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Kaur M, Utidjian L, Abend NS, Dickinson K, Roebling R, McDonald J, Maltenfort MG, Foskett N, Elmoufti S, Guerriero RM, Jain BG, Pajor NM, Rao S, Shellhaas RA, Slaughter L, Forrest CB. Retrospective Multicenter Cohort Study on Safety and Electroencephalographic Response to Lacosamide for Neonatal Seizures. Pediatr Neurol 2024; 155:18-25. [PMID: 38579433 DOI: 10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2024.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 02/06/2024] [Accepted: 03/07/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is growing evidence supporting the safety and effectiveness of lacosamide in older children. However, minimal data are available for neonates. We aimed to determine the incidence of adverse events associated with lacosamide use and explore the electroencephalographic seizure response to lacosamide in neonates. METHODS A retrospective cohort study was conducted using data from seven pediatric hospitals from January 2009 to February 2020. For safety outcomes, neonates were followed for ≤30 days from index date. Electroencephalographic response of lacosamide was evaluated based on electroencephalographic reports for ≤3 days. RESULTS Among 47 neonates, 98% received the first lacosamide dose in the intensive care units. During the median follow-up of 12 days, 19% of neonates died, and the crude incidence rate per 1000 patient-days (95% confidence interval) of the adverse events by diagnostic categories ranged from 2.8 (0.3, 10.2) for blood or lymphatic system disorders and nervous system disorders to 10.5 (4.2, 21.6) for cardiac disorders. Electroencephalographic seizures were observed in 31 of 34 patients with available electroencephalographic data on the index date. There was seizure improvement in 29% of neonates on day 1 and also in 29% of neonates on day 2. On day 3, there was no change in 50% of neonates and unknown change in 50% of neonates. CONCLUSIONS The results are reassuring regarding the safety of lacosamide in neonates. Although some neonates had fewer seizures after lacosamide administration, the lack of a comparator arm and reliance on qualitative statements in electroencephalographic reports limit the preliminary efficacy results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moninder Kaur
- RWE Neurology, UCB Pharma Ltd, Slough, UK; Department of Non-Communicable Disease Epidemiology, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
| | - Levon Utidjian
- The Applied Clinical Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Nicholas S Abend
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Kimberley Dickinson
- The Applied Clinical Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Robert Roebling
- Epilepsy and Rare Syndrome Organisation, UCB Pharma, Monheim am Rhein, Germany
| | - Jill McDonald
- The Applied Clinical Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Mitchell G Maltenfort
- The Applied Clinical Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | | | - Sami Elmoufti
- Biometric & Quantitative Services-Launch Statistics, UCB Pharma, Morrisville, North Carolina
| | - Rejean M Guerriero
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Badal G Jain
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Nemours Children's Health, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - Nathan M Pajor
- Divisions of Pulmonary Medicine and Biomedical Informatics, Department of Pediatrics, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center and University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Suchitra Rao
- Department of Pediatrics (Infectious Diseases, Epidemiology and Hospital Medicine), University of Colorado School of Medicine and Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Renée A Shellhaas
- Division of Pediatric Neurology, Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis School of Medicine, St Louis, Missouri
| | - Laurel Slaughter
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Nationwide Children's Hospital and The Ohio State University College of Medicine, Columbus, Ohio
| | - Christopher B Forrest
- The Applied Clinical Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
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Wheless J, Gidal B, Gong L, Lyu S, Zheng X, Li R, Chang W, Tan M. Lacosamide extended-release capsules are bioequivalent to lacosamide immediate-release tablets: Pharmacokinetic observations and simulations. Epilepsy Res 2024; 202:107350. [PMID: 38513537 DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2024.107350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2024] [Revised: 03/07/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 03/23/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Assess the bioequivalence of lacosamide extended-release (XR) capsules and immediate-release (IR) tablets and answer real-world clinical questions regarding the use of lacosamide XR. METHODS An open-label, randomized, two-treatment, two-sequence, oral comparative bioavailability study was conducted to assess the bioequivalence of two lacosamide formulations. Participants were randomized 1:1 to receive lacosamide XR capsules (400 mg once-daily) or IR