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Fujimoto A, Matsumaru Y, Masuda Y, Sato K, Hatano K, Numoto S, Hotta R, Marushima A, Hosoo H, Araki K, Okanishi T, Ishikawa E. Endovascular electroencephalography (eEEG) can detect the laterality of epileptogenic foci as accurately as subdural electrodes. Heliyon 2024; 10:e25567. [PMID: 38327423 PMCID: PMC10847992 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2024.e25567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 12/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Traditional brain activity monitoring via scalp electroencephalography (EEG) offers limited resolution and is susceptible to artifacts. Endovascular electroencephalography (eEEG) emerged in the 1990s. Despite early successes and potential for detecting epileptiform activity, eEEG has remained clinically unutilized. This study aimed to further test the capabilities of eEEG in detecting lateralized epileptic discharges in animal models. We hypothesized that eEEG would be able to detect lateralization. The purpose of this study was to measure epileptiform discharges with eEEG in animal models with lateralization in epileptogenicity. Materials and methods We inserted eEEG electrodes into the transverse sinuses of three pigs, and subdural electrodes (SDs) on the surfaces of the left and right hemispheres. We induced epileptogenicity with penicillin in the left brain of pigs F00001 and F00003, and in the right brain of pig F00002. The resulting epileptiform discharges were measured by eEEG electrodes placed in the left and right transverse sinuses, and conducted comparisons with epileptiform discharges from SDs. We also had 12 neurological physicians interpret measurement results from eEEG alone and determine the side (left or right) of epileptogenicity. Results Three pigs were evaluated for epileptiform discharge detection using eEEG: F00001 (7 months old, 14.0 kg), F00002 (8 months old, 15.6 kg), and F00003 (8 months old, 14.4 kg). The eEEG readings were compared with results from SDs, showing significant alignment across all subjects (p < 0.001). The sensitivity and positive predictive values (PPV) were as follows: F00001 had 0.93 and 0.96, F00002 had 0.99 and 1.00, and F00003 had 0.98 and 0.99. Even though one of the neurological physicians got all sides incorrect, all other assessments were correct. Upon post-experimental dissection, no abnormalities were observed in the brain tissue or in the vascular damage at the site where the eEEG was placed, based on pathological evaluation. Conclusion With eEEG, lateralization can be determined with high sensitivity (>0.93) and PPV (>0.95) that appear equivalent to those of subdural EEG in the three pigs. This lateralization was also discernible by neurological physicians on visual inspection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayataka Fujimoto
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
- Seirei Christopher University, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Yuji Matsumaru
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- E.P. Medical Inc., Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yosuke Masuda
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Keishiro Sato
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Keisuke Hatano
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shingo Numoto
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Ryuya Hotta
- Comprehensive Epilepsy Center, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Aiki Marushima
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hisayuki Hosoo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Kota Araki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Tohru Okanishi
- Division of Child Neurology, Department of Brain and Neurosciences, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago, Japan
| | - Eiichi Ishikawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Faculty of Medicine, University of Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
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Kawahara K, Ota K, Numoto S, Nakamura N, Miyamoto R, Honma H, Morishita Y, Kawanami K, Matsushita N, Kato S, Kaneko K, Okumura A, Iwayama H. Radial nerve palsy caused by a rapidly growing intramuscular hematoma in an infant with biliary atresia: a case report. BMC Pediatr 2023; 23:247. [PMID: 37208637 DOI: 10.1186/s12887-023-04071-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 05/21/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Biliary atresia (BA) is a rare cause of persistent jaundice in infants that can result in vitamin K malabsorption and vitamin K deficiency bleeding (VKDB). We present an infant with BA who developed a rapidly growing intramuscular hematoma in her upper arm after a vaccination which caused a radial nerve palsy. CASE PRESENTATION An 82-day-old girl was referred to our hospital because of a rapidly growing left upper arm mass. She had received three doses of oral vitamin K before age 1 month. At age 66 days, she received a pneumococcal vaccination in her left upper arm. On presentation, she showed no left wrist or finger extension. Blood examination revealed direct hyperbilirubinemia, liver dysfunction, and coagulation abnormalities, indicating obstructive jaundice. Magnetic resonance imaging showed a hematoma in the left triceps brachii. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed an atrophic gallbladder and the triangular cord sign anterior to the portal vein bifurcation. BA was confirmed on cholangiography. VKDB resulting from BA in conjunction with vaccination in the left upper arm were considered the cause of the hematoma. The hematoma was considered the cause of her radial nerve palsy. Although she underwent Kasai hepatic portoenterostomy at age 82 days, the obstructive jaundice did not sufficiently improve. She then underwent living-related liver transplantation at age 8 months. The wrist drop was still present at age 1 year despite hematoma resolution. CONCLUSIONS Delayed detection of BA and inadequate prevention of VKDB can result in permanent peripheral neuropathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Kawahara
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Koki Ota
- Postgraduate Clinical Training Center, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Nami Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Honma
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yusuke Morishita
- Department of Orthopedics, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Katsuhisa Kawanami
- Department of Orthopedics, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nozomi Matsushita
- Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shoko Kato
- Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenitiro Kaneko
- Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iwayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University School of Medicine, 1-1, Yazakokarimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
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Mori A, Kawano Y, Hara S, Numoto S, Kurahashi H, Okumura A. A nationwide survey of human metapneumovirus-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy in Japan. Brain Dev 2023; 45:197-204. [PMID: 36702664 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2023.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As there have been no comprehensive reports of human metapneumovirus-associated encephalopathy (hMPVE), this study examined the clinical features of hMPVE in children in Japan. METHOD A nationwide survey of children with hMPVE was conducted using a structured research form. An initial survey asked pediatricians about children with hMPVE treated between 2014 and 2018. A second survey obtained patient information from hospitals that responded to the initial survey and those identified as having treated cases from a literature search. We collected demographic data, symptoms of hMPV infection, neurological symptoms, laboratory data, treatment, and outcomes. Outcomes were determined using the Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category Score. RESULT Clinical information was available for 16 children. Their median age was 37 months. Six had preexisting neurological disorders. The interval between the onsets of infection and hMPVE was 4 days. Outcomes were good in 11 patients and poor in 5. There were no significant differences in demographic data, neurological symptoms, or laboratory data between the patients with good and poor outcomes. The encephalopathy subtypes were acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion in 3, clinically mild encephalitis/encephalopathy with a reversible splenial lesion in 3, hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome in 2, and others in 8. CONCLUSION The outcomes of children with hMPVE were not very different from those of acute encephalopathy due to other viruses. We found no factors associated with poor outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayumi Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Shinya Hara
- Department of Pediatrics, Toyota Memorial Hospital, Japan
| | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
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Sada J, Hirai J, Ota K, Numoto S, Honma H, Mori N, Sakanashi D, Mikamo H, Okumura A. Bacteremia Caused by Kalamiella piersonii Found in an Infant During the Course of Gastrointestinal Food Allergy. Infect Drug Resist 2023; 16:2647-2651. [PMID: 37159826 PMCID: PMC10163890 DOI: 10.2147/idr.s402364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 05/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Kalamiella piersonii is rare pathogen, and its pathogenicity to humans has been unknown. We describe an infant with bacteremia caused by Kalamiella piersonii. The patient was a 2-month-old girl presented with diarrhea, poor oral intake, and vomiting. The patient was tentatively diagnosed with acute enterocolitis. After admission, the patient developed a fever and blood culture yielded Gram-negative cocci, first determined to be Pantoea septica by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. However, genetic analysis of 16S rRNA allowed its identification as Kalamiella piersonii (GenBank accession number is OQ547240). Other housekeeping genes such as gyrB, rpoB, and atpD also identified the isolated strain as Kalamiella piersonii. The patient was successfully treated with cefotaxime without sequelae. Later, the patient was diagnosed as non-IgE-mediated gastrointestinal food allergy. Our experience indicated that Kalamiella piersonii is a potential human pathogen that can cause invasive infections even in infants and children. Identification of Kalamiella piersonii is difficult with routine conventional tests, and detailed studies including genetic analyses are necessary to clarify the pathogenicity of Kalamiella piersonii in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Sada
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Jun Hirai
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Koki Ota
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Honma
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nobuaki Mori
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Daisuke Sakanashi
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hiroshige Mikamo
- Department of Clinical Infectious Diseases, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
