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Purves K, Reynolds LJ, Sala-Comorera L, Martin NA, Dahly DL, Meijer WG, Fletcher NF. Decay of RNA and infectious SARS-CoV-2 and murine hepatitis virus in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 944:173877. [PMID: 38871327 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.173877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 06/06/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/15/2024]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been an important tool for population surveillance during the COVID-19 pandemic and continues to play a key role in monitoring SARS-CoV-2 infection levels following reductions in national clinical testing schemes. Studies measuring decay profiles of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater have underscored the value of WBE, however investigations have been hampered by high biosafety requirements for SARS-CoV-2 infection studies. Therefore, surrogate viruses with lower biosafety standards have been used for SARS-CoV-2 decay studies, such as murine hepatitis virus (MHV), but few studies have directly compared decay rates of both viruses. We compared the persistence of SARS-CoV-2 and MHV in wastewater, using 50 % tissue culture infectious dose (TCID50) and reverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays to assess infectious virus titre and viral gene markers, respectively. Infectious SARS-CoV-2 and MHV indicate similar endpoints, however observed early decay characteristics differed, with infectious SARS-CoV-2 decaying more rapidly than MHV. We find that MHV is an appropriate infectious virus surrogate for viable SARS-CoV-2, however inconsistencies exist in viral RNA decay parameters, indicating MHV may not be a suitable nucleic acid surrogate across certain temperature regimes. This study highlights the importance of sample preparation and the potential for decay rate overestimation in wastewater surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 and other pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Purves
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Liam J Reynolds
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Laura Sala-Comorera
- Section of Microbiology, Virology and Biotechnology, Department of Genetics, Microbiology and Statistics, University of Barcelona, Spain
| | - Niamh A Martin
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Darren L Dahly
- Health Research Board Clinical Research Facility, University College Cork, Ireland; School of Public Health, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - Wim G Meijer
- UCD School of Biomolecular and Biomedical Science, UCD Earth Institute and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Nicola F Fletcher
- UCD School of Veterinary Medicine and UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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Yang Y, Tan J, Wang F, Sun W, Shi H, Cheng Z, Xie Y, Zhou X. Preconcentration and detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: A comprehensive review. Biosens Bioelectron 2024; 263:116617. [PMID: 39094290 DOI: 10.1016/j.bios.2024.116617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2024] [Revised: 07/17/2024] [Accepted: 07/29/2024] [Indexed: 08/04/2024]
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronaviruses 2 (SARS-CoV-2) causing coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) affected the health of human beings and the global economy. The patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection had viral RNA or live infectious viruses in feces. Thus, the possible transmission of SARS-CoV-2 through wastewater received great attentions. Moreover, SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater can serve as an early indicator of the infection within communities. We summarized the preconcentration and detection technology of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater aiming at the complex matrices of wastewater and low virus concentration and compared their performance characteristics. We described the emerging tests that would be possible to realize the rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 in fields and encourage academics to advance their technologies beyond conception. We concluded with a brief discussion on the outlook for integrating preconcentration and the detection of SARS-CoV-2 with emerging technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihan Yang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jisui Tan
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Fan Wang
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Weiming Sun
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Hanchang Shi
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Zhao Cheng
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yangcun Xie
- Chinese Academy of Environmental Planning, Beijing, 100043, China.
| | - Xiaohong Zhou
- School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Maneein S, Sangsanont J, Limpiyakorn T, Sirikanchana K, Rattanakul S. The coagulation process for enveloped and non-enveloped virus removal in turbid water: Removal efficiencies, mechanisms and its application to SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 931:172945. [PMID: 38703849 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.172945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
The coagulation process has a high potential as a treatment method that can handle pathogenic viruses including emerging enveloped viruses in drinking water treatment process which can lower infection risk through drinking water consumption. In this study, a surrogate enveloped virus, bacteriophage Փ6, and surrogate non-enveloped viruses, including bacteriophage MS-2, T4, ՓX174, were used to evaluate removal efficiencies and mechanisms by the conventional coagulation process with alum, poly‑aluminum chloride, and ferric chloride at pH 5, 7, and 9 in turbid water. Also, treatability of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a recent virus of global concern by coagulation was evaluated as SARS-CoV-2 can presence in drinking water sources. It was observed that an increase in the coagulant dose enhanced the removal efficiency of turbidity and viruses, and the condition that provided the highest removal efficiency of enveloped and non-enveloped viruses was 50 mg/L of coagulants at pH 5. In addition, the coagulation process was more effective for enveloped virus removal than for the non-enveloped viruses, and it demonstrated reduction of SARS-CoV-2 Omicron BA.2 over 0.83-log with alum. According to culture- and molecular-based assays (qPCR and CDDP-qPCR), the virus removal mechanisms were floc adsorption and coagulant inactivation. Through inactivation with coagulants, coagulants caused capsid destruction, followed by genome damage in non-enveloped viruses; however, damage to a lipid envelope is suggested to contribute to a great extend for enveloped virus inactivation. We demonstrated that conventional coagulation is a promising method for controlling emerging and re-emerging viruses in drinking water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwara Maneein
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand
| | - Jatuwat Sangsanont
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Water Science and Technology for Sustainable Environmental Research Unit, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Tawan Limpiyakorn
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Kwanrawee Sirikanchana
- Research Laboratory of Biotechnology, Chulabhorn Research Institute, Bangkok 10210, Thailand; Center of Excellence on Environmental Health and Toxicology (EHT), OPS, MHESI, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Surapong Rattanakul
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, King Mongkut's University of Technology Thonburi, Bangkok 10140, Thailand.
