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Xue R, Wang K, Wang Y, Jiang M, Zhao Q, Jiang J. Effect of freeze-thaw frequency plus rainfall on As and Sb metal(loid)s leaching from the solidified/stabilized soil remediated with Fe-based composite agent. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171844. [PMID: 38513844 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2023] [Revised: 02/14/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
The composite agent of ferrous sulfate, fly ash, and calcium lignosulfonate (FFC) can remediate the soil contaminated by As and Sb under cyclic freeze-thaw (F-T) via stabilization/solidification (S/S). However, the impact of high-frequency F-T cycles on the leaching behavior and migration of As and Sb in FFC-treated soils remains unclear. Here the leaching concentrations, heavy metal speciation (Wenzel's method), and Hydrus-1d simulations were investigated. The results showed that FFC effectively maintained the long-term S/S efficiency of arsenic remediation subject to an extended rainfall and freeze-thaw cycles, and stabilized the easily mobile form of As. The short-term S/S effect on Sb in the remediated soils suffering from F-T cycles was demonstrated in the presence of FFC. In a 20-year span, the mobility of Sb was affected by the number of F-T cycles (FT60 > FT20 > FT40 > FT0) in soil with a depth of 100 cm. As leaching progressed, FFC slowed the upward proportion of adsorbed As fractions but converted parts of the residual Sb to the form of crystalline Fe/Al (hydro) oxide. Moreover, the adsorption rate and capacity of As also preceded that of Sb. Long-term curative effects of FFC could be observed for As, but further development of agents capable of remedying Sb under cyclic F-T and long-term rainfall was needed. The predictive results on the migration and leaching behavior of heavy metals in S/S remediated soils may provide new insight into the long-term assessment of S/S under natural conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruiyuan Xue
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Kun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Yipeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Miao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
| | - Qingliang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China.
| | - Junqiu Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resources and Environment, School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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2
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Zhang LM, Long LL, Zhu QR, Chen C, Xu M, Wu J, Yang G. Mechanism and ecological environmental risk assessment of peroxymonosulfate for the treatment of heavy metals in soil. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171717. [PMID: 38490419 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171717] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
Oxidation technologies based on peroxymonosulfate (PMS) have been effectively used for the remediation of soil organic pollutants due to their high efficiency. However, the effects of advanced PMS-based oxidation technologies on other soil pollutants, such as heavy metals, remain unknown. In this study, changes in the form of heavy metals in soil after using PMS and the risk of pollution to the ecological environment were investigated. Furthermore, two risk assessment methods, the mung bean germination toxicity test and groundwater leaching soil column test, were employed to evaluate the soil before and after PMS treatment. The results showed that PMS has a strong ability to degrade complex compounds, enabling the transformation of heavy metals, such as Cd, Pb, and Zn, from stable to active states in the soil. The risk assessments showed that PMS treatment activated heavy metals in the soil, which delayed the growth of plants, increased heavy metal content in plant tissues and the risk of groundwater pollution. These findings provide a new perspective for understanding the effects of PMS on soil, thus facilitating the sustained and reliable development of future research in the field of advanced oxidation applied to soil treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lai-Min Zhang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Lab of Agricultural Environment Engineering of Sichuan Provincial Education Department, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Lu-Lu Long
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Lab of Agricultural Environment Engineering of Sichuan Provincial Education Department, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China.
| | - Qi-Ran Zhu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Lab of Agricultural Environment Engineering of Sichuan Provincial Education Department, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Chao Chen
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Lab of Agricultural Environment Engineering of Sichuan Provincial Education Department, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Min Xu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Lab of Agricultural Environment Engineering of Sichuan Provincial Education Department, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Jun Wu
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Lab of Agricultural Environment Engineering of Sichuan Provincial Education Department, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China
| | - Gang Yang
- College of Environmental Sciences, Sichuan Agricultural University, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China; Key Lab of Agricultural Environment Engineering of Sichuan Provincial Education Department, No. 211 Huimin Road, Wenjiang District, Chengdu 611130, China.
