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Bozkaya O, Aluç Y. Physico-chemical characterization of food grade natural spring salt from the Central Anatolia region of Turkey and investigation of its microplastic content. JOURNAL OF FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2024; 61:1711-1721. [PMID: 39049913 PMCID: PMC11263517 DOI: 10.1007/s13197-024-05942-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 01/13/2024] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
Delice salt is a natural spring salt obtained from the evaporation of spring water from the Central Anatolia region of Turkey and is a food grade salt with a geographical indication certificate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compliance of Delice natural spring salt (Delice NSS), a commercial product, with food grade criteria by physicochemical characterizations and to investigate whether it contains microplastics. The NaCl%, moisture suspended solids and acid insoluble matter contents of Delice NSS were analyzed and determined as 98.79% (w/w), 0.301% (w/w), 0.16% (w/w) and 0.01% (w/w), respectively. Sodium, other minerals, and heavy metals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-optical emission (ICP-OES) spectrometry. In addition, fluoride, nitrate, and sulphate ions were analyzed by ion chromatography (IC). The chemical and thermal properties of Delice NSS were characterized by FTIR, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). Moreover, Delice NSS was investigated whether it contains microplastics and some particles were detected under fluorescence microscopy. However, it was concluded that particles were not microplastics after TGA and FTIR analyses. The results revealed that Delice NSS does not carry a risk in terms of physicochemical properties as a foodstuff. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s13197-024-05942-0.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ogün Bozkaya
- Scientific and Technological Researches Application and Research Center, Science and Engineering Laboratories, Kırıkkale University, 71450 Kırıkkale, Turkey
| | - Yaşar Aluç
- Scientific and Technological Researches Application and Research Center, Science and Engineering Laboratories, Kırıkkale University, 71450 Kırıkkale, Turkey
- Organic Agriculture Programme, Department of Crop and Animal Production, Delice Vocational School, Kırıkkale University, 71450 Kırıkkale, Turkey
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2
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Milillo C, Aruffo E, Di Carlo P, Patruno A, Gatta M, Bruno A, Dovizio M, Marinelli L, Dimmito MP, Di Giacomo V, Paolini C, Pesce M, Ballerini P. Polystyrene nanoplastics mediate oxidative stress, senescence, and apoptosis in a human alveolar epithelial cell line. Front Public Health 2024; 12:1385387. [PMID: 38799687 PMCID: PMC11116779 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2024.1385387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Nanoplastics, an emerging form of pollution, are easily consumed by organisms and pose a significant threat to biological functions due to their size, expansive surface area, and potent ability to penetrate biological systems. Recent findings indicate an increasing presence of airborne nanoplastics in atmospheric samples, such as polystyrene (PS), raising concerns about potential risks to the human respiratory system. Methods This study investigates the impact of 800 nm diameter-PS nanoparticles (PS-NPs) on A549, a human lung adenocarcinoma cell line, examining cell viability, redox balance, senescence, apoptosis, and internalization. We also analyzed the expression of hallmark genes of these processes. Results We demonstrated that PS-NPs of 800 nm in diameter significantly affected cell viability, inducing oxidative stress, cellular senescence, and apoptosis. PS-NPs also penetrated the cytoplasm of A549 cells. These nanoparticles triggered the transcription of genes comprised in the antioxidant network [SOD1 (protein name: superoxide dismutase 1, soluble), SOD2 (protein name: superoxide dismutase 2, mitochondrial), CAT (protein name: catalase), Gpx1 (protein name: glutathione peroxidase 1), and HMOX1 (protein name: heme oxygenase 1)], senescence-associated secretory phenotype [Cdkn1a (protein name: cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1A), IL1A (protein name: interleukin 1 alpha), IL1B (protein name: interleukin 1 beta), IL6 (protein name: interleukin 6), and CXCL8 (protein name: C-X-C motif chemokine ligand 8)], and others involved in the apoptosis modulation [BAX (protein name: Bcl2 associated X, apoptosis regulator), CASP3 (protein name: caspase 3), and BCL2 (protein name: Bcl2, apoptosis regulator)]. Conclusion Collectively, this investigation underscores the importance of concentration (dose-dependent effect) and exposure duration as pivotal factors in assessing the toxic effects of PS-NPs on alveolar epithelial cells. Greater attention needs to be directed toward comprehending the risks of cancer development associated with air pollution and the ensuing environmental toxicological impacts on humans and other terrestrial mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Milillo
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Eleonora Aruffo
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Piero Di Carlo
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Psychological, Health and Territorial Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Antonia Patruno
- UdA-TechLab, Research Center, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marco Gatta
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Annalisa Bruno
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Melania Dovizio
