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Pippal PS, Kumar R, Singh A, Kumar R. A bibliometric and visualization analysis of the aerosol research on the Himalayan glaciers. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:104998-105011. [PMID: 37721676 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-29710-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 08/31/2023] [Indexed: 09/19/2023]
Abstract
This research focuses on a bibliometric analysis of research on aerosols' impact on the glaciers in the Himalayan glacier region published in journals from all subject categories based on the Science Citation Index Expanded, collected from the Web of Science and Scopus database between January 2002 and April 2022. The indexing phrases like "aerosol," "glacier," and "snow" are commonly used terms and have been utilized to collect the related publications for this investigation. The document selections were based on years of publication, authorship, the scientific output of authors, distribution of publication by country, categories of the subjects, and names of journals in which scholarly papers were published. The number of articles on aerosols accelerating the melting of glaciers shows a notable increase in recent years, along with more glacier melting results from countries involved in climate science research. People's Republic of China (382) was the country with the highest publication output on aerosols impacting the melting of glaciers. The USA (367) was the most cited country, with about 17,500 total citations and 80.40 average citations per year from January 2002 to April 2022. The results reveal that research trends in the glaciers on aerosols' impact on the glaciers have been attractive in recent years, and the number of articles in this field keeps increasing fast. This study offers opportunities to track research trends, identify collaboration prospects, and inform climate policy. Integrating data sources and engaging the public will further enhance the impact and relevance of this critical research field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prity Singh Pippal
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Ramesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Atar Singh
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India
| | - Rajesh Kumar
- Department of Environmental Science, School of Earth Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, India.
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Li X, Abdullah LC, Sobri S, Syazarudin Md Said M, Aslina Hussain S, Poh Aun T, Hu J. Long-term spatiotemporal evolution and coordinated control of air pollutants in a typical mega-mountain city of Cheng-Yu region under the "dual carbon" goal. JOURNAL OF THE AIR & WASTE MANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION (1995) 2023; 73:649-678. [PMID: 37449903 DOI: 10.1080/10962247.2023.2232744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023]
Abstract
Clarifying the spatiotemporal distribution and impact mechanism of pollution is the prerequisite for megacities to formulate relevant air pollution prevention and control measures and achieve carbon neutrality goals. Chongqing is one of the dual-core key megacities in Cheng-Yu region and as a typical mountain-city in China, environmental problems are complex and sensitive. This research aims to investigate the exceeding standard levels and spatio-temporal evolution of criteria pollutants between 2014 and 2020. The results indicated that PM10, PM2.5, CO and SO2 were decreased significantly by 45.91%, 52.86%, 38.89% and 66.67%, respectively. Conversely, the concentration of pollutant O3 present a fluctuating growth and found a "seesaw" phenomenon between it and PM. Furthermore, PM and O3 are highest in winter and summer, respectively. SO2, NO2, CO, and PM showed a "U-shaped", and O3 showed an inverted "U-shaped" seasonal variation. PM and O3 concentrations are still far behind the WHO, 2021AQGs standards. Significant spatial heterogeneity was observed in air pollution distribution. These results are of great significance for Chongqing to achieve "double control and double reduction" of PM2.5 and O3 pollution, and formulate a regional carbon peaking roadmap under climate coordination. Besides, it can provide an important platform for exploring air pollution in typical terrain around the world and provide references for related epidemiological research.Implications: Chongqing is one of the dual-core key megacities in Cheng-Yu region and as a typical mountain city, environmental problems are complex and sensitive. Under the background of the "14th Five-Year Plan", the construction of the "Cheng-Yu Dual-City Economic Circle" and the "Dual-Carbon" goal, this article comprehensively discussed the annual and seasonal excess levels and spatiotemporal evolution of pollutants under the multiple policy and the newest international standards (WHO,2021AQG) backgrounds from 2014 to 2020 in Chongqing. Furthermore, suggestions and measures related to the collaborative management of pollutants were discussed. Finally, limitations and recommendations were also put forward.Clarifying the spatiotemporal distribution and impact mechanism of pollution is the prerequisite for cities to formulate relevant air pollution control measures and achieve carbon neutrality goals. This study is of great significance for Chongqing to achieve "double control and double reduction" of PM2.5 and O3 pollution, study and formulate a regional carbon peaking roadmap under climate coordination and an action plan for sustained improvement of air quality.In addition, this research can advanced our understanding of air pollution in complex terrain. Furthermore, it also promote the construction of the China national strategic Cheng-Yu economic circle and build a beautiful west. Moreover, it provides scientific insights for local policymakers to guide smart urban planning, industrial layout, energy structure, and transportation planning to improve air quality throughout the Cheng-Yu region. Finally, this is also conducive to future scientific research in other regions of China, and even megacities with complex terrain in the world.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoju Li