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3
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Wu Y, Yan Y, Wang Z, Tan Z, Zhou T. Biochar application for the remediation of soil contaminated with potentially toxic elements: Current situation and challenges. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2024; 351:119775. [PMID: 38070425 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2023.119775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 11/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/14/2024]
Abstract
Recently, biochar has garnered extensive attention in the remediation of soils contaminated with potentially toxic elements (PTEs) owing to its exceptional adsorption properties and straightforward operation. Most researchers have primarily concentrated on the effects, mechanisms, impact factors, and risks of biochar in remediation of PTEs. However, concerns about the long-term safety and impact of biochar have restricted its application. This review aims to establish a basis for the large-scale popularization of biochar for remediating PTEs-contaminated soil based on a review of interactive mechanisms between soil, PTEs and biochar, as well as the current situation of biochar for remediation in PTEs scenarios. Biochar can directly interact with PTEs or indirectly with soil components, influencing the bioavailability, mobility, and toxicity of PTEs. The efficacy of biochar in remediation varies depending on biomass feedstock, pyrolysis temperature, type of PTEs, and application rate. Compared to pristine biochar, modified biochar offers feasible solutions for tailoring specialized biochar suited to specific PTEs-contaminated soil. Main challenges limiting the applications of biochar are overdose and potential risks. The used biochar is separated from the soil that not only actually removes PTEs, but also mitigates the negative long-term effects of biochar. A sustainable remediation technology is advocated that enables the recovery and regeneration (95.0-95.6%) of biochar from the soil and the removal of PTEs (the removal rate of Cd is more than 20%) from the soil. Finally, future research directions are suggested to augment the environmental safety of biochar and promote its wider application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Wu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Yuhang Yan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zongwei Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China
| | - Zhongxin Tan
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Soil Environment and Pollution Remediation, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Key Laboratory of Arable Land Conservation (Middle and Lower Reaches of Yangtse River), College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China; Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, College of Resources and Environment, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, 430070, China.
| | - Tuo Zhou
- China State Key Laboratory of Power Systems, Department of Energy and Power Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
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Ahmad S, Bahraq AA, Khalid HR, Alamutu LO. Stabilization/solidification of heavy metal-contaminated marl soil using a binary system of cement and fuel fly ash. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2023; 195:1557. [PMID: 38040928 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-023-12176-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/22/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023]
Abstract
The stabilization/solidification (S/S) method is one of the most effective remediation techniques for treating contaminated soils. Several stabilizers, mostly the cementitious materials, have been used for the S/S treatment. In this paper, the feasibility of utilizing fuel fly ash (FFA) as a partial replacement of ordinary Portland cement (OPC) for the S/S treatment of marl soil contaminated with heavy metals was investigated. Two industrial waste materials, namely steel and electroplating wastes, were used to synthetically contaminate the marl soil. The stabilizers comprising of OPC and FFA were mixed with the contaminated soil at different dosages ranging from 10 to 40%, by mass, and a total of 48 S/S-treated soil mixtures were prepared. A series of experiments, including density, porosity, permeability, unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and toxicity characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP), were carried out on the soil mixtures to evaluate the efficiency of the proposed S/S treatment. Test results showed that the incorporation of FFA at higher volumes reduced the density and increased the porosity and permeability of the treated mixtures. Although FFA addition resulted in reducing the UCS values by an average of 46%, and this reduction was more significant at higher FFA percentages, the UCS values of all mixtures were more than 0.35 MPa (350 kPa), which passed the minimum requirements set by USEPA. In addition, the metal immobilization ability of the proposed treatment was confirmed by the TCLP analysis. As compared to the negative effect of the contamination of the soil by the electroplating waste, the contamination of the soil by steel waste had a higher negative effect. The results of this study would contribute in selecting an environment-friendly treatment of the contaminated soils using industrial waste materials, such as FFA, as a partial replacement of OPC. Nevertheless, the present study is an initial attempt to explore the possibility of utilizing FFA as a partial replacement of OPC in S/S treatment of marl soil contaminated with heavy metals. It is recommended to conduct another study in future including analysis of the treated soil mixtures using XRD, SEM, and FTIR techniques to better understand the stabilization/solidification mechanism and its implications on the test results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamsad Ahmad
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ashraf A Bahraq
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hammad R Khalid
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
- Interdisciplinary Research Center for Construction and Building Materials, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lateef Olawale Alamutu
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, King Fahd University of Petroleum & Minerals, 31261, Dhahran, Saudi Arabia
