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Xu J, Kann RJ, Mohammed D, Huang CH. Far-UVC 222 nm Treatment: Effects of Nitrate/Nitrite on Disinfection Byproduct Formation Potential. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024. [PMID: 39133232 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c04258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/13/2024]
Abstract
Irradiation at far ultraviolet C (far-UVC) 222 nm by krypton chloride (KrCl*) excilamps can enhance microbial disinfection and micropollutant photolysis/oxidation. However, nitrate/nitrite, which absorbs strongly at 222 nm, may affect the formation of disinfection byproducts (DBPs). Herein, we evaluated model organic matter and real water samples and observed a substantial increase in the formation potential for trichloronitromethane (chloropicrin) (TCNM-FP), a nitrogenous DBP, by nitrate or nitrite after irradiation at 222 nm. At a disinfection dose of 100 mJ·cm-2, TCNM-FP of humic acids and fulvic acids increased from ∼0.4 to 25 and 43 μg·L-1, respectively, by the presence of 10 mg-N·L-1 nitrate. For the effect of nitrate concentration, the TCNM-FP peak was observed at 5-10 mg-N·L-1. Stronger fluence caused a greater increase of TCNM-FP. Similarly, the increase of TCNM-FP was also observed for wastewater and drinking water samples containing nitrate. Pretreatment using ozonation and coagulation, flocculation, and filtration or the addition of H2O2 can effectively control TCNM-FP. The formation potential of other DBPs was minorly affected by irradiation at 222 nm regardless of whether nitrate/nitrite was present. Overall, far-UVC 222 nm treatment poses the risk of increasing TCNM-FP of waters containing nitrate or nitrite at environmentally relevant concentrations and the mitigation strategies merit further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Xu
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ryan J Kann
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Dauda Mohammed
- Department of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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2
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Song Y, Shang C, Westerhoff P, Ling L. Protecting against micropollutants in water storage tanks using in-situ TiO 2 coated quartz optical fibers. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 257:121682. [PMID: 38718654 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 04/27/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
Photocatalyst-coated optical fibers (P-OFs) using UV-A LEDs offer a highly promising solution for the degradation of micropollutants within municipal, reuse, industrial or home distribution systems, by integrating P-OFs into water storage tanks. P-OFs have photocatalysts attached to bundles of optical fibers, enabling their direct deployment within tanks. This eliminates the necessity for photocatalyst slurries, which would require additional membrane or separation systems. However, a current limitation of P-OFs is light management, specifically light oversaturation of the coated photocatalysts and short light transmission distances along fibers. This study overcomes this limitation and reveals strategies to improve the light dissipation uniformity along P-OFs, and demonstrates the performance of P-OFs on degrading a model micropollutant, carbamazepine (CBZ). Key tunable variables of fibers and light emission conditions, including photocatalyst coating patchiness (p), minimum light incident angles (θm), radiant flux launched to fibers (Φi), and fiber diameters (D), were modeled to establish their relationships with the light dissipation uniformity in TiO2-coated quartz optical fibers (TiO2-QOFs). We then validated modeling insights by conducting experiments to examine how these variables influence the generation of evanescent waves which are localized energy on fiber surfaces, leading to either photocatalyst activation or the recapture of unused light back into fibers. We observed substantial enhancements in evanescent waves generation by decreasing p and increasing θm, resulting in uniform light dissipation which reduces light oversaturation and improves light transmission distances. Moreover, these optimizations led to a remarkable three-fold improvement in CBZ degradation rates and a 65% reduction in energy consumption. Such improvement substantially reduces the capital and operational cost and enhances practicality of energy-efficient photocatalysis without additional chemical oxidants for micropollutant degradation in water storage tanks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghao Song
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR
| | - Chii Shang
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR; Hong Kong Branch of Chinese National Engineering Research Center for Control & Treatment of Heavy Metal Pollution, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR.
| | - Paul Westerhoff
- Nanosystems Engineering Research Center for Nanotechnology-Enabled Water Treatment, School of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85287 United States
| | - Li Ling
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong SAR; Advanced Interdisciplinary Institute of Environment and Ecology, Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai, 519087, China.
