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Liu Z, Bai Y, Zhao X, Liu X, Wei H, Wei M, Ma Y. Contributions from typical sources to microplastics in surface water of a semiarid urban river. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 478:135570. [PMID: 39173368 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2024] [Revised: 08/15/2024] [Accepted: 08/16/2024] [Indexed: 08/24/2024]
Abstract
Urban regions are suggested to be the main source of microplastic pollution in rivers. Thus, we investigated the spatiotemporal distribution of microplastics in the surface water of the Lanzhou section of the Yellow River in a semiarid region and the contributions of typical sources. The average concentration of microplastics in the surface water of the river was 0.98 particles (p) L-1. The daily quantity flux and mass flux were 3.63 × 109 p d-1 and 95.38 kg d-1, respectively. Most of the microplastics in the river were fibers and fragments, composed of polyethylene terephthalate, polyamide, polypropylene and polyethylene. A large quantity and mass of microplastics were found in the high-flow period of the river. The hotspots of microplastic pollution were residential and tourist reaches. The spatial distribution of microplastics was influenced by anthropogenic factors. However, the main factor influencing the temporal distribution of microplastics was precipitation seasonality. Most of the microplastics in the surface water originated from drainage ditches. The direct contribution of microplastics from atmospheric deposition was also considerable. Our results suggest that the contribution of microplastics from atmospheric deposition to urban rivers is worthy of attention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheng Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Gansu Higher Education for City Environmental Pollution Control, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China.
| | - Ying Bai
- Northwest Branch of China Academy of Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xiaojiong Zhao
- Northwest Branch of China Academy of Environmental Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China; Gansu Academy of Eco-environmental Sciences, Lanzhou 730000, China
| | - Xianyu Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Gansu Higher Education for City Environmental Pollution Control, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Huijuan Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Gansu Higher Education for City Environmental Pollution Control, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Mingxia Wei
- School of Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Gansu Higher Education for City Environmental Pollution Control, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China
| | - Yang Ma
- School of Chemical Engineering, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China; Provincial Key Laboratory of Gansu Higher Education for City Environmental Pollution Control, Lanzhou City University, Lanzhou 730070, China
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Le VG, Nguyen MK, Lin C, Nguyen HL, Nguyen TQH, Hue NK, Truong QM, Chang SW, Nguyen XH, Nguyen DD. Review on personal protective equipment: Emerging concerns in micro(nano)plastic pollution and strategies for addressing environmental challenges. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2024; 257:119345. [PMID: 38851370 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2024.119345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2024] [Revised: 05/31/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/10/2024]
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic was caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, marking one of the most catastrophic global health crises of the 21st century. Throughout this period, widespread use and improper disposal of personal protective equipment (PPE) emerged as a pressing environmental issue, significantly impacting various life forms. During the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a high rate of PEP disposal. An alarming 1.6 × 106 tons of plastic waste each day has been generated since the onset of the outbreak, predominantly from the inadequate disposal of PPE. The mismanagement and subsequent degradation of discarded PPE significantly contribute to increased non-biodegradable micro(nano)plastic (MNP) waste. This pollution has had profound adverse effects on terrestrial, marine, and aquatic ecosystems, which have been extensively of concern recently. Accumulated MNPs within aquatic organisms could serve as a potential route for human exposure when consuming seafood. This review presents a novel aspect concerning the pollution caused by MNPs, particularly remarking on their role during the pandemic and their detrimental effects on human health. These microplastic particles, through the process of fragmentation, transform into nanoparticles, persisting in the environment and posing potential hazards. The prevalence of MNP from PPE, notably masks, raises concerns about their plausible health risks, warranting global attention and comprehensive exploration. Conducting a comprehensive evaluation of the long-term effects of these processes and implementing effective management strategies is essential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Van-Giang Le
- Central Institute for Natural Resources and Environmental Studies, Vietnam National University (CRES-VNU), Hanoi, 111000, Viet Nam
| | - Minh-Ky Nguyen
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University, Hamlet 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam.