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Puchades-Colera P, Díaz-Reolid A, Girón-Guzmán I, Cuevas-Ferrando E, Pérez-Cataluña A, Sánchez G. Capsid Integrity Detection of Enteric Viruses in Reclaimed Waters. Viruses 2024; 16:816. [PMID: 38932109 PMCID: PMC11209584 DOI: 10.3390/v16060816] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2024] [Revised: 05/15/2024] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Climate change, unpredictable weather patterns, and droughts are depleting water resources in some parts of the globe, where recycling and reusing wastewater is a strategy for different purposes. To counteract this, the EU regulation for water reuse sets minimum requirements for the use of reclaimed water for agricultural irrigation, including a reduction in human enteric viruses. In the present study, the occurrence of several human enteric viruses, including the human norovirus genogroup I (HuNoV GI), HuNoV GII, and rotavirus (RV), along with viral fecal contamination indicator crAssphage was monitored by using (RT)-qPCR methods on influent wastewater and reclaimed water samples. Moreover, the level of somatic coliphages was also determined as a culturable viral indicator. To assess the potential viral infectivity, an optimization of a capsid integrity PMAxx-RT-qPCR method was performed on sewage samples. Somatic coliphages were present in 60% of the reclaimed water samples, indicating inefficient virus inactivation. Following PMAxx-RT-qPCR optimization, 66% of the samples tested positive for at least one of the analyzed enteric viruses, with concentrations ranging from 2.79 to 7.30 Log10 genome copies (gc)/L. Overall, most of the analyzed reclaimed water samples did not comply with current EU legislation and contained potential infectious viral particles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Gloria Sánchez
- VISAFELab, Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980 Valencia, Spain; (P.P.-C.); (A.D.-R.); (A.P.-C.)
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Renault T, Faury N, Morga B. Propidium monoazide PCR, a method to determine OsHV-1 undamaged capsids and to estimate virus Lethal Dose 50. Virus Res 2024; 340:199307. [PMID: 38160910 PMCID: PMC10800765 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2023.199307] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 12/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 01/03/2024]
Abstract
Ostreid herpes virus 1 (OsHV-1) has been classified within the Malacoherpesviridae family from the Herpesvirales order. OsHV-1 is the etiological agent of a contagious viral disease of Pacific oysters, C. gigas, affecting also other bivalve species. Mortality rates reported associated with the viral infection vary considerably between sites and countries and depend on the age of affected stocks. A variant called μVar has been reported since 2008 in Europe and other variants in Australia and in New Zealand last decade. These variants are considered as the main causative agents of mass mortality events affecting C. gigas. Presently there is no established cell line that allows for the detection of infectious OsHV-1. In this context, a technique of propidium monoazide (PMA) PCR was developed in order to quantify "undamaged" capsids. This methodology is of interest to explore the virus infectivity. Being able to quantify viral particles getting an undamaged capsid (not only an amount of viral DNA) in tissue homogenates prepared from infected oysters or in seawater samples can assist in the definition of a Lethal Dose (LD) 50 and gain information in the experiments conducted to reproduce the viral infection. The main objectives of the present study were (i) the development/optimization of a PMA PCR technique for OsHV-1 detection using the best quantity of PMA and verifying its effectiveness through heat treatment, (ii) the definition of the percentage of undamaged capsids in four different tissue homogenates prepared from infected Pacific oysters and (iii) the approach of a LD50 during experimental viral infection assays on the basis of a number of undamaged capsids. Although the developped PMA PCR technique was unable to determine OsHV-1 infectivity in viral supensions, it could greatly improve interpretation of virus positive results obtained by qPCR. This technique is not intended to replace the quantification of viral DNA by qPCR, but it does make it possible to give a form of biological meaning to the detection of this DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tristan Renault
- Département Ressources Biologiques et Environnement, Ifremer, Nantes, France.
| | - Nicole Faury
- ASIM, Adaptation Santé des Invertébrés, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
| | - Benjamin Morga
- ASIM, Adaptation Santé des Invertébrés, Ifremer, La Tremblade, France
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Yan C, Hu YN, Gui ZC, Lai TN, Ali W, Wan NH, He SS, Liu S, Li X, Jin TX, Nasir ZA, Alcega SG, Coulon F. Quantitative SARS-CoV-2 exposure assessment for workers in wastewater treatment plants using Monte-Carlo simulation. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 248:120845. [PMID: 37976948 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2023.120845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/05/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
Several studies on COVID-19 pandemic have shown that the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) originating from human stool are detected in raw sewage for several days, leading to potential health risks for workers due to the production of bioaerosols and droplets during wastewater treatment process. In this study, data of SARS-CoV-2 concentrations in wastewater were gathered from literatures, and a quantitative microbial risk assessment with Monte Carlo simulation was used to estimate the daily probability of infection risk through exposure to viable infectious viral airborne particles of the workers during four seasons and under six environmental conditions. Inhalation of bioaerosols and direct ingestion of wastewater droplets were selected as exposure pathways. Spearman rank correlation coefficients were used for sensitivity analysis to identify the variables with the greatest influence on the infection risk probability. It was found that the daily probability of infection risk decreased with temperature (T) and relative humidity (RH) increase. The probability of direct droplet ingestion exposure pathway was higher than that of the bioaerosol inhalation pathway. The sensitivity analysis indicated that the most sensitive variable for both exposure pathways was the concentration of SARS-CoV-2 in stool. So, appropriate aeration systems, covering facilities, and effective ventilation are suggested to implement in wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) to reduce emission concentration. Further to this, the exposure time (t) had a larger variance contribution than T and RH for the bioaerosol inhalation pathway. Implementing measures such as adding more work shifts, mandating personal protective equipment for all workers, and implementing coverage for treatment processes can significantly reduce the risk of infection among workers at WWTPs. These measures are particularly effective during environmental conditions with low temperatures and humidity levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng Yan
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China; Hubei Key Laboratory of Environmental Water Science in the Yangtze River Basin, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China.