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
- Department of Resource and Environment, Xichang University, Xichang City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Luqman Chuah Abdullah
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Shafreeza Sobri
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Mohamad Syazarudin Md Said
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Siti Aslina Hussain
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Malaysia
| | - Tan Poh Aun
- SOx NOx Asia Sdn Bhd, Subang Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Jinzhao Hu
- Department of Resource and Environment, Xichang University, Xichang City, Sichuan Province, China
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Jiang G, Song X, Xie J, Shi T, Yang Q. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in ambient air of Guangzhou city: Exposure levels, health effects and cytotoxicity. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2023; 262:115308. [PMID: 37544068 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2023.115308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/08/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in PM2.5 pose potentially serious threats to human health. In this study, the distribution characteristics of 16 priority controlled, fine PM (PM2.5)-bound PAHs in the ambient air of Guangzhou city were analysed from 2016 to 2019. Four high-molecular-weight PAHs with the highest annual average concentrations were benzo[ghi]perylene (BghiP; 0.757 ng/m3), indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene (IcdP; 0.627 ng/m3), benzo[b]fluoranthene (BbF, 0.519 ng/m3) and 3,4-benzopyrene (BaP; 0.426 ng/m3). Increasing concentrations of BghiP, IcdP, BbF and BaP were associated with increasing numbers of outpatient visits for respiratory diseases, indicating that exposure to these PAHs potentially causes acute respiratory injury in residents. Acute exposure of the human bronchial epithelial cell line BEAS-2B cells to BghiP, IcdP, BbF and BaP in vitro resulted in acute inflammation, DNA damage and apoptosis. Further bioinformatic analysis indicated that nuclear receptor subfamily 1 group D member 1 (NR1D1) may be a key target gene involved in mediating the toxic effects of BghiP. Collectively, our results suggest that BghiP and the other PAHs represented by it can damage the respiratory system and induce lung cancer. This study provides valuable evidence regarding the potential health risks posed by local ambient PAHs pollution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqing Jiang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Xu Song
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Jiaying Xie
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, PR China
| | - Tongxing Shi
- Guangzhou Center for Disease Control and Prevention, No. 1 Qide Road, Baiyun District, Guangzhou 510440, PR China
| | - Qiaoyuan Yang
- Department of Preventive Medicine, School of Public Health, Guangzhou Medical University, Xinzao, Panyu District, Guangzhou 511436, PR China.
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Rashid I, Abdullah T, Romshoo SA. Explaining the natural and anthropogenic factors driving glacier recession in Kashmir Himalaya, India. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:29942-29960. [PMID: 36418815 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24243-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Glaciers across the Kashmir Himalayan region are melting at an accelerated pace compared to other regions across the Himalayan arc. This study analyzed the recession patterns of nine glaciers in the Kashmir Himalaya region over 28 years between 1992 and 2020 using satellite images and field measurements. The recession patterns were correlated with debris cover, topographic factors, and ambient black carbon (BC) concentration at glacier sites. HYSPLIT model was used to track the air mass sources at a 7-day time-step from September 1, 2014, to September 28, 2014, over the selected region. All nine glaciers revealed high recession as indicated by changes in the area (average recession: 20.8%) and snout position (~ 14 m a-1). The relative percentage of debris on each glacier varied between ~ 0% (clean glacier) and 43%. Although the investigated glaciers lie in the same climatological regime, their topographical behavior is dissimilar with mean altitude ranging between 4000 and ~ 4700 m asl and the average slope varying from 17 to 24°. All the investigated glaciers are north-facing except G3 (southerly aspect). Our results indicate anomalously high ambient BC concentrations, ranging from 500 to 1364 ng m-3, at the glacier sites, higher than previously studied for glaciers in the Himalayas and neighboring Tibetan Plateau. The backward air-mass trajectory modeling indicated both local and global sources of particulate matter in the study area. A comparative analysis of BC measurements and glacier recession with the studies conducted across high Asia indicated the influence of BC in accelerating the melting of glaciers in the Kashmir region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irfan Rashid
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, India.