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3
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Suyamud B, Lohwacharin J, Ngamratanapaiboon S. Effect of dissolved organic matter on bacterial regrowth and response after ultraviolet disinfection. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 926:171864. [PMID: 38521274 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/19/2024] [Indexed: 03/25/2024]
Abstract
The effect of dissolved organic matter (DOM) on bacterial regrowth in water after disinfection using ultraviolet (UV) light emitting diodes (UVLEDs) is still unclear. Herein, the regrowth and responses of Vibrio parahaemolyticus and Bacillus cereus were investigated after being exposed to UVLEDs at combined wavelengths (265 and 280 nm) in a phosphate-buffered saline consisting of Suwannee River natural organic matter (SRNOM) and Suwannee River fulvic acid (SRFA). Low-molecular-weight (MW) organic compounds, which may form into intermediary photoproducts, and indicate bacterial repair metabolism, were characterized through non-target screening using orbitrap mass spectrometry. This study demonstrates the ability of the UVLEDs-inactivated cells to regrow. After UV exposure, a considerable upregulation of RecA was observed in two strains. With increasing the incubation time, the expression levels of RecA in V. parahaemolyticus increased, which may be attributed to the dark repair mechanism. Coexisting anionic DOM affects both the disinfection and bacterial regrowth processes. The time required for bacterial regrowth after UV exposure reflects the time needed for the individual cells to reactivate, and it differs in the presence or absence of DOM. In the presence of DOM, the cells were less damaged and required less time to grow. The UVLEDs exposure results in the occurrence of low-MW organic compounds, including carnitine or acryl-carnitine with N-acetylmuramic acid, which are associated with bacterial repair metabolism. Overall, the results of this study expand the understanding of the effects of water matrices on bacterial health risks. This can aid in the development of more effective strategies for water disinfection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bongkotrat Suyamud
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand
| | - Jenyuk Lohwacharin
- Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; Professor Aroon Sorathesn Center of Excellence in Environmental Engineering, Department of Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand.
| | - Surachai Ngamratanapaiboon
- Division of Pharmacology, Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Dusit, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
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4
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Al-Adham ISI, Jaber N, Ali Agha ASA, Al-Remawi M, Al-Akayleh F, Al-Muhtaseb N, Collier PJ. Sporadic regional re-emergent cholera: a 19th century problem in the 21st century. J Appl Microbiol 2024; 135:lxae055. [PMID: 38449342 DOI: 10.1093/jambio/lxae055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Cholera, caused by Vibrio cholerae, is a severe diarrheal disease that necessitates prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. This review comprehensively examines various diagnostic methods, from traditional microscopy and culture to advanced nucleic acid testing like polymerase spiral reaction and rapid diagnostic tests, highlighting their advantages and limitations. Additionally, we explore evolving treatment strategies, with a focus on the challenges posed by antibiotic resistance due to the activation of the SOS response pathway in V. cholerae. We discuss promising alternative treatments, including low-pressure plasma sterilization, bacteriophages, and selenium nanoparticles. The paper emphasizes the importance of multidisciplinary approaches combining novel diagnostics and treatments in managing and preventing cholera, a persistent global health challenge. The current re-emergent 7th pandemic of cholera commenced in 1961 and shows no signs of abeyance. This is probably due to the changing genetic profile of V. cholerae concerning bacterial pathogenic toxins. Given this factor, we argue that the disease is effectively re-emergent, particularly in Eastern Mediterranean countries such as Lebanon, Syria, etc. This review considers the history of the current pandemic, the genetics of the causal agent, and current treatment regimes. In conclusion, cholera remains a significant global health challenge that requires prompt diagnosis and effective treatment. Understanding the history, genetics, and current treatments is crucial in effectively addressing this persistent and re-emergent disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim S I Al-Adham
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 961343, Jordan
| | - Nisrein Jaber
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Al Zaytoonah University of Jordan, Amman 11733, Jordan
| | - Ahmed S A Ali Agha
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 961343, Jordan
| | - Mayyas Al-Remawi
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 961343, Jordan
| | - Faisal Al-Akayleh
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 961343, Jordan
| | - Najah Al-Muhtaseb
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 961343, Jordan
| | - Phillip J Collier
