1
|
Watmough SA. Critical loads for alkalization in terrestrial ecosystems. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 927:171967. [PMID: 38537833 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2024] [Revised: 03/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Critical loads are a risk assessment approach that has supported large decreases in atmospheric acidic deposition globally. In Canada, SOx emissions fell by approximately 70 % between 1990 and 2021, whereas total particulate matter (TPM) emissions increased by about 40 %, mostly after 2010. Base cations are a major component of TPM, and critical load models consider base cation deposition as beneficial to ecosystems insomuch as it reduces the risk of acidification. However, close to point sources, high levels of alkaline dust deposition have altered soil chemistry and caused an undesirable shift in ecosystem state; something that critical loads are designed to prevent. In this study, the simple mass balance model (SMB) was modified with the objective of preventing base cation accumulation in soil above an acceptable threshold. The concept was applied to a forested site close to large emission sources of sulphur, nitrogen, and base cations in the Oil Sands region of Alberta, Canada. At this site, base cation leaching measured at 25 cm was approximately three times higher than estimated background leaching and exceeded combined SO4 + NO3 leaching. The critical load for alkalization was exceeded under each scenario considered in this study, although the exceedance was marginal if all N in current deposition was assumed to leach from soil. While this framework can easily be applied to regional and national critical load efforts, the main uncertainties of the proposed approach include base cation deposition estimates, assumptions regarding the behavior of N in soil, the selection of an appropriate Alkle(crit) and the long-term immobilization of deposited base cations in soil.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shaun A Watmough
- Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Dr., Peterborough, ON K9J 7B8, Canada.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Si L, Li Z. Atmospheric precipitation chemistry and environmental significance in major anthropogenic regions globally. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171830. [PMID: 38513855 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2023] [Revised: 02/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
In order to investigate the spatiotemporal distribution and influencing factors of global precipitation chemistry, we conducted a comprehensive analysis using multiple data sources, revealing the impact of human activities on the natural environment. The results indicate a decreasing trend in global precipitation acidity over the past 20 years. The distribution of global precipitation is influenced by both natural and anthropogenic factors. Alkaline cation concentrations are higher in desert and arid regions, while high concentrations of SO42- and NO3- are primarily found in industrial areas, and agricultural areas exhibit higher NH4+ concentrations. Coastal regions have higher Na+ and Cl- concentrations compared to inland areas. However, the increased Na + and Cl- concentrations due to inland salinization should not be overlooked. Additionally, influenced by atmospheric circulation, transboundary pollution from South Asia leads to higher SO42- and NO3- concentrations in precipitation over the Tibetan Plateau. Meteorological factors have a weaker influence on precipitation chemistry compared to geographical and human activity factors, although ion concentrations in snowfall are higher than in rainfall.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lanping Si
- Observation and Research Station of Eco-Hydrology and National Park by Stable Isotope Tracing in Alpine region/Gansu Qilian Mountains Ecology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Zongxing Li
- Observation and Research Station of Eco-Hydrology and National Park by Stable Isotope Tracing in Alpine region/Gansu Qilian Mountains Ecology Research Center/Key Laboratory of Ecological Safety and Sustainable Development in Arid Lands, Northwest Institute of Eco-Environment and Resources, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; College of Geography and Environmental Science, Northwest Normal University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ren J, Zhu L, Zhang X, Luo Y, Zhong X, Li B, Wang Y, Zhang K. Variation characteristics of acid rain in Zhuzhou, Central China over the period 2011-2020. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:496-505. [PMID: 38135415 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2022] [Revised: 03/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
Zhuzhou was one of the most polluted cities in China with the serious acid rain. Due to the implementation of air pollution control measures from 2016 to 2018, the acid rain pollution in this city has reduced. In order to understand the recent situation, a comprehensive study on the acid rain was carried out from January 2011 to December 2020. The pH values during the study period varied from 3.3 to 7.5, with a volume-weighted mean value of 4.7. The predominant acidic components of the precipitation were SO42- and NO3-, accounting for 89.3% of the total anions. The ratio of non-sea-salt SO42- to NO3- showed a decreasing trend, revealing that the pollution type of acid rain changed from sulfuric acid type to sulfuric acid and nitric acid compound type. The correlation analysis (p < 0.05) showed that SO42- was positively correlated with NH4+, Ca2+, and Mg2+; hence, it predominated in precipitation as (NH4)2SO4, NH4HSO4, CaSO4, and MgSO4. Significant positive correlation of Ca2+ with Mg2+ shows that they may originated mainly from crust. Significant positive correlation between SO42- and F- and Cl- indicate that their source may be related to the non-ferrous metal smelting industry in Zhuzhou. Further correlation analysis shows that emissions from the non-ferrous metal smelting industry in the area have a large significant on SO42- and F- in precipitation, while Cl- may still be emitted from other anthropogenic sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Liquan Zhu
