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Lieberman S, Rivera DA, Morton R, Hingorani A, Southard TL, Johnson L, Reukauf J, Radwanski RE, Zhao M, Nishimura N, Bracko O, Schwartz TH, Schaffer CB. Circumscribing Laser Cuts Attenuate Seizure Propagation in a Mouse Model of Focal Epilepsy. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2024; 11:e2300747. [PMID: 38810146 PMCID: PMC11304327 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202300747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/31/2024]
Abstract
In partial onset epilepsy, seizures arise focally in the brain and often propagate. Patients frequently become refractory to medical management, leaving neurosurgery, which can cause neurologic deficits, as a primary treatment. In the cortex, focal seizures spread through horizontal connections in layers II/III, suggesting that severing these connections can block seizures while preserving function. Focal neocortical epilepsy is induced in mice, sub-surface cuts are created surrounding the seizure focus using tightly-focused femtosecond laser pulses, and electrophysiological recordings are acquired at multiple locations for 3-12 months. Cuts reduced seizure frequency in most animals by 87%, and only 5% of remaining seizures propagated to the distant electrodes, compared to 80% in control animals. These cuts produced a modest decrease in cortical blood flow that recovered and left a ≈20-µm wide scar with minimal collateral damage. When placed over the motor cortex, cuts do not cause notable deficits in a skilled reaching task, suggesting they hold promise as a novel neurosurgical approach for intractable focal cortical epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth Lieberman
- Meinig School of Biomedical EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
- College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Daniel A. Rivera
- Meinig School of Biomedical EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Ryan Morton
- Meinig School of Biomedical EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Amrit Hingorani
- Meinig School of Biomedical EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | | | - Lynn Johnson
- Statistical Consulting UnitCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Jennifer Reukauf
- Meinig School of Biomedical EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
- College of Veterinary MedicineCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Ryan E. Radwanski
- Meinig School of Biomedical EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Mingrui Zhao
- Department of Neurological SurgeryWeill Cornell Medicine of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNY10065USA
- Brain and Mind Research InstituteWeill Cornell Medicine of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNY10021USA
| | - Nozomi Nishimura
- Meinig School of Biomedical EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
| | - Oliver Bracko
- Department of BiologyThe University of MiamiCoral GablesFL33134USA
| | - Theodore H. Schwartz
- Department of Neurological SurgeryWeill Cornell Medicine of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNY10065USA
- Brain and Mind Research InstituteWeill Cornell Medicine of Cornell UniversityNew YorkNY10021USA
| | - Chris B. Schaffer
- Meinig School of Biomedical EngineeringCornell UniversityIthacaNY14853USA
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Srivastava NK, Mukherjee S, Mishra VN. One advantageous reflection of iron metabolism in context of normal physiology and pathological phases. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2023; 58:277-294. [PMID: 38057018 DOI: 10.1016/j.clnesp.2023.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE (BACKGROUND) The presented review is an updating of Iron metabolism in context of normal physiology and pathological phases. Iron is one of the vital elements in humans and associated into proteins as a component of heme (e.g. hemoglobin, myoglobin, cytochromes proteins, myeloperoxidase, nitric oxide synthetases), iron sulfur clusters (e.g. respiratory complexes I-III, coenzyme Q10, mitochondrial aconitase, DNA primase), or other functional groups (e.g. hypoxia inducible factor prolyl hydroxylases). All these entire iron-containing proteins ar e needed for vital cellular and organismal functions together with oxygen transport, mitochondrial respiration, intermediary and xenobiotic metabolism, nucleic acid replication and repair, host defense, and cell signaling. METHODS (METABOLIC STRATEGIES) Cells have developed metabolic strategies to import and employ iron safely. Regulatory process of iron uptake, storage, intracellular trafficking and utilization is vital for the maintenance of cellular iron homeostasis. Cellular iron utilization and intracellular iron trafficking pathways are not well established and very little knowledge about this. The predominant organs, which are associated in the metabolism of iron, are intestine, liver, bone marrow and spleen. Iron is