- Faculty of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of Petra, Amman 961343, Jordan
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5
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Uppinakudru AP, Martín-Sómer M, Reynolds K, Stanley S, Bautista LF, Pablos C, Marugán J. Wavelength synergistic effects in continuous flow-through water disinfection systems. WATER RESEARCH X 2023; 21:100208. [PMID: 38098879 PMCID: PMC10719571 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2023.100208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
The past decade's development of UV LEDs has fueled significant research in water disinfection, with widespread debate surrounding the potential synergies of multiple UV wavelengths. This study analyses the use of three UV sources (265, 275, and 310 nm) on the inactivation of Escherichia coli bacteria in two water matrixes. At maximum intensity in wastewater, individual inactivation experiments in a single pass set-up (Flow rate = 2 L min-1, Residence time = 0.75 s) confirmed the 265 nm light source to be the most effective (2.2 ± 0.2 log units), while the 310 nm led to the lowest inactivation rate (0.0003 ± 7.03× 10-5 log units). When a combination of the three wavelengths was used, an average log reduction of 4.4 ± 0.2 was observed in wastewater. For combinations of 265 and 275 nm, the average log reductions were similar to the sum of individual log reductions. For combinations involving the use of 310 nm, a potential synergistic effect was investigated by the use of robust statistical analysis techniques. It is concluded that combinations of 310 nm with 265 nm or 275 nm devices, in sequential and simultaneous mode, present a significant synergy at both intensities due to the emission spectra of the selected LEDs, ensuring the possibility of two inactivation mechanisms. Finally, the electrical energy per order of inactivation found the three-wavelength combination to be the most energy efficient (0.39 ± 0.05, 0.36 ± 0.01 kWh m-3, at 50% and 100% dose, respectively, in wastewater) among the synergistic combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Pai Uppinakudru
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán S/n, 28933, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain
- ProPhotonix IRL LTD, 3020 Euro Business Park, Little Island, Cork, T45×211, Ireland
| | - Miguel Martín-Sómer
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán S/n, 28933, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ken Reynolds
- ProPhotonix IRL LTD, 3020 Euro Business Park, Little Island, Cork, T45×211, Ireland
| | - Simon Stanley
- ProPhotonix IRL LTD, 3020 Euro Business Park, Little Island, Cork, T45×211, Ireland
| | - Luis Fernando Bautista
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán S/n, 28933, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Pablos
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán S/n, 28933, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain
| | - Javier Marugán
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Technology, ESCET, Universidad Rey Juan Carlos, C/ Tulipán S/n, 28933, Mostoles, Madrid, Spain
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6
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Xu J, Huang CH. Enhanced Direct Photolysis of Organic Micropollutants by Far-UVC Light at 222 nm from KrCl* Excilamps. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY LETTERS 2023; 10:543-548. [PMID: 37333939 PMCID: PMC10269434 DOI: 10.1021/acs.estlett.3c00313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023]
Abstract
Krypton chloride (KrCl*) excilamps emitting at far-UVC 222 nm represent a promising technology for microbial disinfection and advanced oxidation of organic micropollutants (OMPs) in water treatment. However, direct photolysis rates and photochemical properties at 222 nm are largely unknown for common OMPs. In this study, we evaluated photolysis for 46 OMPs by a KrCl* excilamp and compared it with a low-pressure mercury UV lamp. Generally, OMP photolysis was greatly enhanced at 222 nm with fluence rate-normalized rate constants of 0.2-21.6 cm2·μEinstein-1, regardless of whether they feature higher or lower absorbance at 222 nm than at 254 nm. The photolysis rate constants and quantum yields were 10-100 and 1.1-47 times higher, respectively, than those at 254 nm for most OMPs. The enhanced photolysis at 222 nm was mainly caused by strong light absorbance for non-nitrogenous, aniline-like, and triazine OMPs, while notably higher quantum yield (4-47 times of that at 254 nm) occurred for nitrogenous OMPs. At 222 nm, humic acid can inhibit OMP photolysis by light screening and potentially by quenching intermediates, while nitrate/nitrite may contribute more than others to screen light. Overall, KrCl* excilamps are promising in achieving effective OMP photolysis and merit further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiale Xu
- Department
of Civil, Construction and Environmental Engineering, North Dakota State University, Fargo, North Dakota 58102, United States
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
| | - Ching-Hua Huang
- School
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia 30332, United States
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7
