent. Advanced treatment processes, including activated carbon, advanced oxidation process (AOPs), membrane filtration, and membrane bioreactor, show good performance in PAEs elimination, but many methods have been commercially limited by toxic byproducts, high operation, and maintenance costs. Even though combined processes are qualified as a promising alternative, further studies are required to optimize these processes, especially the competitiveness between technique and economy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lin Bai
- Department of Assets and Laboratory Management, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266033, China
| | - Xiaowan Dong
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Fangshu Wang
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Xiaohan Ding
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China
| | - Zhikai Diao
- Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Dong Chen
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Qingdao University of Technology, Qingdao, 266520, China.
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Zhao Z, Yao X, Ding Q, Gong X, Wang J, Tahir S, Kimirei IA, Zhang L. A comprehensive evaluation of organic micropollutants (OMPs) pollution and prioritization in equatorial lakes from mainland Tanzania, East Africa. WATER RESEARCH 2022; 217:118400. [PMID: 35413562 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2022.118400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2022] [Revised: 03/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
A lack of understanding the fate of highly toxic organic micropollutants (OMPs) in the equatorial lakes of Tanzania hinders public awareness for protecting these unique aquatic ecosystems, which are precious water resources and stunning wildlife habitats. To address this knowledge gap, the occurrence of 70 anthropogenically-sourced OMPs, including phthalates (PAEs), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), was investigated in the water and sediment of 18 lakes in Tanzania. Similar residue concentrations were found in both compartments, showing higher pollution of PAEs ranging from 835.0 to 13,153.1 ng/L in water and 244.6-8691.8 ng/g dw in sediment, followed by PAHs, while OCPs and PCBs were comparatively lower. According to the multi-criteria scoring method for prioritization, the final OMP priority list for the lake environment in Tanzania comprised 25 chemicals, specifically 5 PAEs (DEHP, DIBP, DBP, DCHP and DMPP), 6 PCBs (PCB153, PCB105, PCB28, PCB156, PCB157 and PCB167), 6 PAHs (BaP, BaA, BbF, Pyr, DahA and InP) and 8 OCPs (cis-chlordane, trans-chlordane, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, p,p'-DDT, endrin, methoxychlor and heptachlor epoxide), suggesting the key substances for conventional monitoring and pollution control in these equatorial lakes, with an emphasis on PAEs, especially DEHP, due to the top priority and endocrine disruptor properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghua Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| | - Xiaolong Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Qiqi Ding
- Zhejiang Environment Technology Company, Hangzhou 311100, China
| | - Xionghu Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Jianjun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Saadu Tahir
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 10049, China
| | - Ishmael Aaron Kimirei
- Tanzania Fisheries Research Institute-Headquarter, P.O. Box 9750, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Lu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China; Sino-Africa Joint Research Center, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430074, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Le TM, Thi Pham CL, Nu Nguyen HM, Duong TT, Quynh Le TP, Nguyen DT, Vu ND, Minh TB, Tran TM. Distribution and ecological risk assessment of phthalic acid esters in surface sediments of three rivers in Northern Vietnam. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 209:112843. [PMID: 35101399 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2022.112843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 01/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Pollution status and distribution characteristics of ten typical phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were investigated in 36 sediment samples collected from three rivers in Northern Vietnam from June to October 2020. The total concentrations of PAEs in sediment samples collected from the To Lich River (n = 9), the Nhue River (n = 12), and the Day River (n = 15) were in ranges of 11,000-125,000 ng/g-dwt (mean/median: 50,000/42,200 ng/g-dwt), 2140-89,900 ng/g-dwt (mean/median: 29,300/20,700 ng/g-dwt), and 1140-43,100 ng/g-dwt (mean/median: 13,800/10,400 ng/g-dwt), respectively. Among ten PAEs studied, di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) was found at the highest levels in all samples meanwhile dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), and dipropyl phthalate (DPP) were detected at low frequency and concentration. Significant correlations have existed between the median-chain (C4-C7) PAE pairs in sediment samples. Due to the high accumulation in the sediments, the median-chain PAEs had a higher ecological risk than the short-chain (C1-C3) PAEs. These contaminants may present a longstanding influence on organisms and ecosystems.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thuy Minh Le
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Chi Linh Thi Pham
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Ha My Nu Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam; Ha Tinh University, Cam Vinh commune, Cam Xuyen District, Ha Tinh, Viet Nam
| | - Thi Thuy Duong
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| | - Thi Phuong Quynh Le
- Institute of Natural Products Chemistry, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Dong Thanh Nguyen
- Institute of Environmental Technology, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nam Duc Vu
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet Road, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, Hanoi, Viet Nam.