| | - Yi-Ning Hu
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Zi-Cheng Gui
- CCDI (Suzhou) exploration and design consultant Co., Ltd., Suzhou 215123, PR China
| | - Tian-Nuo Lai
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Wajid Ali
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, PR China
| | - Nian-Hong Wan
- Central & Southern China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co, Ltd., Wuhan 430010, PR China
| | - Shan-Shan He
- Central & Southern China Municipal Engineering Design and Research Institute Co, Ltd., Wuhan 430010, PR China
| | - Sai Liu
- CITIC Treated Water into River Engineering Investment Co., Ltd., Wuhan 430200, PR China
| | - Xiang Li
- Three Gorges Base Development Co., Ltd., Yichang 443002, PR China
| | - Ting-Xu Jin
- Department of Toxicology, School of Public Health, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Preventive and Translational Medicine for Geriatric Diseases, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, PR China; School of Public Health, the Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Monitoring and Disease Control, Ministry of Education, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang 550025, PR China
| | - Zaheer Ahmad Nasir
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
| | - Sonia Garcia Alcega
- School of Physical Sciences, The Open University, Walton Hall, Milton Keynes MK6 7AA, UK
| | - Frederic Coulon
- School of Water, Energy and Environment, Cranfield University, Cranfield MK43 0AL, UK
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Canh VD, Nga TTV, Lien NT, Katayama H. Development of a simple and low-cost method using Moringa seeds for efficient virus concentration in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 905:167101. [PMID: 37716673 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.167101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 09/12/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 09/18/2023]
Abstract
Effective virus concentration methods are essential for detecting pathogenic viruses in environmental waters and play a crucial role in wastewater-based epidemiology. However, the current methods are often expensive, complicated, and time-consuming, which limits their practical application. In this study, a simple and low-cost method was developed using the extract of Moringa oleifera (MO) seeds (MO method) to recover both enveloped and non-enveloped viruses, including pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), murine norovirus (MNV), Aichivirus (AiV), murine hepatitis virus (MHV), and influenza A virus subtype H1N1[H1N1] in wastewater. The optimal conditions for the MO method were determined to be a concentration of MO extract at the UV280 value of 0.308 cm-1 and an elution buffer (0.05 M KH2PO4, 1 M NaCl, 0.1 % Tween80 [v/v]) for recovering the tested viruses in wastewater. Compared to other commonly used virus concentration methods such as InnovaPrep, HA, PEG, and Centricon, the MO method was found to be more efficient and cost-effective in recovering the tested viruses. Moreover, the MO method was successfully applied to detect various types of viruses (PMMoV, AiV, norovirus of genotype II [NoV II], enterovirus [EV], influenza A virus [matrix gene] [IAV], and SARS-CoV-2) in raw wastewater. Thus, the developed MO method could offer a simple, low-cost, and efficient tool to concentrate viruses in wastewater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Duc Canh
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Tran Thi Viet Nga
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong Road, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen Thuy Lien
- Faculty of Environmental Engineering, Hanoi University of Civil Engineering, 55 Giai Phong Road, Hai Ba Trung, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Sheng T, Chen H, Lei Y, Zhang B, Zhu H. An indirect competitive assay-based method for the sensitive determination of tetracycline residue using a real-time fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2023; 15:4892-4899. [PMID: 37718682 DOI: 10.1039/d3ay01072d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
Tetracycline (TC) is an effective antibiotic used to treat humans and livestock, but its inappropriate use imposes toxic effects, including pollution, on environmental ecology and food. Currently, sensitive, accurate, and cost-effective methods that can detect lower concentrations of TC residues in environmental and food samples are needed. In this study, a novel indirect competitive assay-based aptamer method was developed for detecting TC residues through signal amplification by real-time fluorescence-based quantitative polymerase chain reaction. The response surface methodology was introduced to optimize the optimal concentrations (influencing factors) of the three types of single-stranded DNA in the competitive assay process. The optimal conditions for the three types of ssDNA were 112 nM for the specific aptamer of TC (Apt40), 115 nM for the signal DNA, and 83 nM for the DNA catcher. As expected, under optimal conditions, the Ct value was linearly related to the logarithm of TC concentration. The calibration curve equation was Ct = -0.34516 log[TC] + 9.9345 (R2 = 0.998) in the range of 10-3-103 ng mL-1, and the limit of detection was 7.02 × 10-5 ng mL-1. The new method was effectively applied to detect TC residues in wastewater, honey, and milk samples. It achieved an average recovery rate of 101.19% with a small variation of 5.16%. The validation was carried out using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. This approach demonstrates high sensitivity and selectivity, making it well suited for detecting leftover antibiotics in food when using suitable aptamers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianying Sheng
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Hanyu Chen
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Yingying Lei
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Baozhong Zhang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
| | - Huina Zhu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou 450001, PR China.
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Ciannella S, González-Fernández C, Gomez-Pastora J. Recent progress on wastewater-based epidemiology for COVID-19 surveillance: A systematic review of analytical procedures and epidemiological modeling. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:162953. [PMID: 36948304 PMCID: PMC10028212 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
On March 11, 2020, the World Health Organization declared the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), whose causative agent is the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a pandemic. This virus is predominantly transmitted via respiratory droplets and shed via sputum, saliva, urine, and stool. Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) has been able to monitor the circulation of viral pathogens in the population. This tool demands both in-lab and computational work to be meaningful for, among other purposes, the prediction of outbreaks. In this context, we present a systematic review that organizes and discusses laboratory procedures for SARS-CoV-2 RNA quantification from a wastewater matrix, along with modeling techniques applied to the development of WBE for COVID-19 surveillance. The goal of this review is to present the current panorama of WBE operational aspects as well as to identify current challenges related to it. Our review was conducted in a reproducible manner by following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines for systematic reviews. We identified a lack of standardization in wastewater analytical procedures. Regardless, the reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) approach was the most reported technique employed to detect and quantify viral RNA in wastewater samples. As a more convenient sample matrix, we suggest the solid portion of wastewater to be considered in future investigations due to its higher viral load compared to the liquid fraction. Regarding the epidemiological modeling, the data-driven approach was consistently used for the prediction of variables associated with outbreaks. Future efforts should also be directed toward the development of rapid, more economical, portable, and accurate detection devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Ciannella
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, TX, USA.
| | - Cristina González-Fernández
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Texas Tech University, Lubbock 79409, TX, USA; Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros, s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain.