| | - Chitsan Lin
- Department of Marine Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung, 81157, Taiwan
| | - Hoang-Lam Nguyen
- Department of Civil Engineering, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Tri Quang Hung Nguyen
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University, Hamlet 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Nguyen K Hue
- Faculty of Environment and Natural Resources, Nong Lam University, Hamlet 6, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc City, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam
| | - Quoc-Minh Truong
- Faculty of Management Science, Thu Dau Mot University, Binh Duong, 75000, Viet Nam
| | - Soon W Chang
- Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 16227, South Korea
| | - X Hoan Nguyen
- Ho Chi Minh City University of Industry and Trade, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - D Duc Nguyen
- Department of Civil & Energy System Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon, 16227, South Korea; Institute of Applied Technology and Sustainable Development, Nguyen Tat Thanh University, Ho Chi Minh City 700000, Viet Nam.
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Kang A, Luo Y, Luo Q, Li S, Tang Y, Yi F, Zhang H, Chen Y, Jia M, Xiong W, Yang Z, Xu H. An investigation into the aging mechanism of disposable face masks and the interaction between different influencing factors. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2024; 477:135308. [PMID: 39053070 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2024.135308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2024] [Revised: 07/08/2024] [Accepted: 07/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/27/2024]
Abstract
In the natural environment, a symphony of environmental factors including sunlight exposure, current fluctuations, sodium chloride concentrations, and sediment dynamics intertwine, potentially magnifying the impacts on the aging process of disposable face masks (DFMs), thus escalating environmental risks. Employing Regular Two-Level Factorial Design, the study scrutinized interactive impacts of ultraviolet radiation, sand abrasion, acetic acid exposure, sodium chloride levels, and mechanical agitation on mask aging. Aging mechanisms and environmental risks linked with DFMs were elucidated through two-dimensional correlation analyses and risk index method. Following a simulated aging duration of three months, a single mask exhibited the propensity to release a substantial quantity of microplastics, ranging from 38,800 ± 360 to 938,400 ± 529 particles, and heavy metals, with concentrations from 0.06 ± 0.02 μg/g (Pb) to 29.01 ± 1.83 μg/g (Zn). Besides, specific contaminants such as zinc ions (24.24 μg/g), chromium (VI) (4.20 μg/g), thallium (I) (0.92 μg/g), tetracycline (0.51 μg/g), and acenaphthene (1.73 μg/g) can be adsorbed significantly by aged masks. The study elucidates pivotal role of interactions between ultraviolet radiation and acetic acid exposure in exacerbating the environmental risks associated with masks, while emphasizing the pronounced influence of many other interactions. The research provides a comprehensive understanding of the intricate aging processes and ensuing environmental risks posed by DFMs, offering valuable insights essential for developing sustainable management strategies in aquatic ecosystems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anqi Kang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yuanling Luo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; Changsha Environmental Protection College, Changsha 410004, China.
| | - Qiao Luo
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Siyu Li
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Yi Tang
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Fan Yi
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Honglin Zhang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Yalin Chen
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China; College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Meiying Jia
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
| | - Weiping Xiong
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Zhaohui Yang
- College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Hunan University, Changsha 410082, China
| | - Haiyin Xu
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China.
