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Zhou Z, Sun T, Li X, Ren J, Lu Z, Liu Y, Li K, Qu F. Reliable assessment and prediction of moderate preoxidation of sodium hypochlorite for algae-laden water treatment. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 266:122398. [PMID: 39244865 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2024] [Revised: 09/02/2024] [Accepted: 09/04/2024] [Indexed: 09/10/2024]
Abstract
Chemical moderate preoxidation for algae-laden water is an economical and prospective strategy for controlling algae and exogenous pollutants, whereas it is constrained by a lack of effective on-line evaluation and quick-response feedback method. Herein, excitation-emission matrix parallel factor analysis (EEM-PARAFAC) was used to identify cyanobacteria fluorophores after preoxidation of sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) at Excitation/Emission wavelength of 260(360)/450 nm, based on which the algal cell integrity and intracellular organic matter (IOM) release were quantitatively assessed. Machine learning modeling of fluorescence spectral data for prediction of moderate preoxidation using NaClO was established. The optimal NaClO dosage for moderate preoxidation depended on algal density, growth phases, and organic matter concentrations in source water matrices. Low doses of NaClO (<0.5 mg/L) led to short-term desorption of surface-adsorbed organic matter (S-AOM) without compromising algal cell integrity, whereas high doses of NaClO (≥0.5 mg/L) quickly caused cell damage. The optimal NaClO dosage increased from 0.2-0.3 mg/L to 0.9-1.2 mg/L, corresponding to the source water with algal densities from 0.1 × 10⁶ to 2.0 × 10⁶ cells/mL. Different growth stages required varying NaClO doses: stationary phase cells needed 0.3-0.5 mg/L, log phase cells 0.6-0.8 mg/L, and decaying cells 2.0-2.5 mg/L. The presence of natural organic matter and S-AOM increased the NaClO dosage limit with higher dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations (1.00 mg/L DOC required 0.8-1.0 mg/L NaClO, while 2.20 mg/L DOC required 1.5-2.0 mg/L). Compared to other predictive models, the machine learning model (Gaussian process regression-Matern (0.5)) performed best, achieving R2 values of 1.000 and 0.976 in training and testing sets. Optimal preoxidation followed by coagulation effectively removed algal contaminants, achieving 91%, 92%, and 92% removal for algal cells, turbidity, and chlorophyll-a, respectively, thereby demonstrating the effectiveness of moderate preoxidation. This study introduces a novel approach to dynamically adjust NaClO dosage by monitoring source water qualities and tracking post-preoxidation fluorophores, enhancing moderate preoxidation technology application in algae-laden water treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiwei Zhou
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Tianjie Sun
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xing Li
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Jiawei Ren
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Zedong Lu
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Yuankun Liu
- College of Architecture and Civil Engineering, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Kai Li
- School of Environmental and Municipal Engineering, Xi'an University of Architecture and Technology, Xi'an 710055, China
| | - Fangshu Qu
- Key Laboratory for Water Quality and Conservation of the Pearl River Delta, Guangzhou University, Guangzhou 510006, China.
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Guo K, Liu H, Gao B, Chang Z, Feng M, Liu B, Yue Q, Gao Y. A membrane fouling control strategy based on a combination of pre-treatment mitigation and in-situ membrane surface regulation using a composite coagulant. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 266:122329. [PMID: 39213681 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.122329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2024] [Revised: 08/04/2024] [Accepted: 08/23/2024] [Indexed: 09/04/2024]
Abstract
Ultrafiltration technology (UF) is efficient in surface water treatment, but its development and widespread application are limited by membrane fouling. Herein, an efficient and stable polymerized ferric titanium coagulant (PFTC) was synthesized and used as a UF pretreatment agent in actual lake water treatment. The control mechanism of PFTC on membrane fouling was investigated from the perspective of organic removal efficiency and in-situ membrane surface regulation. PFTC demonstrated a remarkable affinity for soluble metabolic intermediates and hydrophilic proteins through complexation and hydrogen bonding force, achieving removal efficiencies of 66.4 % for UV254 and 81.3 % for DOC, respectively. The hydrophilic pollutants with high molecular weight and non-saturated structure could be preferentially removed by PFTC due to its diverse hydrolysates including positively charged Fe-based hydrolysates, amorphous Ti-based hydrolysates, and highly polymerized Fe-Ti copolymers. The flocs generated by PFTC exhibited strong hydrophilicity, allowing for the formation of a loose porous cake layer on the ultrafiltration membrane, which acted as a hydrophilic layer to enhance the anti-fouling performance of ultrafiltration membrane. With its dual function of contaminant removal and in-situ membrane surface regulation, PFTC alleviated 98.9 % of membrane fouling. This study provides new insights into membrane fouling control by coagulation pretreatment and efficient treatment of surface water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangying Guo
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Haigang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Baoyu Gao
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Ziheng Chang
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Mengjiao Feng
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Beibei Liu
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Qinyan Yue
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, PR China
| | - Yue Gao
- Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266000, Shandong, PR China.