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Itani N, El Fadel M. Microbial inactivation kinetics of UV LEDs and effect of operating conditions: A methodological critical analysis. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 885:163727. [PMID: 37120022 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2022] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 04/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Tiny ultraviolet (UV) light-emitting diodes (LED)s that are replacing the conventional energy-intensive mercury UV lamps have gained interest since the early 2000's because of their promising advantages. In the context of microbial inactivation (MI) of waterborne microbes, disinfection kinetics of those LEDs exhibited variations among studies, in terms of varying the UV wavelength, the exposure time, power, and dose (UV fluence) as well as other operational conditions. While reported results may appear contradictory when examined separately, they probably are not when analyzed collectively. As such, in this study, we carry out a quantitative collective regression analysis of the reported data to shed light on the kinetics of MI by the emerging UV LEDs technology alongside the effects of varying operational conditions. The main goal is to identify dose response requirements for UV LEDs and to compare them to traditional UV lamps in addition to ascertaining optimal settings that could help in achieving the optimal inactivation outcome for comparable UV doses. The analysis showed that kinetically, UV LEDs are as effective as conventional mercury lamps for water disinfection, and at times more effective, especially for UV resistant microbes. We defined the maximal efficiency at two wavelengths, 260-265 nm and 280 nm, among a wide range of available LED wavelengths. We also defined the UV fluence per log inactivation of tested microbes. At the operational level, we identified existing gaps and developed a framework for a comprehensive analysis program for future needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Itani
- Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon
| | - M El Fadel
- Department of Civil Infrastructure and Environmental Engineering, Khalifa University, United Arab Emirates; Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
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8
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Pelayo D, Rivero MJ, Santos G, Gómez P, Ortiz I. Techno-economic evaluation of UV light technologies in water remediation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 868:161376. [PMID: 36621496 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.161376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/31/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Disinfection commonly follows conventional treatments in wastewater treatment and remediation plants aiming at reducing the presence of pathogens. However, the presence of the so called "micropollutants" has emerged as a serious concern, therefore developing tertiary treatments that are not only able to remove pathogens but also to degrade micropollutants is worth investigating. Nowadays, UV-C photo-degradation processes are widely used for disinfection due to their simplicity and easy operation; additionally, they have shown potential for the removal of contaminants of emerging concern. Conventional mercury lamps are being replaced by light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that avoid the use of toxic mercury and can be switched on and off with no effect on the lamp lifetime. This work aims to comparatively evaluate the performance of several photo-degradation technologies for the removal of two targeted micropollutants, the pharmaceutical dexamethasone (DXMT) and the herbicide S-metolachlor (MTLC), using UV irradiation doses typical of disinfection processes. To this end, the technical performance of UV-A/UV-C photolysis, UV-A/UV-C photocatalysis, UV-C/H2O2 and UV-C/NaOCl has been compared. The influence of operating conditions such as the initial concentration of the pollutants (3 mg L-1 - 30 mg L-1, concentrations found in membrane or adsorption remediation steps), pH (3-10), and water matrix (WWTP secondary effluent, and ultrapure water) on the degradation efficiency has been studied. The economic evaluation in terms of electricity and chemicals consumption and the carbon footprint has been evaluated. UV-C photolysis and UV-C photocatalysis appear as the most suitable technologies for the degradation of DXMT and MTLC, respectively, in terms of kinetics (1.53·10-1 min-1 for DXMT and 1.96·10-2 min-1 for MTLC), economic evaluation (1 € m-3 for DXMT and 32 € m-3 for MTLC) and environmental indicators (0.5 g-CO2 for DXMT and 223.1 g-CO2 for MTLC).
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Affiliation(s)
- Deva Pelayo
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros, s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - María J Rivero
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros, s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain
| | - Germán Santos
- APRIA Systems, S.L., Bussines Park of Morero, Parcel P-2-12, Industrial Unit 1-Door 5, 39611 Guarnizo, Spain
| | - Pedro Gómez
- APRIA Systems, S.L., Bussines Park of Morero, Parcel P-2-12, Industrial Unit 1-Door 5, 39611 Guarnizo, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Ortiz
- Departamento de Ingenierías Química y Biomolecular, Universidad de Cantabria, Avda. Los Castros, s/n, 39005 Santander, Spain.