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Su Y, Yang C, Wang S, Li H, Wu Y, Xing B, Ji R. Mechanochemical Formation of Poly(melamine-formaldehyde) Microplastic Fibers During Abrasion of Cleaning Sponges. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2024; 58:10764-10775. [PMID: 38843113 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.4c00846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/19/2024]
Abstract
The abrasion of synthetic textile fibers is a significant factor in the generation of environmental microplastic fibers (MPFs). The extent to which polymer sponges designed specifically for surface cleaning have a tendency to release MPFs during normal use remains unknown. Here, the tribological behaviors of melamine cleaning sponges (also known as "magic erasers") with different strut densities against metal surfaces of different roughness were investigated using a reciprocating abrader. The MPFs formed by sponge wear under various conditions were characterized in terms of their morphology, composition, and quantity. They were mainly composed of poly(melamine-formaldehyde) polymer with linear or branched fiber morphologies (10-405 μm in length), which were formed through deformation and fracture of the struts within open cells of the sponges, facilitated by friction-induced polymer decomposition. The rate and capability of MPF production generally increased with increasing roughness of the metal surface and density of the struts, respectively. The sponge wear could release 6.5 million MPFs/g, which could suggest a global overall emission of 4.9 trillion MPFs due to sponge consumption. Our study reveals a hitherto unrecognized source of the environmental MPF contamination and highlights the need to evaluate exposure risks associated with these new forms of MPFs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Su
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Chenqi Yang
- School of Energy and Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing 211189, China
| | - Songfeng Wang
- Institute of Botany, Jiangsu Province and Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210014, China
| | - Huimin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Yiyu Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
| | - Baoshan Xing
- Stockbridge School of Agriculture, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts 01003, United States
| | - Rong Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of the Environment, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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Ge W, Liang H, Gao P, Li Y, Song N, Wu J, Chai C. Exploring the release mechanism of micro/nanoplastics from different layers of masks in water: towards reduction of plastic contamination in masks. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2024; 31:33047-33057. [PMID: 38668948 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-024-33443-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/29/2024]
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, a substantial quantity of disposable face masks was discarded, consisting of three layers of nonwoven fabric. However, their improper disposal led to the release of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) when they ended up in aquatic environments. To analyze the release kinetics and size characteristics of these masks, release experiments were performed on commercially available disposable masks over a period of 7 days and micro- and nanoplastic releases were detected using fiber counting and nanoparticle tracking analysis. The study's findings revealed that there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) in the quantity of MPs released among the layers of the masks. However, the quantity of NPs released from the middle layer of the mask was 25.9 ± 1.3 × 108 to 81.3 ± 5.3 × 108 particles/piece, significantly higher than the inner and outer layers (p < 0.05). The release process of micro/nanoplastics (M/NPs) from each layer of the mask followed the Elovich equation and the power function equation, indicating that the release was divided into two stages. MPs in the range of 1-500 µm and NPs in the range of 100-300 nm dominated the release from each layer of the mask, accounting for an average of 93.81% and 67.52%, respectively. Based on these findings, recommendations are proposed to reduce the release of M/NPs from masks during subsequent use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ge
- School of Life Sciences, Shandong Province Key Laboratory of Applied Mycology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Hao Liang
- School of Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, China
| | - Ping Gao
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Yan Li
- Institute of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Ningning Song
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Juan Wu
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China
| | - Chao Chai
- School of Resources and Environment, Qingdao Engineering Research Center for Rural Environment, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao, 266109, China.
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Zhao X, Gao P, Zhao Z, Wu Y, Sun H, Liu C. Microplastics release from face masks: Characteristics, influential factors, and potential risks. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 921:171090. [PMID: 38387585 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.171090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, face masks have been used popularly and disposed of improperly, leading to the generation of a large amount of microplastics. The objective of this review is to provide a comprehensive insight into the characteristics of mask-derived microplastics, the influential factors of microplastics release, and the potential risks of these microplastics to the environment and organisms. Mask-derived microplastics were predominantly transparent fibers, with a length of <1 mm. The release of microplastics from masks is mainly influenced by mask types, use habits, and weathering conditions. Under the same conditions, surgical masks release more microplastics than other types of masks. Long-term wearing of masks and the disinfection for reuse can promote the release of microplastics. Environmental media, UV irradiation, temperature, pH value, and mechanical shear can also influence the microplastics release. The risks of mask-derived microplastics to human health via inhalation cannot be neglected. Future studies should pay more attention to the release of microplastics from the masks with alternative materials and under more weathering conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Panpan Gao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Ziqing Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Yinghong Wu
- Tianjin Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Tianjin 300011, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Chunguang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria (Ministry of Education), Tianjin Key Laboratory of Environmental Remediation and Pollution Control, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China.