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Lisa Marinelli
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Marilisa Pia Dimmito
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Viviana Di Giacomo
- UdA-TechLab, Research Center, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Pharmacy, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Cecilia Paolini
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Mirko Pesce
- UdA-TechLab, Research Center, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Medicine and Aging Sciences, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
| | - Patrizia Ballerini
- Center for Advanced Studies and Technology (CAST), “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
- Department of Innovative Technologies in Medicine & Dentistry, “G. d’Annunzio” University of Chieti-Pescara, Chieti, Italy
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Shi K, Zhang H, Yang Y, Huang Y, Gao J, Zhang J, Kan G, Jiang Y, Jiang J. Efficient Extraction and Analysis of Nanoplastics by Ionic Liquid-Assisted Cloud-Point Extraction Coupled with Electromagnetic Heating Pyrolysis Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2024; 96:4514-4520. [PMID: 38447135 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.3c05208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/08/2024]
Abstract
Nanoplastics have attracted much attention due to their potential hazards. However, analysis of nanoplastics remains challenging. In this study, ionic liquid-assisted cloud-point extraction (IL-assisted CPE) was developed to enrich nanoplastics in the aqueous environment and further coupled with electromagnetic heating pyrolysis mass spectrometry. The use of trace ILs improves the extraction efficiency of CPE for nanoplastics. The effects of ILs (types, contents), nanoplastic properties (type, size), and environmental factors (aging time, humic acid content) were systematically investigated to evaluate the applicability. The limits of detection of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and polystyrene (PS) were determined to be 1.78 and 2.67 μg/L, respectively. Real environmental samples including lake water, rainwater, and influent and effluent from wastewater treatment plant were analyzed with good accuracy (79.58-116.87%) and satisfactory precision (RSD ≤ 11.99%). A possible mechanism for ILs being absorbed into the ordered surfactant micellar and generating larger micelles to synergically enclose hydrophobic nanoplastics was proposed. This work provides a simple and efficient approach to the extraction and analysis of nanoplastics in aqueous environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
| | - Hong Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
| | | | - Yuelin Huang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
| | - Jikun Gao
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
| | - Jiaqian Zhang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
| | - Guangfeng Kan
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
| | - Yanxiao Jiang
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
| | - Jie Jiang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
- School of Marine Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology at Weihai, Weihai, Shandong 264209, PR China
- State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150090, PR China
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Wang C, Guo M, Yan B, Wei J, Liu F, Li Q, Bo Y. Characteristics of microplastics in the atmosphere of Anyang City. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2024; 196:350. [PMID: 38460005 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-024-12493-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/11/2024]
Abstract
In order to clarify the characteristics of microplastics in the atmosphere of Anyang city, TSP, PM10, and PM2.5 samples are collected when the ambient air quality is good, slightly polluted, and severely polluted. After pretreatment, the physical and chemical characteristics are observed and identified by using stereomicroscope and micro-infrared spectrometer. The results show that the average abundance of microplastics is 0.19 items/m3, 0.26 items/m3, and 0.42 items/m3, respectively, when the ambient air quality is good, light pollution, and heavy pollution in Anyang City. It can be seen that with the decline of ambient air quality, the average abundance of microplastics in TSP, PM2.5, and PM10 gradually increases. The black fiber strip microplastics account for about 80% of the total TSP, PM2.5, and PM10 in the ambient air of Anyang City, followed by yellow flake and black granular microplastics and a small amount of green, red, and blue fiber strip microplastics. AQI has a good correlation with the abundance of microplastics in TSP, PM10, and PM2.5, and the maximum microplastic trapping effect could be obtained according to the sampling method of PM2.5 in the ambient air. The main components of microplastics are cellophane, followed by PET and EVA. The explorations of human respiratory exposure risk assessment show that with the increase of AQI, the daily intake of microplastics in adults also increased. At high levels of pollution, the human body breathes an average of 222 ± 5 microplastics per day.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunyan Wang
- Hebi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Hebi, Henan, 458000, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengxia Guo
- Hebi Institute of Engineering and Technology, Henan Polytechnic University, Hebi, Henan, 458000, People's Republic of China
| | - Bo Yan
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China.