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Xu J, Wu Y, Wang S, Wang Y, Dong S, Chen Z, He L. Source identification and health risk assessment of heavy metals with mineralogy: the case of soils from a Chinese industrial and mining city. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:7255-7274. [PMID: 37004580 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-023-01548-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Understanding the precise sources of heavy metals (HMs) in soil and the contribution of these sources to health risks has positive effects in terms of risk management. This study focused on the HMs in the soil of five land uses in an industrial and mining city. The sources of HMs in soils were identified, and the soil mineralogical characteristics and health risks of HMs were discussed. The results showed that the HMs (Cu, Zn, Ni, Cd, Pb) found in the soil of the five land uses were affected by human activities. For example, the Cu in grassland, gobi beach, woodland, green belt, and farmland is 22.3, 3.5, 22.5, 16.7, and 21.3 times higher than the soil background values in Gansu Province, respectively. The Positive Matrix Factorization model (PMF) results revealed that traffic emissions and industrial and agricultural activities were the primary sources of HMs in the soil, with industrial sources accounting for the largest share at 55.79%. Furthermore, various characteristics proved that the studied HMs were closely related to smelting products. Concentration-oriented health risk assessments showed that HMs in the different soil types held non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks for children and adults. Contamination source-oriented health risk assessments of children and adults found that industrial activities controlled non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks. This study highlighted the critical effects of smelting on urban soil and the contribution of pollution sources to health risks. Furthermore, this work is significant in respect of the risk control of HMs in urban soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Xu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Yi Wu
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China.
| | - Yufan Wang
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Suhuang Dong
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Zhaoming Chen
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
| | - Liang He
- College of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou University, 222 Tianshui South Road, Lanzhou, 730000, China
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6
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Meng Z, Huang S, Wu J, Lin Z. Competitive adsorption and immobilization of Cd, Ni, and Cu by biochar in unsaturated soils under single-, binary-, and ternary-metal systems. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 451:131106. [PMID: 36907057 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2022] [Revised: 02/06/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the competitive adsorption and immobilization of cadmium (Cd), nickel (Ni), and copper (Cu) by biochar in unsaturated soils under single-, binary-, and ternary-metal systems. The results showed that the immobilization effects by the soil itself were in the order of Cu > Ni > Cd, and the adsorption capacities of freshly contaminated heavy metals by biochar were in the order of Cd > Ni > Cu in unsaturated soils. The adsorption and immobilization of Cd by biochars in soils was weakened by competition more in the ternary-metal system than that in the binary-metal system; the competition with Cu caused a more significant weakening effect than that with Ni. For Cd and Ni, nonmineral mechanisms preferentially adsorbed and immobilized Cd and Ni compared to mineral mechanisms, but the contributions of the mineral mechanisms to the adsorption gradually increased and became dominant with increasing concentrations (at average percentages of 62.59%-83.30% and 41.38%-74.29%, respectively). However, for Cu, the contributions of the nonmineral mechanisms to Cu adsorption were always dominant (average percentages of 60.92%-74.87%) and gradually increased with increasing concentrations. This study highlighted that the types of heavy metals and coexistence should be focused when remediating heavy metal contamination in soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuowen Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Shuang Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Jingwei Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Zhongbing Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Water Resources and Hydropower Engineering Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan 430072, China
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Wang Y, Xu Y, Li L, Yang Y, Xu C, Luo Y, Wang Y, Liang X, Sun J. Immobilization of Cd by mercapto-palygorskite in typical calcareous and acidic soil aggregates: Performance and differences. CHEMOSPHERE 2023; 323:138223. [PMID: 36863623 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The microscale spatial heterogeneity and complexity of soil aggregates affect the properties and distribution of heavy metals (HMs). It has been confirmed that amendments can alter the distribution of Cd in soil aggregates. However, whether the Cd immobilization effect of amendments varies across soil aggregate levels remains unknown. In this study, soil classification and culture experiments were combined to explore the effects of mercapto-palygorskite (MEP) on Cd immobilization in soil aggregates of different particle sizes. The results showed that a 0.05-0.2% MEP application decreased soil available Cd by 53.8-71.62% and 23.49-36.71% in calcareous and acidic soils, respectively. The Cd immobilization efficiency of MEP in calcareous soil aggregates was in the following order: micro-aggregates (66.42-80.19%) > bulk soil (53.78-71.62%) > macro-aggregates (44.00-67.51%), while the efficiency in acidic soil aggregates was inconsistent. In MEP-treated calcareous soil, the percentage change in Cd speciation in micro-aggregates were higher than that in macro-aggregates, whereas there was no significant difference in Cd speciation between the four acidic soil aggregates. Mercapto-palygorskite addition in micro-aggregates of calcareous soil increased the available Fe and Mn concentrations by 20.98-47.10% and 17.98-32.66%, respectively. Mercapto-palygorskite had no effect on soil pH, EC, CEC, and DOC values, while the difference in soil properties between the four particle sizes was the main influencing factor of MEP treatments on Cd in calcareous soil. The effects of MEP on HMs varied across soil aggregates and soil types, but had strong specificity and selectivity for Cd immobilization. This study illustrates the influence of soil aggregates on Cd immobilization using MEP, which can be used to guide the remediation of Cd-contaminated calcareous and acidic soils.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yale Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yingming Xu
- Innovation Team of Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China
| | - Liping Li
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yongqiang Yang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Chunhong Xu
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yichao Luo
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
| | - Yali Wang
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Henan International Joint Laboratory of Environmental Pollution, Remediation and Grain Quality Security, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China; Institute for Carbon Neutrality, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China.