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9
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Nyangaresi PO, Rathnayake T, Beck SE. Evaluation of disinfection efficacy of single UV-C, and UV-A followed by UV-C LED irradiation on Escherichia coli, B. spizizenii and MS2 bacteriophage, in water. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160256. [PMID: 36402311 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Ultraviolet light-emitting diodes (UV LEDs) have shown ability to inactivate microorganisms and viruses in water. The unique characteristic of the UV-LEDs' diversity in wavelengths ranging from UV-C, UV-B, and UV-A, allows for wavelengths to be combined in different manners for polychromatic irradiation. Previous studies reported no synergy from simultaneous or sequential UV-C and UV-B as well as UV-C or UV-B followed by UV-A irradiation. However, synergy was reported for UV-A followed by UV-C or UV-B irradiation on various microorganisms. Nevertheless, no clear ground has been reached on whether to adopt single UV-C wavelengths or UV-A followed by UV-C LED, irradiation on inactivation of microorganisms and viruses in water. Therefore, this work evaluates the disinfection efficacy of single UV-C as well as UV-A followed by UV-C LED irradiation on Escherichia coli, Bacillus spizizenii spores and MS2 bacteriophage in water. The UV-C wavelengths were represented by 267 and 278 nm UV LEDs, and UV-A by 368 nm UV LEDs. In this study, E. coli was highly susceptible to UV radiation followed by B. spizizenii spores, and lastly MS2. Repair following UV inactivation was only observed in E. coli. The synergistic effect found in both E. coli, and B. spizizenii spores was attributed to the different inactivation mechanisms of the UV-C and UV-A wavelengths. In both single UV-C, and UV-A followed by UV-C LED irradiations, single 267 nm UV-C LED showed higher inactivation efficacy. Meanwhile, single 278 nm UV-C LED showed higher efficacy in terms of suppression of repair, and electrical energy consumption. Using single UV-C LEDs in a water disinfection system cuts down on related extra costs by avoiding combined wavelengths while still attaining better levels of microorganism inactivation, repair suppression and electrical energy consumption. These findings are applicable for the design and implementation of UV LED water disinfection systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Onkundi Nyangaresi
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2002-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
| | - Thusitha Rathnayake
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2002-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Sara E Beck
- Department of Civil Engineering, University of British Columbia, 2002-6250 Applied Science Lane, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada
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10
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Popova SA, Matafonova GG, Batoev VB. Dual-wavelength UV degradation of bisphenol A and bezafibrate in aqueous solution using excilamps (222, 282 nm) and LED (365 nm): yes or no synergy? JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND HEALTH. PART A, TOXIC/HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 2023; 58:39-52. [PMID: 36747332 DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2023.2172270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 12/27/2022] [Accepted: 01/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Dual-wavelength ultraviolet (DWUV) irradiation can lead to a synergistic effect in terms of accelerated degradation of emerging organic contaminants in aqueous media. This study compared the kinetics of single-wavelength and DWUV degradation of bisphenol A (BPA) and bezafibrate (BZF) in model aqueous solution using KrCl (222 nm), XeBr (282 nm) excilamps and LED (365 nm). Three novel dual combinations (222 + 282, 222 + 365 and 282 + 365 nm) were examined toward the potential synergy in direct photolysis and advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) using potassium persulfate and hydrogen peroxide. Kinetic comparison showed that the time- and fluence-based synergy did not occur in the dual combinations selected. Meanwhile, the single-wavelength UV treatment using KrCl excilamp was found to be highly efficient for degradation of target contaminants. At a given dosage of oxidants, the UV/S2O82- process exhibited higher performance than the UV/H2O2 one, attaining higher degradation rates and requiring lower UV fluences for 90% removal. This study demonstrates that the catalyst-free UV/S2O82- process using KrCl excilamp has a high potential for efficient removal of such organic contaminants from real waters with low turbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Popova
- Laboratory of Engineering Ecology, Baikal Institute of Nature Management SB RAS, Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - G G Matafonova
- Laboratory of Engineering Ecology, Baikal Institute of Nature Management SB RAS, Ulan-Ude, Russia
| | - V B Batoev