conserved, recycled and stored. The reduced bioavailability of iron in humans has developed extremely efficient mechanisms for iron conservation. Prominently, the losses of iron cannot considerably enhance through physiologic mechanisms, even if iron intake and stores become excessive. Loss of iron is balanced or maintained from dietary sources. RESULTS (OUTCOMES) Numerous physiological abnormalities are associated with impaired iron metabolism. These abnormalities are appeared in the form of several diseases. There are duodenal ulcer, inflammatory bowel disease, sideroblastic anaemia, congenital dyserythropoietic anemias and low-grade myelodysplastic syndromes. Hereditary hemochromatosis and anaemia are two chronic diseases, which are responsible for disturbing the iron metabolism in various tissues, including the spleen and the intestine. Impairment in hepatic hepcidin synthesis is responsible for chronic liver disease, which is grounding from alcoholism or viral hepatitis. This condition directs to iron overload that can cause further hepatic damage. Iron has important role in several infectious diseases are tuberculosis, malaria trypanosomatid diseases and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). Iron is also associated with Systemic lupus erythematosus [SLE], cancer, Alzheimer's disease (AD) and post-traumatic epilepsy. CONCLUSION Recently, numerous research studies are gradually more dedicated in the field of iron metabolism, but a number of burning questions are still waiting for answer. Cellular iron utilization and intracellular iron trafficking pathways are not well established and very little knowledge about this. Increased information of the physiology of iron homeostasis will support considerate of the pathology of iron disorders and also make available the support to advance treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niraj Kumar Srivastava
- School of Sciences (SOS), Indira Gandhi National Open University (IGNOU), New Delhi, 110068, India.
| | | | - Vijaya Nath Mishra
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Medical Sciences (IMS), Banaras Hindu University (BHU), Varanasi, 221005, UP, India
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Purnell BS, Alves M, Boison D. Astrocyte-neuron circuits in epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2023; 179:106058. [PMID: 36868484 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2023.106058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 02/20/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The epilepsies are a diverse spectrum of disease states characterized by spontaneous seizures and associated comorbidities. Neuron-focused perspectives have yielded an array of widely used anti-seizure medications and are able to explain some, but not all, of the imbalance of excitation and inhibition which manifests itself as spontaneous seizures. Furthermore, the rate of pharmacoresistant epilepsy remains high despite the regular approval of novel anti-seizure medications. Gaining a more complete understanding of the processes that turn a healthy brain into an epileptic brain (epileptogenesis) as well as the processes which generate individual seizures (ictogenesis) may necessitate broadening our focus to other cell types. As will be detailed in this review, astrocytes augment neuronal activity at the level of individual neurons in the form of gliotransmission and the tripartite synapse. Under normal conditions, astrocytes are essential to the maintenance of blood-brain barrier integrity and remediation of inflammation and oxidative stress, but in epilepsy these functions are impaired. Epilepsy results in disruptions in the way astrocytes relate to each other by gap junctions which has important implications for ion and water homeostasis. In their activated state, astrocytes contribute to imbalances in neuronal excitability due to their decreased capacity to take up and metabolize glutamate and an increased capacity to metabolize adenosine. Furthermore, due to their increased adenosine metabolism, activated astrocytes may contribute to DNA hypermethylation and other epigenetic changes that underly epileptogenesis. Lastly, we will explore the potential explanatory power of these changes in astrocyte function in detail in the specific context of the comorbid occurrence of epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease and the disruption in sleep-wake regulation associated with both conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benton S Purnell
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America
| | - Mariana Alves
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America; Department of Physiology and Medical Physics, Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin D02 YN77, Ireland
| | - Detlev Boison
- Department of Neurosurgery, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America; Brain Health Institute, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, United States of America.