| | - Tariq Abdullah
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, India
| | - Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar, 190006, India
- Islamic University of Science and Technology, 1-University Avenue Awantipora, Pulwama, 192122, India
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Wang C, Lin SJ, Hsiao CK, Lu KC. Bayesian Approach to Disease Risk Evaluation Based on Air Pollution and Weather Conditions. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2023; 20:1039. [PMID: 36673795 PMCID: PMC9858713 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph20021039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Environmental factors such as meteorological conditions and air pollutants are recognized as important for human health, where mortality and morbidity of certain diseases may be related to abrupt climate change or air pollutant concentration. In the literature, environmental factors have been identified as risk factors for chronic diseases such as ischemic heart disease. However, the likelihood evaluation of the disease occurrence probability due to environmental factors is missing. METHOD We defined people aged 51-90 years who were free from ischemic heart disease (ICD9: 410-414) in 1996-2002 as the susceptible group. A Bayesian conditional logistic regression model based on a case-crossover design was utilized to construct a risk information system and applied to data from three databases in Taiwan: air quality variables from the Environmental Protection Administration (EPA), meteorological parameters from the Central Weather Bureau (CWB), and subject information from the National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD). RESULTS People living in different geographic regions in Taiwan were found to have different risk factors; thus, disease risk alert intervals varied in the three regions. CONCLUSIONS Disease risk alert intervals can be a reference for weather bureaus to issue health warnings. With early warnings, susceptible groups can take measures to avoid exacerbation of disease when meteorological conditions and air pollution become hazardous to their health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Wang
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Shu-Ju Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Chuhsing Kate Hsiao
- Institute of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106319, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Lu
- Weather Forecast Center, Central Weather Bureau, Taipei 100006, Taiwan
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Bhat MA, Romshoo SA, Beig G. Characteristics, source apportionment and long-range transport of black carbon at a high-altitude urban centre in the Kashmir valley, North-western Himalaya. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 305:119295. [PMID: 35439603 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Revised: 03/22/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Six years of data (2012-2017) at an urban site-Srinagar in the Northwest Himalaya were used to investigate temporal variability, meteorological influences, source apportionment and potential source regions of BC. The daily BC concentration varies from 0.56 to 40.16 μg/m3 with an inter-annual variation of 4.20-7.04 μg/m3 and is higher than majority of the Himalayan urban locations. High mean annual BC concentration (6.06 μg/m3) is attributed to the high BC observations during winter (8.60 μg/m3) and autumn (8.31 μg/m3) with a major contribution from Nov (13.88 μg/m3) to Dec (13.4 μg/m3). A considerable inter-month and inter-seasonal BC variability was observed owing to the large changes in synoptic meteorology. Low BC concentrations were observed in spring and summer (3.14 μg/m3 and 3.21 μg/m3), corresponding to high minimum temperatures (6.6 °C and 15.7 °C), wind speed (2.4 and 1.6 m/s), ventilation coefficient (2262 and 2616 m2/s), precipitation (316.7 mm and 173.3 mm) and low relative humidity (68% and 62%). However, during late autumn and winter, frequent temperature inversions, shallow PBL (173-1042 m), stagnant and dry weather conditions cause BC to accumulate in the valley. Through the observation period, two predominant diurnal BC peaks were observed at ⁓9:00 h (7.75 μg/m3) and ⁓21:00 h (6.67 μg/m3). Morning peak concentration in autumn (11.28 μg/m3) is ⁓2-2.5 times greater than spring (4.32 μg/m3) and summer (5.23 μg/m3), owing to the emission source peaks and diurnal boundary layer height. Diurnal BC concentration during autumn and winter is 65% and 60% higher than spring and summer respectively. During autumn and winter, biomass burning contributes approximately 50% of the BC concentration compared to only 10% during the summer. Air masses transport considerable BC from the Middle East and northern portions of South Asia, especially the Indo-Gangetic Plains, to Srinagar, with serious consequences for climate, human health, and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shakil Ahmad Romshoo
- Department of Geoinformatics, University of Kashmir, Srinagar, India; Islamic University of Science and Technology (IUST), Awantipora, Kashmir, India.