- Laboratory of Engineering Ecology, Baikal Institute of Nature Management SB RAS, Ulan-Ude, Russia
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11
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Nonthermal Biocompatible Plasma Inactivation of Coronavirus SARS-CoV-2: Prospects for Future Antiviral Applications. Viruses 2022; 14:v14122685. [PMID: 36560689 PMCID: PMC9785490 DOI: 10.3390/v14122685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has placed a massive impact on global civilization. Finding effective treatments and drugs for these viral diseases was crucial. This paper outlined and highlighted key elements of recent advances in nonthermal biocompatible plasma (NBP) technology for antiviral applications. We searched for papers on NBP virus inactivation in PubMed ePubs, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. The data and relevant information were gathered in order to establish a mechanism for NBP-based viral inactivation. NBP has been developed as a new, effective, and safe strategy for viral inactivation. NBP may be used to inactivate viruses in an ecologically friendly way as well as activate animal and plant viruses in a number of matrices. The reactive species have been shown to be the cause of viral inactivation. NBP-based disinfection techniques provide an interesting solution to many of the problems since they are simply deployable and do not require the resource-constrained consumables and reagents required for traditional decontamination treatments. Scientists are developing NBP technology solutions to assist the medical community in dealing with the present COVID-19 outbreak. NBP is predicted to be the most promising strategy for battling COVID-19 and other viruses in the future.
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12
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Freeman S, Kibler K, Lipsky Z, Jin S, German GK, Ye K. Systematic evaluating and modeling of SARS-CoV-2 UVC disinfection. Sci Rep 2022; 12:5869. [PMID: 35393480 PMCID: PMC8988105 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-09930-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The ongoing COVID-19 global pandemic has necessitated evaluating various disinfection technologies for reducing viral transmission in public settings. Ultraviolet (UV) radiation can inactivate pathogens and viruses but more insight is needed into the performance of different UV wavelengths and their applications. We observed greater than a 3-log reduction of SARS-CoV-2 infectivity with a dose of 12.5 mJ/cm2 of 254 nm UV light when the viruses were suspended in PBS, while a dose of 25 mJ/cm2 was necessary to achieve a similar reduction when they were in an EMEM culture medium containing 2%(v/v) FBS, highlighting the critical effect of media in which the virus is suspended, given that SARS-CoV-2 is always aerosolized when airborne or deposited on a surface. It was found that SARS-CoV-2 susceptibility (a measure of the effectiveness of the UV light) in a buffer such as PBS was 4.4-fold greater than that in a cell culture medium. Furthermore, we discovered the attenuation of UVC disinfection by amino acids, vitamins, and niacinamide, highlighting the importance of determining UVC dosages under a condition close to aerosols that wrap the viruses. We developed a disinfection model to determine the effect of the environment on UVC effectiveness with three different wavelengths, 222 nm, 254 nm, and 265 nm. An inverse correlation between the liquid absorbance and the viral susceptibility was observed. We found that 222 nm light was most effective at reducing viral infectivity in low absorbing liquids such as PBS, whereas 265 nm light was most effective in high absorbing liquids such as cell culture medium. Viral susceptibility was further decreased in N95 masks with 222 nm light being the most effective. The safety of 222 nm was also studied. We detected changes to the mechanical properties of the stratum corneum of human skins when the 222 nm accumulative exposure exceeded 50 J/cm2.The findings highlight the need to evaluate each UV for a given application, as well as limiting the dose to the lowest dose necessary to avoid unnecessary exposure to the public.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Freeman
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.,Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Karen Kibler
- Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, McAllister Ave, Tempe, AZ, 85281, USA
| | - Zachary Lipsky
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Sha Jin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.,Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Guy K German
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.,Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA
| | - Kaiming Ye
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), PO Box 6000, Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA. .,Center of Biomanufacturing for Regenerative Medicine, Binghamton University, State University of New York (SUNY), Binghamton, NY, 13902, USA.
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