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Garg T, Sood R, Chaudhary A, Sobti S, Sharma S, Chaudhary AK, Bansal H, Singh J, Sharma M. A prospective study to determine the risk factors associated with post traumatic seizures: A single institution experience. Surg Neurol Int 2023; 14:143. [PMID: 37151450 PMCID: PMC10159292 DOI: 10.25259/sni_985_2022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Post traumatic seizures (PTS) are a known sequel of traumatic brain injury (TBI). Incidence of PTS is dependent on many factors including study design and characteristics of the study population. As incidence of TBI increases and death due to TBI decreases, more individuals will be at risk of developing and living with chronic complications. The objective of the present study was to determine the frequency and risk factors for PTS following TBI. Methods A prospective study was conducted on patients admitted with TBI from April 1, 2019, to May 31, 2020, to determine the frequency, time to event, and risk factors for PTS following TBI. We classified the severity of head injury using a standard criterion, into mild, moderate and severe injury. Follow-up of 3 months was undertaken for all patients. Variables include age, sex, trauma severity, Glasgow coma scale, onset of PTS, and neuroradiological finding. Results We enrolled 450 post traumatic subjects, out of which 36 (8%) developed seizures. Of the total of 36 patients detected to have hemorrhagic contusion on computerized tomography scan, 12 patients developed seizures. We found that the independent risk factors associated with occurrence of PTS were frontal- temporal lobar contusion and severity of head injury. All these findings were statistically significant. Conclusion We found that the independent risk factors associated with occurrence of PTS were frontal-temporal lobar contusion and severity of head injury. Type of management (Operative vs. Non operative) does not affect the outcome of PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarun Garg
- Department of Neurosurgery, Parkash Hospital, Bhatinda, India
| | - Raghav Sood
- Department of Surgery, Government Medical College, Rajindra Hospital, Patiala, India
| | - Akshay Chaudhary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Shivender Sobti
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Saurabh Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Ashwani K. Chaudhary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Hanish Bansal
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Jagminder Singh
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
| | - Manish Sharma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India
- Corresponding author: Saurabh Sharma, Department of Neurosurgery, Dayanand Medical College and Hospital, Ludhiana, Punjab, India.
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Mahizhnan MM, Gillinder L, Craig D, Wensley I, Coyle S, Ferguson S, Papacostas J, McGonigal A. Electroencephalographic evolution of SEEG-associated intracerebral haemorrhage. Neurophysiol Clin 2022; 52:486-488. [PMID: 36283913 DOI: 10.1016/j.neucli.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2022] [Revised: 09/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Marai Mozhy Mahizhnan
- Department of Neurosciences, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lisa Gillinder
- Department of Neurosciences, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Mater Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Australia
| | - Donald Craig
- Department of Neurosciences, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Isaac Wensley
- Department of Neurosciences, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stephen Coyle
- Department of Neurosciences, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Stuart Ferguson
- Department of Neurosciences, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Jason Papacostas
- Department of Neurosciences, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Neurosurgery, Royal Brisbane and Women's Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Aileen McGonigal
- Department of Neurosciences, Mater Misericordiae Hospital, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Mater Research Institute, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Australia.
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Teran FA, Bravo E, Richerson GB. Sudden unexpected death in epilepsy: Respiratory mechanisms. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2022; 189:153-176. [PMID: 36031303 PMCID: PMC10191258 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-323-91532-8.00012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common chronic neurologic diseases, with a prevalence of 1% in the US population. Many people with epilepsy live normal lives, but are at risk of sudden unexpected death in epilepsy (SUDEP). This mysterious comorbidity of epilepsy causes premature death in 17%-50% of those with epilepsy. Most SUDEP occurs after a generalized seizure, and patients are typically found in bed in the prone position. Until recently, it was thought that SUDEP was due to cardiovascular failure, but patients who died while being monitored in hospital epilepsy units revealed that most SUDEP is due to postictal central apnea. Some cases may occur when seizures invade the amygdala and activate projections to the brainstem. Evidence suggests that the pathophysiology is linked to defects in the serotonin system and central CO2 chemoreception, and that there is considerable overlap with mechanisms thought to be involved in sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). Future work is needed to identify biomarkers for patients at highest risk, improve ascertainment, develop methods to alert caregivers when SUDEP is imminent, and find effective approaches to prevent these fatal events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frida A Teran
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Medical Scientist Training Program, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States.