- Department of Infection Control and Prevention, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University Hospital, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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Kawamura Y, Maesawa S, Numoto S, Saito R, Yoshikawa T, Okumura A. Human herpesvirus 6 DNA was not detected in a brain specimen from a patient with mesial temporal sclerosis after status epilepticus due to human herpesvirus 6 infection. Epilepsia Open 2022; 7:817-821. [PMID: 35916714 PMCID: PMC9712467 DOI: 10.1002/epi4.12634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We performed virological analysis of resected brain tissues from a patient with temporal lobe epilepsy associated with mesial temporal sclerosis after febrile status epilepticus caused by human herpesvirus 6 infection. The patient had febrile status epilepticus at 9 months of age associated with human herpesvirus 6 infection. Magnetic resonance imaging revealed reduced water diffusion in the right temporal lobe and hippocampus. Polymerase chain reaction analysis detected 1.6 × 105 copies/μg of human herpesvirus 6 DNA in whole blood, but none in the cerebrospinal fluid. The patient developed temporal lobe epilepsy associated with mesial temporal sclerosis at 67 months of age, necessitating surgical treatment. Anterior temporal lobectomy was performed at 171 months of age. Real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis of resected brain tissues revealed no viral DNA. In our patient, human herpesvirus 6 infection triggered febrile status epilepticus, while direct evidence to prove contribution of HHV-6 to the development of MTS was not obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Kawamura
- Department of PediatricsFujita Health University School of MedicineAichiJapan
| | - Satoshi Maesawa
- Department of NeurosurgeryNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineAichiJapan
| | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of PediatricsAichi Medical UniversityAichiJapan
| | - Ryuta Saito
- Department of NeurosurgeryNagoya University Graduate School of MedicineAichiJapan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of PediatricsFujita Health University School of MedicineAichiJapan
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Muto T, Masuda Y, Nakamura N, Numoto S, Kodama S, Miyamoto R, Miyata K, Hayakawa T, Mori H, Kuroyanagi Y, Akaihata M, Iwayama H, Kurahashi H, Shimomura Y, Nagai T, Hori T, Agata H, Okumura A. Usefulness of brain natriuretic peptide to distinguish Kawasaki disease from cervical lymphadenitis. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e15050. [PMID: 34739174 DOI: 10.1111/ped.15050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/24/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cervical lymphadenitis (CL) cannot be easily distinguished from Kawasaki disease (KD). We therefore explored whether brain natriuretic peptide (BNP) levels are useful in this context. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 14 children with CL and 177 children with KD. Patients with KD were divided into three groups according to their clinical symptoms at hospitalization - 97 patients had typical KD, 35 had node-first KD (NFKD), and 45 had KD without lymphadenopathy. We reviewed data on clinical and laboratory parameters, including serum BNP levels, at hospitalization together with factors that might distinguish KD from CL. RESULTS Patients with CL were older than those with KD. Serum BNP levels were higher in all the KD groups than in the CL group. Multivariate logistic regression analyses indicated that higher BNP levels were associated with NFKD (odds ratio: 1.12, 95% confidence interval: 1.01-1.25). The receiver operating characteristic curve yielded a BNP cutoff of 18.3 pg/mL, with a sensitivity of 0.680, a specificity of 0.857, and an area under the curve of 0.806 (95% confidence interval: 0.665-0.947). CONCLUSIONS Serum BNP levels can be used to distinguish KD from CL, especially in patients with NFKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Muto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yu Masuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Nami Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kodama
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Kenji Miyata
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | | | - Hiromitsu Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | | | - Mitsuko Akaihata
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iwayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | | | | | - Takuhito Nagai
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Toshinori Hori
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hiroatsu Agata
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
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Numoto S, Kakita H, Takeshita S, Ueda H, Kondo T, Kurahashi H, Wakatsuki A, Yamada Y, Okumura A. Effects of maternal magnesium sulfate treatment on newborns. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e14747. [PMID: 33904213 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antenatal magnesium sulfate (MgSO4 ) has been used with mothers, but the influence of MgSO4 on the fetus is unclear. The purpose of this study is to determine whether longer antenatal MgSO4 exposure correlates with adverse effects in newborns. METHODS The clinical data of 77 infants born to mothers treated with MgSO4 were collected. The infants were divided into two groups according to (1) the serum Mg concentration, (2) cumulative Mg dose, and (3) duration of antenatal maternal Mg treatment, respectively. RESULTS The serum Mg level of the infants correlated with that of the mothers but not with the duration of Mg treatment or the cumulative dose of Mg. There were no significant differences in the infants' clinical variables according to either the duration of Mg treatment or the cumulative dose of Mg. By contrast, enteral feeding tolerance began at a significantly later age and the heart rate on admission was significantly lower in infants with a serum Mg level ≥4.0 mmol/L than in those with a serum Mg level <4.0 mmol/L. CONCLUSIONS Modest effects on the clinical variables of infants with higher serum Mg levels were determined, whereas neither the duration of Mg treatment nor the cumulative Mg dose correlated with the clinical variables of the infants. Thus, in newborns with only moderately elevated serum Mg levels, serious adverse effects are unlikely.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hiroki Kakita
- Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Satoru Takeshita
- Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hiroko Ueda
- Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kondo
- Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | | | - Akihiko Wakatsuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yasumasa Yamada
- Department of Perinatal and Neonatal Medicine, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
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Muto T, Nakamura N, Masuda Y, Numoto S, Kodama S, Miyamoto R, Hayakawa T, Mori H, Iwayama H, Kurahashi H, Agata H, Okumura A. Serum free carnitine levels in children with Kawasaki disease. Pediatr Int 2022; 64:e14849. [PMID: 33999460 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carnitine plays an essential role in the transfer of long-chain fatty acids to the mitochondria for β-oxidation. No study has characterized carnitine in children with Kawasaki disease (KD). The objective of this study was to elucidate the characteristics of serum free carnitine (FC) in hospitalized pediatric patients with KD. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed 45 patients with KD in whom serum FC levels were measured. We investigated the clinical and laboratory parameters before intravenous immunoglobulin was administered, including serum FC levels, according to the response to intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG). We also analyzed the relationship among serum FC, laboratory data, and clinical variables. RESULTS IVIG was effective in 33 children (responders) and was ineffective in 12 children (non-responders). Serum FC levels were higher in non-responders than in responders: 35.3 μmol/L (range, 26.8-118.4 μmol/L) vs 31.4 μmol/L (range, 20.9-81.2 μmol/L), P <0.05. FC levels before IVIG in 80% of responders were below the normal range. The levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), total bilirubin, and FC were higher in non-responders than in responders. FC levels were correlated with AST (R2 = 0.364, P = 0.0015) and ALT (R2 = 0.423, P < 0.001) levels. CONCLUSIONS Free carnitine levels were elevated in some patients with KD, especially in those who were refractory to IVIG. Additionally, FC levels in children with KD correlated with ASL and ALT levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Muto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Nami Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yu Masuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shunsuke Kodama
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Hiromitsu Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iwayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | | | - Hiroatsu Agata
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Aichi, Japan
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Suzuki T, Natsume J, Kumai S, Maki Y, Yamamoto H, Numoto S, Narahara S, Kubota T, Tsuji T, Kato T, Yamada K, Maruyama K, Okumura A, Takahashi Y, Kidokoro H. Effectiveness of lacosamide in children and young adults previously treated with other sodium channel blockers. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 125:108397. [PMID: 34814035 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This multicenter study examined the effectiveness and tolerability of lacosamide (LCM) for children and young adults with epilepsy, particularly in patients who had previously been treated with other sodium channel blockers (SCBs) and the difference in effectiveness and tolerability when using other concomitant SCBs. METHODS We retrospectively studied the clinical information of patients aged <30 years given LCM to treat epilepsy. The effectiveness and adverse events (AEs) of LCM and the other SCBs were investigated. Factors related to the effectiveness and AEs of LCM, such as the number of antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) tried before LCM and concomitantly used SCBs, were also studied. RESULTS We enrolled 112 patients (median age = 11 years). One year after starting LCM, 29% of the patients were seizure free, and 50% had a ≥50% seizure reduction. Of the patients, 17% experienced AEs, the most common being somnolence. A ≥50% seizure reduction was observed for LCM in 30% of patients in whom other SCBs had not been effective. Lacosamide produced a ≥50% seizure reduction in 35% of the patients taking one concomitant SCB. By contrast, no patients had ≥50% seizure reduction, and 33% developed AEs, when LCM was administered concomitantly with two SCBs. CONCLUSIONS Lacosamide was effective in 30% of children and young adults in whom other SCBs had not been effective. The effectiveness of LCM may differ from that of other SCBs, and it is worth trying in patients with epilepsy resistant to other AEDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Suzuki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Jun Natsume
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan; Department of Developmental Disability Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan.