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Hoang AQ, Le TM, Nguyen HMN, Le HQ, Vu ND, Chu NC, Dang GHM, Minh TB, Takahashi S, Tran TM. Phthalic acid esters (PAEs) in workplace and house dust from Vietnam: concentrations, profiles, emission sources, and exposure risk. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:14046-14057. [PMID: 34601679 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-16851-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of nine phthalic acid esters (PAEs) were determined in indoor dust samples collected from vehicle repair shops, waste processing workshops, and homes in Vietnam. Concentrations of total PAEs ranged from 585 to 153,000 (median 33,400 ng/g), which fall in the lower end of global range. The PAE levels in workplace dust (median 49,100; range 9210-153,000 ng/g) were significantly higher than those in house dust (median 23,700; range 585-83,700 ng/g), indicating waste processing activities as potential PAE sources. The most predominant compound was di-(2-ethyl)hexyl phthalate (DEHP), accounting for 62 ± 18% of total PAEs. Other major compounds were benzyl butyl phthalate (BzBP) (10 ± 12%), di-n-butyl phthalate (DnBP) (9.7 ± 7.7%), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP) (7.9 ± 8.1%), and diisobutyl phthalate (DiBP) (6.9 ± 5.0%). Proportions of BzBP and DnBP in some workplace dust samples were markedly greater than in common house dust, suggesting specific emission sources. Daily intake doses of selected PAEs (e.g., DnBP, DiBP, BzBP, and DEHP) through dust ingestion were much lower than reference doses, implying acceptable levels of risk.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anh Quoc Hoang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, 11000, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Thuy Minh Le
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, 11000, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 11300, Vietnam
| | - Ha My Nu Nguyen
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, 11000, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Ha Tinh University, Cam Vinh Commune, Cam Xuyen District, Ha Tinh, 45000, Vietnam
| | - Huong Quang Le
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 11300, Vietnam
| | - Nam Duc Vu
- Center for Research and Technology Transfer, Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, 18 Hoang Quoc Viet, Hanoi, 11300, Vietnam
| | - Ngoc Chau Chu
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, 11000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Giang Huong Minh Dang
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, 11000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Tu Binh Minh
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, 11000, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Shin Takahashi
- Center of Advanced Technology for the Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, 3-5-7 Tarumi, Matsuyama, 790-8566, Japan
| | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 19 Le Thanh Tong, 11000, Hanoi, Vietnam.
| |
Collapse
|
36
|
Wang H, Yu P, Schwarz C, Zhang B, Huo L, Shi B, Alvarez PJJ. Phthalate Esters Released from Plastics Promote Biofilm Formation and Chlorine Resistance. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:1081-1090. [PMID: 34991317 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters (PAEs) are commonly released from plastic pipes in some water distribution systems. Here, we show that exposure to a low concentration (1-10 μg/L) of three PAEs (dimethyl phthalate (DMP), di-n-hexyl phthalate (DnHP), and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) promotes Pseudomonas biofilm formation and resistance to free chlorine. At PAE concentrations ranging from 1 to 5 μg/L, genes coding for quorum sensing, extracellular polymeric substances excretion, and oxidative stress resistance were upregulated by 2.7- to 16.8-fold, 2.1- to 18.9-fold, and 1.6- to 9.9-fold, respectively. Accordingly, more biofilm matrix was produced and the polysaccharide and eDNA contents increased by 30.3-82.3 and 10.3-39.3%, respectively, relative to the unexposed controls. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed that PAE exposure stimulated biofilm densification (volumetric fraction increased from 27.1 to 38.0-50.6%), which would hinder disinfectant diffusion. Biofilm densification was verified by atomic force microscopy, which measured an increase of elastic modulus by 2.0- to 3.2-fold. PAE exposure also stimulated the antioxidative system, with cell-normalized superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione activities increasing by 1.8- to 3.0-fold, 1.0- to 2.0-fold, and 1.2- to 1.6-fold, respectively. This likely protected cells against oxidative damage by chlorine. Overall, we demonstrate that biofilm exposure to environmentally relevant levels of PAEs can upregulate molecular processes and physiologic changes that promote biofilm densification and antioxidative system expression, which enhance biofilm resistance to disinfectants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Wang
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pingfeng Yu
- College of Environmental and Resource Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310058, China
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston 77005, United States
| | - Cory Schwarz
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston 77005, United States
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Resources and Environment, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Lixin Huo
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Baoyou Shi
- Key Laboratory of Drinking Water Science and Technology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Pedro J J Alvarez
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, Houston 77005, United States
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Occurrence of Phthalates in Bottled Drinks in the Chinese Market and Its Implications for Dietary Exposure. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26196054. [PMID: 34641597 PMCID: PMC8511988 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26196054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 10/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitous occurrences of phthalic acid esters (PAEs) or phthalates in a variety of consumer products have been demonstrated. Nevertheless, studies on their occurrence in various types of bottled drinks are limited. In this study, fifteen PAEs were analyzed in six categories of bottled drinks (n = 105) collected from the Chinese market, including mineral water, tea drinks, energy drinks, juice drinks, soft drinks, and beer. Among the 15 PAEs measured, DEHP was the most abundant phthalate with concentrations ranging from below the limit of quantification (LOQ) to 41,000 ng/L at a detection rate (DR) of 96%, followed by DIBP (DR: 88%) and DBP (DR: 84%) with respective concentration ranges of below LOQ to 16,000 and to 4900 ng/L. At least one PAE was detected in each drink sample, and the sum concentrations of 15 PAEs ranged from 770 to 48,004 ng/L (median: 6286 ng/L). Significant differences with respect to both PAE concentrations and composition profiles were observed between different types of bottled drinks. The median sum concentration of 15 PAEs in soft drinks was over five times higher than that detected in mineral water; different from other drink types. Besides DEHP, DBIP, and DBP, a high concentration of BMEP was also detected in a tea drink. The estimated daily dietary intake of phthalates (EDIdrink) through the consumption of bottled drinks was calculated based on the concentrations measured and the daily ingestion rates of bottled drink items. The EDIdrink values for DMP, DEP, DIBP, DBP, BMEP, DAP, BEEP, BBP, DCP, DHP, BMPP, BBEP, DEHP, DOP, and DNP through the consumption of bottled mineral water (based on mean concentrations) were 0.45, 0.33, 12.5, 3.67, 2.10, 0.06, 0.32, 0.16, 0.10, 0.09, 0.05, 0.81, 112, 0.13, and 0.20 ng/kg-bw/d, respectively, for Chinese adults. Overall, the EDIdrink values calculated for phthalates through the consumption of bottled drinks were below the oral reference doses suggested by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA).
Collapse
|