| | - Eduardo Bravo
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - George B Richerson
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States; Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
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Post-injury ventricular enlargement associates with iron in choroid plexus but not with seizure susceptibility nor lesion atrophy-6-month MRI follow-up after experimental traumatic brain injury. Brain Struct Funct 2021; 227:145-158. [PMID: 34757444 PMCID: PMC8741668 DOI: 10.1007/s00429-021-02395-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Ventricular enlargement is one long-term consequence of a traumatic brain injury, and a risk factor for memory disorders and epilepsy. One underlying mechanisms of the chronic ventricular enlargement is disturbed cerebrospinal-fluid secretion or absorption by choroid plexus. We set out to characterize the different aspects of ventricular enlargement in lateral fluid percussion injury (FPI) rat model by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and discovered choroid plexus injury in rats that later developed hydrocephalus. We followed the brain pathology progression for 6 months and studied how the ventricular growth was associated with the choroid plexus injury, cortical lesion expansion, hemorrhagic load or blood perfusion deficits. We correlated MRI findings with the seizure susceptibility in pentylenetetrazol challenge and memory function in Morris water-maze. Choroid plexus injury was validated by ferric iron (Prussian blue) and cytoarchitecture (Nissl) stainings. We discovered choroid plexus injury that accumulates iron in 90% of FPI rats by MRI. The amount of the choroid plexus iron remained unaltered 1-, 3- and 6-month post-injury. During this time, the ventricles kept on growing bilaterally. Ventricular growth did not depend on the cortical lesion severity or the cortical hemorrhagic load suggesting a separate pathology. Instead, the results indicate choroidal injury as one driver of the post-traumatic hydrocephalus, since the higher the choroid plexus iron load the larger were the ventricles at 6 months. The ventricle size or the choroid plexus iron load did not associate with seizure susceptibility. Cortical hypoperfusion and memory deficits were worse in rats with greater ventricular growth.
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Ladol S, Sharma D. The effects of Hippophae rhamnoides in neuroprotection and behavioral alterations against iron-induced epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2021; 175:106695. [PMID: 34186382 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2021.106695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 05/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is a neurological disorder in which malfunctioning of the electrical activity of the brain causes recurrent, unprovoked seizures. Epilepsy causes wide symptoms that include cognitive dysfunction, anxiety, behavioral alterations, and histological impairments. In this study, the effect of Hippophae rhamnoides (Sea buckthorn/Sbt) on electrophysiology, behavior, and histology in iron-induced epilepsy was analyzed. Rats were randomly divided into four groups (n = 8); Control group, Epileptic group, Sbt treated epileptic group, and Sbt treated group. To induce epilepsy, the intracortical iron injection was administered at a dose of 5 μl of 100 mM FeCl3. A significant increase in epileptiform activity, behavioral abnormalities, and histological impairments was observed in the iron-induced epileptic rats. Hippophae rhamnoides berry extract was administered orally at a dose of 1 ml/kg body wt. for one month. Sbt administration significantly reduced the epileptiform activity, improved behavioral abnormalities, and improved histological impairments in epileptic rats. In conclusion, this study demonstrates the antiepileptic effect of Sbt that probably has exerted by its neuroprotective and behavioral alteration potential against iron-induced epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stanzin Ladol
- Department of Zoology, Central University of Jammu, Bagla (Rahya Suchani) Distt. Samba, Jammu and Kashmir, 181143, India.