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Qi J, Jiang Y, Ni R, Wang X, Hu C, Qu J. Stress response of Microcystis aeruginosa to chlorine during transportation: The significance of surface-adsorbed organic matter. WATER RESEARCH 2024; 255:121468. [PMID: 38508040 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2024.121468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2023] [Revised: 02/23/2024] [Accepted: 03/12/2024] [Indexed: 03/22/2024]
Abstract
The desorption of surface-adsorbed organic matter (S-AOM) without damaging algal cells was reported to be the key to destabilizing Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) cells while avoiding intracellular organic matter (IOM) release in our previous study. However, a temporal effect was found from spontaneous and continuous damage to algal cells even after quenching. This study aims to demonstrate the mechanism of the temporal inactivation effect and the stress response exhibited by chlorine-oxidized algal cells, and finally guide the prechlorination process for algae-laden water at water sources. Chlorine was proved to cause oxidative stress to M. aeruginosa cells, and result in a rapid increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. S-AOM appeared to have a protective effect on algal cells against oxidative damage, as evidenced by the maintenance of algal cell integrity and activated antioxidant enzymes. In addition, the activity of Caspase 3, a key protease for the execution of programmed cell death (PCD), was significantly enhanced during prechlorination. Cellular chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation occurred in the early stages of PCD in algal cells. Therefore, the pre-treatment of algae-laden water at water sources, even with low chlorine doses, can induce a risk of significant algal cell death during the water transfer process due to activation of the PCD process, resulting in a higher health risk for drinking water. These findings indicate that both the dosage of chlorine and the duration of the transportation process should be considered during the prechlorination of algae-laden water, which can provide an important basis for avoiding increasing the risk to drinking water safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China
| | - Yuancheng Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Rong Ni
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xi Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chengzhi Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; Jiangsu Collaborative Innovation Center of Technology and Material of Water Treatment, Suzhou University of Science and Technology, Suzhou 215009, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Jiuhui Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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Liu H, Lv H, Xu H, Rao D, Zhang J, Sun B. Is monochloramine pre-oxidation a viable strategy for enhancing the treatment efficiency of algae-laden water with conventional drinking water treatment process? CHEMOSPHERE 2024; 352:141312. [PMID: 38311043 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2024.141312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2023] [Revised: 01/24/2024] [Accepted: 01/25/2024] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Algal blooms worldwide pose many challenges to drinking water production. Pre-oxidation with NaClO, KMnO4, or ozone is commonly used to enhance algal removal in conventional drinking water treatment processes. However, these currently utilized oxidation methods often result in significant algal cell lysis or impede the operation of the subsequent units. Higher algal removal with pre-chlorination in algal solutions prepared with natural water, compared to those prepared with ultrapure water, has been observed. In the present studies, preliminary findings indicate that ammonium in natural water alters chlorine species to NH2Cl, leading to improved treatment efficiency. NH2Cl with 1.5-3.0 mg∙L-1 as Cl2 with an oxidation time of 3-7 h significantly enhancing algal removal by coagulation. The selective oxidation of surface-absorbed organic matter (S-AOM) by NH2Cl, followed by the subsequent peeling off of this material from the algal surface, leading to an increase in zeta potential from -20.2 mV to -3.8 mV, constitutes the primary mechanism of enhanced algal removal through coagulation. These peeled S-AOM retained their large molecular weight and acted as polymer aids. Compared with NaClO and KMnO4, NH2Cl displays the best performance in improving algal removal, avoiding cell lysis, and decreasing the potential for nitrogenous disinfection byproducts formation under the reaction conditions used in this study. Notably, in major Chinese cities, water purification plants commonly rely on suburban lakes or reservoirs as water sources, necessitating the transportation of raw water over long distances for times up to several hours. These conditions favor the implementation of NH2Cl pre-oxidation. The collective results indicate the potential of NH2Cl oxidation as a viable pretreatment strategy for algal contamination during water treatment processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Liu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Huanyu Lv
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Hangzhou Xu
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China
| | - Dandan Rao
- Department of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, University of California, Riverside, A235 Bourns Hall, 3401 Watkins Drive, Riverside, CA, 92521, United States
| | - Jian Zhang
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China; College of Safety and Environmental Engineering, Shandong University of Science and Technology, Qingdao, Shandong, 266590, PR China.
| | - Bo Sun
- Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science & Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, 266237, PR China.