- Zhuzhou Environment Monitoring Center, Zhuzhou 412000, China
| | - Xi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; Faculty of Environmental Engineering, The University of Kitakyushu, 1-1 Hibikino, Wakamatsu, Kitakyushu, Fukuoka 808-0135, Japan
| | - Yuqian Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Xuecai Zhong
- Zhuzhou Environment Monitoring Center, Zhuzhou 412000, China
| | - Bowen Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yuwen Wang
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Kai Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Zhang L, Wang J, Wang S, Wang C, Yang F, Li T. Chemical characteristics of long-term acid rain and its impact on lake water chemistry: A case study in Southwest China. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 138:121-131. [PMID: 38135381 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2023.03.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2023] [Revised: 03/23/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The chemical composition of acid rain and its impact on lake water chemistry in Chongqing, China, from 2000 to 2020 were studied in this study. The regional acid rain intensity is affected jointly by the acid gas emissions and the neutralization of alkaline substances. The pH of precipitation experienced three stages of fluctuating decline, continuous improvement, and a slight correction. Precipitation pH showed inflection points in 2010, mainly due to the total control actions of SO2 and NOx implemented in 2011. The total ion concentrations in rural areas and urban areas were 489.08 µeq/L and 618.57 µeq/L, respectively. The top four ions were SO42-, Ca2+, NH4+ and NO3-, which accounted for more than 90% of the total ion concentration, indicating the anthropogenic effects. Before 2010, SO42- fluctuated greatly while NO3- continued to rise; however, after 2010, both SO42- and NO3- began to decline rapidly, with the rates of -12.03 µeq/(L·year) and -4.11 µeq/(L·year). Because the decline rate of SO42- was 2.91 times that of NO3-, the regional acid rain has changed from sulfuric acid rain to mixed sulfuric and nitric acid rain. The lake water is weakly acidic, with an average pH of 5.86, and the acidification frequency is 30.00%. Acidification of lake water is jointly affected by acid deposition and acid neutralization capacity of lake water. Acid deposition has a profound impact on water acidification, and nitrogen (N) deposition, especially reduced N deposition, should be the focus of future research.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Liuyi Zhang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China; State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China
| | - Jia Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China
| | - Shuxiao Wang
- State Key Joint Laboratory of Environment Simulation and Pollution Control, School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
| | - Chunbo Wang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China
| | - Fumo Yang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China; College of Carbon Neutrality Future Technology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610065, China; National Engineering Research Center on Flue Gas Desulfurization, Chengdu 610065, China
| | - Tingzhen Li
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Water Environment Evolution and Pollution Control in Three Gorges Reservoir, Chongqing Three Gorges University, Wanzhou 404000, China.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Hůnová I, Brabec M, Malý M. Major ions in Central European precipitation - Insight into changes in NO 3-/SO 42-, NH 4+/NO 3- and NH 4+/SO 42- ratios over the last four decades. CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 349:140986. [PMID: 38109973 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
Knowledge of precipitation composition is important, among other things, to reveal changes in atmospheric chemistry. Here we present the long-term time trends in ratios of major ions in precipitation, namely nitrate to sulphate (NO3-/SO42-), ammonium to sulphate (NH4+/SO42-) and ammonium to nitrate (NH4+/NO3-). For this we explore the long-term time series recorded by the Czech Hydrometeorological Institute at eight monitoring sites situated in urban, rural and mountain regions of the Czech Republic between 1980 and 2020. To that end, we use innovative Bayesian inference with the Integrated Nested Laplace Approximation (INLA) computational method appropriate for investigating complicated large-scale data. Our results indicated: (i) increasing NO3-/SO42- ratio in precipitation over time and distinct seasonal behaviour with higher values in winter and lower values in summer, (ii) increasing NH4+/SO42- ratio in precipitation and distinct seasonal behaviour with higher values in summer and lower values in winter and (iii) relatively stable NH4+/NO3- ratio in precipitation with a mild recent increase and distinct seasonal behaviour with higher values in summer and lower values in winter. This behaviour pattern holds true for all the sites analysed, irrespective of their geographical position, altitude or environment. Though explored in detail rarely, the ion ratios are important to study as they reflect changes in atmospheric chemistry, mirroring changes in emissions and meteorology and suggesting changing impacts on ecosystems and the environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iva Hůnová
- Czech Hydrometeorological Institute, Na Sabatce 17, 143 06 Prague 4, Komorany, Czech Republic; Institute for Environmental Studies, Faculty of Science, Charles University in Prague, Benatska 2, 128 00 Prague 2, Czech Republic.
