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Chen H, Chen X, Gu Y, Jiang Y, Guo H, Chen J, Yu J, Wang C, Chen C, Li H. Transgenerational reproductive toxicity induced by carboxyl and amino charged microplastics at environmental concentrations in Caenorhabditis elegans: Involvement of histone methylation. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 949:175132. [PMID: 39084367 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.175132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2024] [Revised: 07/25/2024] [Accepted: 07/27/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024]
Abstract
Microplastics, recognized as emerging contaminants, are commonly observed to be charged in the environment, potentially exerting toxic effects on various organisms. However, the transgenerational reproductive toxicity and underlying mechanisms of polystyrene (PS), particularly carboxyl-modified PS (PS-COOH) and amino-modified PS (PS-NH2), remain largely unexplored. In this study, the parental generation (P0) of Caenorhabditis elegans was subjected to environmental concentrations (0.1-100 μg/L) of PS, PS-COOH, and PS-NH2, with subsequent generations (F1-F4) cultured under normal conditions. Exposure to PS-NH2 at concentrations of 10-100 μg/L exhibited more pronounced reproductive toxicity compared to PS or PS-COOH, resulting in decreased brood size, egg ejection rate, number of fertilized eggs, and cell corpses per gonad. Similarly, maternal exposure to 100 μg/L of PS-NH2 induced more severe transgenerational reproductive effects in C. elegans. Significant increases in H3 on lysine 4 dimethylation (H3K4me2) and H3 on lysine 9 trimethylation (H3K9me3) levels were observed in the subsequent generation, concurrent with the transgenerational upregulation of set-30 and met-2 following parental exposure to PS, PS-COOH, and PS-NH2. Correlation analyses revealed significant associations between the expression of these genes with the reproductive ability. Molecular docking studies suggested that PS-NH2 exhibited higher affinity for SET-30 and MET-2. Further analysis demonstrated that transgenerational effects on reproduction were absent in set-30(gk315) and met-2(n4256) mutants, highlighting the pivotal role of set-30 and met-2 in mediating the transgenerational effect. This study provides novel insights into the environmental risks associated with negatively and positively charged microplastics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibo Chen
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Xiaoxia Chen
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yulun Gu
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yongqi Jiang
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hongzhi Guo
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Health Risk Assessment, South China Institute of Environmental Sciences, Ministry of Ecology and Environment, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - Jinyu Chen
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Jun Yu
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chen Wang
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Chao Chen
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Hui Li
- Institute for Environmental Pollution and Health, School of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China.
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Shukla S, Pei Y, Li WG, Pei DS. Toxicological Research on Nano and Microplastics in Environmental Pollution: Current Advances and Future Directions. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2024; 270:106894. [PMID: 38492287 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2024.106894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2024] [Revised: 03/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/10/2024] [Indexed: 03/18/2024]
Abstract
This review explains the sources of nanoplastics (NPs) and microplastics (MPs), their release, fate, and associated health risks in the aquatic environment. In the 21st century, scientists are grappling with a major challenge posed by MPs and NPs. The global production of plastic has skyrocketed from 1.5 million tons in the 1950s to an astonishing 390.7 million tons in 2021. This pervasive presence of these materials in our environment has spurred scientific inquiry into their potentially harmful effects on living organisms. Studies have revealed that while MPs, with their larger surface area, are capable of absorbing contaminants and pathogens from the surroundings, NPs can easily be transferred through the food chain. As a result, living organisms may ingest them and accumulate them within their bodies. Due to their minuscule size, NPs are particularly difficult to isolate and quantify. Furthermore, exposure to both NPs and MPs has been linked to various adverse health effects in aquatic species, including neurological impairments, disruption of lipid and energy metabolism, and increased susceptibility to cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production. It is alarming to note that MPs have even been detected in commercial fish, highlighting the severity of this issue. There are also challenges associated with elucidating the toxicological effects of NPs and MPs, which are discussed in detail in this review. In conclusion, plastic pollution is a pressing issue that governments should tackle by ensuring proper implementation of rules and regulations at national and provincial levels to reduce its health risks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurabh Shukla
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China.; Department of Forensic Science, School of Bioengineering and Biosciences, Lovely Professional University, Jalandhar, India
