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Nováková P, Kodešová R, Fedorova G, Bořík A, Sadchenko A, Grabic R. Identifying organic micropollutants' transformation products from the soil dissipation experiment by non-targeted high-resolution mass spectrometry approach: Can we gain more than transformation product identity? ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 351:124038. [PMID: 38670422 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.124038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
Risk assessment of environmental hazards originating from xenobiotics extensively used worldwide (e.g., pharmaceuticals, bisphenols, or preservatives) requires a combined study of their effects, mobility, dissipation mechanisms, and subsequent transformation product identification and evaluation. We have developed an efficient accelerated solvent extraction method for a broad range of micropollutants of variable physical-chemical properties in soils to enable more accurate hazard characterisation. Micropollutant recoveries from freeze-dried soils were 60-120%, with the exception of atorvastatin, fexofenadine, and telmisartan, which had reduced recoveries (40-66%). The observed matrix effect ranged from -26% to 17% and was corrected by the matrix matching standard for quantitative analysis. The method allows sensitive and reliable determination of a wide range of analytes in soil samples and, consequently, qualitative analysis of transformation products (TP) with variable physicochemical properties. We identified TPs of five compounds (venlafaxine, telmisartan, valsartan, atorvastatin, and sertraline) by applying suspect and non-targeted data analyses. To our knowledge, the transformation product of atorvastatin was reported for the first time. All others were found in soil or other matrices. Valsartan (formed valsartan acid) and atorvastatin (transformed probably by oxidative decarboxylation of beta, delta dihydroxy heptanoic acid chain to propionic acid) were modified to a relatively large extent. All other compounds identified were only hydroxylated (sertraline and telmisartan) or demethylated (venlafaxine). We estimated the stability and presence of the identified TPs based on the constructed time trends and the ratio between TP formation and degradation rates. We demonstrated how valuable a non-targeted approach can be for complex evaluation of the fate and effect of soil pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Nováková
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ- 38925, Vodňany, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Kodešová
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ- 38925, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Adam Bořík
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ- 38925, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Alina Sadchenko
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ- 38925, Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ- 38925, Vodňany, Czech Republic
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Mansilla S, Escolà M, Piña B, Portugal J, Iakovides IC, Beretsou VG, Christou A, Fatta-Kassinos D, Bayona JM, Matamoros V. Linking the use of reclaimed water to indicators of crop stress by metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses. A tool to compare water irrigation quality. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 908:168182. [PMID: 37907106 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.168182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023]
Abstract
The occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) or heavy metals in reclaimed water used for agricultural irrigation may affect crop morphology and physiology. Here, we analyzed lettuce (Lactuca sativa) grown in outdoor lysimeters and irrigated with either tap water, used as a control, or reclaimed water: CAS-reclaimed water, an effluent from a conventional activated sludge system (CAS) followed by chlorination and sand filtration, or MBR-reclaimed water, an effluent from a membrane biological reactor (MBR). Chemical analyses identified seven CECs in the reclaimed waters, but only two of them were detected in lettuce (carbamazepine and azithromycin). Metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses revealed that irrigation with reclaimed water increased the concentrations of several crop metabolites (5-oxoproline, leucine, isoleucine, and fumarate) and of transcripts codifying for the plant stress-related genes Heat-Shock Protein 70 (HSP70) and Manganese Superoxide Dismutase (MnSOD). In both cases, MBR-water elicited the strongest response in lettuce, perhaps related to its comparatively high sodium adsorption ratio (4.5), rather than to its content in CECs or heavy metals. Our study indicates that crop metabolomic and transcriptomic profiles depend on the composition of irrigating water and that they could be used for testing the impact of water quality in agriculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylvia Mansilla
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Escolà
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benjamin Piña
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Portugal
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Iakovos C Iakovides
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Nireas-International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Vasiliki G Beretsou
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Nireas-International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Anastasis Christou
- Agricultural Research Institute, Ministry of Agriculture, Rural Development and Environment, P.O. Box 22016, 1516 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, School of Engineering, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus; Nireas-International Water Research Centre, University of Cyprus, P.O. Box 20537, 1678 Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Josep M Bayona
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Víctor Matamoros
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.