| | - Xuefeng Liang
- Innovation Team of Remediation of Heavy Metal Contaminated Farmlands, Agro-Environmental Protection Institute, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Tianjin, 300191, China.
| | - Jingjie Sun
- School of Environmental Engineering, Henan University of Technology, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450001, China
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Ma T, Luo H, Sun J, Pan Y, Huang K, Lu G, Dang Z. Metal distribution behavior based on soil aggregate size in a post-restoration coastal mining area. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 865:161285. [PMID: 36587688 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 12/22/2022] [Accepted: 12/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Soil aggregate size plays an important role in controlling the distribution and transport of metals. Metals immobilized in soil particles will pose potential risks through production/sink flow and infiltration. This study explored the distribution behavior of metals based on soil aggregate size in a restored coastal mining area by establishing Structural Equation Model (SEM) and column experiments. The results showed that hydrological factors and a high degree of weathering accelerated the dissolution of metals from the mine, the desorption of Wa-NH4+-N, the release of F-, and the leaching of NO3-. Driven by soil properties, natural factors, and anthropogenic activities, the total metal content (Totalmetal) of Cr, Ni, Zn, Mn, and As showed significant spatial heterogeneity compared to Cd, Co, Cu, and Pb. The geochemical fraction of metals (Geometal) indicated that Cd, Co, Pb, Zn, As, and Cu are mainly present in iron‑manganese oxidation bound, organically bound, and residual fractions. The results of SEM showed that the physicochemical properties, Wa-NH4+-N, nitrate nitrogen, and inorganic anions of the soil could explain 69.1 %, 76.4 %, 97.1 %, and 80.0 % of the variation in Kd-Mn, Kd-Pb, Kd-Ni, and Kd-Zn, respectively. While Kd-Cd, Kd-Cu, and Kd-Cr could be predicted by the Totalmetal, but the Geometal seemed to have little influence on metal Kd. The results of column experiments showed that macroaggregates (>0.25 mm) significantly affected the distribution of Co, Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the topsoil. The severe disruption of soil aggregate structure resulted in small fluctuations of anthropogenic Cu, Mn, Pb, Zn, and As in different layers of deep soil. In addition, mineral composition in >0.15 mm particle size was more likely to change. Overall, the hydrological cycle of coastal mines increases the uncertainty of their response to risk. Our study provides a basis for future strategies for priority control and risk prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Ma
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Hanjin Luo
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
| | - Jianteng Sun
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Petrochemical Pollution Processes and Control, Guangdong University of Petrochemical Technology, Maoming 525000, China
| | - Yan Pan
- School of Environmental Engineering, Xuzhou University of Technology, Xuzhou 221000, China
| | - Kaibo Huang
- College of Ecology and Environment, Hainan University, Haikou 570228, China
| | - Guining Lu
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China.