| | - Sumire Kumai
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Yuki Maki
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Sho Narahara
- Department of Pediatrics, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Anjo, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsuji
- Department of Pediatrics, Okazaki City Hospital, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Toru Kato
- Department of Pediatrics, Okazaki City Hospital, Okazaki, Japan
| | - Keitaro Yamada
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Central Hospital, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Koichi Maruyama
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Central Hospital, Aichi Developmental Disability Center, Kasugai, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kidokoro
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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Numoto S, Kurahashi H, Takagi M, Azuma Y, Iwayama H, Okumura A. Sodium channel blockers are effective for benign infantile epilepsy. Seizure 2021; 92:207-210. [PMID: 34592700 DOI: 10.1016/j.seizure.2021.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2021] [Revised: 09/09/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine the efficacy and tolerance of the antiseizure medications lacosamide (LCM) and levetiracetam (LEV) in patients with benign infantile epilepsy (BIE). METHODS The clinical data of 24 children with BIE seen between 2014 and 2020 were collected retrospectively, and treatment, effectiveness, and adverse effects were examined. PRRT2 gene analysis was performed using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Of the 24 children with BIE, 14 were treated with antiseizure medications. PRRT2 gene analysis was performed in 14 children, and mutations were identified in 4, including a pair of siblings. All five children treated with LCM became seizure-free, similar to those treated with carbamazepine. The LCM does was 2 mg/kg/day in all cases. There were no adverse effects in any patient treated with LCM. By contrast, both patients treated with LEV had seizure recurrence. In one patient, LEV was replaced with CBZ, resulting in seizure freedom. CONCLUSIONS Low-dose LCM was effective and well tolerated in patients with BIE, whereas LEV was insufficiently effective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Numoto
- Aichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Nagakute, Japan.
| | | | - Mizuki Takagi
- Aichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Azuma
- Aichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iwayama
- Aichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Aichi Medical University, Department of Pediatrics, Nagakute, Japan
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Okumura A, Takagi M, Numoto S, Iwayama H, Azuma Y, Kurahashi H. Effects of l-carnitine supplementation in patients with childhood-onset epilepsy prescribed valproate. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 122:108220. [PMID: 34371461 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.108220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2021] [Revised: 07/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The benefits of carnitine supplementation in patients treated with valproate (VPA) are not clear. Therefore, we retrospectively explored the benefits of carnitine supplementation by analyzing laboratory data. METHODS We measured the serum-free carnitine (FC), VPA, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, amylase, and ammonia levels, and the platelet count, in 69 patients with childhood-onset epilepsy treated with VPA. Eight patients had received carnitine supplementation. The serum FC and acylcarnitine levels were measured using an enzyme cycling method. We compared laboratory values between patients with and without carnitine supplementation and analyzed the correlations between serum FC levels and laboratory values. RESULTS The serum FC levels were normal (median, 48.8 μmol/L; range: 41.9-68.3 μmol/L) in all eight patients with carnitine supplementation, but below normal in 32 of 61 patients without supplementation. The median serum amylase levels were lower in the patients with carnitine supplementation (median, 48 U/L; range: 27-149 U/L) than in those without (median, 7 U/L; range: 14-234 U/L). The platelet count and serum ammonia levels did not differ significantly between patients with and without supplementation. There was no significant correlation between the serum FC level and the platelet count, serum amylase level, or ammonia level. CONCLUSIONS Carnitine supplementation helps maintain serum FC levels in patients treated with VPA. The lower serum amylase levels in patients with carnitine supplementation may reflect protective effects of carnitine against latent pancreatic injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan.
| | - Mizuki Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iwayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Yoshiteru Azuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kurahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi 480-1195, Japan
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12
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Muto T, Nakamura N, Masuda Y, Numoto S, Kodama S, Miyamoto R, Hayakawa T, Mori H, Iwayama H, Kurahashi H, Agata H, Okumura A. Usefulness of Q-probe PCR in Children with Mycoplasma pneumniae infection. Jpn J Infect Dis 2021; 75:89-91. [PMID: 34193662 DOI: 10.7883/yoken.jjid.2021.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the usefulness of quenching probe polymerase chain reaction (Q-probe PCR) for detection of macrolides-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP), we retrospectively analyzed the clinical course of 21 children with MP infection. The rate of macrolides resistant MP was 66.7%. The duration of pyrexia after the initial antibiotics treatment was longer in patients with macrolides-resistant MP infection than in those with macrolides-sensitive MP infection. The duration of pyrexia after Q-probe PCR was not significantly different between patients with macrolides-resistant MP infection and those with macrolides-sensitive MP infection. These results suggest that antibiotic use based on Q-probe PCR will reduce duration of pyrexia. Q-probe PCR contributes to determine appropriate antibiotics and to improve the clinical course of MP infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taichiro Muto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Nami Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Yu Masuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | | | | | | | - Hiromitsu Mori
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | | | | | - Hiroatsu Agata
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
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13
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Okumura A, Numoto S, Iwayama H, Azuma Y, Kurahashi H. Carnitine supplementation prevents carnitine deficiency caused by pivalate-conjugated antibiotics in patients with epilepsy prescribed valproate. Epilepsy Behav 2021; 117:107883. [PMID: 33714931 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2021.107883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We measured carnitine levels before and after pivalate-conjugated antibiotic (PCA) use in six patients with epilepsy who were prescribed valproate (VPA). Three of the patients were on carnitine supplementation when PCA use started. Serum FC levels were within the normal range (37.2-49.0 μmol/L) in all six patients before PCA use. After PCA use, the serum free carnitine (FC) levels remained within the normal range (48.0-68.2 μmol/L) in all three patients on carnitine supplementation, but were below the normal range (18.7-30.8 μmol/L) in the three patients not on carnitine supplementation. No remarkable changes in serum VPA levels, platelet count, amylase or ammonia level was evident in any patients in relation to PCA use. Carnitine deficiency due to PCA use was prevented by carnitine supplementation in patients with epilepsy who were taking VPA. Carnitine supplementation can support patients at risk of carnitine deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
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14
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Numoto S, Kurahashi H, Sato A, Kubota M, Shiihara T, Okanishi T, Tanaka R, Kuki I, Fukuyama T, Kashiwagi M, Ikeno M, Kubota K, Akasaka M, Mimaki M, Okumura A. Acute encephalopathy in children with tuberous sclerosis complex. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:5. [PMID: 33407677 PMCID: PMC7789140 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-020-01646-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 12/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective We examined the clinical manifestations of acute encephalopathy (AE) and identify risk factors for AE in children with tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC). Methods The clinical data of 11 children with clinically diagnosed TSC associated with AE and 109 children with clinically diagnosed TSC alone aged 4 years or older were collected from 13 hospitals. Results Of the 11 children with AE, 5 had histories of febrile seizures (FS), and all had histories of febrile status epilepticus (FSE). AE developed within 24 h after fever onset in all children with seizures lasting 30 min or longer. All children developed coma after seizure cessation. Head magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) revealed widespread abnormalities in the cerebral cortex, subcortical white matter, corpus callosum, basal ganglia, and thalamus. One child died; seven had severe neurological sequelae; and the other three, mild sequelae. Logistic regression analysis revealed that a history of FSE was correlated with the development of AE. Significance AE in children with TSC was characterized by sudden onset after fever, followed by coma, widespread brain edema evident on MRI, and poor outcomes. A history of FSE was a risk factor for the development of AE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan.
| | - Hirokazu Kurahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
| | - Atsushi Sato
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Tokyo Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaya Kubota
- Division of Neurology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Shiihara
- Department of Neurology, Gunma Children's Medical Center, Shibukawa, Gunma, Japan
| | - Tohru Okanishi
- Department of Child Neurology, Seirei Hamamatsu General Hospital, Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Ryuta Tanaka
- Department of Child Health, Ibaraki Pediatric Education and Training Station, University of Tsukuba, Mito, Japan
| | - Ichiro Kuki
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Osaka City General Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | - Mitsuru Ikeno
- Department of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine, Juntendo University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medicine, Gifu, Japan
| | - Manami Akasaka
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Iwate Medical University, Morioka, Japan
| | - Masakazu Mimaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, 1-1 Yazako Karimata, Nagakute, Aichi, 480-1195, Japan
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15
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Numoto S, Kurahashi H, Iwayama H, Okumura A. A trial of lacosamide for benign convulsions with gastroenteritis. Brain Dev 2020; 42:551-554. [PMID: 32279898 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2020.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 03/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/25/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Benign convulsions with gastroenteritis are characterized by a cluster of seizures. Sodium channel blockers are efficacious. We prescribed lacosamide, a new channel blocker, for five patients. Patient age ranged from 17 to 33 months; all five experienced 1-4 generalized convulsions persisting for 30-120 s. One patient exhibited a transient splenial lesion on head magnetic resonance imaging. All received one dose (2 mg/kg) of lacosamide. The convulsions ceased, and no adverse drug effect was noted. A single dose of lacosamide was effective and well-tolerated in five patients with benign convulsions with gastroenteritis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan; Department of Pediatrics, Daiyukai General Hospital, Ichinomiya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kurahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iwayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan.