| | - Yang Pei
- Chongqing No.11 Middle School, Chongqing 400061, China
| | - Wei-Guo Li
- College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, Henan, China
| | - De-Sheng Pei
- School of Public Health, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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Wang Y, Xu K, Gao X, Wei Z, Han Q, Wang S, Du W, Chen M. Polystyrene nanoplastics with different functional groups and charges have different impacts on type 2 diabetes. Part Fibre Toxicol 2024; 21:21. [PMID: 38658944 PMCID: PMC11044502 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-024-00582-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing attention is being paid to the environmental and health impacts of nanoplastics (NPs) pollution. Exposure to nanoplastics (NPs) with different charges and functional groups may have different adverse effects after ingestion by organisms, yet the potential ramifications on mammalian blood glucose levels, and the risk of diabetes remain unexplored. RESULTS Mice were exposed to PS-NPs/COOH/NH2 at a dose of 5 mg/kg/day for nine weeks, either alone or in a T2DM model. The findings demonstrated that exposure to PS-NPs modified by different functional groups caused a notable rise in fasting blood glucose (FBG) levels, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance in a mouse model of T2DM. Exposure to PS-NPs-NH2 alone can also lead the above effects to a certain degree. PS-NPs exposure could induce glycogen accumulation and hepatocellular edema, as well as injury to the pancreas. Comparing the effect of different functional groups or charges on T2DM, the PS-NPs-NH2 group exhibited the most significant FBG elevation, glycogen accumulation, and insulin resistance. The phosphorylation of AKT and FoxO1 was found to be inhibited by PS-NPs exposure. Treatment with SC79, the selective AKT activator was shown to effectively rescue this process and attenuate T2DM like lesions. CONCLUSIONS Exposure to PS-NPs with different functional groups (charges) induced T2DM-like lesions. Amino-modified PS-NPs cause more serious T2DM-like lesions than pristine PS-NPs or carboxyl functionalized PS-NPs. The underlying mechanisms involved the inhibition of P-AKT/P-FoxO1. This study highlights the potential risk of NPs pollution on T2DM, and provides a new perspective for evaluating the impact of plastics aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyi Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ke Xu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao Gao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhaolan Wei
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Qi Han
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Shuxin Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wanting Du
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Mingqing Chen
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Genetic Regulation and Integrative Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central China Normal University, 430079, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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Yin F, Zhou Y, Xie D, Liang Y, Luo X. Evaluating the adverse effects and mechanisms of nanomaterial exposure on longevity of C. elegans: A literature meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis of multi-transcriptome data. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 247:118106. [PMID: 38224941 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.118106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/17/2024]
Abstract
Exposure to large-size particulate air pollution (PM2.5 or PM10) has been reported to increase risks of aging-related diseases and human death, indicating the potential pro-aging effects of airborne nanomaterials with ultra-fine particle size (which have been widely applied in various fields). However, this hypothesis remains inconclusive. Here, a meta-analysis of 99 published literatures collected from electronic databases (PubMed, EMBASE and Cochrane Library; from inception to June 2023) was performed to confirm the effects of nanomaterial exposure on aging-related indicators and molecular mechanisms in model animal C. elegans. The pooled analysis by Stata software showed that compared with the control, nanomaterial exposure significantly shortened the mean lifespan [standardized mean difference (SMD) = -2.30], reduced the survival rate (SMD = -4.57) and increased the death risk (hazard ratio = 1.36) accompanied by upregulation of ced-3, ced-4 and cep-1, while downregulation of ctl-2, ape-1, aak-2 and pmk-1. Furthermore, multi-transcriptome data associated with nanomaterial exposure were retrieved from Gene Expression Omnibus (GSE32521, GSE41486, GSE24847, GSE59470, GSE70509, GSE14932, GSE93187, GSE114881, and GSE122728) and bioinformatics analyses showed that pseudogene prg-2, mRNAs of abu, car-1, gipc-1, gsp-3, kat-1, pod-2, acdh-8, hsp-60 and egrh-2 were downregulated, while R04A9.7 was upregulated after exposure to at least two types of nanomaterials. Resveratrol (abu, hsp-60, pod-2, egrh-2, acdh-8, gsp-3, car-1, kat-1, gipc-1), naringenin (kat-1, egrh-2), coumestrol (egrh-2) or swainsonine/niacin/ferulic acid (R04A9.7) exerted therapeutic effects by reversing the expression levels of target genes. In conclusion, our study demonstrates the necessity to use phytomedicines that target hub genes to delay aging for populations with nanomaterial exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Yin
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yang Zhou
- School of Textile Science and Engineering/National Engineering Laboratory for Advanced Yarn and Clean Production, Wuhan Textile University, Wuhan, 430200, China.