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Kim KH, Kang G, Woo WS, Sohn MY, Son HJ, Park CI. Development of a Propidium Monoazide-Based Viability Quantitative PCR Assay for Red Sea Bream Iridovirus Detection. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24043426. [PMID: 36834834 PMCID: PMC9958570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24043426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Red sea bream iridovirus (RSIV) is an important aquatic virus that causes high mortality in marine fish. RSIV infection mainly spreads through horizontal transmission via seawater, and its early detection could help prevent disease outbreaks. Although quantitative PCR (qPCR) is a sensitive and rapid method for detecting RSIV, it cannot differentiate between infectious and inactive viruses. Here, we aimed to develop a viability qPCR assay based on propidium monoazide (PMAxx), which is a photoactive dye that penetrates damaged viral particles and binds to viral DNA to prevent qPCR amplification, to distinguish between infectious and inactive viruses effectively. Our results demonstrated that PMAxx at 75 μM effectively inhibited the amplification of heat-inactivated RSIV in viability qPCR, allowing the discrimination of inactive and infectious RSIV. Furthermore, the PMAxx-based viability qPCR assay selectively detected the infectious RSIV in seawater more efficiently than the conventional qPCR and cell culture methods. The reported viability qPCR method will help prevent the overestimation of red sea bream iridoviral disease caused by RSIV. Furthermore, this non-invasive method will aid in establishing a disease prediction system and in epidemiological analysis using seawater.
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11
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Liu H, Meng F, Nyaruaba R, He P, Hong W, Jiang M, Liu D, Zhou W, Bai D, Yu J, Wei H. A triton X-100 assisted PMAxx-qPCR assay for rapid assessment of infectious African swine fever virus. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1062544. [PMID: 36545208 PMCID: PMC9760672 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1062544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction African Swine Fever (ASF) is a highly infectious disease of pigs, caused by African swine fever virus (ASFV). The lack of vaccines and drugs makes strict disinfection practices to be one of the main measurements to curb the transmission of ASF. Therefore, it is important to assess if all viruses are inactivated after disinfection or after long time exposure in their natural conditions. Currently, the infectivity of ASFV is determined by virus isolation and culture in a biosafety level 3 (BSL-3) laboratory. However, BSL-3 laboratories are not readily available, need skilled expertise and may be time consuming. Methods In this study, a Triton X-100 assisted PMAxx-qPCR method was developed for rapid assessment of infectious ASFV in samples. PMAxx, an improved version of propidium monoazide (PMA), can covalently cross-link with naked ASFV-DNA or DNA inside inactivated ASFV virions under assistance of 0.1% (v/v) TritonX-100, but not with ASFV-DNA inside live virions. Formation of PMAxx-DNA conjugates prevents PCR amplification, leaving only infectious virions to be detected. Under optimum conditions, the limit of detection of the PMAxx-qPCR assay was 2.32log10HAD50/mL of infectious ASFV. Testing different samples showed that the PMAxx-qPCR assay was effective to evaluate intact ASFV virions after treatment by heat or chemical disinfectants and in simulated samples such as swine tissue homogenate, swine saliva swabs, and environmental swabs. However, whole-blood and saliva need to be diluted before testing because they may inhibit the PCR reaction or the cross-linking of PMAxx with DNA. Conclusion The Triton X-100 assisted PMAxx-qPCR assay took less than 3 h from sample to result, offering an easier and faster way for assessing infectious ASFV in samples from places like pig farms and pork markets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Fei Meng
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
| | - Raphael Nyaruaba
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ping He
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Wei Hong
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengwei Jiang
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Wuhan), Wuhan, China
| | - Dongqing Liu
- Comprehensive Agricultural Law Enforcement Bureau, Wuhan, China
| | - Wenhao Zhou
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Dan Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Junping Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Wuhan), Wuhan, China,*Correspondence: Junping Yu,
| | - Hongping Wei
- CAS Key Laboratory of Special Pathogens and Biosafety, Center for Biosafety Mega-Science, Wuhan Institute of Virology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, China,College of Life Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China,African Swine Fever Regional Laboratory of China (Wuhan), Wuhan, China,Hongping Wei,
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12
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Advances in virus detection methods for wastewater-based epidemiological applications. CASE STUDIES IN CHEMICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2022; 6:100238. [PMID: 37520925 PMCID: PMC9339091 DOI: 10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2022] [Revised: 07/20/2022] [Accepted: 07/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) is a powerful tool that has the potential to reveal the extent of an ongoing disease outbreak or to predict an emerging one. Recent studies have shown that SARS-CoV-2 concentration in wastewater may be correlated with the number of COVID-19 cases in the corresponding population. Most of the recent studies and applications of wastewater-based surveillance of SARS-CoV-2 applied the “gold standard” real-time quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) detection method. However, this method also has its limitations. The paper aimed to present recent improvements and applications of the PCR-based methods for SARS-CoV-2 monitoring in wastewater. Furthermore, it aimed to review alternative methods utilized and/or proposed for the detection of the virus in wastewater matrices. From the review, it was found that several studies have investigated the use of reverse-transcription digital polymerase reaction (RT-dPCR), which was generally shown to have a lower limit of detection (LOD) over the RT-qPCR. Aside from this, non-PCR-based and non-RNA based methods have also been explored for the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater, with detailed attention given to the detection of SARS-CoV-2 proteins. The potential methods for protein detection include mass spectrometry, the use of immunosensors, and nanotechnological applications. In addition, the review of recent studies also revealed two types of emerging methods related to the detection of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater: i) capsid-integrity assays to infer about the infectivity of SARS-CoV-2 present in wastewater, and ii) alternative methods for detection of SARS-CoV-2 variants of concern (VOCs) in wastewater. The recent studies on proposed methods of SARS-CoV-2 detection in wastewater have considered improving this approach in one or more of the following aspects: rapidity, simplicity, cost, sensitivity, and specificity. However, further studies are needed in order to realize the full application of these methods for WBE in the field.