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; The Key Lab of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China
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9
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Rashid MS, Liu G, Yousaf B, Hamid Y, Rehman A, Arif M, Ahmed R, Song Y, Ashraf A. Role of biochar-based free radicals in immobilization and speciation of metals in the contaminated soil-plant environment. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT 2023; 325:116620. [PMID: 36323123 DOI: 10.1016/j.jenvman.2022.116620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The structure of biochar produced at various pyrolysis temperatures influences metal geochemical behavior. Here, the impact of wheat straw-derived biochar (300, 500, and 700 °C) on the immobilization and transformation of metals in the contaminated soil-plant system was assessed. The findings of the sequential extraction revealed that biochar additives had a substantial influence on the speciation of Cr, Ni, Pb, and Zn in the contaminated soil. The lowest F1 (exchangeable and soluble fraction) + F2 (carbonate fraction) accounted for Cr (44%) in WB-300, Ni (43.87%) in WB-500, Pb (43.79%), and Zn (49.78%) in WB-700 with applied amendments of their total amounts. The characterization results indicated that high pyrolysis temperatures (300-700 °C) increased the carbon-containing groups with the potential to adsorb metals from the soil-plant environment. The bioconcentration and translocation factors (BCF and TF) were less than 1, indicating that metal concentration was restricted to maize roots and translocation to shoots. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) intracellularly influence metal interactions with plants. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) was performed to determine hydroxyl radical generation (•OH) in plant segments to assess the dominance of free radicals (FRs). Consequently, the formation of •OH significantly depends on the pyrolysis temperature and the interaction with a contaminated soil-plant environment. Thus, metal transformation can be effectively decreased in the soil-plant environment by applying WB amendments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saqib Rashid
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Guijian Liu
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China.
| | - Balal Yousaf
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Loess and Quaternary Geology, Institute of Earth Environment, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710075, China
| | - Yasir Hamid
- Ministry of Education (MOE) Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Ecosystem Health, College of Environmental and Resources Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, People's Republic of China
| | - Abdul Rehman
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Muhammad Arif
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Rafay Ahmed
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Yu Song
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
| | - Aniqa Ashraf
- CAS-Key Laboratory of Crust-Mantle Materials and the Environments, School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei 230026, PR China
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Li M, Wang Y, Shen Z, Chi M, Lv C, Li C, Bai L, Thabet HK, El-Bahy SM, Ibrahim MM, Chuah LF, Show PL, Zhao X. Investigation on the evolution of hydrothermal biochar. CHEMOSPHERE 2022; 307:135774. [PMID: 35921888 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2022.135774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to visualize trends and current research status of hydrothermal biochar research through a bibliometric analysis by using CiteSpace software. The original article data were collected from the Web of Science core database published between 2009 and 2020. A visual analysis network of national co-authored, institutional co-authored and author co-authored articles was created, countries, institutions and authors were classified accordingly. By visualizing the cited literature and journal co-citation networks, the main subject distribution and core journals were identified respectively. By visualizing journal co-citations, the main research content was identified. Further the cluster analysis revealed the key research directions of knowledge structure. Keyword co-occurrence analysis and key occurrence analysis demonstrate current research hotspots and new research frontiers. Through the above analysis, the cooperation and contributions of hydrothermal biochar research at different levels, from researchers to institutions to countries to macro levels, were explored, the disciplinary areas of knowledge and major knowledge sources of hydrothermal biochar were discovered, and the development lineage, current status, hotspots and trends of hydrothermal biochar were clarified. The results obtained from the study can provide a reference for scholars to gain a deeper understanding of hydrothermal biochar.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China; College of New Energy and Environmental Engineering, Nanchang Institute of Technology, Nanchang, 330044, PR China
| | - Yang Wang
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Zhangfeng Shen
- College of Biological, Chemical Science and Engineering, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, 314001, China
| | - Mingshu Chi
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Chen Lv
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China.
| | - Chenyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China
| | - Li Bai
- Key Laboratory of Songliao Aquatic Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Municipal and Environmental Engineering, Jilin Jianzhu University, Changchun, 130118, PR China.