| | - Dongli Xie
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China
| | - Yunxia Liang
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
| | - Xiaogang Luo
- College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, 199 Ren-Ai Road, Suzhou, 215123, China.
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Pelegrini K, Pereira TCB, Maraschin TG, Teodoro LDS, Basso NRDS, De Galland GLB, Ligabue RA, Bogo MR. Micro- and nanoplastic toxicity: A review on size, type, source, and test-organism implications. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 878:162954. [PMID: 36948318 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Polymeric wastes are among the current major environmental problems due to potential pollution and contamination. Within the spectrum of polymeric waste, microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) have gained ground in recent research since these particles can affect the local biota, inducing toxic effects on several organisms. Different outcomes have been reported depending on particle sizes, shape, types, and exposed organisms and conditions, among other variables. This review aimed to compile and discuss the current knowledge and possible literature gaps regarding the MPs and NPs generation and their toxicological effects as stressors, considering polymer type (as polyethylene, polypropylene, polyethylene terephthalate, polystyrene, polyvinyl chloride, or others), size (micro- or nano-scale), source (commercial, lab-synthesized, or environmental) and test organism group. In that sense, 615 publications were analyzed, among which 72 % discussed micro-sized plastics, while <28 % assayed the toxicity of NPs (<1 μm). For most polymers, MPs and NPs were commercially purchased and used without additional size reduction processes; except for polyethylene terephthalate studies that mostly used grinding and cutting methods to obtain MPs. Polystyrene (PS) was the main polymer studied, as both MPs and NPs. PS accounts for >90 % of NPs reports evaluated, reflecting a major literature gap if compared to its 35.3 % share on MPs studies. Among the main organisms, arthropods and fish combined accounted for nearly 40 % of toxicity testing. Overall, the different types of plastics showed a tendency to report toxic effects, except for the 'Survival/lethality' category, which might indicate that polymeric particles induce mostly sublethal toxic effects. Furthermore, despite differences in publication numbers, we observed greater toxicity reported for NPs than MPs with oxidative stress among the majorly investigated endpoints. This study allowed a hazard profile overview of micro/nanoplastics (MNPs) and the visualization of literature gaps, under a broad diversity of toxicological evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kauê Pelegrini
- Escola Politécnica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais, Escola Politécnica, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Talita Carneiro Brandão Pereira
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Thuany Garcia Maraschin
- Escola Politécnica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais, Escola Politécnica, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Lilian De Souza Teodoro
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Nara Regina De Souza Basso
- Escola Politécnica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais, Escola Politécnica, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Griselda Ligia Barrera De Galland
- Instituto de Química, Universidade Federal Do Rio Grande Do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves, 9500, CEP: 91570-970 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Rosane Angelica Ligabue
- Escola Politécnica, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande Do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Engenharia e Tecnologia de Materiais, Escola Politécnica, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Mauricio Reis Bogo
- Laboratório de Biologia Genômica e Molecular, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS). Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Medicina e Ciências da Saúde, Escola de Medicina, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6690, CEP: 90610-000 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Programa de Biologia Celular e Molecular, Escola de Ciências da Saúde e da Vida, PUCRS, Av. Ipiranga, 6681, CEP: 90619-900 Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