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13
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Lou EG, Sapoval N, McCall C, Bauhs L, Carlson-Stadler R, Kalvapalle P, Lai Y, Palmer K, Penn R, Rich W, Wolken M, Brown P, Ensor KB, Hopkins L, Treangen TJ, Stadler LB. Direct comparison of RT-ddPCR and targeted amplicon sequencing for SARS-CoV-2 mutation monitoring in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022. [PMID: 35395314 DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4022373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged that are more contagious and more likely to cause breakthrough infections. Targeted amplicon sequencing approach is a gold standard for identification and analysis of variants. However, when applied to environmental samples such as wastewater, it remains unclear how sensitive this method is for detecting variant-associated mutations in environmental samples. Here we directly compare a targeted amplicon sequencing approach (using ARTIC v3; hereafter referred to as sequencing) with RT-ddPCR quantification for the detection of five mutations that are characteristic of variants of concern (VoCs) in wastewater samples. In total, 547 wastewater samples were analyzed using both methods in parallel. When we observed positive mutation detections by RT-ddPCR, 42.6% of the detection events were missed by sequencing, due to negative detection or the limited read coverage at the mutation position. Further, when sequencing reported negative or depth-limited mutation detections, 26.7% of those events were instead positive detections by RT-ddPCR, highlighting the relatively poor sensitivity of sequencing. No or weak associations were observed between quantitative measurements of target mutations determined by RT-ddPCR and sequencing. These findings caution the use of quantitative measurements of SARS-CoV-2 variants in wastewater samples determined solely based on sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther G Lou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Nicolae Sapoval
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Camille McCall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Lauren Bauhs
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Russell Carlson-Stadler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Prashant Kalvapalle
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Graduate Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Yanlai Lai
- Houston Health Department, 8000 N. Stadium Dr., Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - Kyle Palmer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Ryker Penn
- Houston Health Department, 8000 N. Stadium Dr., Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - Whitney Rich
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Madeline Wolken
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Pamela Brown
- Houston Health Department, 8000 N. Stadium Dr., Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - Katherine B Ensor
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 138, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Loren Hopkins
- Houston Health Department, 8000 N. Stadium Dr., Houston, TX 77054, United States of America; Department of Statistics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 138, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Todd J Treangen
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Lauren B Stadler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America.
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14
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Lou EG, Sapoval N, McCall C, Bauhs L, Carlson-Stadler R, Kalvapalle P, Lai Y, Palmer K, Penn R, Rich W, Wolken M, Brown P, Ensor KB, Hopkins L, Treangen TJ, Stadler LB. Direct comparison of RT-ddPCR and targeted amplicon sequencing for SARS-CoV-2 mutation monitoring in wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 833:155059. [PMID: 35395314 PMCID: PMC8983075 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.155059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2022] [Revised: 03/31/2022] [Accepted: 04/01/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic, variants of SARS-CoV-2 have emerged that are more contagious and more likely to cause breakthrough infections. Targeted amplicon sequencing approach is a gold standard for identification and analysis of variants. However, when applied to environmental samples such as wastewater, it remains unclear how sensitive this method is for detecting variant-associated mutations in environmental samples. Here we directly compare a targeted amplicon sequencing approach (using ARTIC v3; hereafter referred to as sequencing) with RT-ddPCR quantification for the detection of five mutations that are characteristic of variants of concern (VoCs) in wastewater samples. In total, 547 wastewater samples were analyzed using both methods in parallel. When we observed positive mutation detections by RT-ddPCR, 42.6% of the detection events were missed by sequencing, due to negative detection or the limited read coverage at the mutation position. Further, when sequencing reported negative or depth-limited mutation detections, 26.7% of those events were instead positive detections by RT-ddPCR, highlighting the relatively poor sensitivity of sequencing. No or weak associations were observed between quantitative measurements of target mutations determined by RT-ddPCR and sequencing. These findings caution the use of quantitative measurements of SARS-CoV-2 variants in wastewater samples determined solely based on sequencing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther G Lou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Nicolae Sapoval
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Camille McCall
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Lauren Bauhs
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Russell Carlson-Stadler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Prashant Kalvapalle
- Systems, Synthetic, and Physical Biology Graduate Program, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Yanlai Lai
- Houston Health Department, 8000 N. Stadium Dr., Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - Kyle Palmer
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Ryker Penn
- Houston Health Department, 8000 N. Stadium Dr., Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - Whitney Rich
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Madeline Wolken
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Pamela Brown
- Houston Health Department, 8000 N. Stadium Dr., Houston, TX 77054, United States of America
| | - Katherine B Ensor
- Department of Statistics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 138, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Loren Hopkins
- Houston Health Department, 8000 N. Stadium Dr., Houston, TX 77054, United States of America; Department of Statistics, Rice University, 6100 Main Street MS 138, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Todd J Treangen
- Department of Computer Science, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America
| | - Lauren B Stadler
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Rice University, 6100 Main Street, MS 519, Houston, TX 77005, United States of America.
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15
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Canh VD, Liu M, Sangsanont J, Katayama H. Capsid integrity detection of pathogenic viruses in waters: Recent progress and potential future applications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 827:154258. [PMID: 35248642 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 02/26/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Waterborne diseases caused by pathogenic human viruses are a major public health concern. To control the potential risk of viral infection through contaminated waters, a rapid, reliable tool to assess the infectivity of pathogenic viruses is required. Recently, an advanced approach (i.e., capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR) was developed to discriminate intact viruses (potentially infectious) from inactivated viruses. In this approach, samples were pretreated with capsid integrity reagents (e.g., monoazide dyes or metal compounds) before (RT -)qPCR. These reagents can only penetrate inactivated viruses with compromised capsids to bind to viral genomes and prevent their amplification, but they cannot enter viruses with intact capsids. Therefore, only viral genomes of intact viruses were amplified or detected by (RT-)qPCR after capsid integrity treatment. In this study, we reviewed recent progress in the development and application of capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR to assess the potential infectivity of viruses (including non-enveloped and enveloped viruses with different genome structures [RNA and DNA]) in water. The efficiency of capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR has been shown to depend on various factors, such as conditions of integrity reagent treatment, types of viruses, environmental matrices, and the capsid structure of viruses after disinfection treatments (e.g., UV, heat, and chlorine). For the application of capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR in real-world samples, the use of suitable virus concentration methods and process controls is important to control the efficiency of capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR. In addition, potential future applications of capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR for determining the mechanism of disinfection treatment on viral structure (e.g., capsid or genome) and a combination of capsid integrity treatment and next-generation sequencing (NGS) (capsid integrity NGS) for monitoring the community of intact pathogenic viruses in water are also discussed. This review provides essential information on the application of capsid integrity (RT-)qPCR as an efficient tool for monitoring the presence of pathogenic viruses with intact capsids in water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vu Duc Canh
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Miaomiao Liu
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Jatuwat Sangsanont
- Department of Environmental Science, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Water Science and Technology for Sustainable Environmental Research Group, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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Quantification of infectious Human mastadenovirus in environmental matrices using PMAxx-qPCR. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:1465-1471. [PMID: 35666431 PMCID: PMC9168632 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-022-00775-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Molecular methodologies providing data on viral concentration and infectivity have been successfully used in environmental virology, supporting quantitative risk assessment studies. The present study aimed to assess human mastadenovirus (HAdV) intact particles using a derivative of propidium monoazide associated with qPCR (PMAxx-qPCR) in aquatic matrices. Initially, different concentrations of PMAxx were evaluated to establish an optimal protocol for treating different naturally contaminated matrices, using 10 min incubation in the dark at 200 rpm at room temperature and 15 min of photoactivation in the PMA-Lite™ LED photolysis device. There was no significant reduction in the quantification of infectious HAdV with increasing concentration of PMAxx used (20 μM, 50 μM, and 100 μM), except for sewage samples. In this matrix, a reduction of 5.01 log of genomic copies (GC)/L was observed from the concentration of 50 μM and revealed 100% HAdV particles with damaged capsids. On the other hand, the mean reduction of 0.51 log in stool samples using the same concentration mentioned above demonstrated 83% of damaged particles eliminated in the stool. Following, 50 μM PMAxx-qPCR protocol revealed a log reduction of 0.91, 0.67, and 1.05 in other samples of raw sewage, brackish, and seawater where HAdV concentration reached 1.47 × 104, 6.81 × 102, and 2.33 × 102 GC/L, respectively. Fifty micrometers of PMAxx protocol helped screen intact viruses from different matrices, including sea and brackish water.