tablets (200 mg twice-daily) in 1 of 2 sequences over 7-day periods. Primary outcome was the area under the lacosamide concentration-time curve over 24 h at steady-state (AUC0-τ,ss). Secondary outcomes were maximum (Cmax,ss) and minimum concentrations at steady-state (Cmin,ss). Bioequivalence was established when 90% confidence intervals (CIs) for geometric least square means ratios (GLSMs) were between 80% and 125%. Adverse events (AEs) and other safety outcomes were also assessed. Pharmacokinetic simulations, including adherent and partially adherent dosing scenarios with XR and IR formulations, modeled the clinical use of lacosamide XR. RESULTS Thirty-five healthy adult males were enrolled in the bioequivalence study. After 7 days of study drug, mean AUC0-τ,ss, Cmax,ss, and Cmin,ss values were similar between XR and IR formulations; all 90% CIs for GLSMs were between 80% and 125%. AEs were mild and no serious AEs or other clinically significant safety findings were observed. Pharmacokinetic simulations suggested that partial adherence affected formulations similarly; and the best strategy for switching formulations was to take the morning lacosamide IR dose followed by the evening lacosamide XR dose, as this resulted in the most consistent lacosamide plasma concentrations. CONCLUSIONS Once-daily lacosamide XR capsules were bioequivalent to twice-daily lacosamide IR tablets. Pharmacokinetic simulations indicated lacosamide XR and IR formulations were similarly affected by partial adherence, though once-daily dosing with lacosamide XR may offer clinical advantages, and formulations can be easily switched. These results support the use of lacosamide XR capsules as a once-daily alternative to lacosamide IR tablets.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Wheless
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neurology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, 49 N Dunlap Ave., 3rd Floor FOB, Memphis, TN 38105, United States; Neuroscience Institute and Le Bonheur Comprehensive Epilepsy Program, Le Bonheur Children's Hospital, 49 N Dunlap Ave, 3rd Floor FOB, Memphis, TN 38105, United States
| | - Barry Gidal
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Practice and Translational Research Division, University of Wisconsin, 777 Highland Ave, Madison, WI 53705, United States
| | - Lixin Gong
- Aucta Pharmaceuticals, 71 Suttons Ln., Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Shaoqiong Lyu
- Aucta Pharmaceuticals, 71 Suttons Ln., Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Xun Zheng
- Aucta Pharmaceuticals, 71 Suttons Ln., Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Rong Li
- Aucta Pharmaceuticals, 71 Suttons Ln., Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Wilson Chang
- Aucta Pharmaceuticals, 71 Suttons Ln., Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
| | - Marie Tan
- Aucta Pharmaceuticals, 71 Suttons Ln., Piscataway, NJ 08854, United States
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Lagae L, Klotz KA, Fogarasi A, Floricel F, Reichel C, Elshoff JP, Fleyshman S, Kang H. Long-term safety and efficacy of adjunctive brivaracetam in pediatric patients with epilepsy: An open-label, follow-up trial. Epilepsia 2023; 64:2934-2946. [PMID: 37597326 DOI: 10.1111/epi.17754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Revised: 08/17/2023] [Accepted: 08/17/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study was undertaken to evaluate the long-term safety, tolerability, and efficacy of adjunctive brivaracetam (BRV) treatment in pediatric patients with epilepsy. METHODS A phase 3, open-label, multicenter, long-term follow-up trial (N01266; NCT01364597) was conducted on patients (aged 1 month to <17 years at core trial entry; direct enrollers aged 4 to <17 years) treated with BRV. Outcomes included treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs), behavior assessments (Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist [CBCL], Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function [BRIEF]/BRIEF-Preschool version [BRIEF-P]), and efficacy outcomes (percent change in focal seizure frequency, 50% responder rate for all seizure types for patient subgroups <2 years and ≥2 years of age using daily record card data). RESULTS Of 257 patients with ≥1 dose of BRV (141 [54.9%] male; mean age = 8.0 years [SD = 4.5]), 36 patients were <2 years of age, and 72.0% of patients had a history of focal seizures. Mean BRV exposure was 3.2 patient-years. At least one TEAE occurred in 93.4% patients, and 32.3% had serious TEAEs. Seven patients died during the trial; no deaths were considered treatment-related. Patients ≥2 years of age had a median decrease in 28-day adjusted focal seizure frequency of 62.9%, and 50.9% had a ≥50% response in all seizures. Patients <2 years of age had a median decrease in 28-day adjusted focal seizure frequency of 96.9%, and 68.2% had a ≥50% response in all seizures. Kaplan-Meier estimated treatment retention was 72.7%, 64.5%, 57.8%, 53.3%, 50.1%, and 44.8% at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 years, respectively. Mean changes (baseline to last evaluation) for all Achenbach CBCL and BRIEF-P/BRIEF subscale scores were negative, reflecting stability/slight improvement. SIGNIFICANCE Long-term adjunctive BRV treatment was generally well tolerated and efficacious in reducing seizure frequency, and had high retention rates, with generally stable cognitive/behavioral scores in pediatric patients with epilepsy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lieven Lagae