| | - Hamdy Khamees Thabet
- Chemistry Department, Faculty of Arts and Science, Northern Border University, Rafha, 91911, PO 840, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Salah M El-Bahy
- Department of Chemistry, Turabah University College, Taif University, P.O.Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed M Ibrahim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Science, Taif University, P.O. Box 11099, Taif 21944, Saudi Arabia
| | - Lai Fatt Chuah
- Faculty of Maritime Studies, Universiti Malaysia Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Pau Loke Show
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, Faculty Science and Engineering, University of Nottingham, Malaysia, 43500, Semenyih, Selangor Darul Ehsan, Malaysia
| | - Xiaolin Zhao
- Shenzhen Automotive Research Institute, Beijing Institute of Technology, Shenzhen, 518118, Guangdong, China
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11
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Su Z, Sun P, Chen Y, Liu J, Li J, Zheng T, Yang S. The influence of alkali-modified biochar on the removal and release of Zn in bioretention systems: Adsorption and immobilization mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2022; 310:119874. [PMID: 35931385 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Generally, Zn in stormwater runoff is considered as low toxicity, but in the senarios of roads and zinc-based materials roof runoff, the concentration of Zn becomes extremely high and cannot be ignored. Bioretention systems are used to remove heavy metals from stormwater runoff, while Zn adsorption is insufficient by conventional filler and is prone to secondary release when exposed to acid rain or high salinity runoff. This study integrated batch experiments and density functional theory calculation to investigate the mechanisms of how KOH-modified biochar (KBC) influences the removal and release of Zn in bioretention systems. The results revealed that KBC adsorbed 89.0-97.5% Zn in the influent, the main adsorption mechanism were complexation and precipitation, and precipitation is more important. In addition, 67% of Zn was immoblized as the residual form by KBC. In acidic and saline runoff, KBC reduced Zn secondary release by 43.6% and 37.08% compared to the results in the absence of KBC, which was attributed to the convertion of most dissolved Zn in acidic and saline runoff into residual Zn. Therefore, KBC has a considerable application potential not only to decontaminate the runoff of roads and Zn-containing roofs, but also to deal with secondary Zn release in acid rain or under the treatment of snow-melting agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zenghui Su
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Ping Sun
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Youyuan Chen
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China.
| | - Jiaxin Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Jie Li
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Tianyuan Zheng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
| | - Shiying Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Ecology, Ministry of Education of China, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Marine Environment and Geological Engineering, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266100, China
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12
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Zhang Y, Ren M, Tang Y, Cui X, Cui J, Xu C, Qie H, Tan X, Liu D, Zhao J, Wang S, Lin A. Immobilization on anionic metal(loid)s in soil by biochar: A meta-analysis assisted by machine learning. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2022; 438:129442. [PMID: 35792428 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2022.129442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2022] [Revised: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Metal pollution in soil has become one of the most serious environmental problems in China. Biochar is one of the most widely used remediation agents for soil metal pollution. However, the literature does not provide a consistent picture of the performance of biochar on the immobilization of anionic metal(loid)s, especially arsenic, in soil. To obtain a baseline understanding on the interactions of metals and biochar, 597 data records on four metal(loid)s (As, Cr, Sb and V) were collected from 70 publications for this meta-analysis, and the results are highlighted below. Biochar has a significant immobilization effect on anionic metal(loid)s in soil and reduces the bioavailability of these metals to plants. Subgroup analysis found that biochar could decrease the potential mobility of Cr, Sb and V, but the immobilization effect on As was not always consistent. Meanwhile, biochar pH and soil pH are the most key factors affecting the immobilization effect. To summarize, biochar can effectively immobilize Cr, Sb and V in soil, but more attention should be given to As immobilization in future applications. By regulating the properties of biochar and appropriate modification, anionic metal(loid)s in soil can be immobilized more effectively. Hence, both of the soil quality and crop quality can be improved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinjie Zhang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Meng Ren
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Yiming Tang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xuedan Cui
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Jun Cui
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Congbin Xu
- College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Hantong Qie
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Xiao Tan
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Dongpo Liu
- College of Ecological Environment, Institute of Disaster Prevention, Hebei 065201, China
| | - Jiashun Zhao
- College of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, North China Institute of Science and Technology, Hebei 065201, China
| | - Shuguang Wang
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
| | - Aijun Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing 100029, China.