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16
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Okumura A, Numoto S, Iwayama H, Kurahashi H, Natsume J, Saitoh S, Yoshikawa T, Fukao T, Hirayama M, Takahashi Y. Respiratory illness and acute flaccid myelitis in the Tokai district in 2018. Pediatr Int 2020; 62:337-340. [PMID: 31886594 DOI: 10.1111/ped.14128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND An outbreak of acute flaccid myelitis was chronologically correlated with an outbreak of severe respiratory illness in Japan in 2015. We hypothesized that increases in children hospitalized with severe respiratory illnesses might also be associated with increase in acute flaccid myelitis in autumn 2018. METHODS We explored the temporal correlations between respiratory illness outbreaks and acute flaccid myelitis during autumn season between 2016 and 2018 using questionnaire surveys. One questionnaire explored the monthly numbers of children with acute flaccid myelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and other acute flaccid paralyses. The other questionnaire explored the monthly numbers of children hospitalized with respiratory illnesses associated with wheezing. A correlation between the monthly numbers of children with acute flaccid myelitis and those with respiratory illness was analyzed using the Pearson correlation test. RESULTS Although the number of patients hospitalized with respiratory illness did not correlate with the number of those admitted with myelitis, increases in children aged 7-12 and 13-19 years requiring intensive care unit admission correlated temporally with an outbreak of acute flaccid myelitis. CONCLUSIONS An increase in intensive care unit admissions to treat respiratory disease occurred in association with a cluster of acute flaccid myelitis. An increase in the number of intensive care unit admissions due to respiratory illness may be a clue to expect the occurrence of acute flaccid myelitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Iwayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Japan
| | | | - Jun Natsume
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Yoshikawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Fujita Health University School of Medicine, Toyoake, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Fukao
- Department of Pediatrics, Gifu University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Gifu City, Japan
| | - Masahiro Hirayama
- Department of Pediatrics, Mie University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Tsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiyuki Takahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya, Japan
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17
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Okumura A, Saitoh S, Natsume J, Yamamoto H, Kurahashi H, Numoto S. Attitudes of school teachers toward epilepsy in Nagoya, Japan. Epilepsy Behav 2020; 103:106359. [PMID: 31668579 DOI: 10.1016/j.yebeh.2019.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Revised: 05/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/02/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
We conducted a questionnaire survey to examine the knowledge about and attitudes toward epilepsy among school teachers in an urban area in Japan. The questionnaire consisted of six questions: two questions about contact with children with epilepsy, one about knowledge about emergency care, and three about attitudes toward the participation of children with epilepsy in school events. The respondents answered each question using a five-point Likert scale: strongly agree, agree, undecided, disagree, or strongly disagree. A total of 713 teachers completed the questionnaire. More than one-third of the teachers had taught children with epilepsy, and more than half had witnessed a seizure. Although 36% thought that one should "put something in the mouth during a seizure", fewer believed in restricting swimming, out-of-school activities, and sports. Special school teachers were less likely to suggest putting something in the mouth during a seizure and restrict swimming than were normal school teachers. The answers did not differ according to teacher age or contact with children with epilepsy. Contact with children with epilepsy was relatively common among school teachers, whereas knowledge about epilepsy was insufficient. Negative attitudes toward epilepsy were uncommon. Special school teachers knew more about epilepsy than normal school teachers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Shinji Saitoh
- Department of Pediatrics and Neonatology, Nagoya City University Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Japan
| | - Jun Natsume
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Yamamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
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18
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Muto T, Masuda Y, Numoto S, Kodama S, Yamakawa K, Takasu M, Hayakawa T, Miyata K, Miyamoto R, Akaihata M, Iwayama H, Kitagawa Y, Kurahashi H, Shimomura Y, Hori T, Okuda M, Agata H, Okumura A. White Blood Cell and Neutrophil Counts and Response to Intravenous Immunoglobulin in Kawasaki Disease. Glob Pediatr Health 2019; 6:2333794X19884826. [PMID: 31696148 PMCID: PMC6820171 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x19884826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2019] [Revised: 08/20/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
We explored parameters to predicting the efficacy of intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) therapy for patients with Kawasaki disease (KD). We retrospectively analyzed the laboratory data of 77 children with KD treated with IVIG. Data obtained before and within 24 hours after IVIG therapy were compared between responders and nonresponders. The white blood cell (WBC) and neutrophil counts were significantly lower in responders than nonresponders within 24 hours after IVIG. The areas under the receiver operating characteristics curves of the WBC and neutrophil counts were 0.846 and 0.754, respectively. The WBC and neutrophil counts differed significantly between responders and nonresponders (the latter developed recurrent pyrexia after transient fever resolution). In conclusion, WBC and neutrophil counts within 24 hours after IVIG usefully predict the efficacy of IVIG therapy for those with KD, and identify nonresponders to such therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yu Masuda
- Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Kenji Miyata
- Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Masumi Okuda
- Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
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19
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Miyamoto R, Okuda M, Kaneko K, Numoto S, Okumura A. Multiple Magnets Ingestion Followed by Intestinal Fistula With Mild Symptoms. Glob Pediatr Health 2019; 6:2333794X19855805. [PMID: 31218245 PMCID: PMC6563389 DOI: 10.1177/2333794x19855805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
A healthy 3-year-old boy visited our hospital because of abdominal pain and vomiting, and abdominal X-ray revealed a 10 mm non-sharp foreign body in the lower abdomen. No one had witnessed accidental ingestion. Abdominal symptoms were mild. We followed-up with abdominal X-rays, but the foreign matter did not move. His grandfather remembered that he was playing with a posting magnet. Thus, the foreign matter was considered to be multiple magnets. No foreign body was excreted by laxative administration. There was no foreign matter revealed even by the colonoscopy. Because a fistula was found in the ileum, it was diagnosed as gastrointestinal perforation. Three magnets adhered from inside the fistula were removed by emergency laparotomy surgery. The final diagnosis was ileal sigmoid fistula due to damage of the mucous membrane sandwiched between the magnets. Multiple magnet ingestion often causes gastrointestinal injury. Even if the symptoms are mild, it should be removed promptly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryosuke Miyamoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Masumi Okuda
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kenitiro Kaneko
- Department of Surgery, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute City, Aichi, Japan
| | - Akihisa Okumura
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Nagakute City, Aichi, Japan
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20
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Okumura A, Kurahashi H, Iwayama H, Numoto S. Serum carnitine levels of children with epilepsy: Related factors including valproate. Brain Dev 2019; 41:516-521. [PMID: 30827788 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2018] [Revised: 02/17/2019] [Accepted: 02/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study measured the serum carnitine levels in patients with epilepsy and determined the factors contributing to low carnitine levels. METHODS We measured the serum carnitine levels in 94 consecutive patients with epilepsy, including the free carnitine (FC) and acylcarnitine fractions, using an enzyme cycling method. We defined a low FC as a serum FC level < 36 μmol/L. Age, body mass index (BMI), standard deviation score of BMI (BMI-SDS), use of valproate, cognitive disorder, and feeding problems differed between patients with low and normal FC. In patients taking valproate, the associations of the serum FC level with the platelet count and serum ammonia and amylase levels were analyzed. RESULTS Univariate analysis showed that a low BMI and BMI-SDS, the use of valproate, and cognitive disorder were more frequent in patients with a low FC. Logistic regression analysis revealed that a low BMI-SDS and cognitive disorders were independently associated with a low FC. Among the patients taking valproate, a low BMI-SDS and age were associated with a low FC. The serum FC and ammonia levels were inversely correlated, whereas no correlation was observed between the serum FC level and platelet count or serum amylase level. CONCLUSION A low BMI and cognitive disorders were related to a low FC in patients with epilepsy and the serum carnitine levels should be monitored in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
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21
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Shima T, Okumura A, Kurahashi H, Numoto S, Abe S, Ikeno M, Shimizu T. A nationwide survey of norovirus-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy in Japan. Brain Dev 2019; 41:263-270. [PMID: 30798941 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 11/01/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Norovirus is a major pathogen of gastroenteritis and is known to cause encephalitis/encephalopathy. The aim of this national survey was to clarify the clinical features of norovirus-associated encephalitis/encephalopathy (NoVE) among children in Japan. METHODS A nationwide survey of children with NoVE was conducted using a structured research form. The initial survey asked pediatricians about children with NoVE treated between January 2011 and March 2016. The second survey obtained patient information from two sources: hospitals that responded to the initial survey and those identified as having treated cases from a literature search. RESULTS Clinical information was available for 29 children. Their median age was 2 y 8 m. The outcome was good in 13 patients and poor in 15. The interval between the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms and that of encephalitis/encephalopathy was significantly shorter in those with a poor outcome. At the onset of an elevated serum creatinine level and an abnormal blood glucose level were correlated with a poor outcome. Regarding the subtypes of encephalitis/encephalopathy, acute encephalopathy with biphasic seizures and late reduced diffusion and hemorrhagic shock and encephalopathy syndrome were frequent. CONCLUSION The outcome of children with NoVE was poor. Early onset of neurological symptoms, an elevated serum creatinine level, and an abnormal blood glucose level were associated with a poor outcome. No effective treatment was identified and this should be the subject of future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taiki Shima
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan.
| | | | | | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Shinpei Abe
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Mitsuru Ikeno
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
| | - Toshiaki Shimizu
- Department of Pediatrics, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Japan
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22
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Okumura A, Maruyama K, Shibata M, Kurahashi H, Ishii A, Numoto S, Hirose S, Kawai T, Iso M, Kataoka S, Okuno Y, Muramatsu H, Kojima S. A patient with a GNAO1 mutation with decreased spontaneous movements, hypotonia, and dystonic features. Brain Dev 2018; 40:926-930. [PMID: 29935962 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2018.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We report on a 4-year-old girl with a de novo GNAO1 mutation who had neurological findings, including decreased spontaneous movements, hypotonia, and dystonic features. She was referred to our hospital because of delayed psychomotor development. She showed hypotonia and decreased spontaneous movements. Voluntary movements of the limbs were more frequent in the lower extremities than in the upper extremities. Occasional dyskinetic features, such as awkward hand/foot posturing and grimacing, were seen during the voluntary movements. Serum metabolic screening, head magnetic resonance imaging, and electroencephalography were unremarkable. Whole-exome sequencing revealed a de novo mutation in the patient's GNAO1 gene, c.709 G > A (p.E237K). We calculated the free-energy change using the FoldX Suite to evaluate the impact of the E237K mutation. The FoldX calculations showed an increased free-energy change in the active state of the GNAO1 protein, indicating that the E237K mutation destabilizes the active state complexes. No seizures, chorea, tremor, or myoclonia, which are frequently reported in patients with GNAO1 mutations, were observed as of the last follow up. Our patient will improve the understanding of early neurological features in patients with GNAO1 mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Koichi Maruyama
- Department of Pediatric Neurology, Aichi Prefectural Colony Central Hospital, Japan
| | - Mami Shibata
- Research Institute for the Molecular Pathomechanisms of Epilepsy, Fukuoka University, Japan
| | - Hirokazu Kurahashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan; Department of Pediatric Neurology, Aichi Prefectural Colony Central Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | | | - Tomoko Kawai
- Department of Maternal-Fetal Biology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Japan
| | - Manami Iso
- Department of Genome Medicine, National Center for Child Health and Development, Japan
| | - Shinsuke Kataoka
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Yusuke Okuno
- Center for Advanced Medicine and Clinical Research, Nagoya University Hospital, Japan
| | - Hideki Muramatsu
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Seiji Kojima
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Kurahashi H, Takami A, Murotani K, Numoto S, Okumura A. Decreased platelet count in children with epilepsy treated with valproate and its relationship to the immature platelet fraction. Int J Hematol 2017; 107:105-111. [DOI: 10.1007/s12185-017-2323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2017] [Revised: 08/14/2017] [Accepted: 08/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To clarify the semiology of febrile seizures (FS) and to determine the frequency of FS with symptoms suggestive of focal onset. METHODS FS symptoms in children were reported within 24h of seizure onset by the parents using a structured questionnaire consisting principally of closed-ended questions. We focused on events at seizure commencement, including changes in behavior and facial expression, and ocular and oral symptoms. We also investigated the autonomic and motor symptoms developing during seizures. The presence or absence of focal and limbic features was determined for each patient. The associations of certain focal and limbic features with patient characteristics were assessed. RESULTS Information was obtained on FS in 106 children. Various events were recorded at seizure commencement. Behavioral changes were observed in 35 children, changes in facial expression in 53, ocular symptoms in 78, and oral symptoms in 90. In terms of events during seizures, autonomic symptoms were recognized in 78, and convulsive motor symptoms were recognized in 68 children. Focal features were evident in 81 children; 38 children had two or more such features. Limbic features were observed in 44 children, 9 of whom had two or more such features. There was no significant relationship between any patient characteristic and the numbers of focal or limbic features. SIGNIFICANCE The semiology of FS varied widely among children, and symptoms suggestive of focal onset were frequent. FS of focal onset may be more common than is generally thought.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Tetsuo Kubota
- Department of Pediatrics, Anjo Kosei Hospital, Japan
| | - Takeshi Tsuji
- Department of Pediatrics, Okazaki City Hospital, Japan
| | | | - Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Kazuyoshi Watanabe
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
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Numoto S, Kurahashi H, Azuma Y, Numaguchi A, Nakahara K, Tainaka T, Takasu M, Yamakawa K, Nago N, Muto T, Kitagawa Y, Okumura A. Fournier's gangrene during ACTH therapy. Brain Dev 2017; 39:435-438. [PMID: 28007393 DOI: 10.1016/j.braindev.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Revised: 11/22/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Fournier's gangrene is an infectious necrotizing fasciitis of the perineal, genital, or perianal regions and is uncommon in children. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) is effective for the treatment of infantile spasms; however, suppression of immune function is one of the major adverse effects of this approach. We encountered a 2-month-old boy with infantile spasms that had been treated with ACTH and had developed complicating Fournier's gangrene. Strangulation of a right inguinal hernia was observed after ACTH treatment. Although surgical repair was successful and no intestinal injuries were detected, swelling and discoloration of the right scrotum developed in association with pyrexia and a severe inflammatory response. A scrotal incision revealed pus with a putrid smell. The patient was subsequently diagnosed with Fournier's gangrene complicated by septic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation. Extensive debridement and intensive care was performed. Enterobactor aerogenes, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and Enterococcus faecalis were isolated from the pus. Meropenem, teicoplanin, and clindamycin were administered to control the bacterial infection. The patient was discharged from the intensive care unit without any obvious neurological sequelae. Suppression of immune function associated with ACTH therapy may have been related to the development of Fournier's gangrene in this case.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shingo Numoto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan.