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Koronaiou LA, Nannou C, Evgenidou E, Panagopoulos Abrahamsson D, Lambropoulou DA. Photo-assisted transformation of furosemide: Exploring transformation pathways, structure database and suspect and non-target workflows for comprehensive screening of unknown transformation products in wastewaters and landfill leachates. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 904:166599. [PMID: 37640083 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Revised: 08/24/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 08/31/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, transformation products-(TPs) of pharmaceuticals in the environment have received considerable attention. In this context, here, a customized overview of transformation of Furosemide-(FRS) in aqueous matrices treated by photo-oxidation is provided as a proof of concept. Hence, the primary goal of the study was to display an integrated strategy by combining the target (parent-molecule) and suspect screening-(SS) approaches (TPs) in order to build an in-house High-Resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) database able to provide reference information (chromatographic/spectral) for environmental investigations in complex matrices (wastewaters/landfill leachates). Data analysis was performed by optimizing a SS workflow. Additional confirmation for the proposed structural elucidation was provided by correlating retention time to the proposed structure employing three prediction models. This approach was applied for the tentative identification of 35 TPs of FRS, 28 of which are reported herein for the first time. Finally, SS and non-target analysis (NTA) have been successfully applied for retrospective screening of FRS and its TPs in real samples. The findings demonstrated that SS allows the proper identification of TPs of FRS in complex matrices proving its outstanding importance compared to NTA. In total, six TPs were identified by SS with potential ecotoxicological implications for two of them according to in silico risk assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lelouda-Athanasia Koronaiou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki GR-57001, Greece
| | - Christina Nannou
- Department of Chemistry, International Hellenic University, Kavala GR-65404, Greece
| | - Eleni Evgenidou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki GR-57001, Greece
| | | | - Dimitra A Lambropoulou
- Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control, Department of Chemistry, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece; Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH), Balkan Center, Thessaloniki GR-57001, Greece.
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Yalin D, Craddock HA, Assouline S, Ben Mordechay E, Ben-Gal A, Bernstein N, Chaudhry RM, Chefetz B, Fatta-Kassinos D, Gawlik BM, Hamilton KA, Khalifa L, Kisekka I, Klapp I, Korach-Rechtman H, Kurtzman D, Levy GJ, Maffettone R, Malato S, Manaia CM, Manoli K, Moshe OF, Rimelman A, Rizzo L, Sedlak DL, Shnit-Orland M, Shtull-Trauring E, Tarchitzky J, Welch-White V, Williams C, McLain J, Cytryn E. Mitigating risks and maximizing sustainability of treated wastewater reuse for irrigation. WATER RESEARCH X 2023; 21:100203. [PMID: 38098886 PMCID: PMC10719582 DOI: 10.1016/j.wroa.2023.100203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023]
Abstract
Scarcity of freshwater for agriculture has led to increased utilization of treated wastewater (TWW), establishing it as a significant and reliable source of irrigation water. However, years of research indicate that if not managed adequately, TWW may deleteriously affect soil functioning and plant productivity, and pose a hazard to human and environmental health. This review leverages the experience of researchers, stakeholders, and policymakers from Israel, the United-States, and Europe to present a holistic, multidisciplinary perspective on maximizing the benefits from municipal TWW use for irrigation. We specifically draw on the extensive knowledge gained in Israel, a world leader in agricultural TWW implementation. The first two sections of the work set the foundation for understanding current challenges involved with the use of TWW, detailing known and emerging agronomic and environmental issues (such as salinity and phytotoxicity) and public health risks (such as contaminants of emerging concern and pathogens). The work then presents solutions to address these challenges, including technological and agronomic management-based solutions as well as source control policies. The concluding section presents suggestions for the path forward, emphasizing the importance of improving links between research and policy, and better outreach to the public and agricultural practitioners. We use this platform as a call for action, to form a global harmonized data system that will centralize scientific findings on agronomic, environmental and public health effects of TWW irrigation. Insights from such global collaboration will help to mitigate risks, and facilitate more sustainable use of TWW for food production in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Yalin
- A Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Hillary A. Craddock
- Department of Health Policy and Management, School of Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Ben Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
| | - Shmuel Assouline
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization (ARO) – The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Evyatar Ben Mordechay