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Hu F, Zhao H, Ding J, Jing C, Zhang W, Chen X. Uptake and toxicity of micro-/nanoplastics derived from naturally weathered disposable face masks in developing zebrafish: Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on aquatic life. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123129. [PMID: 38092337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2023.123129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 11/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/07/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
The unprecedented proliferation of disposable face masks during the COVID-19 pandemic, coupled with their improper disposal, threatens to exacerbate the already concerning issue of plastic pollution. This study evaluates the role of environmentally weathered masks as potential sources of microplastics (MPs) and nanoplastics (NPs) and assesses their adverse impact on the early life stages of zebrafish. Experimental findings revealed that a single disposable mask could release approximately 1.79 × 109 particles, with nearly 70% measuring less than 1 μm, following 60 days of sunlight exposure and subsequent sand-induced physical abrasion. Remarkably, the MPs/NPs (MNPs) emanating from face masks have the potential to permeate the outer layer (chorion) of zebrafish embryos. Furthermore, due to their minute size, these particles can be consumed by the larvae's digestive system and subsequently circulated to other tissues, including the brain. Exposure to mask-derived MNPs at concentrations of 1 and 10 μg/L led to significant cases of developmental toxicity, incited oxidative stress, and prompted cell apoptosis. A subsequent metabolomics analysis indicated that the accumulation of these plastic particles perturbed metabolic functions in zebrafish larvae, primarily disrupting amino acid and lipid metabolism. The outcomes of this research underscore the accelerating possibility of environmental aging processes and physical abrasion in the release of MNPs from disposable face masks. Most importantly, these results shed light on the possible ecotoxicological risk posed by improperly disposed of face masks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengxiao Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Haocheng Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Jieyu Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Chen Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Weini Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China
| | - Xinhua Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Breeding, Key Laboratory of Marine Biotechnology of Fujian Province, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou, 350002, China; Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Zhuhai, 519000, China.
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8
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Sun J, Zhu Y, Yin H, Yin J. The release of polypropylene plastic from disposable face masks in different water conditions and their potential toxicity in human cells. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 343:123296. [PMID: 38182010 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 12/19/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2024] [Indexed: 01/07/2024]
Abstract
Due to their extensive use during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, many disposable face masks are irresponsibly deposited into the water environment, threatening the health of people living nearby. However, the effects of water conditions on the degradation and potential hazards of these masks are generally unclear. This paper entailed the release and cellular toxicity of micro/nano plastics from disposable face masks once discarded in different waters, including soil water, river water, and tap water, with deionized (DI) water as control. At first, polypropylene (PP) was confirmed to be the major component of disposable face masks with Raman and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) techniques. To monitor the release rate of PP from masks, a silver nanoparticle (AgNP)-based surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) method was established by employing the unique Raman fingerprint of PP at 2882 cm-1. During 30-d incubation in different waters, the release rates of PP, sizes of PP aggregates, length of fibers, and proportions of plastics smaller than 100 nm were in the order of soil water > river water > tap water > DI water. All the obtained PP exhibited significant toxicity in human lung cancer (A549) cells at concentrations of 70 mg/L for 48 h, and the ones obtained in soil water exhibited the most severe damage. Overall, this paper revealed that environmental waters themselves would worsen the adverse effects of disposable face masks, and the key compounds affecting the degradation of masks remain to be clarified. Such information, along with the established methods, could be beneficial in assessing the health risks of disposable face masks in different waters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Sun
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, PR China.
| | - Yan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Integrated Regulation and Resource Development on Shallow Lake of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210098, PR China
| | - Huancai Yin
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, PR China
| | - Jian Yin
- CAS Key Lab of Bio-Medical Diagnostics, Suzhou Institute of Biomedical Engineering and Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215163, PR China; Jinan Guo Ke Medical Technology Development Co., Ltd, Jinan, 250001, PR China.
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