| | - Jiayu Wei
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengxu Liu
- College of Marine and Environmental Sciences, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoli Li
- Henan Yuhe Testing Technology Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou, Henan, 450000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yumei Bo
- Suzhou Youkang Testing Technology Service Co., Ltd., Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215000, People's Republic of China
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Hashemihedeshi M, Haywood E, Gatch DC, Jantunen L, Helm PA, Diamond ML, Dorman FL, Cahill LS, Jobst KJ. Size-Resolved Identification and Quantification of Micro/Nanoplastics in Indoor Air Using Pyrolysis Gas Chromatography-Ion Mobility Mass Spectrometry. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2024; 35:275-284. [PMID: 38239096 DOI: 10.1021/jasms.3c00362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2024]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to differing levels of micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) through inhalation, but few studies have attempted to measure <1 μm MNPs in air, in part due to a paucity of analytical methods. We developed an approach to identify and quantify MNPs in indoor air using a novel pyrolysis gas chromatographic cyclic ion mobility mass spectrometer (pyr-GCxcIMS). Four common plastic types were targeted for identification, namely, (polystyrene (PS), polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA). The method was applied to size-resolved particulate (56 nm to 18 μm) collected from two different indoor environments using a Micro-Orifice Uniform Deposit Impactors (MOUDI) model 110 cascade impactor. Comprehensive two-dimensional separation by GCxcIMS also enabled the retrospective analysis of other polymers and plastic additives. The mean concentrations of MNP particles with diameters of <10 μm and <2.5 μm in the laboratory were estimated to be 47 ± 5 and 27 ± 4 μg/m3, respectively. In the private residence, the estimated concentrations were 24 ± 3 and 16 ± 2 μg/m3. PS was the most abundant MNP type in both locations. Nontargeted screening revealed the presence of plastic additives, such as TDCPP (tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate) whose abundance correlated with that of polyurethane (PU). This is consistent with their use as flame retardants in PU-based upholstered furniture and building insulation. This study provides evidence of indoor exposure to MNPs and underlines the need for further study of this route of exposure to MNPs and the plastic additives carried with them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahin Hashemihedeshi
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Ethan Haywood
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Daniel C Gatch
- Gerstel, 701 Digital Drive, Linthicum Heights, Maryland 21090, United States
| | - Liisa Jantunen
- Environment & Climate Change Canada, 6248 8th Line, Egbert, ON L0L 1N0, Canada
| | - Paul A Helm
- Ontario Ministry of the Environment, Conservation and Parks, 125 Resources Road, Etobicoke, ON M9P 3V6, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences and School of the Environment, University of Toronto, 22 Ursula Franklin Street, Toronto, Ontario M5S 3B1, Canada
| | - Frank L Dorman
- Waters Corporation, 34 Maple Street, Milford, Massachusetts 01757, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hannover, New Hampshire 03755, United States
| | - Lindsay S Cahill
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
| | - Karl J Jobst
- Department of Chemistry, Memorial University of Newfoundland, 45 Arctic Avenue, St. John's, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
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Luo P, Bai M, He Q, Peng Z, Wang L, Dong C, Qi Z, Zhang W, Zhang Y, Cai Z. A Novel Strategy to Directly Quantify Polyethylene Microplastics in PM 2.5 Based on Pyrolysis-Gas Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Anal Chem 2023; 95:3556-3562. [PMID: 36757384 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.2c05477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023]
Abstract
The broad application of plastic products has resulted in a considerable release of microplastics (MPs) into the ecosystem. While MPs in other environmental matrices (e.g., soil and water) have been studied for a long time, the atmospheric fine particulate matter (PM2.5)-bound MPs are rarely investigated due to the lack of an appropriate analytical approach. The prevalently used visual and spectroscopic means (e.g., optical microscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, and Raman spectroscopy) suffer from obvious drawbacks that cannot precisely detect MPs of tiny sizes and provide quantitative information. In the present study, a novel strategy that does not require sample pretreatment was developed to first effectuate accurate quantification