- The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Alon Ben-Gal
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization (ARO) – The Volcani Institute, Gilat Reseach Center, Israel
| | - Nirit Bernstein
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization (ARO) – The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | | | - Benny Chefetz
- The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Despo Fatta-Kassinos
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Bernd M. Gawlik
- Ocean and Water Unit, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Kerry A. Hamilton
- The School of Sustainable Engineering and the Built Environment and The Biodesign Institute Center for Environmental Health Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, USA
| | - Leron Khalifa
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization (ARO) – The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Isaya Kisekka
- Department of Land Air and Water Resources, University of California, Davis, California, USA
| | - Iftach Klapp
- Institute of Agricultural engineering, Agriculture Research Organization (ARO) – The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | | | - Daniel Kurtzman
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization (ARO) – The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Guy J. Levy
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization (ARO) – The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Roberta Maffettone
- Ocean and Water Unit, Joint Research Centre, European Commission, Ispra, Italy
| | - Sixto Malato
- CIEMAT-Plataforma Solar de Almería, Ctra. Sen´es km 4, 04200 Tabernas, Almería, Spain
| | - Célia M. Manaia
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina – Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Porto, Portugal
| | - Kyriakos Manoli
- NIREAS-International Water Research Center, University of Cyprus, Nicosia, Cyprus
| | - Orah F. Moshe
- Department of Soil Conservation, Soil Erosion Research Center, Ministry of Agriculture, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Andrew Rimelman
- PG Environmental. 1113 Washington Avenue, Suite 200. Golden, CO 80401, USA
| | - Luigi Rizzo
- Water Science and Technology (WaSTe) Group, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Salerno, Via Giovanni Paolo II 132, 84084 Fisciano, SA, Italy
| | - David L. Sedlak
- Department of Civil & Environmental Engineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720 USA
| | - Maya Shnit-Orland
- Extension Service, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development, Israel
| | - Eliav Shtull-Trauring
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization (ARO) – The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
| | - Jorge Tarchitzky
- The Robert H Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot, Israel
| | | | - Clinton Williams
- US Arid-Land Agricultural Research Center, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture, Maricopa, AZ, USA
| | - Jean McLain
- Department of Environmental Science, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Eddie Cytryn
- Institute of Soil, Water and Environmental Sciences, Agriculture Research Organization (ARO) – The Volcani Institute, Rishon LeZion, Israel
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Verlicchi P, Lacasa E, Grillini V. Quantitative and qualitative approaches for CEC prioritization when reusing reclaimed water for irrigation needs - A critical review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 900:165735. [PMID: 37495137 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.165735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/18/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/28/2023]
Abstract
The use of reclaimed water for irrigation is an option that is becoming increasingly widespread to alleviate water scarcity and to cope with drought. However, reclaimed water, if used for irrigation, may introduce Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) into the agroecosystems, which may be taken up by the crops and subsequently enter the food chain. The number of CECs is steadily increasing due to their continuous introduction on the market for different uses. There is an urgent need to draw up a short list of potential high priority CECs, which are substances that could be taken up by plants and accumulated in food produce, and/or that could have negative effects on human health and the environment. This review presents and discusses the approaches developed to prioritize CECs when reclaimed water is (re-)used for irrigation. They are divided into quantitative methodologies, which estimate the risk for environmental compartments (soil and water), predators and humans through equations, and qualitative methodologies, which are instead conceptual frameworks or procedures based on the simultaneous combination of data/information/practices with the judgment of experts. Three antibiotics (erythromycin, sulfamethoxazole and ciprofloxacin), one estrogen (17-α ethinylestradiol) and one analgesic (ibuprofen) were found on at least two priority lists, although comparison among studies is still difficult. The review remarks that it is advisable to harmonize the different methodologies in order to identify the priority CECs to include in monitoring programs in reclaimed water reuse projects and to ensure a high level of protection for humans and the environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Verlicchi
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy.