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Gubert P, Gubert G, de Oliveira RC, Fernandes ICO, Bezerra IC, de Ramos B, de Lima MF, Rodrigues DT, da Cruz AFN, Pereira EC, Ávila DS, Mosca DH. Caenorhabditis elegans as a Prediction Platform for Nanotechnology-Based Strategies: Insights on Analytical Challenges. TOXICS 2023; 11:239. [PMID: 36977004 PMCID: PMC10059662 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11030239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Revised: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Nanotechnology-based strategies have played a pivotal role in innovative products in different technological fields, including medicine, agriculture, and engineering. The redesign of the nanometric scale has improved drug targeting and delivery, diagnosis, water treatment, and analytical methods. Although efficiency brings benefits, toxicity in organisms and the environment is a concern, particularly in light of global climate change and plastic disposal in the environment. Therefore, to measure such effects, alternative models enable the assessment of impacts on both functional properties and toxicity. Caenorhabditis elegans is a nematode model that poses valuable advantages such as transparency, sensibility in responding to exogenous compounds, fast response to perturbations besides the possibility to replicate human disease through transgenics. Herein, we discuss the applications of C. elegans to nanomaterial safety and efficacy evaluations from one health perspective. We also highlight the directions for developing appropriate techniques to safely adopt magnetic and organic nanoparticles, and carbon nanosystems. A description was given of the specifics of targeting and treatment, especially for health purposes. Finally, we discuss C. elegans potential for studying the impacts caused by nanopesticides and nanoplastics as emerging contaminants, pointing out gaps in environmental studies related to toxicity, analytical methods, and future directions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscila Gubert
- Keizo Asami Institute, iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology Applied to Health, PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Pure and Applied Chemistry, POSQUIPA, Federal University of Western of Bahia, Bahia 47808-021, Brazil
| | - Greici Gubert
- Postdoctoral Program in Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | | | - Isabel Cristina Oliveira Fernandes
- Keizo Asami Institute, iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology Applied to Health, PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | | | - Bruna de Ramos
- Oceanography Department, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Milena Ferreira de Lima
- Keizo Asami Institute, iLIKA, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biology Applied to Health, PPGBAS, Federal University of Pernambuco, Recife 50670-901, Brazil
| | - Daniela Teixeira Rodrigues
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
| | | | - Ernesto Chaves Pereira
- Postdoctoral Program in Chemistry, Federal University of São Carlos, São Carlos 13565-905, Brazil
| | - Daiana Silva Ávila
- Graduate Program in Biological Sciences, Toxicological Biochemistry, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria 97105-900, Brazil
- Graduate Program in Biochemistry, Federal University of Pampa (UNIPAMPA), Uruguaiana 97501-970, Brazil
| | - Dante Homero Mosca
- Postdoctoral Program in Physics, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba 80060-000, Brazil
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Anand U, Dey S, Bontempi E, Ducoli S, Vethaak AD, Dey A, Federici S. Biotechnological methods to remove microplastics: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY LETTERS 2023; 21:1787-1810. [PMID: 36785620 PMCID: PMC9907217 DOI: 10.1007/s10311-022-01552-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Accepted: 11/25/2022] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Microplastics pollution is major threat to ecosystems and is impacting abiotic and biotic components. Microplastics are diverse and highly complex contaminants that transport other contaminants and microbes. Current methods to remove microplastics include biodegradation, incineration, landfilling, and recycling. Here we review microplastics with focus on sources, toxicity, and biodegradation. We discuss the role of algae, fungi, bacteria in the biodegradation, and we present biotechnological methods to enhance degradation, e.g., gene editing tools and bioinformatics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uttpal Anand
- Zuckerberg Institute for Water Research, Jacob Blaustein Institutes for Desert Research, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, 8499000 Midreshet Ben Gurion, Israel
| | - Satarupa Dey
- Department of Botany, Shyampur Siddheswari Mahavidyalaya, University of Calcutta, Ajodhya, Shyampur, Howrah, 711312 India
| | - Elza Bontempi
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, INSTM Unit of Brescia, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - Serena Ducoli
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, INSTM Unit of Brescia, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
| | - A. Dick Vethaak
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
- Institute for Risk Assessment Sciences, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Abhijit Dey
- Department of Life Sciences, Presidency University, 86/1 College Street, Kolkata, West Bengal 700073 India
| | - Stefania Federici
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, INSTM Unit of Brescia, University of Brescia, Via Branze 38, 25123 Brescia, Italy
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