| | | | - Yoshiteru Azuma
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Atsushi Numaguchi
- Department of Pediatrics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan; Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Kozaburo Nakahara
- Department of Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | - Takahisa Tainaka
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Japan
| | | | | | - Nozomi Nago
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
| | - Taichiro Muto
- Department of Pediatrics, Aichi Medical University, Japan
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Okada Y, Takeuchi T, Ohtsuki Y, Hachisuka Y, Kimura M, Watanabe R, Numoto S. Loose intercellular adhesion in adenomyoepithelioma of the breast. Cytopathology 2005; 16:265-6. [PMID: 16181318 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2303.2005.00242.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Abstract
A 53 year old woman presented with a lump in the inner lower quadrant of the left breast. Histological examination of the breast tumour confirmed that the lesion was a mammary hamartoma. Carcinoma with foci of microinvasion was observed in the lobules of the hamartoma concomitant with the intraductal spread of lobular carcinoma. Immunohistochemically, the cancer cells were negative for beta-catenin, which generally stained normal breast ducts and ductal carcinomas. This is only the sixth case of breast carcinoma arising in a mammary hamartoma to be reported and, moreover, the fourth case of lobular carcinoma occurring within a hamartoma. Despite the apparent rarity of this case, pathologists should be aware of the possibility of carcinomas arising within mammary hamartomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kuroda
- First Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku City, Kochi 783-8505, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND It remains controversial whether modified radical neck dissection (MRND) for patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma improves prognosis. However, it is highly probable that the incidence of local recurrence is reduced by lymph node dissection. Sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy (SLNB) for patients with melanoma and breast carcinoma has been validated as an accurate method for assessing lymph node status. The objective of this study was to determine the feasibility of SLNB for the evaluation of cervical lymph node status in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma. METHODS After injection of methylene blue around the tumor in 22 patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma, blue-stained lymph nodes were dissected as SLNs. After the SLNB, all patients also underwent subtotal thyroidectomy and MRND. SLNs and other lymph nodes were investigated with regard to their number, distribution, size, lymph node status, and ratio of metastatic area. RESULTS There was concordance between the SLN findings and the regional lymph node status in 19 of 21 patients (90.5%; 7 patients had both positive SLN and regional lymph node results, and 12 patients had both negative SLN and regional lymph node results). Two patients had negative SLN results but, in the end, had positive nonsentinel lymph nodes (NSLNs). The overall reliability rate of SLNB was 86.3% (19 of 22 patients). The authors experienced no complications with the use of methylene blue for the detection of SLNs. CONCLUSIONS SLNB using methylene blue is feasible technically and is safe, and the findings correlate with cervical lymph node status. Therefore, SLNB is a good technique for estimating the status of cervical lymph nodes in patients with papillary thyroid carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Fukui
- Department of Surgery, Kochi Municipal Hospital, Kochi, Japan.
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)-producing large or giant cell carcinoma of the lung is not uncommon, but primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma is an extremely rare entity. Even rarer are cases occurring in males; to date the authors have found only 12 reported cases in the English literature. METHODS The clinical record of a 61-year-old man who presented with hemoptysis is described. A review of the literature regarding patients with primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma also is reported. RESULTS Computed tomography scan of the chest demonstrated an expanding thickness of the bullous wall within areas of emphysematous change in the lower lobe of the right lung. Moreover, a new, round tumor near the thickness appeared and rapidly expanded evenly into the surrounding lung tissue. Exploratory thoracotomy revealed the previous tumor to be adenocarcinoma with a small foci of choriocarcinoma, and the new tumor to be a hemorrhage with choriocarcinoma. Because of the pleural dissemination, the patient was treated with chemotherapy. At last follow-up he was alive and well with a gradually increasing serum hCG-beta level in spite of chemotherapy. CONCLUSIONS Primary pulmonary choriocarcinoma occurring in men is an extremely rare entity with a fatal prognosis. Of the 12 cases reported to date in the English literature, 3 cases of choriocarcinoma with the coexistence of another type of pulmonary carcinoma were reported. To the authors' knowledge the clinical relation between these two types of carcinoma are unknown because all cases to date have been detected at the time of autopsy. Only in the current study case could the clinical course of the disease be followed and pathologic confirmation achieved, although the pathogenesis of the two types of carcinoma could not be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Chen
- Department of General Thoracic Surgery, Kochi Municipal Hospital, Kochi, Japan
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30
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Kuroda N, Naruse K, Miyazaki E, Hayashi Y, Yoshikawa C, Ashida S, Moriki T, Yamasaki Y, Numoto S, Yamamoto Y, Yamasaki I, Hiroi M, Shuin T, Enzan H. Vinculin: its possible use as a marker of normal collecting ducts and renal neoplasms with collecting duct system phenotype. Mod Pathol 2000; 13:1109-14. [PMID: 11048805 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.3880205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Vinculin is a cytoskeletal protein associated with membrane actin-filament-attachment sites of cell-cell and cell-matrix adherens-type junctions. In this article, we examine the expression of vinculin to elucidate its role in human renal neoplasms. We reviewed surgically resected specimens and selected available tissue from 79 renal tumors in 78 patients. There were 55 men and 23 women. Their mean age was 61 years and the mean size of the renal tumors was 6.1 cm. All renal tumors were examined by immunohistochemistry using a monoclonal antibody against vinculin. Overall, 17 (21.5%) renal tumor samples reacted with vinculin. The positive ratio in various types of renal tumors was as follows: conventional-type (clear cell), 0/54; papillary-type, 5/12; chromophobe-type, 5/5; sarcomatoid-type, 3/4; collecting duct carcinoma, 3/3; and oncocytoma, 1/1. The positive rate of conventional-type renal cell carcinomas (RCCs) is significantly different from that of other renal tumors (P < .01). Normal kidney, conventional, and papillary-type RCCs exhibited positive signals in Western blot analysis. These results suggest that vinculin may serve as a useful marker of renal neoplasms with collecting duct system phenotype such as chromophobe-type RCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kuroda
- First Department of Pathology, Kochi Medical School, Nankoku City, Japan
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Yamakawa T, Shinoto M, Taniki T, Numoto S, Ito S, Morimoto T. Ductal carcinoma in situ of the breast: Is breast conserving treatment feasible? Eur J Cancer 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0959-8049(98)80028-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Abstract
Multiple sections of 40 consecutive cases with invasive ductal carcinoma of the breast, all of which bad wide intraductal cancerous extension, were examined by immunohistochemical analysis for evaluation of hormone dependency in several areas of breast cancer tissues. In this study, we examined the expression of pS2 protein in the central invasive area (CIV), central intraductal cancerous area (CDC) and forefront intraductal cancerous area (FDC). pS2 staining was positive in 52.5% (21/40) of CIV and a significant correlation was found between pS2 expression in CIV and the estrogen receptor status (ER). pS2 staining was positive in 77.5% of CDC and 85.0% of FDC, respectively. A majority (68.4%) of the cases that were negative pS2 in CIV were positive for pS2 in FDC. Moreover, the cases with noncomedo intraductal carcinoma in premenopausal status showed a higher positivity of pS2 expression in FDC than the cases with comedo-carcinoma, though the number of cases of comedo-carcinoma was limited. These findings suggest that endocrine therapy may be useful after breast conserving treatment regardless of the ER status of the primary tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Yamakawa
- Second Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, University of Tokushima
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Honda H, Satomi T, Fujita T, Hamagaki H, Hayashi M, Ichimiya M, Numoto S. [A primary adenosquamous carcinoma of the stomach difficult to differentiate from gastric ulcer]. Gan No Rinsho 1990; 36:193-7. [PMID: 2308211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The case involves a 57-year-old male who complained of an upper abdominal pain when hungry. An adenosquamous carcinoma of the stomach, however, is rare, and to make such an initial preoperative diagnosis endoscopically from a biopsied specimen is extremely unusual. Thus, as can be expected, on first examination, that the patient had a grade II adenosquamous carcinoma of the stomach was not determined. Two months later, however, on second diagnosis, a primary adenosquamous carcinoma of the stomach in the interior part of the angle region was made after an endoscopic study of a biopsied specimen.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Honda
- Dept. of Int. Med., Kochi Municipal Hospital
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Yamamoto Y, Otsuka H, Numoto S, Kinoshita T, Doi T. Placental-site trophoblastic tumor of the uterus. Clinicopathological and immunohistochemical observations of a case. Acta Pathol Jpn 1987; 37:1979-86. [PMID: 2833063 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1827.1987.tb03312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The clinicopathological features of a 28-year-old woman with placental-site trophoblastic tumor (PSTT) are described. The patient presented with severe proteinuria and was found to have a cystic uterine tumor. The serum beta-human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) level was only slightly elevated. The tumor extended to the serosa without gross metastasis, and was resected. The specimen was composed of active intermediate trophoblasts (IT) and degenerative or inactive ITs. The former component had round to oval and vesicular nuclei, and abundant amphophilic or lightly eosinophilic cytoplasm. The latter component had irregular-shaped pyknotic nuclei and deeply eosinophilic cytoplasm. However, the tumor lacked the bilaminar (cyto- and syncytiotrophoblastic) structure that is a characteristic feature of choriocarcinoma. Immunohistochemical evaluation with human placental lactogen (hPL) and hCG antisera revealed that most of the tumor cells contained abundant hPL, whereas only a small number of cells contained hCG. This method seemed to be most helpful for the differential diagnosis of PSTT from other trophoblastic tumors or non-trophoblastic uterine tumors, and also to be useful for determining the prognostic behavior of PSTT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yamamoto
- Second Department of Pathology, University of Tokushima School of Medicine, Japan
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Shima K, Hirota M, Sato M, Numoto S, Oshima I. Effect of poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitor administration to streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats on insulin and glucagon contents in their pancreas. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 1987; 3:135-42. [PMID: 2954803 DOI: 10.1016/s0168-8227(87)80019-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted in order to clarify whether the poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitors, nicotinamide and 3-aminobenzamide, have any influence upon the content and physicochemical properties of insulin and glucagon in streptozotocin (STZ)-treated rat pancreas. STZ-treated rats received intraperitoneal injection of 350 mg/kg nicotinamide or 50 mg/kg 3-aminobenzamide 15 min before and 180 min after the administration of STZ and once a day thereafter for 23 weeks. The blood glucose levels and body weight of nicotinamide- and 3-aminobenzamide-treated rats did not differ from those of the control rats at the end of the experiment. The insulin content in poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitor-treated rat pancreas was restored partially and reached approximately 60% of the control level, while the glucagon content did not differ from that in the normal rats. Treatment with poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitor resulted in no alteration in the physicochemical properties of extracted insulin and glucagon. Immunohistological examination of the pancreas revealed that insulin- and glucagon-containing cells in the islets in the poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitor-treated rat appeared to be normalized. These results suggest that poly(ADP-ribose) synthetase inhibitor normalizes the function but not the insulin content of B cells and that it does not act on A cells in STZ-treated rat pancreas. Restoration of the insulin content would be large enough to keep the function of B cells normal.