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Lang Y, Wang Y, Zhou R, Wu P. Self-Immolative Polythiophene for Sunlight Inactivation of Harmful Cyanobacteria. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2023; 57:7800-7808. [PMID: 37163388 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c08868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial blooms and the released microcystins (MCs) caused serious environmental and public health concerns to drinking water safety. Photo-oxidation is an appealing treatment option and alternative to conventional flocculation and microbial antagonists, but the performances of current photosensitizers (either inorganic or organic) are unsatisfactory. Here, a polythiophene photosensitizer (PT10) with both high yield of reactive oxygen species (ROS) production (mainly 1O2, ΦΔ = 0.51, > 8 h continuous generation) and moderate photostability was used as a powerful algaecide to inhibit Microcystis aeruginosa. Due to the positive charge of PT10, the algal cells were quickly flocculated, followed by efficient inactivation in 4 h under white light irradiation (96.7%, 10 mW/cm2). Meanwhile, PT10 was self-immolated in about 6 h. Upon biosafety evaluation with adult zebrafish, the low toxicity of PT10 and the degradation products of PT10 and algae (early logarithmic growth stage) were confirmed. In addition, microcystin-LR (MC-LR), a toxic microcystin that will be released during the destruction of the algal cells, was also degraded. Therefore, PT10-based photoinactivation of M. aeruginosa featured both high performance and low secondary pollution. In real-world aquatic systems, PT10 was confirmed to be capable of sunlight-assisted inactivation of M. aeruginosa and prevent algal blooms, thus making it appealing for environmental remediation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhe Lang
- Analytical & Testing Centre, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ying Wang
- Analytical & Testing Centre, State Key Laboratory of Hydraulics and Mountain River Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610064, China
| | - Ronghui Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Peng Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
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Wang X, Qian Y, Chen Y, Liu F, An D, Yang G, Dai R. Application of fluorescence spectra and molecular weight analysis in the identification of algal organic matter-based disinfection by-product precursors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 882:163589. [PMID: 37087012 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.163589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2023] [Revised: 04/11/2023] [Accepted: 04/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Algal organic matter (AOM) is considered to be threatening for the consumption of disinfectants and the formation of disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the disinfection process. Incompatible parameters in the conventional pretreatment of algal-laden water will lead to counterproductive results, such as AOM release. Therefore, the generation of AOM and its conversion to DBPs during pretreatment should be observed. The characteristics of DBPs from extracellular organic matter (EOM) and intracellular organic matter (IOM) were epitomized and simulation experiments were conducted in deionized (DI) water and source water under pretreatment conditions. Differences in DBP formation between the different backgrounds during chlorination and powdered activated carbon (PAC) treatment were investigated. Instead of monotonous excitation-emission matrix (EEM) spectra, molecular weight (MW) fractionation was simultaneously applied to elucidate the mechanisms of chlorination and PAC adsorption on AOM-based DBPs. The fluorescence regional integration (FRI) EEM results showed a clear correlation between the fluorescent properties and MW distribution of AOM. A decreasing trend was observed after a rapid increase in fluorescence intensity during the chlorination and PAC treatment of water samples in the simulation experiments in deionized (DI) water and source water. The DBP formation potential (FP) in the source water was consistent with the change in AOM during chlorination and PAC adsorption. In addition, EEM showed decent predictability of AOM-based trihalomethanes (THM) FPs (R2 = 0.77-0.99) invoking a combination with MW fractionation. Macromolecular protein compounds were highly correlated with the formation of dichloroacetonitrile (DCAN) (R2 = 0.89-0.98). These post-mortems results imply that EEM spectra are a useful tool for identifying AOM-based precursors to reveal the accurate environmental fate and risk assessments of AOM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyi Wang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, PR China
| | - Yunkun Qian
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, PR China
| | - Yanan Chen
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, PR China; Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Fan Liu
- Department of the Built Environment, Aalborg University, Aalborg 9220, Denmark
| | - Dong An
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, PR China; Shanghai Institute of Pollution Control and Ecological Security, Shanghai 200092, PR China.