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Dehydroepiandrosterone alleviates oxidative stress and apoptosis in iron-induced epilepsy via activation of Nrf2/ARE signal pathway. Brain Res Bull 2019; 153:181-190. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2019.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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10
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Srivastava NK, Mukherjee S, Sharma R, Das J, Sharma R, Kumar V, Sinha N, Sharma D. Altered lipid metabolism in post-traumatic epileptic rat model: one proposed pathway. Mol Biol Rep 2019; 46:1757-1773. [DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04626-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 01/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kumar V, Prakash C, Singh R, Sharma D. Curcumin's antiepileptic effect, and alterations in Na v1.1 and Na v1.6 expression in iron-induced epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2018; 150:7-16. [PMID: 30605865 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2018] [Revised: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study was carried out to evaluate: the antiepileptic effect of dietary curcumin, and the effect of epileptic state and curcumin on the molecular expression of voltage-activated Na+ channel subtypes Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 in the iron-induced experimental epilepsy in the rat. Rats were divided into four groups; Group I (control rats), Group II (epileptic rats), Group III (curcumin-fed epileptic rats), and Group IV (curcumin-fed rats). Curcumin was fed chronically to rats approximately at the dose of 100 mg/kg body wt. The animals were made epileptic by intracortical injection of FeCl3. The mRNA and protein expressions of Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 were examined by RT-PCR analysis and immuno-histochemistry. Results showed a significant increase (upregulation) in the expression of both Nav1.1 and Nav1.6 with seizure activity in the cortex and hippocampus of epileptic rats. Epileptic rats fed with curcumin showed a marked decrease in epileptiform activity, and reduced mRNA and protein levels of Nav1.1. It appears that the antiepileptic action of curcumin may be associated with the downregulation of Nav1.1 in the cortex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vikas Kumar
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Chandra Prakash
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Rameshwar Singh
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Deepak Sharma
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India.
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Jefferys J, Steinhäuser C, Bedner P. Chemically-induced TLE models: Topical application. J Neurosci Methods 2016; 260:53-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2015.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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van Vliet E, Aronica E, Gorter J. Blood–brain barrier dysfunction, seizures and epilepsy. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2015; 38:26-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 134] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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Schmitt S, Dichter MA. Electrophysiologic recordings in traumatic brain injury. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2015; 127:319-339. [PMID: 25702226 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-52892-6.00021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Following a traumatic brain injury (TBI), the brain undergoes numerous electrophysiologic changes. The most common techniques used to evaluate these changes include electroencepalography (EEG) and evoked potentials. In animals, EEGs immediately following TBI can show either diffuse slowing or voltage attenuation, or high voltage spiking. Following a TBI, many animals display evidence of hippocampal excitability and a reduced seizure threshold. Some mice subjected to severe TBI via a fluid percussion injury will eventually develop seizures, which provides a useful potential model for studying the neurophysiology of epileptogenesis. In humans, the EEG changes associated with mild TBI are relatively subtle and may be challenging to distinguish from EEG changes seen in other conditions. Quantitative EEG (QEEG) may enhance the ability to detect post-traumatic electrophysiologic changes following a mild TBI. Some types of evoked potential (EP) and event related potential (ERP) can also be used to detect post-traumatic changes following a mild TBI. Continuous EEG monitoring (cEEG) following moderate and severe TBI is useful in detecting the presence of seizures and status epilepticus acutely following an injury, although some seizures may only be detectable using intracranial monitoring. CEEG can also be helpful for assessing prognosis after moderate or severe TBI. EPs, particularly somatosensory evoked potentials, can also be useful in assessing prognosis following severe TBI. The role for newer technologies such as magnetoencephalography and bispectral analysis (BIS) in the evaluation of patients with TBI remains unclear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Schmitt