- Department of Development and Regeneration, Pediatric Neurology Section, University Hospitals Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kerstin Alexandra Klotz
- Department of Neuropediatrics and Muscle Disorders, Medical Center, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - András Fogarasi
- Department of Neuropediatrics, Bethesda Children's Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | | | | | | | | | - Harriet Kang
- Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, New York, USA
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Yang C, Liu Z, Peng Y, Zhang L, Yu D. Effectiveness and safety of Lacosamide therapy for children with focal epilepsy: a real world study. Front Pharmacol 2023; 14:1186768. [PMID: 37621311 PMCID: PMC10446477 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2023.1186768] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To compare the effectiveness and safety of the new antiepileptic drug, lacosamide (LCM) with Levetiracetam, for the treatment of focal epilepsy in children. Methods: This study was a cohort study. Children with focal epilepsy who received LCM or Levetiracetam treatment in West China Second Hospital of Sichuan University were recruited and followed up for 12 months. Changes in the frequency of epilepsy, 50% and 75% responder rates, and seizure freedom rates from baseline to the maintenance period and adherence score were assessed. In addition, adverse events (AEs) were recorded. Results: 92 patients completed the study, and were divided into two groups: LCM (n = 46) and Levetiracetam (n = 46). Participants were aged from 2 to 16.3 years, with a mean epilepsy duration of 2.57 years. The average maintenance dose of LCM was 5.03 ± 1.91 mg/kg/d after the titration period. There was no significant difference between the two groups in terms of the mean seizure frequency during subsequent visits at 1, 3,6, 9, 12 months. There was significant difference between the two groups in terms of the 50% responder rate at 6 months. No serious AEs were reported in both groups. The vast majority of patients had good adherence (adherence score = 4) in the LCM group. Conclusion: LCM is effective as adjunctive therapy in children with epilepsy and has good safety, tolerability and adherence. Large sample size studies with long-term follow-up are needed in the future to comprehensively evaluate the use of LCM in children. Clinical Trial Registration: [https://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.html?proj=41041], identifier [ChiCTR1900024507].
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products in Vitro and in Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products in Vitro and in Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxuan Peng
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- NMPA Key Laboratory for Technical Research on Drug Products in Vitro and in Vivo Correlation, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Chinese Evidence-based Medicine Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Dan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
- Department of Children’s Genetic Endocrinology and Metabolism, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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He Z, Li J. The therapeutic effects of lacosamide on epilepsy-associated comorbidities. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1063703. [PMID: 37006477 PMCID: PMC10062524 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1063703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder associated with severe social and psychological effects, and most epilepsy patients often report at least one comorbidity. Accumulating evidence have suggested that lacosamide, a new generation of anti-seizure medications, may exhibit efficacy in the management of both epilepsy and its related comorbidities. Therefore, this narrative review aimed to elucidate the recent advancements regarding the therapeutic role of lacosamide in epilepsy-associated comorbidities. The possible pathophysiological mechanisms between epilepsy and epilepsy-associated comorbidities have been also partially described. Whether lacosamide improves cognitive and behavioral functions in patients with epilepsy has not been conclusively established. Some studies support that lacosamide may alleviate anxiety and depression in epilepsy patients. In addition, lacosamide has been found to be safe and effective in the treatment of epilepsy in people with intellectual disabilities, epilepsy of cerebrovascular etiology, and epilepsy associated with brain tumors. Moreover, lacosamide treatment has demonstrated fewer side effects on other systems. Hence, future larger and higher quality clinical studies are needed to further explore both the safety and efficacy of lacosamide in the treatment of epilepsy-associated comorbidities.