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Synergistic Effects of Calcium Peroxide and Fe3O4@BC Composites on AVS Removal, Phosphorus and Chromium Release in Sediments. WATER 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/w14101626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Black odorous sediment pollution in urban areas has received widespread attention, especially pollution caused by acidified volatile sulfide (AVS), phosphorus and heavy metals. In this study, an Fe3O4@BC composite was fabricated by the coprecipitate method of Fe3O4 and biochar (BC) and was mixed with calcium peroxide (CP) for sediment pollution treatment. The results showed that the AVS removal rate could reach 52.8% in the CP+Fe3O4@BC system and −18.1% in the control group on the 25th day. AVS was removed in the following three ways: AVS could be oxidized with oxygen produced by CP; H2O2 produced from CP also could be activated by Fe2+ to generate hydroxyl radicals that have strong oxidation properties to oxidize AVS; AVS could also be removed by bacterial denitrification. As for phosphorus, total phosphorus (TP) content in overlying water remained at 0.1 mg/L after CP and Fe3O4@BC were added. This is due to the conversion of NH4Cl-P and Fe/Al-P into Ca-P in sediments, which inhibited the release of phosphorus. Simultaneously, the release and migration of heavy metal chromium (Cr) were slowed, as demonstrated by the results (the acid extractable and reducible states of Cr in the sediment decreased to 0.58% and 0.97%, respectively). In addition, the results of the high-throughput genetic test showed the total number of microorganisms greatly increased in the CP+Fe3O4@BC group. The abundance of Sulfurovum increased while that of sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRBs) was inhibited. Furthermore, the abundance of denitrifying bacteria (Dechlorominas, Acinetobacter and Flavobacterium) was increased. In brief, our study showed the synergistic effect of Fe3O4@BC composites and CP had a remarkable effect on the urban sediment treatment, which provides a new way to remove sediment pollution.
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Effects of Modified Biochar on the Mobility and Speciation Distribution of Cadmium in Contaminated Soil. Processes (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/pr10050818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadmium-contaminated soil poses a threat to the environment and human health. Biochar materials have received widespread attention as an in situ immobilizer for the efficient remediation of heavy-metal-contaminated soils. In this study, a modified biochar material (E–CBC) was developed for the immobilization of Cd in contaminated soil. E–CBC was characterized by XPS, SEM, BET, and FTIR. The effects of pristine biochar (BC) and E–CBC on soil physicochemical properties (pH and soil organic matter (SOM)), CaCl2-extractable Cd, total characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) Cd, and speciation distribution of Cd were studied by incubation experiments. The results showed that the application of BC and E–CBC increased soil pH slightly and SOM significantly. A 2% dosage BC and E–CBC treatment reduced CaCl2-extractable Cd by 14.62% and 91.79%, and reduced TCLP Cd by 9.81% and 99.8%, respectively. E–CBC was shown to effectively induce the transition of Cd in the soil to a stable state. The application of a 0.25% dosage of E–CBC reduced the acid-extractable fraction of Cd from 58.06% to 10.66%. The functional groups increased after modification and may play an important role in the immobilization of Cd in the contaminated soil. In conclusion, E–CBC is a promising in situ immobilizer for the remediation of Cd-contaminated soil.
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15
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Ning Z, Xu B, Zhong W, Liu C, Qin X, Feng W, Zhu L. Preparation of phosphoric acid modified antibiotic mycelial residues biochar: Loading of nano zero-valent iron and promotion on biogas production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 348:126801. [PMID: 35124216 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 01/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Antibiotic mycelial residues (AMRs), as recyclable hazardous waste, can realize efficient utilization by reasonable treatment. To solve the problems of undeveloped pore structure and low specific surface area existed in AMR biochar, this study first modified biochar by phosphoric acid (H3PO4) to prepare PBC (H3PO4-modified biochar). Then, PBC was used as carrier to load nano zero-valent iron (nZVI) for preparation of nZVI/PBC. Finally, the biochar materials were used to promote anaerobic digestion (AD) of corn straw. The results showed that H3PO4-modification can effectively improve the specific surface area, pore structure, and electron donating capacity of AMRs biochar. The using of PBC as carrier to load nZVI attenuated the agglomeration of nZVI particles. Both PBC and nZVI/PBC improved the AD process, with biogas yield enhanced by 29.63% and 29.26%, respectively. The nZVI/PBC exhibited higher ability in maintaining the stability of AD system and promotion of fiber degradation than PBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhifang Ning
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Bin Xu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Weizhang Zhong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050018, China.
| | - Chun Liu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Xue Qin
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Weibo Feng
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
| | - Lin Zhu
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hebei University of Science and Technology, Shijiazhuang 050018, China; Pollution Prevention Biotechnology Laboratory of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang 050018, China
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