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Cohen LA, Choi K, Numoto S, Reddy M, Berke B, Weisburger JH. Inhibition of chemically induced mammary carcinogenesis in rats by long-term exposure to butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT): interrelations among BHT concentration, carcinogen dose, and diet. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 76:721-30. [PMID: 3083149 DOI: 10.1093/jnci/76.4.721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
In outbred female Sprague-Dawley rats long-term exposure to dietary butylated hydroxytoluene [3,5-di-tert-butyl-4-hydroxytoluene (BHT); CAS: 128-37-0] 1 week before carcinogen administration to termination resulted in a dose-related inhibition of mammary tumorigenesis and adrenocortical nodulogenesis. In animals fed the cereal-based NIH-07 diet and receiving a low dose (5 mg/rat) of 7,12-dimethylbenz [a] anthracene [(DBMA) CAS: 57-97-6], there was a significant overall inhibitory trend in tumor incidence observed among those receiving 300, 1,000, 3,000, and 6,000 ppm BHT. Maximal inhibition was approximately 50% at the highest concentration of BHT (6,000 ppm). The inhibitory effect of BHT on mammary tumor incidence was less pronounced when BHT was administered to rats initiated with a high carcinogen dose: At 15 mg DMBA/rat maximal inhibition was only 20% at the highest concentration of BHT (6,000 ppm). In contrast, when tumor yield was assessed in terms of latency or tumor multiplicity, the inhibitory effect of BHT was more pronounced in the groups given a high dose of DMBA than in the groups given a low dose. In animals given a low dose of DMBA (5 mg) and fed 6,000 ppm BHT in the casein-based AIN-76A diet, tumor incidence was inhibited by 50% of that of the controls; in contrast, when initiation was with a high dose of DMBA (15 mg), tumor incidence was decreased by only 28% of that of the controls. In animals fed the NIH-07 diet, DMBA-induced adrenocortical nodule formation was also inhibited in a dose-dependent fashion by BHT. At 5 mg DMBA maximal inhibition was 86% of control levels (6,000 ppm BHT); at 15 mg DMBA maximal inhibition was 66% of control levels (6,000 ppm BHT). However, when BHT was incorporated into the AIN-76A diet, its inhibitory effects on adrenocortical nodulogenesis were unexpectedly feeble and unrelated to carcinogen dose: In animals initiated with 5 mg DMBA and administered 6,000 ppm BHT, nodule incidence was decreased by only 25%, whereas in animals initiated with 15 mg DMBA, nodule incidence was decreased by 30% of that of the controls. These results indicate that while chronic exposure to dietary BHT suppressed the development of DMBA-induced mammary tumors and adrenocortical nodules, the degree of suppression depended on the dose of carcinogen administered, the level of BHT in the diet, and the parameter being measured. Diet-dependent differences in BHT action were observed with regard to DMBA-induced adrenocortical nodulogenesis but not with regard to mammary tumorigenesis.
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Furukawa K, Numoto S, Furuya K, Furukawa NT, Williams GM. Effects of the hepatocarcinogen nafenopin, a peroxisome proliferator, on the activities of rat liver glutathione-requiring enzymes and catalase in comparison to the action of phenobarbital. Cancer Res 1985; 45:5011-9. [PMID: 2862989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The biochemical effects in the livers of male rats of prolonged administration of the experimental hepatocarcinogen nafenopin, a hypolipidemic agent and peroxisome proliferator, were compared to those of another experimental liver carcinogen, phenobarbital, which acts as a neoplasm promoter. Feeding of nafenopin, 0.03 mmol/kg basal diet for up to 24 weeks increased the numbers of hepatic peroxisomes, increased catalase activity, markedly decreased cytosolic glutathione transferase activities toward two substrates, decreased cytosolic glutathione peroxidase activities toward H2O2 and two organic peroxides, and suppressed the age-related increase in gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity. In contrast the livers of rats fed an equimolar concentration of phenobarbital displayed increases in cytosolic glutathione transferase activities and enhancement of gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase activity but no changes in glutathione peroxidase activities. There was also an enhancement of catalase activity without apparent increase in peroxisome number. Enzyme kinetic analyses revealed that the cytosolic glutathione transferase activities toward two halogenonitrobenzene substrates were inhibited in the rats fed nafenopin and displayed elevated Km and decreased Vmax. Kinetic studies of glutathione transferase activities in which nafenopin was mixed with normal rat liver cytosols in the assay system revealed competitive type inhibition toward 1-chloro-2,4-dinitrobenzene and a noncompetitive type of inhibition toward 3,4-dichloronitrobenzene. Likewise activities of glutathione peroxidases toward H2O2 and cumene hydroperoxide were suppressed by in vitro addition. Thus the effects of nafenopin and phenobarbital on liver biochemistry were very different. The inhibition of hepatic biotransformation and scavenger systems by nafenopin is suggested to be relevant to its hepatocarcinogenicity.
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Numoto S, Tanaka T, Williams GM. Morphologic and cytochemical properties of mouse liver neoplasms induced by diethylnitrosamine and promoted by 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, chlordane, or heptachlor. Toxicol Pathol 1985; 13:325-34. [PMID: 2422723 DOI: 10.1177/019262338501300409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The relationships between the gross appearance, histologic types, and cytochemical characteristics of hepatocellular neoplasms were studied in B6C3F1 mice given the liver carcinogen diethylnitrosamine either alone or followed by the organochlorine pesticides, 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, chlordane, or heptachlor as promoting agents. Hepatocellular neoplasms were categorized according to their cytoplasmic staining properties with hematoxylin and eosin. Acidophilic neoplasms more often displayed increased activity of alkaline phosphatase than did basophilic neoplasms. The activities of glucose-6-phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase were decreased in both acidophilic and basophilic neoplasms. There was no difference in the activities of these enzymes or gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase between adenomas and carcinomas, although most neoplasms did not display gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. Chlordane or heptachlor exposure increased the alkaline phosphatase activity in neoplastic cells, but not that of other enzymes. The majority of neoplasms displayed a deficiency of iron accumulation. The macroscopic appearance of neoplasms was closely related to their cytoplasmic staining properties and cytochemical characteristics.
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Reddy BS, Numoto S, Choi CI. Effect of dietary Laminaria angustata (brown seaweed) on azoxymethane-induced intestinal carcinogenesis in male F344 rats. Nutr Cancer 1985; 7:59-64. [PMID: 4070010 DOI: 10.1080/01635588509513840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dietary Laminaria angustata (brown seaweed) on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced intestinal carcinogenesis was studied in male F344 rats. Five-week old rats were fed semipurified diets containing 0 and 10% seaweed. When the rats were 7 weeks old, all except the vehicle-treated groups received weekly subcutaneous injections of AOM in normal saline for two weeks (20 mg/kg body wt/week). All animals were fed the experimental diets until the termination of the experiment, which was 28 weeks after the last AOM injection. The incidence (percent of animals with tumors) and multiplicity (tumors/animal) of small intestinal tumors did not differ significantly between the control and seaweed groups. The incidence and multiplicity of colon adenomas along with the size of colon tumors were increased in rats fed the seaweed diet compared with those fed the control diet. Dietary seaweed had no major effect on the concentration of fecal bile acids; however, the concentration of fecal cholesterol and total neutral sterols was decreased in the seaweed group. These results suggest that dietary seaweed increases the risk for colon tumors.