| | - Engracia Lacasa
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy; Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Campus Universitario s/n, Albacete 02071, Spain.
| | - Vittoria Grillini
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, Via Saragat 1, Ferrara 44122, Italy.
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Menacherry SPM, Kodešová R, Fedorova G, Sadchenko A, Kočárek M, Klement A, Fér M, Nikodem A, Chroňáková A, Grabic R. Dissipation of twelve organic micropollutants in three different soils: Effect of soil characteristics and microbial composition. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 459:132143. [PMID: 37531764 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/23/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
The dissipation kinetics and half-lives of selected organic micropollutants, including pharmaceuticals and others, were systematically investigated and compared among different soil types. While some pollutants (e.g., atorvastatin, valsartan, and bisphenol S) disappeared rapidly in all the tested soils, many of them (e.g., telmisartan, memantine, venlafaxine, and azithromycin) remained persistent. Irrespective of the soil characteristics, venlafaxine showed the lowest dissipation kinetics and the longest half-lives (250 to approximately 500 days) among the stable compounds. The highest first and second-order kinetics were, however, recorded for valsartan (k1; 0.262 day-1) and atorvastatin (k2; 33.8 g μg-1 day-1) respectively. Nevertheless, more than 90% (i.e., DT90) of all the rapidly dissipated compounds (i.e., atorvastatin, bisphenol S, and valsartan) disappeared from the tested soils within a short timescale (i.e., 5-36 days). Dissipation of pollutants that are more susceptible to microbial degradation (e.g., atorvastatin, bisphenol S, and valsartan) seems to be slower for soils possessing the lowest microbial biomass C (Cmic) and total phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAtotal), which also found statistically significant. Our results revealing the persistence of several organic pollutants in agricultural soils, which might impact the quality of these soils, the groundwater, and eventually on the related biota, is of high environmental significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunil Paul M Menacherry
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic.
| | - Radka Kodešová
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Ganna Fedorova
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Alina Sadchenko
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic
| | - Martin Kočárek
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Aleš Klement
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Miroslav Fér
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Antonín Nikodem
- Czech University of Life Sciences Prague, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources, Dept. of Soil Science and Soil Protection, Kamýcká 129, CZ-16500 Prague 6, Czech Republic
| | - Alica Chroňáková
- Institute of Soil Biology, Biology Centre CAS, Na Sádkách 7, CZ-37005 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Roman Grabic
- University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Fisheries and Protection of Waters, South Bohemian Research Center of Aquaculture and Biodiversity of Hydrocenoses, Zátiší 728/II, CZ-38925 Vodňany, Czech Republic
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González-Rubio S, Caballero-Casero N, Ballesteros-Gómez A, Cuervo D, Muñoz G, Rubio S. Supramolecular solvents for making comprehensive liquid-liquid microextraction in multiclass screening methods for drugs of abuse in urine based on liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2023; 1701:464061. [PMID: 37187096 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2023.464061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 05/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/08/2023] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Multiclass screening methods involving hundreds of structurally unrelated compounds are becoming essential in many control labs and research areas. Accurate mass screening of a theoretically unlimited number of chemicals can be undertaken using liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry (LCHRMS), but the lack of comprehensive sample treatments hinders this unlimited potential. In this research, the capability of supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS) for making comprehensive liquid-liquid microextraction (LLME) in multiclass screening methods based on LCHRMS was firstly explored. For this purpose, a SUPRAS made up of 1,2-hexanediol, sodium sulphate and water was synthesized directly in the urine and applied to compound extraction and interference removal in the screening of eighty prohibited substances in sports by LC-electrospray ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry. Selected substances included a wide range of polarities (log P from -2.4 to 9.2) and functionalities (e.g. alcohol, amine, amide, carboxyl, ether, ester, ketone, sulfonyl, etc.). No interfering peaks were observed for any of the 80 substances investigated. Around 84-93% of drugs were efficiently extracted (recoveries 70-120%) and 83-94% of the analytes did not show matrix effects (±20%) in the ten tested urines. Method detection limits for the drugs were in the interval 0.002-12.9 ng mL-1, which are in accordance with the Minimum Required Performance Levels values established by the World Anti-Doping Agency. The applicability of the method was evaluated by the screening of thirty-six blinded and anonymized urine samples, previously analyzed by gas or liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole. Seven of the samples lead to an adverse analytical finding in line with the results obtained by the conventional methods. This research proves that LLME based on SUPRAS constitutes an efficient, economic, and simple sample treatment in multiclass screening methods, an application that is unaffordable for conventional organic solvents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soledad González-Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - Noelia Caballero-Casero
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain.
| | - Ana Ballesteros-Gómez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain
| | - Darío Cuervo
- Doping Control Laboratory. Institute of Health Carlos III, C/ Pintor el Greco S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Gloria Muñoz
- Doping Control Laboratory. Institute of Health Carlos III, C/ Pintor el Greco S/N, Madrid 28040, Spain
| | - Soledad Rubio
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Instituto Químico para la Energía y el Medioambiente, Marie Curie Building (Annex), Campus of Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba 14071, Spain
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Archer E, Holton E, Fidal J, Kasprzyk-Hordern B, Carstens A, Brocker L, Kjeldsen TR, Wolfaardt GM. Occurrence of contaminants of emerging concern in the Eerste River, South Africa: Towards the optimisation of an urban water profiling approach for public- and ecological health risk characterisation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 859:160254. [PMID: 36402343 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2022] [Revised: 11/13/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The study evaluated the presence and fate of various contaminants of emerging concern (CECs) from a South African wastewater treatment works (WWTW) and surface waters located around an urban setting. A total of 45 CECs were quantified from nine sampling locations over an 11-month period. Daily loads (g/day) of the target analytes in the WWTW showed persistence of some CECs, along with population-normalised daily loads (mg/day/1000inh) of pharmaceuticals and drugs of abuse (DOA) that were estimated for the first time in the study area. Multiple chemical markers were recorded in river water located upstream of the WWTW discharge throughout the study period, suggesting a high degree of diffuse pollution from urban communities in the study area that are not connected to sewage networks or where sanitation services are limited. The potential of using defined surface water locations to perform community-wide substance use profiling for non-sewered communities was also explored. Environmental risk characterisation for the WWTW effluent and surface waters throughout the study period provided multiple risk quotients (RQ) for the target list of CECs spanning over various sentinel trophic levels. High risk profiles (RQ > 1.0) with a frequency of exceedance (FoE) larger than 75 % were recorded for several CECs in both WWTW effluent and surface water locations that suggest potential long-term ecological health risk impacts of pollution hotspot areas in the river catchment situated around the urban area. We present challenges in surface water quality within the study area that is relatable, or may even present more challenging, in other low- or middle-income country (LMICs) settings. The study also highlighted some challenges and limitations associated with the much-needed application of wastewater-based epidemiology (WBE) intervention in non-sewered communities that can inform on public health and communal substance use profiles of the entire urban setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Archer
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa.
| | - E Holton
- Department of Chemistry, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - J Fidal
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | | | - A Carstens
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - L Brocker
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa
| | - T R Kjeldsen
- Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - G M Wolfaardt
- Department of Microbiology, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch 7600, South Africa; Department of Chemistry and Biology, Ryerson University, Toronto, ON M5B 2K3, Canada
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