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Farkas MK, Beller C, Bozorg A, McClung C, Roebling R, Yates T, Yuen N, Makedonska I. Safety and tolerability of short-term infusions of intravenous lacosamide in pediatric patients with epilepsy: An open-label, phase 2/3 trial. Epilepsia Open 2023; 8:146-153. [PMID: 36529709 PMCID: PMC9977742 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/07/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to evaluate the safety and tolerability of intravenous (IV) lacosamide infusion in patients aged ≥1 month to <17 years with epilepsy. METHODS This Phase 2/3 open-label trial (EP0060; NCT02710890) enrolled patients in two age cohorts (cohort 1: ≥8 to <17 years; cohort 2: ≥1 month to <8 years). Eligible patients were receiving oral lacosamide as adjunctive treatment or monotherapy (in an open-label long-term trial or by prescription) or were not receiving lacosamide before enrolment. Patients initiated IV lacosamide (2-12 mg/kg/day or 100-600 mg/day; 15-60 minutes infusion) as a replacement for oral lacosamide or as adjunctive treatment. The primary outcomes were treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and discontinuations due to TEAEs. RESULTS In total, 103 patients were enrolled and completed the trial; 55 patients were included in cohort 1 (≥8 to <17 years), 48 in cohort 2 (≥1 month to <8 years). During the 4 weeks before screening, 74 (71.8%) patients had focal seizures, 12 (11.7%) had generalized seizures, and two (1.9%) had unclassified seizures. Most patients (74 [71.8%]) initiated lacosamide as adjunctive IV treatment. The mean overall duration of exposure to IV lacosamide was 1.18 days. Seventy-nine (76.7%) patients had one IV lacosamide infusion, 20 (19.4%) had two, one (1.0%) had three, and three (2.9%) had 10 infusions. Overall, five (4.9%) patients had a total of seven TEAEs. The only TEAEs reported in two or more patients were increased blood triglycerides (two [1.9%]). No serious or severe TEAEs were reported, and no patients discontinued due to TEAEs. No TEAEs were considered drug-related by the investigator. No consistent or clinically relevant treatment-related changes from baseline were observed for hematology, clinical chemistry parameters, vital signs, or 12-lead electrocardiograms. SIGNIFICANCE IV lacosamide was generally well tolerated in pediatric patients (≥1 month to <17 years) with epilepsy, and no new safety concerns were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali Bozorg
- UCB Pharma, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
| | | | | | | | - Nancy Yuen
- UCB Pharma, Morrisville, North Carolina, USA
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Giuliano L, Vecchio C, Mastrangelo V, Durante V, Zambrelli E, Cantalupo G, La Neve A, Ermio C, Mostacci B. Sex differences in side effects of antiseizure medications in pediatric patients with epilepsy: A systematic review. Seizure 2022; 102:6-13. [PMID: 36156391 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2022] [Revised: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/16/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To perform a systematic review searching for differences in the side effects of antiseizure medications (ASMs) with respect to sex in pediatric patients with epilepsy. METHODS We carried out a comprehensive literature search of the PubMed database and all results up to April 2020 were included. Titles, abstracts, and full texts of the articles were screened by two independent reviewers. We included all studies evaluating the side effects of ASMs in patients with epilepsy younger than 18 years, with reference to the two sexes. Studies on ASMs used for indications other than epilepsy were excluded. RESULTS A total of 5164 studies were identified. Sixty-seven studies were finally included, 5 of them also including adult patients in the sample. Sixteen studies revealed sex-related differences in side effects of ASMs, disclosing a higher frequency of general side effects in girls: a higher risk of overweight, hyperammonaemia, high leptin levels, and carnitine deficiency in girls on valproic acid; a lower height increase, an increased risk of weight loss, the anecdotical occurrence of acute psychosis in girls on topiramate; a higher risk of retinal toxicity in boys on vigabatrin. CONCLUSION The effect of sex on susceptibility to side effects of ASMs is poorly investigated with sparse results, and it could be underestimated. The findings of our study point to the presence of sex differences which should be thoroughly investigated to be confirmed, highlighting the need for a systematic evaluation of sex as a determinant variable influencing the response to medications in clinical research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Loretta Giuliano
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Chiara Vecchio
- Department of Medical, Surgical Sciences and Advanced Technologies G.F. Ingrassia, Section of Neurosciences, University of Catania, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Mastrangelo
- Neurology Unit, Rimini "Infermi" Hospital, AUSL Romagna, Viale Luigi Settembrini, 2, Rimini, RN 47923, Italy.