| | - Marek Brabec
- Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Vodarenskou Vezi 2, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic; National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| | - Marek Malý
- Institute of Computer Science of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Pod Vodarenskou Vezi 2, 182 00 Prague 8, Czech Republic; National Institute of Public Health, Srobarova 48, 100 00 Prague 10, Czech Republic
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Rahimi S, Malakooti H, Aliakbari Bidokhti A. Investigation of the chemical nature of precipitation and source apportionment of its constituents in Tehran metropolis, Iran. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2023; 225:115587. [PMID: 36870555 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2023.115587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Precipitation is a key process for purifying the atmosphere of pollutants. However, precipitation chemistry is also a significant environmental catastrophe on a global scale. Tehran Metropolitan Area, Iran's capital, is one of the world's most polluted cities. Nonetheless, little effort has been paid to determining the chemical composition of precipitation in this polluted metropolis. The chemical components and likely sources of trace metals and water-soluble ions in precipitation samples collected from 2021 to 2022 at an urban location in Tehran, Iran, were investigated in this study. The pH of the rainwater samples varied from 6.330 to 7.940 (mean 7.313, volume weighted mean (VWM) 7.523). The following is the order of the VWM concentration of main ions: Ca2+ > HCO3- > Na+ >SO42- > NH4+ > Cl- > NO3- > Mg2+> K+> F-. Furthermore, we discovered that VWM concentrations for trace elements are modest, with the exception of Sr (39.104 eq L-1). The primary neutralizing species for precipitation acidity were Ca2+ and NH4+. Vertical feature mask (VFM) diagrams derived from cloud-aerosol lidar and infrared pathfinder satellite observation (CALIPSO) track data indicated that polluted dust was the most common pollutant in the Tehran sky that might contribute significantly to the neutralization of precipitation. A study of species concentration ratios in seawater and the earth's crust indicated that virtually all Se, Sr, Zn, Mg2+, NO3-, and SO42- were anthropogenic. While Cl- was largely obtained from sea salt, K+ was obtained from both the earth's crust and the sea, with the earth's crust playing a larger role in K+. The earth's crust, aged sea salt, industry, and combustion processes were all verified as sources of trace metals and water-soluble ions by positive matrix factorization analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Setareh Rahimi
- Department of Marine and Atmospheric Science (non-Biologic), Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran
| | - Hossein Malakooti
- Department of Marine and Atmospheric Science (non-Biologic), Faculty of Marine Science and Technology, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ariffin N, Juahir H, Umar R, Makhtar M, Hanapi NHM, Ismail A, Zali MA. Comparison of rainwater quality before and during the MCO using chemometric analyses. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:61089-61105. [PMID: 37052834 PMCID: PMC10097515 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-26665-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to classify the spatiotemporal analysis of rainwater quality before and during the Movement Control Order (MCO) implementation due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Chemometric analysis was carried out on rainwater samples collected from 24-gauge stations throughout Malaysia to determine the samples' chemical content, pH, and conductivity. Other than that, hierarchical agglomerative cluster analysis (HACA) and discriminant analysis (DA) were used to classify the quality of rainwater at each location into four clusters, namely good, satisfactory, moderate, and bad clusters. Note that DA was carried out on the predefined clusters. The reduction in acidity levels occurred in 11 stations (46% of overall stations) after the MCO was implemented. Chemical content and ion abundance followed a downward trend, indicating that Cl- and Na+ were the most dominant among the anions and cations. Apart from that, NH4+, Ca2+, NO3-, and SO42- concentrations were evident in areas with significant anthropogenic activity, as there was a difference in the total chemical content in rainwater when compared before and during the MCO. Based on the dataset before the MCO, 75% of gauge stations were in the good cluster, 8.3% in the satisfactory cluster, 12.5% in the moderate cluster, and 4.2% in the bad cluster. Meanwhile, the dataset during the MCO shows that 72.7% of gauge stations were in the good cluster, 9.1% in the satisfactory cluster, 9.1% in the moderate, and 4.5% in the bad cluster. From this study, the chemometric analysis of the year 2020 rainwater chemical composite dataset strongly indicates that reduction of human activities during MCO affected the quality of rainwater.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadiana Ariffin
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia.
- Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin, Km 08, Jalan Paka, 23000, Kuala Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia.
| | - Hafizan Juahir
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
- Faculty of Bioresources and Food Industry, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Besut Campus, 22200, Besut, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Roslan Umar
- Department of Mathematics, Science and Computer, Politeknik Sultan Mizan Zainal Abidin, Km 08, Jalan Paka, 23000, Kuala Dungun, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Mokhairi Makhtar
- Faculty of Informatics and Computing, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Nur Hanis Mohamad Hanapi
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Azimah Ismail
- East Coast Environmental Research Institute, Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, 21300 Kuala Nerus, Kuala Terengganu, Terengganu, Malaysia
| | - Munirah Abdul Zali
- Nuclear Agency Malaysia, 43000, Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia
- Department of Chemistry Malaysia, Jalan Sultan, 46661, Petaling Jaya, Selangor, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Chang CT, Yang CJ, Huang JC. Wet depositions of cations in forests across NADP, EMEP, and EANET monitoring networks over the last two decades. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2023; 30:26791-26806. [PMID: 36371567 PMCID: PMC9995420 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-24129-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Studies focused on emissions and acid deposition of sulfur (S) and nitrogen (N) and the consequent precipitation acidity have a long history. However, atmospheric depositions of cations play a critical role in buffering precipitation acidity, and providing cationic nutrients for vegetation growth lacks sufficient studies equally. The spatiotemporal patterns of cation depositions and their neutralization potential across broad scales remain unclear. Through synthesizing the long-term data in forest sites (n = 128) derived from three monitoring networks (NADP in Northern America, EMEP in Europe, and EANET in East Asia) on wet deposition of cations (Na+, NH4-N, K+, Mg2+, and Ca2+), this study assesses the temporal changes and spatial patterns of cation depositions and their neutralization potential over the last two decades. The results showed that the depositions of cationic nutrients were considerably higher in EANET compared to NADP and EMEP. The depositions of sea salt-associated sodium exhibited a significant transition from marine (> 15 kg ha-1 year-1) to inland (< 3.0 kg ha-1 year-1) forest sites attributable to the precipitation quantity and influences of sea spray. The higher emissions of NH3 and particulate matter in East Asia explained the higher cation depositions in EANET than NADP and EMEP. The annual trends of cations revealed that only 20-30% of the forest sites showed significant changing trends and the sites widely spread across the three networks. Possibly, base cation (BC) deposition has reached a low and stable condition in NADP and EMEP, while it has high spatial heterogeneity in the temporal change in EANET. The difference in BC deposition among the three networks reflects their distinct development of economy. Our synthesis indicates that the annual trends of neutralization factor (NF) in NADP can be explained by the declining of acid potential (AP), not by neutralization potential (NP) as BC deposition has been stably low over the past two decades. Whereas, the concurrent decreases of AP and NP in EMEP or plateau period of both AP and NP in EANET have come to a standstill of acid neutralizing capacity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Te Chang
- Taiwan International Graduate Program (TIGP) - Ph.D. Program on Biodiversity, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407224, Taiwan.
- Department of Life Science, Tunghai University, Taichung, 407224, Taiwan.
| | - Ci-Jian Yang
- German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), 14473, Potsdam, Germany
| | - Jr-Chuan Huang
- Department of Geography, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Ou LX, Liu MY, Zhu LY, Zhang DW, Lu HL. Recent Progress on Flexible Room-Temperature Gas Sensors Based on Metal Oxide Semiconductor. NANO-MICRO LETTERS 2022; 14:206. [PMID: 36271065 PMCID: PMC9587164 DOI: 10.1007/s40820-022-00956-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
With the rapid development of the Internet of Things, there is a great demand for portable gas sensors. Metal oxide semiconductors (MOS) are one of the most traditional and well-studied gas sensing materials and have been widely used to prepare various commercial gas sensors. However, it is limited by high operating temperature. The current research works are directed towards fabricating high-performance flexible room-temperature (FRT) gas sensors, which are effective in simplifying the structure of MOS-based sensors, reducing power consumption, and expanding the application of portable devices. This article presents the recent research progress of MOS-based FRT gas sensors in terms of sensing mechanism, performance, flexibility characteristics, and applications. This review comprehensively summarizes and discusses five types of MOS-based FRT gas sensors, including pristine MOS, noble metal nanoparticles modified MOS, organic polymers modified MOS, carbon-based materials (carbon nanotubes and graphene derivatives) modified MOS, and two-dimensional transition metal dichalcogenides materials modified MOS. The effect of light-illuminated to improve gas sensing performance is further discussed. Furthermore, the applications and future perspectives of FRT gas sensors are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lang-Xi Ou
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics &Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Meng-Yang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics &Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Yuan Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics &Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - David Wei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics &Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong-Liang Lu
- State Key Laboratory of ASIC and System, Shanghai Institute of Intelligent Electronics &Systems, School of Microelectronics, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200433, People's Republic of China.
- Yiwu Research Institute of Fudan University, Chengbei Road, Yiwu City, 322000, Zhejiang, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|