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17
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Layton BA, Kaya D, Kelly C, Williamson KJ, Alegre D, Bachhuber SM, Banwarth PG, Bethel JW, Carter K, Dalziel BD, Dasenko M, Geniza M, George A, Girard AM, Haggerty R, Higley KA, Hynes DM, Lubchenco J, McLaughlin KR, Nieto FJ, Noakes A, Peterson M, Piemonti AD, Sanders JL, Tyler BM, Radniecki TS. Evaluation of a Wastewater-Based Epidemiological Approach to Estimate the Prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 Infections and the Detection of Viral Variants in Disparate Oregon Communities at City and Neighborhood Scales. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2022; 130:67010. [PMID: 35767012 PMCID: PMC9241984 DOI: 10.1289/ehp10289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Positive correlations have been reported between wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations and a community's burden of infection, disease or both. However, previous studies mostly compared wastewater to clinical case counts or nonrepresentative convenience samples, limiting their quantitative potential. OBJECTIVES This study examined whether wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations could provide better estimations for SARS-CoV-2 community prevalence than reported cases of COVID-19. In addition, this study tested whether wastewater-based epidemiology methods could identify neighborhood-level COVID-19 hotspots and SARS-CoV-2 variants. METHODS Community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence was estimated from eight randomized door-to-door nasal swab sampling events in six Oregon communities of disparate size, location, and demography over a 10-month period. Simultaneously, wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations were quantified at each community's wastewater treatment plant and from 22 Newport, Oregon, neighborhoods. SARS-CoV-2 RNA was sequenced from all positive wastewater and nasal swab samples. Clinically reported case counts were obtained from the Oregon Health Authority. RESULTS Estimated community SARS-CoV-2 prevalence ranged from 8 to 1,687/10,000 persons. Community wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations ranged from 2.9 to 5.1 log10 gene copies per liter. Wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations were more highly correlated (Pearson's r=0.96; R2=0.91) with community prevalence than were clinically reported cases of COVID-19 (Pearson's r=0.85; R2=0.73). Monte Carlo simulations indicated that wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations were significantly better than clinically reported cases at estimating prevalence (p<0.05). In addition, wastewater analyses determined neighborhood-level COVID-19 hot spots and identified SARS-CoV-2 variants (B.1 and B.1.399) at the neighborhood and city scales. DISCUSSION The greater reliability of wastewater SARS-CoV-2 concentrations over clinically reported case counts was likely due to systematic biases that affect reported case counts, including variations in access to testing and underreporting of asymptomatic cases. With these advantages, combined with scalability and low costs, wastewater-based epidemiology can be a key component in public health surveillance of COVID-19 and other communicable infections. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP10289.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blythe A. Layton
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Research and Innovation, Clean Water Services, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | - Devrim Kaya
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Christine Kelly
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Dana Alegre
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey W. Bethel
- School of Biological and Population Health Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Katherine Carter
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Benjamin D. Dalziel
- Department of Integrative Biology, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Mathematics, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Mark Dasenko
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Matthew Geniza
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Andrea George
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Department of Research and Innovation, Clean Water Services, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | | | | | - Kathryn A. Higley
- School of Nuclear Science and Engineering, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Denise M. Hynes
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Portland, Oregon, USA
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Jane Lubchenco
- Department of Integrative Biology, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - F. Javier Nieto
- College of Public Health and Human Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Matthew Peterson
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Adriana D. Piemonti
- Department of Research and Innovation, Clean Water Services, Hillsboro, Oregon, USA
| | | | - Brett M. Tyler
- Center for Quantitative Life Sciences, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
- Departmehnt of Botany and Plant Pathology, OSU, Corvallis, Oregon, USA
| | - Tyler S. Radniecki
- School of Chemical, Biological, and Environmental Engineering, Oregon State University (OSU), Corvallis, Oregon, USA
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Zhang L, Wang X, Che W, Yi Y, Zhou S, Feng Y. Methyltransferase-like 3 silenced inhibited the ferroptosis development via regulating the glutathione peroxidase 4 levels in the intracerebral hemorrhage progression. Bioengineered 2022; 13:14215-14226. [PMID: 35758287 PMCID: PMC9342256 DOI: 10.1080/21655979.2022.2084494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This study examined the effects of methyltransferase-like 3 (METTL3) on ferroptosis during intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) progression. The brain microvascular endothelial cells (BMVECs) were stimulated with oxygen and glucose deprivation (OGD) and hemin to establish an ICH model. Cell viability was tested using a CCK8 assay. The levels of Fe2+, glutathione, reactive oxygen species, LPO, and MDA were determined using the corresponding commercial kits. Cell death was analyzed using TUNEL and propidium iodide staining. The correlation between METTL3 and glutathione peroxidase 4 (GPX4) was analyzed using Spearman’s correlation test and further confirmed using the CHIP assay. Western blotting and RT-qPCR were performed to measure the relative expression levels. Mice were injected with 0.2 units collagenase IV to establish an ICH model in vivo. We found that the Fe2+, reactive oxygen species, LPO, and MDA levels were enhanced, and glutathione was depleted in OGD/H-treated BMVECs as well as in ICH mice. Additionally, cell viability and SLC7A11 protein levels decreased, and cell death and TFR1 protein levels increased in OGD/H-treated BMVECs. METTL3 silencing relieves OGD/H-induced injury in BMVECs. In addition, METTL3 was significantly negatively related to GPX4, which was further confirmed by the CHIP assay. Silencing of METTL3 decreased the N6-methyladenosine levels of GPX4 and increased its mRNA levels of GPX4. GPX4 knockdown neutralized the role of METTL3 in OGD/H-treated BMVECs. These results implied that ferroptosis occurred in the ODG/H-treated BMVECs and ICH mouse models. METTL3 silencing effectively suppressed ferroptosis by regulating N6-methyladenosine and mRNA levels of GPX4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiangyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenqiang Che