| | - Vania Durante
- Neurology Unit, "A. Perrino" Hospital, Brindisi, Italy
| | - Elena Zambrelli
- Epilepsy Center, Sleep Medicine Center, Childhood and Adolescence Neuropsychiatry Unit, ASST Santi Paolo e Carlo, San Paolo Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Gaetano Cantalupo
- U.O.C. di Neuropsichiatria Infantile, Dipartimento ad Attività Integrata Materno Infantile - AOUI di Verona, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Verona, Italy; Department of Surgical Sciences, Child Neuropsychiatry, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Italy; Centro Ricerca per le Epilessie in età Pediatrica (CREP), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria di Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Angela La Neve
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Caterina Ermio
- Department of Neuroscience, "S. Giovanni Paolo II" Hospital, Lamezia Terme, Catanzaro, Italy
| | - Barbara Mostacci
- IRCCS Istituto delle Scienze Neurologiche di Bologna, Full Member of the ERN EpiCARE, Bologna, Italy
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Effect of lacosamide therapy on blood cells and IgA levels in children and adolescents with epilepsy in a clinical setting. Epilepsy Res 2022; 187:107030. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.107030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Abstract
There are numerous potential factors that may affect growth in children with epilepsy, and these must be evaluated in any child with appetite and weight concerns. Antiseizure medications (ASMs) have potential adverse effects, and many may affect appetite, thus impacting normal growth and weight gain. The aim of this review is to focus on the impact of both epilepsy and ASMs on appetite and weight in children. We systematically reviewed studies using Medline assessing the impact of ASMs on appetite and weight in children. Eligible studies included randomized controlled trials and open-label studies (open-label extension and interventional) that targeted or included the pediatric population (0-18 years of age). Each study was classified using the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) Classification of Evidence for Therapeutic Studies, and the level of evidence for impact on appetite and weight in children was graded. ASMs associated with decreased appetite and/or weight loss include fenfluramine, topiramate, zonisamide, felbamate, rufinamide, stiripentol, cannabidiol, brivaracetam and ethosuximide; ASMs with minimal impact on weight and appetite in children include oxcarbazepine, eslicarbazepine, lamotrigine, levetiracetam, lacosamide, carbamazepine, vigabatrin and clobazam. The ASM most robustly associated with increased appetite and/or weight gain is valproic acid; however, both pregabalin and perampanel may also lead to modest weight gain or increased appetite in children. Certain ASMs may impact both appetite and weight, which may lead to increased morbidity of the underlying disease and impaired adherence to the treatment regimen.
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Zhou DJ, Pavuluri S, Snehal I, Schmidt CM, Situ-Kcomt M, Taraschenko O. Movement disorders associated with antiseizure medications: A systematic review. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 131:108693. [PMID: 35483204 PMCID: PMC9596228 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 03/14/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
New-onset movement disorders have been frequently reported in association with the use of antiseizure medications (ASMs). The frequency of specific motor manifestations and the spectrum of their semiology for various ASMs have not been well characterized. We carried out a systematic review of literature and conducted a search on CINAHL, Cochrane Library, EMBASE, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Scopus from inception to April 2021. We compiled the data for all currently available ASMs using the conventional terminology of movement disorders. Among 5123 manuscripts identified by the search, 437 met the inclusion criteria. The largest number of reports of abnormal movements were in association with phenobarbital, valproic acid, lacosamide, and perampanel, and predominantly included tremor and ataxia. The majority of attempted interventions for all agents were discontinuation of the offending drug or dose reduction which led to the resolution of symptoms in most patients. Familiarity with the movement disorder phenomenology previously encountered in relation with specific ASMs facilitates early recognition of adverse effects and timely institution of targeted interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Zhou
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Spriha Pavuluri
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Isha Snehal
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Cynthia M Schmidt
- Leon S. McGoogan Health Sciences Library, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Miguel Situ-Kcomt
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States
| | - Olga Taraschenko
- Department of Neurological Sciences, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, United States.
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Peacock DJSJ, Yoneda JRK, Siever JE, Vis-Dunbar M, Boelman C. Movement Disorders Secondary to Novel Antiseizure Medications in Pediatric Populations: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Risk. J Child Neurol 2022; 37:524-533. [PMID: 35392704 PMCID: PMC9160953 DOI: 10.1177/08830738221089742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Novel antiseizure medications are thought to be safer than their conventional counterparts, though no dedicated analysis of movement disorder risk among pediatric populations using novel antiseizure medications has been completed. We report a systematic review with meta-analysis describing the relationship between novel antiseizure medications and movement disorders in pediatrics.MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the World Health Organization's International Clinical Trials Registry Platform were searched up to October 2020 for randomized controlled trials investigating novel antiseizure medications in pediatric populations. Antiseizure medications included lacosamide, perampanel, eslicarbazepine, rufinamide, fenfluramine, cannabidiol, and brivaracetam. Outcomes were pooled using random effects models; risk difference (RD) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated.Twenty-three studies were selected from 1690 nonredundant manuscripts (n = 1912 total). There was a significantly increased risk of movement disorders associated with perampanel (RD 0.07, 95% CI 0.01-0.13; n = 133), though only 1 relevant trial was found. No increased risk of movement disorders was found with other antiseizure medications.Our findings indicate most novel antiseizure medications are safe to use in pediatric populations with respect to movement disorders. However, findings were limited by quality of adverse event reporting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dakota J. S. J. Peacock