of polyethylene MP (PE-MP) in PM2.5 based on pyrolysis-gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (Pyr-GC-MS/MS). It featured acceptable recoveries (97%-110%), high sensitivity (LOD = 1 pg), and qualified precisions (RSD of 3%-13%). Employing this approach, for the first time, exact atmospheric concentrations of PE-MPs in PM2.5 from megacities in North (Zhengzhou and Taiyuan) and South (Guangzhou) China were obtained, and relatively serious pollution was found in Taiyuan. The 100% sample detection rates also suggested the widespread occurrence and possible human exposure risks of PM2.5-bound PE-MPs. In brief, the new strategy could conduct direct, sensitive, and accurate quantification of PE-MP in PM2.5, favoring further studies of environmental fates, distributions, and toxicities of atmospheric MPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiru Luo
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Mengke Bai
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Qingyun He
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Zifang Peng
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Lingyun Wang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Chuan Dong
- Institute of Environmental Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, P. R. China
| | - Zenghua Qi
- Guangzhou Key Laboratory of Environmental Catalysis and Pollution Control, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Institute of Environmental Health and Pollution Control, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, P. R. China
| | - Wenfen Zhang
- College of Chemistry, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.,Center of Advanced Analysis and Gene Sequencing, Key Laboratory of Molecular Sensing and Harmful Substances Detection Technology, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China
| | - Yanhao Zhang
- School of Ecology and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, P. R. China.,State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
| | - Zongwei Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental and Biological Analysis, Department of Chemistry, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong SAR 999077, P. R. China
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7
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Rosso B, Corami F, Barbante C, Gambaro A. Quantification and identification of airborne small microplastics (<100 μm) and other microlitter components in atmospheric aerosol via a novel elutriation and oleo-extraction method. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120889. [PMID: 36539009 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The atmosphere is a significant pathway for distributing plastic particles and other micro-litter particles from their sources to other environmental compartments. There is a big gap regarding the standardized method for the quantification and identification of airborne microplastics (MPs), especially those in the range of 5-100 μm (small microplastics, SMPs) and airborne micro-litter components (MLCs), i.e., plastic additives, natural fibers and non-plastics synthetic fibers. This study aimed to develop and optimize a pre-treatment method (i.e., elutriation, oleoextraction, and purification) to extract SMPs and MLCs simultaneously from urban aerosol samples. The quantification and simultaneous chemical characterization were performed via Micro-FTIR. The method developed was then applied to two samples from different seasons, i.e., summer and late fall - winter. Micro-litter particles followed the Poisson distribution, and the fiducial limit (confidence interval) was calculated accordingly. Non-parametric statistical tests were performed to evaluate significant differences among the samples. The most abundant plastic polymers were polyethylene (HDPE) and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). Among MLCs, flame retardants, UV filters, stabilizers, and rayon were identified. The results of this study will contribute significantly to establishing standardized and accredited methods to quantify and identify airborne SMPs and MLCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Rosso
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR-ISP, Campus Scientifico - Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Fabiana Corami
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR-ISP, Campus Scientifico - Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Carlo Barbante
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR-ISP, Campus Scientifico - Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
| | - Andrea Gambaro
- Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics, and Statistics, Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Italy; Institute of Polar Sciences, CNR-ISP, Campus Scientifico - Ca' Foscari University of Venice, Via Torino, 155, 30172, Venezia-Mestre, Italy.
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