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjun Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuoming Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongjian Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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Cuevas-Ferrando E, Pérez-Cataluña A, Falcó I, Randazzo W, Sánchez G. Monitoring Human Viral Pathogens Reveals Potential Hazard for Treated Wastewater Discharge or Reuse. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:836193. [PMID: 35464930 PMCID: PMC9026171 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.836193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Wastewater discharge to the environment or its reuse after sanitization poses a concern for public health given the risk of transmission of human viral diseases. However, estimating the viral infectivity along the wastewater cycle presents technical challenges and still remains underexplored. Recently, human-associated crAssphage has been investigated to serve as viral pathogen indicator to monitor fecal impacted water bodies, even though its assessment as biomarker for infectious enteric viruses has not been explored yet. To this end, the occurrence of potentially infectious norovirus genogroup I (GI), norovirus GII, hepatitis A virus (HAV), rotavirus A (RV), and human astrovirus (HAstV) along with crAssphage was investigated in influent and effluent water sampled in four wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) over 1 year by a PMAxx-based capsid integrity RT-qPCR assay. Moreover, influent and effluent samples of a selected WWTP were additionally assayed by an in situ capture RT-qPCR assay (ISC-RT-qPCR) as estimate for viral infectivity in alternative to PMAxx-RT-qPCR. Overall, our results showed lower viral occurrence and concentration assessed by ISC-RT-qPCR than PMAxx-RT-qPCR. Occurrence of potentially infectious enteric virus was estimated by PMAxx-RT-qPCR as 88–94% in influent and 46–67% in effluent wastewaters with mean titers ranging from 4.77 to 5.89, and from 3.86 to 4.97 log10 GC/L, with the exception of HAV that was sporadically detected. All samples tested positive for crAssphage at concentration ranging from 7.41 to 9.99 log10 GC/L in influent and from 4.56 to 6.96 log10 GC/L in effluent wastewater, showing higher mean concentration than targeted enteric viruses. Data obtained by PMAxx-RT-qPCR showed that crAssphage strongly correlated with norovirus GII (ρ = 0.67, p < 0.05) and weakly with HAstV and RV (ρ = 0.25–0.30, p < 0.05) in influent samples. In effluent wastewater, weak (ρ = 0.27–0.38, p < 0.05) to moderate (ρ = 0.47–0.48, p < 0.05) correlations between crAssphage and targeted viruses were observed. Overall, these results corroborate crAssphage as an indicator for fecal contamination in wastewater but a poor marker for either viral occurrence and viral integrity/infectivity. Despite the viral load reductions detected in effluent compared to influent wastewaters, the estimates of viral infectivity based on viability molecular methods might pose a concern for (re)-using of treated water.
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20
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Torii S, Oishi W, Zhu Y, Thakali O, Malla B, Yu Z, Zhao B, Arakawa C, Kitajima M, Hata A, Ihara M, Kyuwa S, Sano D, Haramoto E, Katayama H. Comparison of five polyethylene glycol precipitation procedures for the RT-qPCR based recovery of murine hepatitis virus, bacteriophage phi6, and pepper mild mottle virus as a surrogate for SARS-CoV-2 from wastewater. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 807:150722. [PMID: 34610400 PMCID: PMC8487407 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation is one of the conventional methods for virus concentration. This technique has been used to detect severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) RNA in wastewater. The procedures and seeded surrogate viruses were different among implementers; thus, the reported whole process recovery efficiencies considerably varied among studies. The present study compared five PEG precipitation procedures, with different operational parameters, for the RT-qPCR-based whole process recovery efficiency of murine hepatitis virus (MHV), bacteriophage phi6, and pepper mild mottle virus (PMMoV), and molecular process recovery efficiency of murine norovirus using 34 raw wastewater samples collected in Japan. The five procedures yielded significantly different whole process recovery efficiency of MHV (0.070%-2.6%) and phi6 (0.071%-0.51%). The observed concentration of indigenous PMMoV ranged from 8.9 to 9.7 log (8.2 × 108 to 5.6 × 109) copies/L. Interestingly, PEG precipitation with 2-h incubation outperformed that with overnight incubation partially due to the difference in molecular process recovery efficiency. The recovery load of MHV exhibited a positive correlation (r = 0.70) with that of PMMoV, suggesting that PMMoV is the potential indicator of the recovery efficiency of SARS-CoV-2. In addition, we reviewed 13 published studies and found considerable variability between different studies in the whole process recovery efficiency of enveloped viruses by PEG precipitation. This was due to the differences in operational parameters and surrogate viruses as well as the differences in wastewater quality and bias in the measurement of the seeded load of surrogate viruses, resulting from the use of different analytes and RNA extraction methods. Overall, the operational parameters (e.g., incubation time and pretreatment) should be optimized for PEG precipitation. Co-quantification of PMMoV may allow for the normalization of SARS-CoV-2 RNA concentration by correcting for the differences in whole process recovery efficiency and fecal load among samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shotaro Torii
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Wakana Oishi
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Yifan Zhu
- Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Ocean Thakali
- Department of Engineering, Integrated Graduate School of Medicine, Engineering, and Agricultural Sciences, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Bikash Malla
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Zaizhi Yu
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Bo Zhao
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan
| | - Chisato Arakawa
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Masaaki Kitajima
- Division of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, North 13 West 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo, Hokkaido 060-8628, Japan