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Joshua R. K. Yoneda
- Southern Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Kelowna,
British Columbia, Canada
| | - Jodi E. Siever
- Southern Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Kelowna,
British Columbia, Canada
| | - Mathew Vis-Dunbar
- Southern Medical Program, University of British Columbia, Kelowna,
British Columbia, Canada
| | - Cyrus Boelman
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, BC Children’s Hospital, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
- Division of Neurology, Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of
Medicine, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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12
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Blood-brain barrier targeted delivery of lacosamide-conjugated gold nanoparticles: Improving outcomes in absence seizures. Epilepsy Res 2022; 184:106939. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2022.106939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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13
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Akbar A, Harthan AA, Creeden S, Deshpande GG. Response of focal refractory status epilepticus to lacosamide in an infant. BMJ Case Rep 2022; 15:e249948. [PMID: 35487636 PMCID: PMC9058696 DOI: 10.1136/bcr-2022-249948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Status epilepticus (SE) is a life-threatening medical emergency which is frequently encountered in the critical care setting and can be refractory to treatment. Refractory status epilepticus (RSE) is defined as SE that has failed to respond to adequately used first-line and second-line antiepileptic medications. Super refractory status epilepticus is defined as SE that persists for 24 hours or more after the use of an anaesthetic agent or recurs after its withdrawal.If SE persists beyond a period of 7 days it is referred to as prolonged, refractory status epilepticus (PRSE). There are limited data guiding treatment of RSE in the paediatric population.Lacosamide (LCM) is licensed as an adjunctive treatment for partial-onset seizures. Evidence for the efficacy of LCM in paediatric SE is scarce. This case report may suggest a synergistic effect of LCM on slow-activation sodium channels in conjunction with medications such as phenytoin that causes fast inactivation of sodium channels. The dual fast and slow inactivation of sodium channels may enhance the effectiveness in treatment of RSE. This is the first case report of PRSE in an infant, successfully treated with LCM. A brief review of literature is also a part of this report.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asra Akbar
- Pediatric Neurology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria (UICOMP), Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | | | - Sean Creeden
- Radiology, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria (UICOMP), Peoria, Illinois, USA
| | - Girish G Deshpande
- Pediatric Critical Care, University of Illinois College of Medicine at Peoria (UICOMP), Peoria, Illinois, USA
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14
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Ishikawa N, Eguchi Y, Izumo H, Tateishi Y, Tani H, Kobayashi Y, Okada S. Clinical impact of the dose and blood concentration of lacosamide in Japanese pediatric patients with epilepsy: A cohort study. Epilepsy Behav 2022; 129:108614. [PMID: 35203014 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2022.108614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Revised: 02/05/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The relationship between treatment efficacy/tolerability and the dose/blood concentration of lacosamide (LCM) was investigated in a clinical cohort of Japanese pediatric patients with epilepsy. METHODS This retrospective analysis reviewed the medical records of patients treated with LCM for >6 months at the Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Hospital, from September 2017 to January 2021. The collected data included age, sex, epilepsy type, seizure type, seizure frequency before and after treatment initiation, adverse events leading to LCM discontinuation, dose at any evaluation point, serum concentration, and concomitant antiepileptic drugs (AEDs). RESULTS The study included 51 patients (31 male patients) between the ages of 2 and 19 years. All patients were Japanese. Epilepsy was classified as focal in 44 patients, generalized in six patients, and combined generalized and focal in one patient. The 50% responder rate for LCM treatment was 56.9%. Seven patients experienced complete seizure control (absence of seizures for 6 months before the follow-up visit). A relationship between dose and blood concentration was identified. Although the blood LCM concentration was higher in the responders than in the nonresponders (7.86 vs. 6.16 μg/mL; p = 0.028), there was no significant difference in dose between the two groups. Lacosamide showed efficacy at a dose >5 mg/kg/day in more than half of the 50% responders. The treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) included seizure aggravation in five patients, irritability in two patients, and somnolence and drug eruption in one patient each. In six patients with TEAEs, the TEAEs developed within 1 month after treatment initiation and led to LCM discontinuation. CONCLUSION In Japanese pediatric patients with epilepsy, LCM treatment is effective, particularly at higher doses. The blood concentration may be related more to efficacy than to dose. Lacosamide is generally well-tolerated by pediatric patients, and should be used at the maximum tolerable dose (needed to be gradually increased) in patients with otherwise insufficient seizure control. As TEAEs leading to discontinue treatment likely occur in early phase, it is needed to monitor patients carefully if TEAEs would happen in that phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nobutsune Ishikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan; Epilepsy Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan.