| | - Guodong Yang
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, PR China
| | - Ruihua Dai
- Department of Environmental Science & Engineering, Fudan University, Shanghai 200238, PR China
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Evaluation of ferrate (VI) for enhanced coagulation of algae-rich water: Mechanisms of Microcystis aeruginosa cell dehydration. Sep Purif Technol 2023. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seppur.2022.122960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Dayarathne HNP, Angove MJ, Shahid MK, Paudel SR, Aryal R, Mainali B. Characterisation of bushfire residuals in source water and removal by coagulation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 862:160800. [PMID: 36493816 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/05/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
A bushfire is a spontaneous vegetation fire that can fundamentally affect lives, property, the environment, and even the global climate. Ash from fire carries hazardous pollutants like metal oxides/hydroxides, minerals, black carbons, and by-products of partial combustion, such as hydrocarbons and colloidal charcoal. Bushfire gases and residues can heavily pollute surface and groundwater resources. This paper focuses on the impact of bushfire residue on water quality and explores methods to remediate impacted water supplies. Soils burned in controlled furnace conditions between 150 °C, and 600 °C were characterised, suspended in water, and changes in water quality was measured following leaching from the burned residues. Results indicate that once the soil is burned at temperatures above 300 °C, there is little evidence of leached organic matter. At temperatures below 300 °C, the water discolouration was evident after 24 h leaching, and much higher quantities of leached organic matter were measured. Higher burning temperatures resulted in more alkaline residues. Leachate and charred sample characterisation data shows that the charcoal is highly porous and mainly consists of- amorphous material. The ash is a heterogeneous concoction of smaller particles and comprises significant mineral content. The results also indicate that the primary pollutant among the brushfire residuals is ash which increases pH, alkalinity, turbidity, and UV254. Coagulation experiments reveal that dual coagulation systems with metal salts- organic polyelectrolyte reduced the turbidity by 84 %, and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) reduced by 68 % of water containing ash residues. However, some other treatments are needed to reduce the alkalinity.
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Affiliation(s)
- H N P Dayarathne
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia; School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michael J Angove
- Colloid and Environmental Chemistry (CEC) Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmacy and Biomedical Sciences, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science (LIMS), La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Muhammad Kashif Shahid
- Research Institute of Environment & Biosystem, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, Republic of Korea
| | - Shukra Raj Paudel
- Department of Civil Engineering, Pulchowk Campus, Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University, Pulchowk, Lalitpur, Nepal; Department of Environmental Engineering, College of Science and Technology, Korea University, Sejong, Republic of Korea
| | - Rupak Aryal
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia
| | - Bandita Mainali
- School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University, Bendigo, Australia; School of Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia.
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Wang Z, Li A, Liao Y, Shuang C, Pan Y, Zhang Y, Sun H, Zhou Q, Li W. The key role of hydrophobicity in the determination of pharmaceuticals by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry under the interference of natural organic matter. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2022; 29:83071-83080. [PMID: 35759101 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-022-21674-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The determination of trace-level pharmaceuticals in water is generally performed using liquid chromatography combined with mass spectrometry, which is susceptible to interference from non-target substances, such as natural organic matter (NOM). In this study, the interference of NOM on the determination of 20 typical pharmaceuticals using solid-phase extraction followed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization-triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (UPLC-ESI-tqMS) was investigated with a combined consideration of recoveries, matrix effects, and process efficiencies. The results showed that the recoveries of most pharmaceuticals were not significantly affected by NOM concentrations of 1-50 mg/L. The matrix effects and process efficiencies decreased linearly with increasing logarithmic NOM concentrations, and the changes in matrix effects and process efficiencies both exhibited negative linear correlations with the pharmaceuticals' hydrophobicity (logKow). This result indicated that the determination of hydrophilic pharmaceuticals suffered from more severe NOM interference, as NOM entered the ESI source together with hydrophilic pharmaceuticals after UPLC separation and subsequently weakened the ionization efficiency of these pharmaceuticals. According to the correlations between logKow and the changes in matrix effects and process efficiencies, the pharmaceutical determination in positive/negative ESI modes with logKow ≤ 3.80/4.27 is considered to be significantly affected by NOM, accompanied by > 20% changes in matrix effects and process efficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Aimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China.
- Quanzhou Institute for Environmental Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Quanzhou, 362008, China.
| | - Yufeng Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Chendong Shuang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
- Quanzhou Institute for Environmental Protection Industry, Nanjing University, Quanzhou, 362008, China
| | - Yang Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Yangyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Hongfang Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Qing Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
| | - Wentao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210023, China
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