| | - Gufran Beig
- Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM), Pune, India; National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), Indian Institute of Science (IISc) Campus, Bengaluru, India
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Abdul Jabbar S, Tul Qadar L, Ghafoor S, Rasheed L, Sarfraz Z, Sarfraz A, Sarfraz M, Felix M, Cherrez-Ojeda I. Air Quality, Pollution and Sustainability Trends in South Asia: A Population-Based Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:7534. [PMID: 35742785 PMCID: PMC9224398 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph19127534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Worsening air quality and pollution lead to numerous environmental health and sustainability issues in the South Asia region. This study analyzes India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal for air quality data trends and sustainability indicators. METHODOLOGY By using a population-based study design, six South Asian countries were analyzed using a step-wise approach. Data were obtained from government websites and publicly available repositories for region dynamics and key variables. RESULTS Between 1990 and 2020, air quality data indicated the highest rise in CO2 emissions in India (578.5 to 2441.8 million tons) (MT), Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. Greenhouse gas emissions, from 1990 to 2018, nearly tripled in India (1990.4 to 3346.6 MT of CO2-equivalents), Nepal (20.6 to 54.6 MT of CO2-equivalents), and Pakistan, and doubled in Bangladesh. Methane emissions rose the highest in Pakistan (70.4 to 151 MT of CO2-equivalents), followed by Nepal (17 to 31 MT of CO2-equivalents) and India (524.8 to 669.3 MT of CO2-equivalents). Nitrous oxide nearly doubled in Bangladesh (16.5 to 29.3 MT of CO2-equivalents), India (141.6 to 256.9 MT of CO2-equivalents), Nepal (17 to 31 MT of CO2-equivalents), and more than doubled in Pakistan (27 to 61 MT of CO2-equivalents). On noting particulate matter 2,5 annual exposure, India saw the highest rise from 81.3 µg/m3 (in 1990) to 90.9 µg/m3 (2017), whereas trends were steady in Pakistan (60.34 to 58.3 µg/m3). The highest rise was noted in Nepal (87.6 to 99.7 µg/m3) until 2017. During the coronavirus disease 19 pandemic, the pre-and post-pandemic changes between 2018 and 2021 indicated the highest PM2.5 concentration in Bangladesh (76.9 µg/m3), followed by Pakistan (66.8 µg/m3), India (58.1 µg/m3), Nepal (46 µg/m3) and Sri Lanka (17.4 µg/m3). Overall, South Asian countries contribute to the worst air quality and sustainability trends regions worldwide. CONCLUSIONS Air pollution is prevalent across a majority of South Asia countries. Owing to unsustainable industrial practices, pollution trends have risen to hazardous levels. Economic, environmental, and human health impacts have manifested and require urgent, concerted efforts by governing bodies in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saima Abdul Jabbar
- Research, Nishtar Medical University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (S.A.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Laila Tul Qadar
- Research, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur 06318, Pakistan;
| | - Sulaman Ghafoor
- Research, Nishtar Medical University, Multan 60000, Pakistan; (S.A.J.); (S.G.)
| | - Lubna Rasheed
- Research, University Medical and Dental College Faisalabad, Faisalabad 38800, Pakistan;
| | - Zouina Sarfraz
- Research and Publications, Fatima Jinnah Medical University, Queen’s Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Azza Sarfraz
- Pediatrics and Child Health, The Aga Khan University, Karachi 74800, Pakistan;
| | - Muzna Sarfraz
- Research, King Edward Medical University, Lahore 54000, Pakistan;
| | - Miguel Felix
- Allergy and Pulmonology, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 0901-952, Ecuador;
- Respiralab Research Center, Guayaquil 0901-952, Ecuador
| | - Ivan Cherrez-Ojeda
- Allergy and Pulmonology, Universidad Espíritu Santo, Samborondón 0901-952, Ecuador;
- Respiralab Research Center, Guayaquil 0901-952, Ecuador
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Guo Y, Lin C, Li J, Wei L, Ma Y, Yang Q, Li D, Wang H, Shen J. Persistent pollution episodes, transport pathways, and potential sources of air pollution during the heating season of 2016-2017 in Lanzhou, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:852. [PMID: 34846562 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09597-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As one of the most important industrial cities in Northwest China, Lanzhou currently suffers from serious air pollution. This study analyzed the formation mechanism and potential source areas of persistent air pollution in Lanzhou during the heating period from November 1, 2016 to March 31, 2017 based on the air pollutant concentrations and relevant meteorological data. Our findings indicate that particulate pollution was extremely severe during the study period. The daily PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations had significantly negative correlations with daily temperature, wind speed, maximum daily boundary layer height, while the daily PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations showed significantly positive correlations with daily relative humidity. Five persistent pollution episodes were identified and classified as either stagnant accumulation or explosive growth types according to the mechanism of pollution formation and evolution. The PM2.5 and PM10 concentrations and PM2.5/PM10 ratio followed a growing "saw-tooth cycle" pattern during the stagnant accumulation type event. Dust storms caused abrupt peaks in PM10 and a sharp decrease in the PM2.5/PM10 ratio in explosive growth type events. The potential sources of PM10 were mainly distributed in the Kumtag Desert in Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, the Qaidam Basin and Hehuang Valley in Qinghai Province, and the western and eastern Hexi Corridor in Gansu Province. The contributions to PM10 were more than 120 μg/m3. The important potential sources of PM2.5 were located in Hehuang Valley in Qinghai and Linxia Hui Autonomous Prefecture in Gansu; the concentrations of PM2.5 were more than 60 μg/m3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongtao Guo
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Chunying Lin
- Qinghai Province Weather Modification Office, Xining, 810001, China
| | - Jiangping Li
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Lingbo Wei
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yuxia Ma
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Qidong Yang
- Department of Atmosphere ScienceSchool of Earth Sciences, Yunnan University, Kunming, 650500, China
| | - Dandan Li
- Gansu Province Environmental Monitoring Center, Lanzhou, 730020, China
| | - Hang Wang
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Jiahui Shen
- College of Atmospheric Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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