| | - Yuta Eguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan; Epilepsy Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroki Izumo
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan; Epilepsy Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yuichi Tateishi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan; Epilepsy Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Hiroo Tani
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan; Epilepsy Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Kobayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan; Epilepsy Center, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
| | - Satoshi Okada
- Department of Pediatrics, Hiroshima University Hospital, Japan
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15
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Eye disorders due to newer antiseizure drugs in children. Seizure 2022; 96:94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2022.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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16
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Yang C, Peng Y, Zhang L, Zhao L. Safety and Tolerability of Lacosamide in Patients With Epilepsy: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:694381. [PMID: 34616294 PMCID: PMC8488108 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.694381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: As a third-generation antiseizure medication (ASM), lacosamide (LCM) is recommended worldwide for patients with epilepsy. We aimed to provide more conclusive evidence for the safety and tolerability of LCM in patients with epilepsy. Methods: A systematic search was performed on MEDLINE, Embase, Cochrane Library, CBM, CNKI, IDB, VIP Database, and Wanfang Database from inception to 2021 March, and all studies assessing the safety of LCM were included. A meta-analysis was performed for safety data of LCM. Results: Eighty-three studies involving 12268 populations (11 randomized clinical trials (RCTs), 16 cohort studies, 53 case series, and 3 case reports) were included in our study. Meta-analysis of the total incidence of adverse events (AEs) of LCM was 38.7% [95% CI (35.1%, 45.8%); n=75 studies]. Incidence of withdrawal due to AEs was 10.8% [95% CI (9.1%, 12.6%); n=56 studies], and incidence of serious adverse events (SAEs) was 6.5% [95% CI (4.0%, 8.9%); n=13 studies]. Most AEs were in the nervous system and digestive system. The most common AEs were sedation (15.8%), dizziness (15.7%), fatigue (9.4%), and nausea/vomiting (9.3%). For children, the total incidence of AEs of LCM was 32.8% [95% CI (21.6%, 44.0%); n=16 studies], and the most common AEs were dizziness (8.6%), nausea/vomiting (8.6%), and somnolence (6.8%). Conclusion: Lacosamide is generally safe and well tolerated in patients with epilepsy. Common AEs were sedation, dizziness, and fatigue. It is necessary to pay more attention to the prevention and management of these AEs and conduct more large-scale and high-quality studies to update safety data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunsong Yang
- Department of Pharmacy, Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuxuan Peng
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lingli Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Evidence-Based Pharmacy Center, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children (Sichuan University), Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Health Policy and Management, West China School of Public Health/West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Numoto S, Kurahashi H, Takagi M, Azuma Y, Iwayama H, Okumura A. Sodium channel blockers are effective for benign infantile epilepsy. Seizure 2021; 92:207-210. [PMID: 34592700 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy and tolerance of the antiseizure medications lacosamide (LCM) and levetiracetam (LEV) in patients with benign infantile epilepsy (BIE). METHODS The clinical data of 24 children with BIE seen between 2014 and 2020 were collected retrospectively, and treatment, effectiveness, and adverse effects were examined. PRRT2 gene analysis was performed using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Of the 24 children with BIE, 14 were treated with antiseizure medications. PRRT2 gene analysis was performed in 14 children, and mutations were identified in 4, including a pair of siblings. All five children treated with LCM became seizure-free, similar to those treated with carbamazepine. The LCM does was 2 mg/kg/day in all cases. There were no adverse effects in any patient treated with LCM. By contrast, both patients treated with LEV had seizure recurrence. In one patient, LEV was replaced with CBZ, resulting in seizure freedom. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose LCM was effective and well tolerated in patients with BIE, whereas LEV was insufficiently effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Numoto
- Aichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Nagakute, Japan.