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marc A Dichter
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
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Jo A, Heo C, Schwartz TH, Suh M. Nanoscale intracortical iron injection induces chronic epilepsy in rodent. J Neurosci Res 2013; 92:389-97. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.23328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Areum Jo
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research; Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Chaejeong Heo
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research; Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Republic of Korea
| | - Theodore H. Schwartz
- Department of Neurological Surgery; Weill Cornell Medical College, New York Presbyterian Hospital; New York New York
| | - Minah Suh
- Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research; Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Republic of Korea
- Department of Biological Science, Sungkyunkwan University; Suwon 440-746 Republic of Korea
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Wang H, Xin T, Sun X, Wang S, Guo H, Holton-Burke C, Pang Q. Post-traumatic seizures--a prospective, multicenter, large case study after head injury in China. Epilepsy Res 2013; 107:272-8. [PMID: 24239245 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Revised: 09/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Post-traumatic seizures (PTS) is a well-known sequela of traumatic brain injury (TBI). The risk factors for PTS are still controversial. Studies on PTS in China are rare and no large prospective, multicenter-based studies are available. METHODS Data were collected from 15 hospitals prospectively using standardized structured questionnaires in Shandong, a province in China with a follow-up of 2 years. RESULTS A total of 3093 traumatic brain injury patients were validated and entered in this analysis. After 6 months of follow-up, 181 (59.9%) patients were identified as having PTS. The number were 236 (78.1%) and 302 after 1 year and 2 years' follow-up, respectively. The cumulative 24-month-rate of PTS is 9.8%. Among these 302 patients, 242 were male (80.1%) and 60 female (19.9%). A marked peak was seen in the young people group aged 15-24 (27.8%). Three factors were identified as significant in the multivariate model of PTS: Frontal-temporal lobar contusion, Linear fracture and Severity of TBI measured by initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). CONCLUSION This prospective cohort study shows the epidemiologic features and risk factors of PTS in China. Frontal-temporal lobar contusion, linear fracture and severity of TBI measured by initial Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) are risk factors for PTS. It is essential to establish a standard surveillance system for PTS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huaqing Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Hospital Affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province, PR China
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Mishra M, Singh R, Mukherjee S, Sharma D. Dehydroepiandrosterone's antiepileptic action in FeCl3-induced epileptogenesis involves upregulation of glutamate transporters. Epilepsy Res 2013; 106:83-91. [PMID: 23891458 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 06/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA), a neuroactive androgen steroid, has antiepileptic action in iron-induced experimental epilepsy (which models post-traumatic clinical epilepsy). In iron-induced epilepsy increased extracellular glutamate resulting from its reduced glial uptake due to the down-regulation (decreased expression) of transporters (glial and or neuronal) is active during epileptogenesis. The present study was aimed at determining whether the mechanism of antiepileptic action of DHEA involved upregulation (increased expression) of glutamate transporters. Iron-induced epileptogenesis was performed in rats by FeCl3 injection into the cerebral cortex. DHEA was administered intraperitoneally to the iron-induced epileptic rats for 7, 14 and 21 days. Levels of glutamate transporters mRNAs expression were measured using quantitative PCR in the hippocampus during the chronic phase of iron-induced epileptogenesis. There were significant reductions in the glutamate transporter mRNAs in epileptogenesis. DHEA treatment resulted in a significant elevation of glutamate transporters: GLT-1, GLAST and EACC-1 mRNA indicating that the DHEA treatment induced upregulation of these transporters. The results are of significance in respect of the mechanism of the antiepileptic action of neurosteroids and the glutamate transporters as therapeutic targets in glutamatergic epileptogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Mishra