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Numoto S, Mori H, Furuya K, Levine WG, Williams GM. Absence of a promoting or sequential syncarcinogenic effect in rat liver by the carcinogenic hypolipidemic drug nafenopin given after N-2-fluorenylacetamide. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 1985; 77:76-85. [PMID: 3966244 DOI: 10.1016/0041-008x(85)90269-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The hypolipidemic agent nafenopin, (NF), has been reported to be carcinogenic to rat liver. To determine whether nafenopin exerts a promoting or syncarcinogenic effect in rat liver, its effect on liver carcinogenesis induced by N-2-fluorenylacetamide (FAA) was studied. In two separate experiments, male F344 rats were fed 0.02% FAA for either 10 or 8 weeks to induce preneoplastic liver lesions. Following a recovery period of 1 week, rats were given 0.01 or 0.02% NF in the diet for 23 weeks in one experiment and 0.05 or 0.1% for 24 weeks in the other. The final incidence of neoplasms, and their numbers, size distribution, and degrees of differentiation were not significantly different in groups given NF after FAA compared to those maintained on a basal diet after FAA. In the group treated with the highest dose level of NF following FAA, however, there was a decrease in the number of grossly visible small neoplasms. In contrast, the liver neoplasm promoter phenobarbital increased the multiplicity, although not the incidence, of liver neoplasms when given after FAA. Thus, four different dose levels of NF showed no promoting or syncarcinogenic effect on FAA-induced hepatocarcinogenesis.
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Williams GM, Numoto S. Promotion of mouse liver neoplasms by the organochlorine pesticides chlordane and heptachlor in comparison to dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. Carcinogenesis 1984; 5:1689-96. [PMID: 6499120 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/5.12.1689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
The organochlorine pesticides chlordane and heptachlor were demonstrated to be liver neoplasm promoters in mice. Male B6C3F1 mice exposed to diethylnitrosamine (DEN) for 14 weeks followed by 25 weeks on control diet developed a 40% incidence of liver neoplasms whereas those given chlordane or heptachlor afterwards had approximately an 80% incidence of liver neoplasms, as did mice given DDT, a positive reference compound. Mice exposed to DEN also developed neoplasms of the forestomach and lung, but the incidences of these were not increased by chlordane, heptachlor or any other exposure. None of the chemicals given alone for the last 25 weeks of the study increased the incidence of liver neoplasms and none given before DEN produced a syncarcinogenic effect.
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Numoto S, Furukawa K, Furuya K, Williams GM. Effects of the hepatocarcinogenic peroxisome-proliferating hypolipidemic agents clofibrate and nafenopin on the rat liver cell membrane enzymes gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase and alkaline phosphatase and on the early stages of liver carcinogenesis. Carcinogenesis 1984; 5:1603-11. [PMID: 6149819 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/5.12.1603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of the hepatocarcinogenic peroxisome proliferating hypolipidemic agents clofibrate (CF) and nafenopin (NF) on rat liver carcinogenesis initiated by N-2-fluorenylacetamide (FAA) were studied and compared with that of the neoplasm promoter phenobarbital (PB). Male F344 rats were fed 0.02% FAA for 8 weeks to induce hepatocellular altered foci, and were then given no chemical or equimolar amounts (0.03 mmol/kg diet) of the chemicals for 24 weeks in the diet. In groups of animals killed sequentially, 0.07% PB had a marked enhancing effect on FAA-induced foci, while 0.073% CF produced only slight enhancement and 0.093% NF produced none. At the end of the experiment, only PB increased the incidence and multiplicity of liver neoplasms. NF suppressed histochemical gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase activity in the abnormal hepatocytes of foci as well as in periportal hepatocytes. In homogenates of livers from rats fed NF, gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase activity was reduced, and this occurred to a lesser degree with CF, whereas PB enhanced activity. NF also induced alkaline phosphatase activity in hepatocytes throughout the lobule, but not in altered hepatocytes, thereby making foci demonstrable in sections reacted for alkaline phosphatase. These findings thus reveal significant cell membrane effects of NF and CF and suggest that their involvement in hepatocarcinogenesis is more complex than a promoting action.
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Hecht SS, Adams JD, Numoto S, Hoffmann D. Induction of respiratory tract tumors in Syrian golden hamsters by a single dose of 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK) and the effect of smoke inhalation. Carcinogenesis 1983; 4:1287-90. [PMID: 6616756 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/4.10.1287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Four groups of 10 male and 10 female Syrian golden hamsters were given single s.c. injections of either 0.3 ml of trioctanoin or of 0.3 ml of trioctanoin containing either 1.0 mg, 3.3 mg, or 10.0 mg of the tobacco specific carcinogen, 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanone (NNK). These hamsters were then exposed to cigarette smoke for the next 72 weeks. Four control groups received the same injections of NNK or trioctanoin but were treated by sham smoking. All groups treated with NNK had tumors of either the lung, nasal mucosa, and/or trachea. These tumors were not observed in hamsters injected with trioctanoin. These results demonstrate that even a single dose of NNK can induce respiratory tract tumors in Syrian golden hamsters. Smoke inhalation did not result in an increase in respiratory tract tumor incidence in most of the NNK treated groups.
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Ghazizadeh M, Kagawa S, Takigawa H, Kurokawa K, Numoto S. Specific red cell adherence test in benign and malignant lesions of the prostate. Br J Urol 1983; 55:405-7. [PMID: 6192865 DOI: 10.1111/j.1464-410x.1983.tb03332.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The specific red cell adherence test (SRCA) for blood group antigens has been shown to have some bearing on the invasive potential of bladder tumours. Hitherto there have been few data published from patients with prostatic disease. The results of SRCA testing in 69 such patients are presented. Each of the 30 cases of adenocarcinoma was antigen negative. However, as 18 of 39 patients with only benign hyperplasia were also antigen negative, the test clearly does not reflect extant tumour and is probably not an indicator of subsequent growth of prostatic cancer. Antigen expression was also negative in sections showing prostatitis. As the test was invariably negative in patients with adenocarcinoma, whether or not metastases were present and whatever the degree of differentiation of the primary tumour, it lacks the power to discriminate invasive potential.
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Numoto S, Yoshida M, Otsuka H. Bladder carcinogenesis in mice induced by N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine and N-ethyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl)-nitrosamine with reference to the effect of cyclophosphamide. Gan 1981; 72:647-54. [PMID: 7327366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The carcinogenicities of N-butyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (BBN) and N-ethyl-N-(4-hydroxybutyl) nitrosamine (EHBN) on the urinary bladder were compared in male BALB/c mice. The effect of cyclophosphamide (CPA) on the carcinogenicities was also investigated. The carcinogenic activity on the bladder mucosa of EHBN was similar to that of BBN, and there was no difference in the growth patterns, histological types or invasive characters of carcinomas induced by BBN and EHBN. Benign or malignant tumors of vascular origin developed in the urinary bladders of 15 mice treated with these carcinogens. The incidence of vascular tumors induced by EHBN was significantly higher than that of tumors induced by BBN. Intraperitoneal injections of CPA seemed to have no effect in the incidence of bladder carcinomas induced by these carcinogens, or on the development of vascular tumors in the bladder wall induced by EHBN.
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Yoshida M, Numoto S, Otsuka H. Histopathological changes induced in the urinary bladder and liver of female BALB/c mice treated simultaneously with 2-naph-thylamine and cyclophosphamide. Gan 1979; 70:645-52. [PMID: 520755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The effect of 2-naphthylamine and cyclophosphamide on the urinary bladder and liver of female BALB/c mice was investigated. The bladder mucosa of mice treated with 2-naphthylamine alone for 40 weeks showed diffuse hyperplasia. Oral administration of 2-naphthylamine for 40 weeks plus injections of cyclophosphamide produced bladder carcinomas in 30.8 approximately 35.7% of all animals, associated with downward growth of the bladder epithelium. All the bladder carcinomas were of the transitional cell type and most of them contained pseudoglandular areas. Hepatomas seemed to develop in higher incidence in mice treated with 2-naphthylamine plus cyclophosphamide than in mice treated with 2-naphthylamine alone. Most of the hepatomas were solitary and showed a trabecular pattern. Cyclophosphamide seemed to have a summative or promoting effect on carcinogenesis of the bladder mucosa and liver induced by 2-naphthylamine in female BALB/c mice.
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