| | - Akihiko Hata
- Faculty of Engineering, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama 939-0398, Japan
| | - Masaru Ihara
- Research Center for Environmental Quality Management, Graduate School of Engineering, Kyoto University, 1-2 Yumihama, Otsu, Shiga 520-0811, Japan; Faculty of Agriculture and Marine Science, Kochi University, Monobe-Otsu 200, Nankoku, Kochi 783-8502 Japan
| | - Shigeru Kyuwa
- Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sano
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan; Department of Frontier Sciences for Advanced Environment, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, Aoba 6-6-06, Aramaki, Aoba-ku, Sendai, Miyagi 980-8579, Japan
| | - Eiji Haramoto
- Interdisciplinary Center for River Basin Environment, Graduate Faculty of Interdisciplinary Research, University of Yamanashi, 4-3-11 Takeda, Kofu, Yamanashi 400-8511, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Katayama
- Department of Urban Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
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21
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Cuevas-Ferrando E, Randazzo W, Pérez-Cataluña A, Falcó I, Navarro D, Martin-Latil S, Díaz-Reolid A, Girón-Guzmán I, Allende A, Sánchez G. Platinum chloride-based viability RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection in complex samples. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18120. [PMID: 34518622 PMCID: PMC8438079 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-97700-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation, contact tracing and restrictions on social movement are being globally implemented to prevent and control onward spread of SARS-CoV-2, even though the infection risk modelled on RNA detection by RT-qPCR remains biased as viral shedding and infectivity are not discerned. Thus, we aimed to develop a rapid viability RT-qPCR procedure to infer SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in clinical specimens and environmental samples. We screened monoazide dyes and platinum compounds as viability molecular markers on five SARS-CoV-2 RNA targets. A platinum chloride-based viability RT-qPCR was then optimized using genomic RNA, and inactivated SARS-CoV-2 particles inoculated in buffer, stool, and urine. Our results were finally validated in nasopharyngeal swabs from persons who tested positive for COVID-19 and in wastewater samples positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. We established a rapid viability RT-qPCR that selectively detects potentially infectious SARS-CoV-2 particles in complex matrices. In particular, the confirmed positivity of nasopharyngeal swabs following the viability procedure suggests their potential infectivity, while the complete prevention of amplification in wastewater indicated either non-infectious particles or free RNA. The viability RT-qPCR approach provides a more accurate ascertainment of the infectious viruses detection and it may complement analyses to foster risk-based investigations for the prevention and control of new or re-occurring outbreaks with a broad application spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Cuevas-Ferrando
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Walter Randazzo
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alba Pérez-Cataluña
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Falcó
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- ANSES Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris-Est, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Azahara Díaz-Reolid
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés Girón-Guzmán
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Allende
- Research Group on Quality and Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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22
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Cuevas-Ferrando E, Randazzo W, Pérez-Cataluña A, Falcó I, Navarro D, Martin-Latil S, Díaz-Reolid A, Girón-Guzmán I, Allende A, Sánchez G. Platinum chloride-based viability RT-qPCR for SARS-CoV-2 detection in complex samples. Sci Rep 2021; 11:18120. [PMID: 34518622 DOI: 10.1101/2021.03.22.21253818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/24/2021] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Isolation, contact tracing and restrictions on social movement are being globally implemented to prevent and control onward spread of SARS-CoV-2, even though the infection risk modelled on RNA detection by RT-qPCR remains biased as viral shedding and infectivity are not discerned. Thus, we aimed to develop a rapid viability RT-qPCR procedure to infer SARS-CoV-2 infectivity in clinical specimens and environmental samples. We screened monoazide dyes and platinum compounds as viability molecular markers on five SARS-CoV-2 RNA targets. A platinum chloride-based viability RT-qPCR was then optimized using genomic RNA, and inactivated SARS-CoV-2 particles inoculated in buffer, stool, and urine. Our results were finally validated in nasopharyngeal swabs from persons who tested positive for COVID-19 and in wastewater samples positive for SARS-CoV-2 RNA. We established a rapid viability RT-qPCR that selectively detects potentially infectious SARS-CoV-2 particles in complex matrices. In particular, the confirmed positivity of nasopharyngeal swabs following the viability procedure suggests their potential infectivity, while the complete prevention of amplification in wastewater indicated either non-infectious particles or free RNA. The viability RT-qPCR approach provides a more accurate ascertainment of the infectious viruses detection and it may complement analyses to foster risk-based investigations for the prevention and control of new or re-occurring outbreaks with a broad application spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enric Cuevas-Ferrando
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Walter Randazzo
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Alba Pérez-Cataluña
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Irene Falcó
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - David Navarro
- Microbiology Service, Clinic University Hospital, INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
- Department of Microbiology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Valencia, Spain
| | - Sandra Martin-Latil
- ANSES Laboratory for Food Safety, Université Paris-Est, 94700, Maisons-Alfort, France
| | - Azahara Díaz-Reolid
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Inés Girón-Guzmán
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
| | - Ana Allende
- Research Group on Quality and Safety of Fruits and Vegetables, Department of Food Science and Technology, CEBAS-CSIC, Campus Universitario de Espinardo, 25, 30100, Murcia, Spain
| | - Gloria Sánchez
- Department of Preservation and Food Safety Technologies, Institute of Agrochemistry and Food Technology, IATA-CSIC, Av. Agustín Escardino 7, 46980, Paterna, Valencia, Spain
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