| | | | - Mizuki Takagi
- Aichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Azuma
- Aichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iwayama
- Aichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Aichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Nagakute, Japan
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Abstract
BACKGROUND This is an updated version of the Cochrane review published in 2015. Around half of people with epilepsy will not achieve seizure freedom on their first antiepileptic drug; many will require add-on therapy. Around a third of people fail to achieve complete seizure freedom despite multiple antiepileptic drugs. Lacosamide has been licenced as an add-on therapy for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the efficacy and tolerability of lacosamide as an add-on therapy for children and adults with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. SEARCH METHODS We searched the following databases (22 August 2019): the Cochrane Register of Studies (CRS Web), including the Cochrane Epilepsy Group Specialized Register and the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL), MEDLINE (Ovid, 1946 to 20 August 2019), ClinicalTrials.gov, and the WHO International Clinical Trials Registry Platform (ICTRP), with no language restrictions. We contacted UCB Pharma (sponsors of lacosamide). SELECTION CRITERIA Randomised controlled trials of add-on lacosamide in people with drug-resistant focal epilepsy. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS We used standard Cochrane methodology, assessing the following outcomes: 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency; seizure freedom; treatment withdrawal; adverse events; quality of life; and cognitive changes. The primary analyses were intention-to-treat. We estimated summary risk ratios (RR) for each outcome presented with 99% confidence intervals (CI), except for 50% or greater seizure reduction, seizure freedom and treatment withdrawal which were presented with 95% CIs. We performed subgroup analyses according to lacosamide dose and sensitivity analyses according to population age, whereby data from children were excluded from the meta-analysis. MAIN RESULTS We included five trials (2199 participants). The risk of bias for all studies was low to unclear. All studies were placebo-controlled and assessed doses from 200 mg to 600 mg per day. One study evaluated lacosamide in children; all other studies were in adults. Trial duration ranged from 24 to 26 weeks. All studies used adequate methods of randomisation and were double-blind. Overall, the certainty of the evidence for the outcomes was judged as moderate to high, with the exception of seizure freedom which was low. The RR for a 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency for all doses of lacosamide compared with placebo was 1.79 (95% CI 1.55 to 2.08; 5 studies; 2199 participants; high-certainty evidence). The RR for seizure freedom for all doses of lacosamide compared with placebo was 2.27 (95% CI 1.35 to 3.83; 5 studies; 2199 participants; low-certainty evidence). The RR for treatment withdrawal for all doses of lacosamide compared with placebo was 1.57 (95% CI 1.24 to 1.98; 5 studies; 2199 participants; moderate-certainty evidence). The estimated effect size for most outcomes did not change considerably following sensitivity analysis. For seizure freedom, however, the RR nearly doubled upon the exclusion of data from children (RR 4.04, 95% CI 1.52 to 10.73). Adverse events associated with lacosamide included: abnormal co-ordination (RR 6.12, 99% CI 1.35 to 27.77), blurred vision (RR 4.65, 99% CI 1.24 to 17.37), diplopia (RR 5.59, 99% CI 2.27 to 13.79), dizziness (RR 2.96, 99% CI 2.09 to 4.20), nausea (RR 2.35, 99% CI 1.37 to 4.02), somnolence (RR 2.04, 99% CI 1.22 to 3.41), vomiting (RR 2.94, 99% CI 1.54 to 5.64), and number of participants experiencing one or more adverse events (RR 1.12, 99% CI 1.01 to 1.24). Adverse events that were not significant were: vertigo (RR 3.71, 99% CI 0.86 to 15.95), rash (RR 0.58, 99% CI 0.17 to 1.89), nasopharyngitis (RR 1.41, 99% CI 0.87 to 2.28), headache (RR 1.34, 99% CI 0.90 to 1.98), fatigue (RR 2.11, 99% CI 0.92 to 4.85), nystagmus (RR 1.47, 99% CI 0.61 to 3.52), and upper respiratory tract infection (RR 0.70, 99% CI 0.43 to 1.15). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS Lacosamide is effective and well-tolerated in the short term when used as add-on treatment for drug-resistant focal epilepsy. Lacosamide increases the number of people with 50% or greater reduction in seizure frequency and may increase seizure freedom, compared to placebo. Higher doses of lacosamide may be associated with higher rates of adverse events and treatment withdrawal. Additional evidence is required assessing the use of lacosamide in children and on longer-term efficacy and tolerability.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rebecca Bresnahan
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Health Services Research, Institute of Population Health Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Conor S Gillespie
- Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Benedict D Michael
- Clinical Infection Microbiology and Neuroimmunology, Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Science, Liverpool, UK
- Department of Neurology, The Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, UK
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19
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Numoto S, Kurahashi H, Iwayama H, Okumura A. A trial of lacosamide for benign convulsions with gastroenteritis. Brain Dev 2020; 42:551-554. [PMID: 32279898 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Benign convulsions with gastroenteritis are characterized by a cluster of seizures. Sodium channel blockers are efficacious. We prescribed lacosamide, a new channel blocker, for five patients. Patient age ranged from 17 to 33 months; all five experienced 1-4 generalized convulsions persisting for 30-120 s. One patient exhibited a transient splenial lesion on head magnetic resonance imaging. All received one dose (2 mg/kg) of lacosamide. The convulsions ceased, and no adverse drug effect was noted. A single dose of lacosamide was effective and well-tolerated in five patients with benign convulsions with gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Daiyukai General Hospital, Ichinomiya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kurahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iwayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan.
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