- Neurobiology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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Ono T, Galanopoulou AS. Epilepsy and epileptic syndrome. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 724:99-113. [PMID: 22411237 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-0653-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Epilepsy is one of the most common neurological disorders. In most patients with epilepsy, seizures respond to available medications. However, a significant number of patients, especially in the setting of medically-intractable epilepsies, may experience different degrees of memory or cognitive impairment, behavioral abnormalities or psychiatric symptoms, which may limit their daily functioning. As a result, in many patients, epilepsy may resemble a neurodegenerative disease. Epileptic seizures and their potential impact on brain development, the progressive nature of epileptogenesis that may functionally alter brain regions involved in cognitive processing, neurodegenerative processes that relate to the underlying etiology, comorbid conditions or epigenetic factors, such as stress, medications, social factors, may all contribute to the progressive nature of epilepsy. Clinical and experimental studies have addressed the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying epileptogenesis and neurodegeneration.We will primarily focus on the findings derived from studies on one of the most common causes of focal onset epilepsy, the temporal lobe epilepsy, which indicate that both processes are progressive and utilize common or interacting pathways. In this chapter we will discuss some of these studies, the potential candidate targets for neuroprotective therapies as well as the attempts to identify early biomarkers of progression and epileptogenesis, so as to implement therapies with early-onset disease-modifying effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomonori Ono
- Saul R. Korey Department of Neurology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York, USA
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Mishra M, Singh R, Sharma D. Antiepileptic action of exogenous dehydroepiandrosterone in iron-induced epilepsy in rat brain. Epilepsy Behav 2010; 19:264-71. [PMID: 20801087 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2010.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2010] [Revised: 06/23/2010] [Accepted: 06/24/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
In the study described here, the antiepileptic effect of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) treatment on iron-induced focal epileptiform activity in the rat brain was investigated. DHEA is a neuroactive corticosteroid hormone synthesized both in the adrenal cortex and in the brain. Its antioxidant properties are well known. As oxidative stress seems to play a major role in epileptogenesis in the iron-induced model of posttraumatic epilepsy, it was of interest to examine whether DHEA would exert antiepileptic activity. DHEA at a dose of 30 mg/kg/day administered intraperitoneally for 7, 14, and 21 days to iron-induced epileptic rats prevented epileptiform electrophysiological activity. Morris water maze and open-field tests on iron-induced epileptic rats revealed that DHEA also prevented behavioral alterations related to epileptiform activity. Thus, DHEA attenuated the cognitive defects produced by epileptic activity. Moreover, alterations in epileptogenesis-related biochemical parameters-lipid peroxidation, protein oxidation and Na(+), K(+)-ATPase (sodium pump) activity--were also countered by DHEA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Mishra
- Laboratory of Neurobiology, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
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Russo E, Citraro R, Scicchitano F, De Fazio S, Di Paola ED, Constanti A, De Sarro G. Comparison of the antiepileptogenic effects of an early long-term treatment with ethosuximide or levetiracetam in a genetic animal model of absence epilepsy. Epilepsia 2009; 51:1560-9. [PMID: 19919665 DOI: 10.1111/j.1528-1167.2009.02400.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Epilepsy is a heterogeneous syndrome characterized by recurrent, spontaneous seizures; continuous medication is, therefore, necessary, even after the seizures have long been suppressed with antiepileptic drug (AED) treatments. The most disturbing issue is the inability of AEDs to provide a persistent cure, because these compounds generally suppress the occurrence of epileptic seizures without necessarily having antiepileptogenic properties. The aim of our experiments was to determine, in the WAG/Rij model of absence epilepsy, if early long-term treatment with some established antiabsence drugs might prevent the development of seizures, and whether such an effect could be sustained. METHODS WAG/Rij rats were treated for ∼3.5 months (starting at 1.5 months of age, before seizure onset) with either ethosuximide (ETH; drug of choice for absence epilepsy) or levetiracetam (LEV; a broad-spectrum AED with antiabsence and antiepileptogenic properties). RESULTS We have demonstrated that both drugs are able to reduce the development of absence seizures, exhibiting antiepileptogenic effects in this specific animal model. DISCUSSION These findings suggest that absence epilepsy in this strain of rats very likely follows an epileptogenic process during life and that early therapeutic intervention is possible, thereby opening a new area of research for absence epilepsy and AED treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Russo
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Catanzaro, Catanzaro, Italy
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